i 1 1 3 3 5 7 13 13 21 22 31 34 44 45 45 53 59 59 66 77 78
82 85 85 89 96 96 99 112 112 114 116 117 119 120 122 123 124 142 145 146 147 160 161 163 163 166 171 ii
173 175 180 191 194 194 195 196 198 201 iii
1 2 1 2 1938 1928 19411945 1930 1
1895 1945 1895 1896 1901 1945 2
(1) 湾 1966b 1896 3
(2) 樋 湾 樋 1984 樋 1984 411908 1955 (3) 1989 (4) 湾 1993 (5) 1998 (6) 冨 湾総 湾 冨 1999 4
(1) 1955 3 195521 1997 1955 (2) 1993 6 1993 5-812-24 1996c a m - - 19935-815 1931-32 193132 -io - -io -ou 1907 -eo [-eo] 4 46 1901 3 5
(3) 1996b 1996b279-330 a m 4 46 TLPA 11 1996b (4) 湾 1999 199941-48 1996b 1999 6
198939 1896 1930 1930 1934 linguistics 1996 philology 19802-6 4 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 7
(1) 1902 1907 phonetic value 5 1927 1941 (2) 5 1992 21 8
6 199220 phoneme 199227 7 199220 (3) 6 7 1988280-283 9
(4) 1949143 1. 2. 3. 4.1. 4.2. 1873 4.3. 10
11 (5) 1949143 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1. 1873 1818 1800 5.2. (4) 1949144 5.3. (1)
5.4. 1969 1818 1907 1931-32 1930 12
1868 281895 192746-47 1 1 13
2 19396 1993 167-168 2 1981110-117 14
19396-7 3 19071-2 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 1. 2. 76.67 3 15
16 281895 1893 192710 199432-33 T.Barclay G.Leslie.Macay W.Campbell 1923 1891 1913
17 192752 papa pa 189919-18 4 4 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1899 9-18
291896 1984142-143 俣 1895 1896 2 5 11 8 5 18
11 14 1993139 192774 311898 341901 3 31 1996b 1999 1896 1898 1907 1931-1932 1938 19
198930 1895 1998 18951919 19191937 19371945 6 7 8 6 7 8 1899 1902 1904 1997 (1899-1901) (1904-1906) 1993154-156 20
1919 9 1993 10 1902 9 10 21
1896 1901 1896 1896 1898 1901 19011931 1907 1931-1932 1931 1938 1900a35 19072 1996c343 1897 1900 1 20 1900a35-37 22
190616 visible speech Alexander Melvill Bell Alexander Graham Bell 1860 1875 Bell 1901 11 IPA 19067-8 11 (1901) 1936336 23
1893 12 [k a] [ ] [xa] [ i] [t i] [t ] [ ] [y] [ ] [ ] 12 Macgowan English and Chinese Dictionaly of the Amoy Dialect A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial 193191-92 1996c343 24
13 [k a] [ ] [sa] [tsa] 199313-17 14 [ ] 197736 [ ] [o][ ] [a] [ ] [i] [u] [y] 13 14 199313-17 [ti][t ] [tsa][tse][tso] 25
[a] [e] [ ] [o] [i] [u] [ ] (1) 烟 寃 1900a36-37 [m][n][ ] [p][t][k] [- ] [- ] [n][ ] 26
[m][n][ ] m n n ng ng (kan) (tan) kang tang n ng ng [ ] [ ] [ -] [ -] [ -] [ -] [ -] [ -] [ -] [ -][ -] 15 [ -] [ -] [n][ ] [ -] / / / / /n/ [ -][ -][- ][n-][-n] [ ] 15 27
28 [n] [- ] [ -] [-n] [n-] (2) 猫 [o] [ ] 190255-56 (u) [wo]
[-e ] [-e] [-e ] [-e i] [-u i] [-ui] [-ui] [n] 16 17 16 17 3 国 国 1977137 29
1900a15 1902 18 19075 19 寃 / / [o] [ ][o] [o] o o 18 19 19008-37 19011-3 (ou) (kou) (oa) (koa) (oai) (koai) (oe) (oe) 30
50 47 15 47 1410 20 mola CV 21 1. //// //// //// //// / / / / / / // / / / / / / / / /// / //// //// //// //// //// / / / / //// 22 2. 20 21 22 1036 CV C consonant V vowel CV 31
/ / / / / / / / / / / / 烟 / / / / / / / / / / / / 寃 / / / / / / / / / / / / 猫 / / / / / / / / / ()/() / 19935-8 猫 14 (56 ) 32
[m-] [ø-] [m-] [ -] [-m] [- ] [m-] 3 [m-] 23 193191-92 1978 () () () () () () () () 23 1996b 33
16 n 樋 19841 1800 1818 196968 34
24 25 樋 1984 10 1954 1960 1960 1900 1997107 1908 26 25 24 25 26 1832 1913 199711 1818 1997107 41 34 35
15 15 8 3488 3006 199934 猫 36
(1) 37
(2) 50 (n-) (m-) 猪 猪 猪 猪 猪 47 31 16 38
27 烟 猫 烟 猫 28 27 28 烟 烟 烟 烟 39
40 猫 7 5 29 n-m- 29 m
41 (3) 1934 47 45 35
()() ba 4 猪 pia 3 42
43
47 1902 1907 1927 1941 1 1 44
80 16 17 80 17 (1) (2) (3) (1) 9 [k-] [s-] [t-] [ts-] [n-] [ -] [h-] [ -] [m-] 45
[ -] [ -] [dz-] [z-] [b-] [p-] [t-] [ts-] [t-] [-i- ] [ts-] [- ] [n-] [ -] [n-] [-i] [ -] [-i] [h-] [ -] [h-] [-i - ] [ -] [-i] CV [ - -] [dz-z-] (192744) [ -] [ -] 1941216 [ -] [ -] [ -] [ -] 1898 46
ng 4 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ -] [N] [ -] [ ] 3 [ -] [ -] [dza][d i][dz ][dze][dzo] [za][ i][z ][ze][zo] [dz-] [z-] 1941644-646 [dz-] [z-] [dz-] [z-] 1907 210 20 (z) (dz) (l) [z] [dz] [z-] 47
48 (2) 9 [ i] [-i] [si] (si) (shi) 6 [ ja] [ i] 2 [ i] [s-] [s-] [d i][ i] [-i] [dzizi] [d ] [ ] [dz] [z] [z-] [dz-] 20 [z-] [z-] 2 1927 1941 [ i] 197747 [ ] [ ] [ i] [t i] [t i] [ ][ ]
49 [t i] [-i] tsitsu 190254 (tsi) (chi) 1907 6 [t ja] [t i] [ts-] (3) [t -] [ts-] [F ] [- ] (hu) (fu) 6 [Fa] [F ] [F-] [F-] [h-] [h-] (hng) (hm) 3
[h] 19678 h (cover name) [hi] [i i][ha] [a a] h m hm h [m m][ ] [h] [hm][h ] [m m][ ] [h] m 1967 [ ] [h] [ ] [ -] (l) 6 [ -] [l-] [s-] [z-] [ts-] 50 [h-] [ ]
[l-] (3) tsa tsa 1902 54 (tsa) (tse) (tso) 19077 [tsa][tse][tso] [ts-] (ti) 7 (tu) 7 [ti][t ] [t-] 20 51
(h) 3 8 (aspirata) [k-] [t-] [ts-] [p-] [k -][t -][ts -][p -] [ts-] [t-] [k -] [t -] [ts -] [p-] 3 19077 52
4 [ø-] 21 p () p () b () m () t () t () nl () ts () ts () z () s () () () k () k () () () h () () 1896 1896 1969 195723 5 19935-8 1931-1932 1997 98 6 4 5 6 1969 1957 22 [j][w] [j][w] [j][w] 1969 1997 1955 1997 1997191-202 53
[ ] (15 ) (17 ) (21 ) (195715 ) (199318 ) (199722 ) p p P /p/ [p] p p Ph /p / [p ] b [b] b [b] b m [m] m [m] t t t [t] t t th /t / [t ] l [l] l [l] n l [n] n [n] [ts] [ts] ts c ts [t ] [t ] [ts ] [ts ] ts c tsh /ts / [t] [t] [s] [s] s s s [ ] [ ] [dz] [dz] z z [d ] z [d ] k k k [k] k k kh /k / [k ] [ ] g / / [ ] [ ] ng / / [ ] h h h [h] ø [ ] /ø/ /[i] 17 15 18 22 15 54
21 (1) [b / m][l / n][ / ] /b//l// / /m//n// / /b//l// / 1.1. 1969135-136 [m][n][ ] [m][n][ ] [b][l][ ] [ ma ] ban 7 [ ba ] [ nai ] [ lai ] [o ] [o ] (an) (a) ba (ain) lain (ai) lai ( N) on ( ) o [ ] [ ] [b] [m] [l] [n] /m//n// / 7 N 55
/m//n// / [m][n][ ] 19672 196972-74 8 196972-74 [b / m][l / n][ / ] /b//l// / /m//n// / 16 70-71 80-81 88-89 /m//n// / /m//n// / /b//l// / 1.2. /m//n// / [b / m][l / n][ / ] 19672 1982325,331 1993 16 [b / m][l / n][ / ] /b//l// / [b / m][l / n][ / ] /b//l// / m-n- - 17 2 8 1969 15 18 56
[b / m][l / n] [ / ] (2) [ ][ ] [ ][ ] /l [n] //h/ /n//h/ /n//h/ [ ][ ] [ ][ ] [-i] [ ][ ] [n] [h] [-i] /n//h/ [n][ ][h][ ] /n//h/ (1) [n] /l/ /l/ [l / n / ] /l/ /l/ (3) /c//c //s/ /ts//ts //s/ /ts//t //ts //t//s// / 195721 [t ][t][ ][d ] [-i] [ts][ts ][s][dz] [-i] [t ] [ts] palatalize [ts] 57
[-i] [t ][t][ ][d ] /ts//ts //s/ (4) z [dz] z dz [dz][z] z 1907210 [dz] [z] /z/ (5) [h] [ ] h [ ] [ ] [-i] [h] [ ] /h/ (2) [ ] /h/ /h/ [h / / ] /h/ /h/ (6) [ ] /i/ [ ] 195722 1941615 [ ] [ ] [ ] 1997217-218 /i/ / /ø/ 58
15 17 15 17 15 p p b t t l ts ts s z k k h ø p p b/m t t l/n/ ts ts s z k k / h/ / ø p p b/m t t l/n ts ts s z k k / h ø 47 94 5 7 12 (1) (2) (3) 59
(1) [a][ ] [ ] 9 [a] 10 [ ] [a] 猫 22 [a] [i] (ia) (kiu) (sio) (ya) (kyu) (syo) 2 [j] y [j] [i] 烟猫 22 [i] [ ] (au) (kau) (iau) (kiau) 2 [ ] 猫 6 [ ] 9 10 1991194 a 1941 60
[u] (u) (ku) (ui) (kui) (un) (kun) (ut) (kut) (ng)(m) 11 2-3 [ ] [u] 4 [u] [ ] (kng) (sng) (tsng) (sm) (ng) (m) (ŭ) (hng) (hm) 3 ŭ 猪 ŭ [ ] [ ] [] 2 [] [ ] (e) (ke) (se) 11 ( )[a] [i][u] 61
62 (oe) (koe) (soe) 4-5 [e][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 4 [ ] [ ] (ien) (kien) (iet) (kiet) (n) (t) 4-5 [ ] [ ] [æ] 1941529 é ë ë é é [ ] [ ] 烟 [ ] [ ][ ] (e) [ ] (o) (ko) (ong) (kong) (som) (ok) (op) 5
[ ][o] [ò] [o] [o] [ò] 1941530 [ ] [ ] 1941530 [ ] [ ] [ ] 5 [ ] [o] (ou) (kou) (oa) (koa) (oai) (koai) (oe) (oe) 5 [ò] [o] [ ] 寃 9 1931-1932 寃 / / 12 [o] [o] 12 63
64 (ou) (kou) (w) 5-6 [ò][o] [o] [w] [o] 9 [ ] [ ] 10 [aa][ii][uu] [a ][i ][u ] 10 [a][i][u] (2) [n ] (an) (am) 3
[n ] [ ] [n] 烟 5 [n] [m] [m ] [m ] [m] 5 [m] [m ] (m) (hm) 4 [m ] [m] [m] [m] [n] [ ] 192743 (ang) (hang) (ang-ki) (hang-gi) (ang) 6-7 [ ] 7 [ ] (3) 65
(ak) (at) (ap) (hak-ko) (hat-tatsu) (hap-pu) 4 [k] [t] [p] 6 烟 寃 5 5 [k][t][p] (e) 10 7 6/10 7/7 a (e) o i u m n p t k i u o a 47 [ ] a / a ai / ai a / a an / at am / ap a / ak 66
ia / ia 烟 i n / i t ui / ui 寃 oan / oat / k ia /ia oa i / oa i ia /ia i(e) /i(e)k u / u oa / oak a / a i / i o / o iam / iap io / io 温 un / ut o / o a i / (a i ) i / / ia / iak i / i k / / a / a u i / u i m / m m / m i / i in / it oa / oa o / o a m / / i / i im / ip oai / m / p ia / ia oa / / / 195727-28 19935-8 1997107-108 47 199946-47 13 (1957) (1993) (1999) (1997) a / a a / a a / a a [ ] ai / ai ai / ai ai / ai ai [ i] a / a au / au au / au au [ u] an / at an / at an / at an 13 /j(i)//w(u)/ [i][u] 67
[ n] am / ap am / ap am / ap am [ m] a / ak a / ak ang / ak ang [] ia / ia ia / ia ia / ia ia [i ] ia / ia iau / iau iau / iau iau [i u] iam / iap iam / iap iam / iap iam [i m] ia / iak ia / iak iang / iak iang [i] i / i i / i i / i i [i] i / i iu / iu iu / iu iu [iu] 烟 i n / i t ian / iat ian / iat ian [i n] i(e) /i(e)k /ji jik/ i / i ing / ik eng k [i] io / io io / io io / io io [i ] i / i k io / iok iong / iok iong [i] in / it in / it in / it in [in] im / ip im / ip im / ip im [im] ui / ui ui / ui ui / ui ui [ui] u / u u / u u / u u [u] 温 un / ut un / ut un / ut un [un] / e / e e / e e [e] oa / oa ua / ua ua / ua oa [u ] oai / uai / uai uai / uai oai [u i] 寃 oan / oat uan / uat uan / uat oan [u n] oa / oak ua / uak uang / uak oang [u] o / o ue / ue ue / ue oe [ue] / o / o / o / / [ ] o / o / [ / ] o / o o [ ] m / p om / op om / op om [ m] / k o / ok ong /ok ong [] a / a a / a an / an an [] a i / a i a i / a i ain / ain ain [i] a / a a u / a u aun / aun aun [u] a m / / / amn [m] ia / ia ia / ia ian / ian ian [i] 68
ia / ia ia u /ia u iaun / iaun iaun [iu] i / i i / i in / in in [ i ] i / iu / iu iun / iun iun [iu ] u i / u i u i / u i uin / uin uin [u i] / e / e en / en en [ ] oa / ua / ua uan / uan oan [u ] oa i / oa i ua i /ua i uain / uain oain [u i] o / o ue / ue uen / uen oen [ue ] / o / o on / on on [] m / m m / m m / m [ m / m ] m / m m [m] / / / [ / ] ng / ng ng [ ] ng N (6 ) (10 ) (19576 ) (19936 ) (19996 ) (19977 ) [a] a a a [ ] 烟 [ ] [(e)] [ ] [ ] e [ ] e e [e] o / / [ ] [ ] o o o [ ] [o] u u [u] [i] i i i [i] [] [ ] /h-ø-/ [ ] u u u [u] [u] (e) 10 [a][ ](e)[ ][ ][o][i][ ][ ][u] 6 [i][u] 69
/i//u/ (1) [a] [ ] [a ][ ] [ ] /a/ (2) [ ](e)[ ] 烟 [i-] [-n][-t] a [ ] [e][a] a (e) [ ] i i / ik [ ]e (e) [ ] 烟 [ ] [e] [ ] [ ](e) [ ] 烟 (e) [e] [ ] /a/ [ ] (e) [ ] 2.1. [-m][-n][- ] [-p][-t][-k] 烟 70
m / p n / t / k am / ap an / at a / ak m / p / k a m iam / iap ia / iak i / i k im / ip in / it oan / oat oa / oak 烟 /ieniet/ /ie iek/[ie / iek] 烟 /ianiat/ [i / i k] /i ik/ 烟 m / p n / t / k am / ap an / at a / ak m / p / k a m iam / iap 烟 ian / iat ia / iak i / i k im / ip in / it i / ik oan / oat oa / oak 2.2. 烟 [ian / iat][i / ik] [i n / i t][i / i k] 烟 [a] [i] [n / t] [a] [a] [ ] [i / ik] [i] [ / k] 71
[ ] 2.3. 烟 /ianiat//i ik/ /a/ [ ] eng feeling of the native 14 /a/ [ ] 烟 [ ] /e/ 烟 [i n / i t][i / i k][ ] /a/ [ ] (3) [ ] e [] [ ] [] e [ ] /e/ [ ] /o/ [ ] /e/ (4) [ ] 4.1. [ ] 14 195935 72
[o] 15 [ ][o] [ ] / / 195724 [o][] [ ] [ ][o] [ ][ ] [] o o o [ ] o ( ) o o o o o [o ] [ ] [] 4.2. [ ] o [o] [ ] [o] 15 73
[ ] [o] 1994334 [om][o ] [ m] [] / / (5) [o] 5.1. [o] o 1997241 [o] [ ] 195724 [ ] [ ] [ ] [o] /o/ 5.2. [o] o [o] /o/ 5.3. [o] 寃 o u 199363 u o u [oa][oe] 195724 [ue] [oe] [o] 1998271 [u] 1930 12 u- -u 74
[ ] [ue][uai] [o] [ ] [o] [o] [o][u] [o] [a] [ ] [u] [o] [o] /u/ /o/ 195726 [o] w oaoaioanoangoe uauaiuanuangue o 199363 [o] [ ] [o] /u/ (6) [] m /m// / 195726 m [ ] [] [ ] 75
195725-26 /h/ [] / m m // / / / / / / / [ ] [ ] m /mm // / [ ] (7) [ ][ ] u 1957 24-25 [u] [w] [ ] [w] [u] [ ] [o] /u/ [o][u][ ] [a][ ][ ][ ][ ][o][i][ ] [ ][u] [ ][ ] 6 /i/[i] /e/[ ] /u/[o u ] /o/[o ] / /[ ] /a/[a i- -t ] 76
6 5 1 6 a / a a / a ia / ia ia / ia 烟 ian / iat i n / i t ui / ui ui / ui 寃 uan / uat oan / oat / k / k ia u / ia u ia /ia ua i / ua i oa i / oa i ai / ai ai / ai iau / iau ia /ia i / ik i / ik u / u u / u ua / uak oa / oak a / a a / a i / i i / i ue / ue o / o au / au a / a iam / iap iam / iap io / io io / io 温 un / ut un / ut ue / ue o / o a i / a i a i / a i iu / i / / / an / at an / at ia / iak ia / iak i / i k i / i k e / e / / / a u / a u a / a u i / u i u i / u i m / m m / m m / m am / ap am / ap i / i i / i in / it in / it ua / ua oa / oa o / o o / o a m / a m / e / e / a / ak a / ak iu / iu i / i im / ip im / ip uai / oai / m / p m / p ia / ia ia / ia ua / oa / / / / 77
19978 19978-9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 19855 1992 17 78
55 51 11 31 13 33 55 1 ( N ) T 2 ( N ) T ( C ) ( M ) V ( E ) ( C ) ( M ) V ( E 1 ) ( E 2 ) 1 1972 1976 樋 1978 2 2001 1 -p-t-k- 1972 /m/ /p//n//t// //k/ /-p -t-k/ /-m-n- / (allophone) - /- / /-p-t-k/ /- / -p-t-k- /-m-n - - / [-m-n- ] [-] 79
[-p -t-k - ] 1972 1 [-p-t-k- ] /-m//-n//- / /-/ 樋 1978 [- ] 2 E 2 ending 2 [ ] ia u 4 20014 2 i a u C M V E 1 E 2 N T ia u 4 2 49 [tsi 7 -tsau 4 ] [ka 1 -lau 8 ] 18 [hi 3 -hiau 4 ] [k iau 4 -k i 2 ] 12 [lau 3 -hui 4 ] [pui 8 -to 1 ] 6 着 [ts ui 3 ha u 4 -tio 4 ] [lo 4 - au 8 ] 7 [ iau 4 han 1 -tsu 5 ] [k 7 - k ia u 8 ] 4 [am 7 -mui 8 ] 2 1 1 ia u 4 1 i a u C M V E T N T 4 4 80
1 2 1907 [- ] 1 1 [-p-t-k- ] 16 /-m//-n//- / /-/ ( N ) T ( C ) ( M ) V ( E ) C consonant /p-//p -//b-//t-/ /t -//l-//ts-//ts -//s-//z-//k-//k -// -//h-/ 14 1 ø M medial /-i-/ /-u-/ V vowel /a// //o//e//i//u/ 6 2 /m// / Eending 2 [-i][-u] 7 [-m][-n][- ][-p][-t][-k][- ] 9 1 ø [-i][-u] [-ø] [-m][-n][- ] [-p][-t][-k][- ] 16 [-p][-t][-k][- ] /-m//-n//- //-/ 81
[-m][-n][- ] [-p][-t][-k] [ ] [-] [-p-t-k- ] /-m//-n//- / /-/ /-i//-u//-m//-n//- / 5 1 ø Nnasal 2 Jeffrey C.Tung1988 segmental supersegmental T tone 7 82
19071 19075 83
1842 1800 1818 1837 1896 Macgowan English and Chinese Dictionaly of the Amoy Dialect A Manual of the Amoy Colloquial 1 1 1996c302 1981 1981 84
193191-92 1996c343 (1896) (Rev.T.Macgowan) (English and Chinese Dictionaly of the Amoy Dialect) (1897) (Rev.C.Douglas) (Chinese- English Dictionaly of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy) (1899) (1900) 1901 3 31 1871 1878 1873 2 13 6 50 3006 161 4 8 22 2 F. F. 85
2815 1900 1900b2 1-531-5 [ ] b ph p p p b m [b / m] [p ] l th t t t l n [l / n / ] [t ] ts ts z s ts s 86
k ø k [ / ] h [h / / ] ch [t ] k [ø] chh [t] kh [k ] j [d ] g [ ] ng [ ] h 15 19 [b / m] [l / n ] [ / ] 3 /l/[ ]/h/[ ] h 4 [ ] 19308 1962 1996 [ ][ ] [ ] (1) [z] judge[dd ][d ] 5 1878 [dz / d ] 6 19308 3 4 5 6 195937-39 h is always really pronounced, and must never be left silent as in English words. 1873INTRODUCTION xii j always as in judge. 1873INTRODUCTION xii 1878 j J.As in jug. Sometimes it has the sound of dz. 87
[l] [d ] 7 1957 1962 1996 [dz] 1957 dz dz [z] dz dz 1957898 1962 [z] [dz] [dz] [z] 1907210 [z] [dz] (2) tschchhsj [ts][t ][t][s][d ] 8 tschchh 7 8 193040 dz ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATIONS 1873 INTRODUCTION xii chchhsj ch always as in church. chh Take such a word as watch-house or coach-house. s has always the shape sound, as in so, sing. j always as judge. 88
ts [i][e] ch[t ] ts[ts] chh ao u [ts ] [t] [ts ] chh 1873 xii-xiii 1957279 [i] [i][e] [t ][t] 1930 1957 [-i] 1957279 s[s] j[d ] s 1878 19307-8 s [i] [a][o][ ][e][u][ ] [s] i s[ ] [ts][ts ] [-i] s[ ] s j j [d ] 1878j jug[d ] dz [l] [dz / d ] 1957 9 1878 [dz / d ] 9 1957279 19308 d 89
s [-i] chh [ts][ts ][s][z] l d 19306 (1) (2) (3) 1967288-289 90
10 1967 1969 11 1969 (1) 1907 6 1873ABBREVIATION xix reading or literary stylecolloquial or vernacular 1969165-167 1939174-180 1930 10 11 1957289 ha u ha u 6 91
h- p- hu 3 pu 3 h 3 pa 3 hut 8 put 8 h- p- b- m- buan 2 mua 2 - - i 7 ia 5 z- n- ziam 2 ni 2 m- b- mai 2 bue 2 mai 7 bue 7 n- l- n 2 lau 7 ts- t- tsuan 2 t 2 tsiok 4 tak 4 ts - t- 塲 ts ua 5 5 tiu s- ts- sit 8 tsat 8 siat 8 tsi 8 si 5 5 tsia s- ts - si 5 5 ts ia 10 12 1960-64106 (2) syllabic sandhi 1998110 190711-16 12 2.1. [-a] 12 92
12 kau 2 -a 2 tat 8 -la 2 kap 4 -ba 2 195521 a 2 -t-p l-b- assimilation [-a] -m-n -p-t-k [-a] b-l- - la 2 ba 2 2.2. 11 11 (l) dissimilation ts am 1 -lam 1 sio 1 -lio 1 -k i 3 ts am 1 ts - sio 1 s- l- l- [lui 3 -ts ui 3 ] ts - 12 93
l- (3) 3.1. p i 2 p o 1 pk 4 1 p ia ts i 3 tsk 4 ts iam 3 篐 k 1 k o 1 k ai 3 kia 7 k au 1 k ia 1 k ua 3 k ui 2 k ia 2 1969 206-209 k ai 3 k ua 3 kai 3 kua 3 k ai 3 k ua 3 kai 3 kua 3 k ai 3 k ua 3 199629 13 13 94
3.2. l- lut z- zi 脚 zia 4 zi 7 zu 7 zia 1 - / - im 2 ue 4 iat 4 iak 8 in 7 着 ue 8 ke 8 - zu 7 ue 4 zu 7 tsu 7 ue 4 ke 4 kue 4 199629 3.3. 1957 au 2, ha u 2 k i 8, i 8 lian 3, lin 3 95
14 zio 2, zia 2, ts a 2, ts ia 2 1957 7 哹 pu 1, p u 1 pia 7, p ia 7 p 7, p 7 牀 tsau 5, ts au 5 lua 7, zua 7 lua 2, ts ua 2 nia 4, hia 4 哹 p-p -ts-ts - tsi 5 ts i 5 k 5 k 5 哹 哹 p-p - 哹 p-p - p- p - p 5 ts-ts - 牀 ts- t s- 哹 14 z- ts - 3.2. 96
哹 p u 1 p ia 7 tsau 5 3.1. l-z- [z-] [l-] l-z- l-ts -n-h- lua 2 ts ua 2 l- hia 4 nia 4 h- 199629 47 46 42 46 41 97
-ai 4 15 a /a a /ah i /i i /ih u /u u /uh ai /ai ai / iu /iu iu /iuh ui /ui ui /uih au /au au /auh i / i i / i h u i /u i ui /uih a /a a /ah iu / iu / un /ut un /ut a i /a i ai /aih im /ip im /ip oa /oa ua /ua a u /a u au /auh in /it in /it (wa /wa ) am /ap am /ap i /ik eng /ek oai / uai / an /at an /at ia /ia ia /iah (wai / a /ak ang /ak iau /iau iau /iauh oa / ua / a m / a m / ia /ia ia /iah (wa /) ia u /ia u iau /iauh oai /oai ua i /ua i / / iam /iap iam /iap (wai /wai ) / / h ian /iat ian /iat oan /oat uan /uat m / p om /op ia /iak iang /iak (wan /wat) / k ong /ok io /io io /ioh oang /oak ua /uak i /i k iong /iok (wang /wak) o /o o /oh ue /ue oe /oe /ue /oeh e /e e /eh e /e / h m /m m /mh / ng /ngh a o e i u 6 a o(w) e i u 7 m n p t k 7 m n p t k h[ ] 7 15 98
7 6 7 mh -ni -a 26 e e e i 1962367 e o w o a koa kwa w o w o a oeiu 6 ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION 1973 INTRODUCTION xi-xii /a/ [a] [a] / / -m- [ ] [ ] /o(w)/ [o] a [o][w] [o] / / [e] [ ] /e/ [ ] -ian-iat [æ] [ ] -i -ik [e] [ ] /i/ [i] [y] [i] /u/ [u] [u] [ ] 99
[o] [o][w] -ian-iat 烟 [ ] [ ][æ] [i] [i][y] [u] [u][ ] [i / ik] eng /ek [e / ek] 193014 [ / k] 20006 [e ] eng /ek 1957 25 [] [e] [ ] 1991194 e [ ] (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) 47 1930 44 100
16 1.1. a a e e i i o o u u ai (ai ) au au ia ia io io iu iu ua ua ue ue ui ui iau iau uai -ai 1930 -iu -iu 11 kiu 4 tiu 8 8 ABB kiu 8 k iu 8 tsiu 8 siu 8 畧 liu 8 tiu 4 畧 liu 8 better lio h-lio h-a lio 8 畧 -io -io -iu ou 16 101
-iu -io -iu 3liu h kiuh kiuh-siu -a tiuh 1.2. a a e e i i m m a i (a i ) () a u a u a m ia ia iu ua ue 17 u i u i ia u ia u ua i (ua i ) () 1930 -a m -m --a i -a u -u i 5 -a i -ua i -ai -ua i 1930 ua i 4 ua i 8 sua i 4 1818 -a m -m 17 -ue -ue ng--ue 102
-m -n - -p -t -k -m nasalization compensation -m -n- 198788-89 -m-n- -m -m -a m [ am 7 -au 2 -hi 5 ] nga m ga m, nga m-a u-hi am 7 am 7 am 7 - - [-m] am 7 am 7 -a m 46 -m hm 4 hm 8 18 1998 h- - 10 s 8 烟 ts 4 5-1962 1994 1998-19 -a u 6 18 19 1998 hm 4 199821 hm 8 e 5 p 8 1998 103
5 mau 4 u n-a -mauh au 4 ngauh au 8 lo h-nga uh ha uh 4 着 hauh --tio h ha uh 8 ngi-ha uh au 4 au 8 au 4 au 8 3 -a u m-n-ng- ngauq ng--au 1962 1996 1998 -a u -a u -u i -u i mu i 8 huih huih -huih -thi -u i mu i 8 m--ui b-m- mu i 8 mu i 8 mu i 5 mu i 8 mu i 5 1.3. am ap an at a ak im ip in it 104
i ik m p k 温 un ut iam iap 烟 ian iat ia iak i i k 寃 uan uat ua (uak) () 1930 - m / - p -uak - m / - p 3 - m t m 5 s m 1 2 - p l p 4 l p 4 - m t m 5 s m 1 s m 1 1930 1957 1962 1996 1998 - m / - p sim 1 199678 [-im] - m / - p 47 -a m 46 - m / - p - m 105
-ai -a i -ua i -uak (2) 1969 20 -a -e 1 -ua -ue 1 -e -ue 2 -o(- 21 ) -au 27 7 7 -o -ua 3 -ai -ua 2 3 -ai -ue 2 2 7 -ai -ui 1 -ui -ue 3 -ui -m 5 22 -u -ai 7 -u -i 7 -au -a 2 1 3 -au -o 7 -iau -a 2 -iau -io 呌 3 1 5 3 3 3 2 20 21 22 23 -m 1969467 呌 欵 106
-iu -u 7 5 -im -iam 3 -it -at 8 8 -i -i 7 1 2 1 7 -i /-ik -a /-a 2 4 -i -ia 1 5 7 3 1 5 7 -i /-ik -e /-e 8 2 8 -am/-ap -a /-a 2 8 1 胆 2 -iam/-iap -i /-i 8 8 挿 4 4 2 1 -an -ua 7 3 3 5 2 1 -at -ue 4 -ian/-iat -an/-at 8 1 4 -ian -i 3 2 3 8 1 3 1 5 -ian -ia 3 2 -iat -ua 8 -iat -ue 4 -uan - 2 鑚 3 2 5 3 -uan/-uat -ua /-ua 8 1 3 7 1 3 4 5 1 -uat -ui 4 1 欵 2 2 4 8 107
-uan/-uat -e /-e 2 8 8 8 -a -iu 3 塲 5 - k -o 48 4 - - 2 1 3 5 -/- k -a /-ak 2 8 1 8 8 3 -i/-i k -iu /-io 2 7 畧 8 脚 4 2 2 3 5 -i/-i k -i /-ik 4 7 7 -i/-i k -a /-ak 8 5 7 4 -uan 寃 -ua 10 (3) tsap e tsab e put k puk k 193016-18 sin pu sim pu syllable contraction 12 108
[ziap 8 -zi 7 ] ziap 8 12 ziap 8 zi 7 -tsap 8 (4) pa 4 e pak 8 4.1. 1957294-295 -au -au 24 pau 4 p k 4 p au 8 p au 7 25 tau 4 tau 3 kau 4 kau 1 p au 4 pk 4 lau 8 lau 1 1957 1957 6 -au 24 25 1969686-687 109
1957 1969646-647, 686-687 paulaupau t iau -au - -au -iau hiau 4 k iau 8 -iau iau -au -au 1969 t a 1 tsiat 8 t a 1 -o -ua t a 1 tsiat 8 -iap -m -n tsiat 8 1996b279-330 贌 pau 8 bui 7 tsiam 2 ke 8 hua 3 zia u 2 脚 zia u 3 zia u 5 26 -u-i 猪 ti 1 hi 5 k i 3 -an-a i ka i 3 k i 3 ka i 3 26 110
4.2. 27 4.2.1. 3 -a ka 7 -e he 7 -i p i 2 zi 3 ts i 3-2 -o h 3 -o h -ai ts a i 2 -ai tsa i 2 3 -au hau 2 -iu t iu -uai k ua i 3 着 196988 -m-n- 4.2.2. 27 m-n- - 111
2 -ant a 2 -antsa 5 sa 2 -ian hia 5 -ia nia 3 hia 塲 1969662 -ia 4.3. 10 tim 5, tiam 5 hiok 4, hiau 4 ho 4, hu 4 mi 2, me 2 ke 8, kia u 8 bau 5, mau 5 ziau 3, zia u 3 sa 5, sia 5 zi 7, zia 7 tim 5 tiam 5 hiok 4 hiau 4 4.1. 112
ho 4 hu 4 -u hu 4 - mi 2 - e ke 8 -e kia u 8 4.2.1. -i- 10 zia 7 -i -ia 4.2.2.zia 7 zia 7 zia 7 zia 7 ORTHOGRAPHY AND 113
PRONUNCIATION ABRUPT AND SHORT NOT ABRUPT LEVEL MUSICAL NOTES SINGLE INFLECTION 1996c DOUBLE INFLECTION 1996c 1996c274-275 1996c274-275 193019-22 1962 367 197037-38 198935 1991195 199811 55 51 11 31 13 33 55 44 451 21 31 213 22 25 55 51 11 32 24 33 4 44 53 21 32 24 22 4 44 53 11 42 24 33 44 55 51 11 32 24 33 5 44 53 21 32 24 22 4 55 53 21 32 35 22 5 4 DOUBLE INFLECTION 1987274 1987275 114
1962367 1998207 23 197037-38 35 (1) (2) (1) lok 4 loh 8 1969165 3394 33 196924-25 1956 1956 23.41 50.38 2.38 24.25 115
33 (2) 1969 2.1. tun 1 la 1 tun 1 la 1 p au 2 p au 2 t 2 t 2 uan 2 uan 2 siu 7 l k 4 bue 2 siu 7 l k 4 bue 2 1989 la 1 116
buat 4 bue 2 1969790 l k 4 lak 4 mai 2 mai 2 2.2. ho 1 nua 2 ki 7 ho 5 nua 7 ki 2 ho 1 ho 5 ho 1 nua 2 lan 2 117
56 1. 1930 2. 1962 3. 1996 4. 1998 28 1. 1931-1932 2. 1996b 29 27 tiat 4 k iam5 ts uat 4 () luat 4 k iu 1 ha 4 () t uan 1 () luat 8 () ts ian 3 () tiau 2 28 1996b 29 118
tiak 8 zi 7 ai 2 pa 5 e 2 () ian 1 () ziu 2 t 5 脚 着 ua i 2 biu 5 () hio 1 siu s 8 ti 8 ki 2 () it 8 ip 4 k iam 5 ti 8 ki 2 t 5 k iam 5 t 5 ki 2 k iu 1 ziu 2 biu 5 ip 4 k- 1913 biu 7 - siu 8 s 8 1996 7 27 119
1996b ki 2 23 phiu 3 p ian 5 tsue 2 sai 5 iau 2 a 3 t a i 3 k 5 a i 2 () p 4 猪 k 8 呌 k 7 ai 4 kuat 8 呌 lua1 p ia 2 着 p 2 tsua 3 ts ua 7 p 7 ts e 4 呌 ngai 1 2 e lua 1 呌 1996b a i 2 1996b 2 120
p ian 5 p in 5 iau 2 siu 8 k 8 猪 k 7 呌 k 3 k 4 ai 4 1996b 6 ts ua 1 tsiau 7 着 bu 8 iau 7 pua 1 mua 3 pua 1 1996b mua 3 ts ua 1 tsiau 7 1913 tsiau 5 iau 7 iau 3 121
a. b. c. d. e. 1873xvii 56 1873xvii c. 122
502 1969 13 270 160 66 16 2 516 1907193-212 123
270 88 76 1818 1 12 1996b276-330 12 kuat 8 mau 1 le 3 ban 1 ts 5 s p 4 luan 3 thiu 5 kua 7 bam 7 sin 2 mai 3 17 pui 1 l 1 ian 2 hin 1 t an 5 t am 2 sam 7 ts ia 7 kia 1 p ia 1 t in 3 ze 2 3 kia 7 硆 k am 7 ia 1 mi 4 270 40 1 124
19 12 2 1907193-203 24 1. [-a] [-a / -a ] 3 p a 2 2. [-ai] [-ai / -ai ] tsai 2 tai 2 p ai 2 ai 2 tsai 2 p ai 2 ai 2 tai 2 ts-ts-t- t- 3. [-an] [-an / -at] 2 3 p ai 1 1969137-141 125
t an 5 ts an 2 ts i 2 t an 5 ts an 2 ts i 2 -i 13. (ing) (an) 1993125-126 -i -an ts an 2 -an/-at-i /-ik 4. [-am] [-am / -ap] t am 2 bam 2 sam 7 -am bam 2 -m 5. [-a ] [-a / -ak] ts a 5 ts 5 昻 a 5 5 ts 5 昻 5 -a - ts a 5 昻 a 5 -a -a -a - 昻 a 5 126
6. [-iau] [-iau / -iau ] piau 3 piau 3 7. [-ia / -iak] [-ia / 79 44 16 tia 1 1 tiu tia 2 ti 2 2 tiu tia 5 ti 5 sia 3 si 3 ia 2 i 2 tia 7 7 tiu sia 2 si 2 ia 2 2 iu lia 2 li 2 t ia 3 t i 3 kia 5 ki 5 kia 7 zia 7 zi 7 脚 kiak 4 ki k 4 hiak 4 hi k 4 ia 3 i 3 17. 7 kiu (iong)(iok) (iu ) (iang)(iak) (io ) - i / i k -iu -ia / -iak - i / -i k 着 着 tsio 8 -iak-io 127
-io kia 1 zia 5 tia 3 tsia 3 却 iak 4 tsiak 4 liak 8 ts iak 4 iak 8 hiak 8 p ia 1 ia 1 -ia -i 1969740-741 -i -ia -ia /-iak- i/-i k ia 5 -ia -a -i- 8. [-iu] [-iu / -iu ] t iu 5 t au 5 k iu 3 脚 hiu 7 ko 4 p iu 1 t iu 5 1996b276-330 k iu 3 hiu 7 -iu ko 4 p iu 1 9. 烟 [-ian] [-ian / -iat] ian 2 ziat 4 -ian ian 2 ziat 4 128
10. [-io] [-io / -io ] hio 3 tsio 7 sio 5 si 5 5 siu -io si 5 siu 5 17. (iong)(iok) (iu ) (iang)(iak) (io ) sio 5 -io sio 5 [-i] sio 5 sio 5 sio 5 11. [-i / -i k] [-i / t i 1 ki 3 ts i 7 ts i 7 li 3 li 3 趇 zi k 4 zip 4 li k 4 趇 4 -i / -i k t i 1 ki 3 12. [-in / -it] [-in / -in / -it 129
10. (un)(ut) (in)(it) in 5 un 5 -in / -it-un / -ut t in 3 p in 3 sin 2 4 k in 5 hin 7 5 4 3 -in 2 -in-un t an 3 -an -in-an 20. (ieng)(iek) (in)(it) -in-i hin 3 hi 3 hin 1 1969701-705 -i -in 33 -i -in -in hin 1 hin 3 2 hi 1 hi 3 hi 1 hi 3 hin 1 hin 3 4 5 35 1969 130
hin 7 in 7 lit 4 kit 4 it 4 kin 5 t in 5 zin 2 lin 2 - h- z-l- z- l- 13. [-im] [-im / -ip] k im 2 搇 k im 3 -im 14. [-ui] [-ui / -ui ] pui 1 sui 3 pui 2 3 pui 1 -i sui 3 -ue-ui -ue pui 2 1969357 -ui k ui 1 15. [-u / -u ] [-u / 6 pu 2 1969 6 ku 4 131
339 pu 2 p 2 pu 2 16. [-ut] [-un / ut 4 ut 8 -ut 17. [-e/-e ] -e/-e 5. (oe) (e) tse 5 tsue 5 se 2 sue 2 23. (ueh) (eh) he 2 -e/-e -ue/-ue -e-ue p e 2 p ue 2 -e-ue 16. (e) ( ) k h k 21. (eh) ( h) p h ts h 132
[- ] 16 [-oi] [z 2 ] / ze 2 / zia 2 e 3 7 [-e] [-oi] -e / -e -ue / -ue 18. [-ua] [-ua / -ua ] kua 7 k ua 5 lua 3 t ua 3 pua 5 p ua 1 p a 1 -ua lua 3 t ua 3 p ua 1 p a 1 7. (a)(i) ( ) (oa) 19. 寃 [-uan / uat] [-uan / -uat] 7 133
鉢 puat 4 pua 4 puan 5 buan 5 坂 puan 2 zuan 5 luan 3 tuat 4 -uan / -uat 鉢 puat 4 鉢 pua 4 鉢 puat 4 pua 4 luan 3 20. [-ua ] [-ua / -uak] kua 1 -ua - kua 1 21. [-ue / -ue ] 1. (e) (oe) p ue 5 p e 5 sue 5 se 5 ts ue 2 ts e 2 -ue/-ue -e/-e 8 zue 5 8 1969 134
涶 sue 7 9 -e ts ue 7 ts e 7 22. (eh) (oeh) (uih) (oeh) ue 8 e 8 bue 8 hue 4 hui 4 -ue -e -ue -ui bue 8 be 8 3 pue 2 k ue 2 tue 3 tui 3 zue 7 bue 4 be 4 pue 8 pui 8 tue 3 tui 3 pue 2 bue 4 be 4 k ue 2 -ue -e k ue 2 k ue 2 zue 7 -ue lue 7 z-l- 9 涶 135
[-ue] pue 8 [-oi] 1969536-537 pue 8 -oi pui 8 pue 8 -ue / -ue -e / -e -ue / -ue -ui / -ui 22. [- ] [- / -] ts 5 牀 - 23. [-o] [-o / -o ] bo 2 bu 2 1969482-485 bo 2 bu 2 -o b- -u 24. [- m / - p] [- m / ts m 1 ts m 3 km 5 km 5 - m / - p 5 ts e 1993125 - m 1993 tsim 1 -im - m 25. [-] [- / - k] 136
3 a 3 ts 3 ts 3 -/- k -a /-ak 3 a 3 26. [-a ] [-a / -a] t a 1 t a 1 sa 2 sia 2 sa 2 -a -ia 1969280-281 t a 1 t a 1 27. [-a i] [-a i / -a i ] tsa i 1 tsai 1 tsa i 1 tsai 1 28. [-a u] [-a u / -a u ] mau 1 bau 1 nau 5 mau 1 nau 5 bau 1 137
29. [-ia ] [-ia / -ia] 奵 t ia 2 奵 30. [-i ] [-i / -i] hi 2 hit 4, hia 4 mi 4 ma 4, m 1 hi 2 mi 4 31. [-iu ] kiu 5 ki 5, khia 5 iu 5 5 iu 17. (iong)(iok) (iu ) (iang)(iak) (io ) ki 5 khia 5 -ia 1969661-662 kiu 5 kio 5 [-i] 帮 hiu 5 iu 5 [-iu ] -iu 32. [-u i] / -u i ] 44 40 22 pu i 1 p 1 su i 2 s 2 138
tu i 3 t 3 tun 3 mui 7 m 7 u i 7 烟 7 ku i 2 k 2 nui 7 n 7 鑚 tsu i 3 ts 3 su i 3 s 3 t u i 3 t 3 p u i 1 p 1 hu i 5 h 5 hu i 7 h 7 pu i 7 p 7 ts u i 1 ts 1 1 ts ua nui 1 n 1 t u i 5 t uan 5 tsu i 5 ts 5 tu i 2 t 2 nui 2 n 2 nui 3 n 3 u i 5 5 u i 1 iam 2 -u i 12. (ng) (ui ) -u i- ts ua 1 t uan 5 su i 1 tu i 5 tu i 7 k u i 7 tsu i 1 ku i 3 ts u i 3 18. (ng) (ng)(ui )(ng) 139
(ui) ku i 1 hu i 1 pu i 1 1969 767-769 -u i- -u i- tun 3 t u i 7 u i 1 u i 2 ts u i 7 壳 -u i- 33. [-] / - ] 67 40 16 h 4 hio 4 n 3 ni 3 2 a 2 t3 ti 3 k 1 k i 1 s1 si 1 s2 si 2 t2 p a 4 7 i 7 撑 t 3 t i 3 ts3 tsia 7 p5 pi 5 p3 pi 3 p7 pi 7 t 5 t ia 5 ts2 tsi 2 140
ts7 tsi 7 n 7 li 7 m 1 mi 1-19. (i ) () 1931 1938 1907 [ ] 39 [ ] --i -i -ia p a 4 k1 撑 t 1 p 5 ts1 t5 p 3 ts5 5 s3 t7 p1 p 1 ts 1 n 1 t1 n 5 ts 2 k3 --i -a -e - 2 a 2 34. [-ua ] [-ua / -ua] mua 5 -ua 14. 141
(uai ) (ua )(uan) -ua i - ua 寃 buan 5 35. [-ua i] / -ua i ] muai 5 muai 7 muai 5 1969434 mue 5 10 be 5 -ui -ue mue 7 be 7 muai 7 muai 5 mue 36. [-ue ] [-ue / -ue] mue 7 35. 37. [-] n 5 m 2 - n- n 5 [-] niu 1 [-o ] 38. [- ] [-] 10 -e -ue 142
p 5 - - -u i -u i - p 5 38 8 -ia /-iak- i/-i k -in-un -an-i -ua - -u i- -e / -e -ue / -ue -ue / -ue -e / -e -ui / -ui --i 19075 40 1818 1973127-142 40 50 46 -a -a -a -ai -ai -ai 143
-an -an -an -am -am -am -a -a -a -ia -ia -ia -iau -iau -iau -ia -ia -ia -i -i -i -iu -iu -iu 烟 -ian -ian -ian -io -io -i -i -i -in -in -in -im -im -im -ui -ui -ui -u -u -u -un -un -un -e -e -e -oi -ua -ua -ua 寃 -uan -uan -uan -ua -ua -ue -ue - - - -o -o -o - m - m - m - - - -a -a -a -a i -a i -a i -a u -a u -a u -ia -ia -ia -i -i -i -iu -i -i -iu -iu -u i -u i -u i - - -ua -ua -ua -ua i -ua i -ua i -ue -ue - - - -o - - - 144
[-e] [-iu ] [-] 3 [-e] [-oi] -e -e -oi -e 6 1873 [-iu ] -i-iu 1959 1962 -iu -i -i -iu 195565 1969149-150 -iu 3 11 -iu -iu -iu -i -i 12 -i [-i] [-iu ] [-iu ] [-] 11 12 1969149-150 iu 5 iu 5 tiu 2 niu 2 niu 2 ti C.P.,in the various tones,a.tiu n 1873503 145
146 [-o ] - - -o - -o --o -ua -ue -ua -ue 1973 1959 40 [-au] [-iam] [-i] [-uai] [-ia u] [-m] -a m 6 -au -iam -i -uai 猫 -ia u -m [- ] - -i 1907 19079 33 33 55 33 1831
1993368-6946 1973129 1962367 197037-38 13 1998206 55 51 11 31 13 33 33 44 41 21 32 13 22 23 24 42 21 32 13 22 13 55 51 21 32 13 33 121 44 53 21 32 13 22 121 24 53 31 42 13 33 13 44 42 21 32 13 22 12 47 13 1959 147
34 猪 126 160 19 21 11 1800 10 ap 8 p u i 5 p 2 p 8 ts 1 ts 3 s 1 s 2 s 7 s 8 1907205-210 20. (z) (dz) (l) z- dz- dz- 2 猪 z- l- 1973128 l- 1969 20 160 13 1 148
猪 160 126 79 猪 猪 猪 1907 1. 猪 [- / -] 14 猪 猪 1900 31-5 1931 [ ] 1973 ü[y] 15 19935-8 猪 1997 108 [ ][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [i] [] 19935-8 [] 猪 41 16 / / s 3 su 3 s 2 si 2 s 7 su 7 dz 5 zu 5 t 5 t u 5 l 5 lu 5 5 u 5 猪 t 1 ti 1 h 5 hi 5 l 2 lu 2 14 15 1996a ü is nearly the German ü or Franch u, but not quite the same. 1973xi. 149
2 u 2 h 2 k ua 2 l 7 lu 7 t 3 tu 3 k 3 k i 3 k 5 ku 5 - -u- -i 2. (u) (u ) 3. (u) (u ) 5. (u) (u ) -u -i - -u -i - ts 1 s 5 k 1 ts 1 ts 5 1 s 1 5 h 1 t 5 t 2 ts 2 2 ts 2 dz 2 k 7 k 3 7 ts 3 t 7 t 5 7 ts 7 - -u - -i 2. [-eru / -eru ] 190031-5 16 1973 ïo[ o] 17 1997108 [io] 1997 [io] 16 17 1931-1932 ï is a sound very rarely heard. It is exactly the short English i in sit, swift. 1973xi. 150
[io] 1907 eo -eo 25 t eo 1 t au 1 t eo 5 t au 5 teo 5 tau 5 t io 5 heo 5 hau 5 leo 5 lau 5 lio 5 keo 2 kau 2 k eo 2 k au 2 teo 2 tau 2 tseo 2 tsau 2 eo 2 2 beo 2 bu 2 teo 3 tau 3 tseo 3 皷 ts 3 teo 7 tau 7 beo 7 b 7 - -au bu 2 1969483 t io 5 脚 lio 5 -io 1996a58-59 -io eo 1 keo 1 k eo 3 heo 7 leo 7 17. (o) (eo) 151
t eo 1 t au 1 seo 2 san 2 t au 1 b 5 san 2 seo 2 tseo 1 heo 2 tseo 7 -eo- 3. [- / -] 猪 1931-1932 [ ] 1973 ö[œ] 18 19935-8 [ ] 1997108 [o] [ ][o][ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 19935-8 [ ] 58 1. (e) (o ) p 5 p e 5 p 7 p e 7 p i 7 ts 5 ts e 5 s 5 se 5 ts 1 烟 p u 4 18 ö is the same as the German ö. 1973xi. 152
ts 2 ts e 2 p 1 pe 1 -e - p u 4 烟 ts 1 2 s 7 b 2 8. (e) (o ) t 7 t e 7 t 1 t e 1 h 1 he 1 p 3 p ue 1 t 3 e 3 p 3 pe 3 h 7 hue 7 ts 3 ts e 3 h 3 he 3 3 着 ue 3 -e - p ue 3 hue 7 ue 3 -ue 7 h 7 t 3 s 3 k 2 p 5 l 2 m 7 18. (eh) (o h) t 2 te 2 ts 4 ts uat 4 8 e 8 153
s 8 suan 5 ts 8 tse 8 s 4 suat 4 k 4 k i 4 -e - ts uat 4 suat 4 --e s 8 k i 4 19 h 4 4 20 b 8 痥 t 5 痥 t 5 15. (e) (o ) 1 ho 1 k 5 脚 k e 5 k 1 k e 1 l 5 壳 le 5 h 2 he 2 ts 7 tse 7 k 3 k e 3 -e - 1969303 -o 1 -o 3 19 20 1969592 2 154
k 2 k 3 7 4 5 t 4 te 4 k 4 ts 4 tse 4 b 4 be 4 ts 7 着 ts e 7 -o - te 4 --e tse 4 1969708 -e ts 4 --e - -e 1. [-a] [-a / -a ] k a 5 k ia 5 k a 7 k ia 7 攑 ka 5 攑 ka 8 a 7 ai 7 -a-ia -i- 攑 2 a 7 ai 7 -ai 2. [-au] [-au / -au ] au 7 ak 8 155
ak 8 au 7 1969646-647 -au -au -au-ak 3. [-am] [-am / -ap] ap 8 ap 4 tsap 4 tsap 4 tsiap 4 -ap-iap -i- 4. [-a ] [-a / -ak] sa 7 sia 7 s- sia 7 21 -a -ia -i- 5. [-io] [-io / -io ] 躼 lio 3 脚 躼 lo 3 脚 -i- 6. [-im] [-i m / -i p] kim 2 im 2 21 156
im 2-1989285 kim 2 im 2 im 2 22 k- - kim 2 k- - 7. [-ui] [-ui / -ui ] p ui 2 p ue 2 -ui-ue p he 2 -e -ue -ui -ue p ue 2 -ue -ui-ue 8. [-ua] [-ua / -ua ] tua 2 ta 2 l-n-lnt t- -ua-a -u- 9. [-ua ] [-ua / -uak] hua 1 h 1 -ua - h 1 [-ua / -uak] 22 1989 157
10. [- ] [- / -] b 1 b 1 t 1 t o 1 2 e 2 k 7 au 7 - -o 13. (ou) (o) 1993 125 1998207 - -o t 1 b 1 1969331-332 b 1 2 e 2 -e- 2 k 7 au 7 k 7 - -eu -eo k 7 1973 -eo - k 7 - -o 11. [-a ] [-a / -a] t a 5 ti 7 ti 7 ta 7 ts 3 t a 5 ta 7 12. [-ia ] [-ia / -ia] ia 2 a 2 la 2 ba 2 k ia 3 k i 3 158
a 2 la 2 ba 2 ia 2 ia 2 Cn. A. a, final affix of some nouns, especially diminutive nga. ia 2 a 2 -i- 2001320,323 -a 2 kian kia 2 kia ia 2 ia 2 -a 2 ia 2 - in 2 -n i 2 -i -ia -i -ia 13. 猫 [-ia u] / -ia u ] niau 3 14. [-] [- / - ] k 2 k o 2 -o k 2 -o- - o 15. [-m] [-m / -m ] sm 1 s m 1 -m- m 1993125 2 159
s 1 s m 1 s m 1 - m -m s--m [ ] 1993 s m 1 1993 s m 1 1993 - m- m sm 1 16. [- ] [- / -] n 8 m 8 mi 8 n 8 1969628-630 m 8 mi 8 mi 8 --u i mi 8 -u i u m- --i 3 猪 [- ] [- ] 19 猪 4 猪 - -u-i - -e -eo- - -o -i- -a-ia -io-o -am-iam -ia / -a -a -ia -ua-a 160
2001318 -i- 19075 40 50 80 19 34 19 1800 1973127-142 19 50 23 45 猪 - - - -eo - u - - - -a -a -a -au -a -au -am -am -am -a -a -a -io -io -io -im -i m -im -ui -ui -ui -ua -ua -ua -ua -ua -ua - - - -a -a -a -ia -ia -ia 猫 -ia u -ia u -ia u - - - -m -m -m - - - 23 48 161
19 [-eo] [-im] [-eo] -eo- u 1996a 58-59 -io - o -io 1996a59 - u-eo- o -io 24 -eo - u -eo eo [-im] -i m - - kim 2 [-i m] kim 2 kim 2 - i m-im 45 50 19 24 1996a59 -eo 162
19079 13 35 7 1996c274-275 1973129 1962367 197037-38 1998207 25 ( ) ( ) 55 51 11 31 35 33 55 (7) (6) 43 51 31 31 214 31 25 (6) 33 53 41 43 35 41 34 (7) 33 54 31 4 24 22 31 23 (7) 44 55 31 53 24 33 31 35 33 54 31 4 24 22 31 23 1907139 33 6 197012 25 ( ) 163
1907 139 1907 1996b283 2 66 1907203 16 13 164
47 9 1907203-205 5 1. [-an] 1 k an 2 k i 2 -an-i -i -an k i 2 2. [-iam / -iap] 1 hiap 4 hui 5 h- 3. [-ia ] 1 tsia 7 ia 7 ts-ø 4. [-i / -ik] 2 趇 zik 4 趇 jip 4 -ik-ip z- zik 8 5. [-i] 1 k i 7 6. [-uai] 2 uai 7 ua 7 huai 1 hua 1 hue 1 -uai 1. 165
(oa) (oe)(ui) (oai) (o ) 2 7. [- m] 3 l m 3 lam 3 - m 2 l m 1 la 2 km 1 t 2 km 1 -a - m-a 8. [-a i] 2 mai 5 muai 5 muai 5 mue 5 muai 5 mai 5 -u- mai 5 mue 5 muai 5 mai 5 muai 5 -u- a i 7 9. [-ue ] 2 kue 2 kua 2 -ue -ua -ua -ue kua 2 kua 2 2 kua kue 2 -ue mue 4 mue 5 mue 5 mue 5 166
-uai-ua 1907203 1996b283 1 pa 7 47 54 猪 13 66 12 1 52 1907211 3 (z) (dz) (l) 2000 2000 1. [-a ] 1 ba 8 ba 7 bai 7 -a -ai 2. [-ai ] 2 kai 4 筁 167
k ai 4 ka 4 筁 k a 4 1931-1932 -ai -a 2000181-183 a i 筁 k ai 4 kai 4 k ai 4 26 2000186 kai 4 筁 k ai 4 3. 烟 [-ian] 1 pian 5 4. [-im] 1 tsim 7 -im 5. [-ui] 2 p ui 7 bui 7 p -b- -ui p - b- b- p-p - tui 7 6. [-u] 1 k u 3 k i 3 -u-i -i k u 3 k i 3 -u -i 199611 199611 猪 - 26 筁 1931-1932 168
猪 k 3 1996 k u 3 7. [-e ] 1 e 4 iat 8 -e 4 -iat 8 iat -e 8. [-a ] 2 ma 7 me 7 -a -e -a -e -a -e ma 7 -me 1989 ma 7 ma 5 me 5 -a -e -e 2000188 ma 5 9. [-a i] 51 22 3 k a i 3 kua 3 碍 ai 7 ai 7 a i 5 han 5 i 5 27 pa i 1 pai 1 27 169
sa i 1 sian 1 tsa i 5 tsian 5 ts a i 1 ts ian 1 ta i 5 hi 5 ha i 5 hi 5 pa i 2 pi 2 pa i 5 p 5 nai 5 na 5 ta i 3 tiam 3 2 -a i 1. (ing) (ai ) 2. (ien)(am)(iam) (ai ) -a i ka i 1 ta i 7 tsa i 3 ts a i 5 han 5 na 5 pai 1 pa i 1 -ai k a i 3 碍 ai 7 -a i - pa i 5 ka i 7 -i -a i -i ki 7 ka i 7 10. [-ua i] 1 sua i 1 san 1 sua 1 170
-ua i 3. (oa )(ieng) (oai ) -ua -i sua i 1 11. 猪 [- ] 2 k 2 脚 3 k 2 3 u 1 - -u - -u z 5 猪 2 12. [- ] 5 m 5 28 5 tai 1 t 5 p 1 p e 5 h 5 hue 5 猪 h 5 - -e tai 1 hue 5 28 171
2 (1) 2 -io- lio 7 l 7 hio 7 h 7 1907211 (o) (io) (2) bo 4 t im 7 be 4 t am 7 172
bo 4 be 4 bue 4 b 4 -e-ue- 1996a211 -u -ue - - -e -e -o - t im 7 -im-iam -im-iam 1989 t im 7 1873 6 1931-1932 6 173
1907 1907 1913 1997126 1913 1931-193218 1901 12 1901 174
19075 1991 1996b283 19936 19936 1896 19936 1983 175
[dz] 15 1983 14 p p b [b/m] t t l [l/n/ ] ts ts z [z] s k k [ / ] h ø [h/ / ] p p b [b/m] t t l [l/n] ts [ts /t ] ts [ts /t] [s / ] k k [ / ] h ø (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) l 190720 199018 dz l l l dz [dz] [dz] 176
199018 197020 (2) /l//h/ [ ][ ] 1967 197020 1997 [ ][ ] 1941642 [hi] [h i] 1941 [n][h] [ ][ ] [ ][ ] [n][h] [ ][ ] (3) 197020 dz z 1967 1991 [dz] 199739-40 z dz z 2000 177
337 [dz][z][l][g] 1 1941644, 669 [dz / d ][z / ] [z / ] [z] [z] [z] [dz][z] (4) ts t ts t i s t ts a t ts s u 1957 1967 1991 2 i 1902 1907 1 2 19982 199739 199124 178
179 1945 1907 1931-1932 1938 (tsi) (chi) tsts t t (si) (shi) sz [t ] [tsts ] [t t] 199739-40 3 -i- 3 t i ti i i t i ti si i 199739-40
ts t t ts t t s s dz /z dz /z d / [tsi][ts i][si][zi] [t i][ti][ i] [ i] [tsi][ts i][si][zi] [tsi][ts i][si][zi] [t ][t] (5) /h/ /h/ [h] 1967 h 1967 60 l [l] [d] 196969-70 l [l][d] [l] [l][d] [l] [ ] [d] [d][l] 180
[l] [d][l] 196969-70 l 1873 1969137 199132 21 4 9 17 16 14 9 4 1991 181
1931 6 a oeiu 9 a oeiu 9 a oeiu 6 a oeiu 1983 5 6 a eiu 1991 6 a oeiu 8 a oeiu 5 1991 1983 1983 182
o - - - [ptkm n]7 44 50 54 1983 42 45 6 (1) a a a a a a a a e e e e e e e e () () () o o o o o o o o () () i i i i i i i i u u u u u u u () () () () () () () () ai ai ai ai ai (ai ) (ai ) ai () ai () au au au au au au au eo () ia ia ia ia ia ia ia ia 6 1983 183
io io io io i () io io io io i () iu iu iu iu iu iu ua ua ua ua ua ua ua ua ue ue ue ue ue ue ue ue ui ui ui ui ui ui ui ui e () e () iau iau iau iau iau iau iau uai uai uai uai - / - 猪 - / - -eo - / - 猪 - / - 199131-64 1992a79 -eo -eo -io -eo 1992a77 - -io -eo - o -io -eo 1992a77 h u 3 b u 3 -eo - u -eo - u 184
- / --i / -i -o / -o -io / -io -o / -o -io / -io - / --i / -i 7 199323 o 8 196976-79 e o o 1992 134 o - / --i / -i o - / - - e / - e - / - - / - - / - -e / -e e - / - 1907199,202 16. 7 8 195724 1991193 o [ ] -o-io-o -io - -i --i -o-io-o -io 185
(e) ( ) k h k 21. (eh) ( h) p h ts h - / - [- ] h 1973127-142 - -e - -e - 1900b21-5 - -e - -e 1983 1991 1993226 1954 [-e] 1998202-203 - -e - / - - e / - e [- e] öe 1907205-210 (o e) 4671819 186
1992a77 - e - e / - e -u -au -iu - iau (2) am am am am ap ap ap ap an an an an at at at at a a a a ak ak ak ak m m m p p k k k k im im im im ip ip ip ip in in in in it it it it i i i i ik ik ik ik un un un un ut ut ut ut n () t () k () iam iam iam iam iap iap iap iap ian ian ian ian iat iat iat iat ia ia ia ia iak iak iak iak i i i i k i k i k i k uan uan uan uan uat uat uat uat ua ua ua (uak) (uak) - p- uak - n / - t - k 187
- n / - t [- n] ün / üt 1907205-210 (u n) 9 1996a54 - n -in -un - n / - t - k - k öng / ök 1907205-210 (o ng) 16 - / - k - - k 戞 kk 戞 [huan 1 -a 2 -he 2 ] - / - k - m / - p-ua / -uak - m / - p-ua / -uak - m 1991 1954 -ua 1954 - m s m 1 19985 (3) a a a a a a a e e e e () e e e e () () () () i i i i i i i m m m m m m 188
a i a i a i a i (a i ) (a i ) a u a u a u a u a u a u a m ia ia ia ia ia ia ia iu iu iu iu (iu) i () i () ua ua ua ua ue () ue () ue () ue ue u i u i u i u i u i (u i ) i () ia u ia u ia u ia u ia u ia u ua i ua i ua i ua i () (ua i ) ua i -e -i mi -a m - --ue 3 - - 1969159 - -u i -u i - - -u i - - / - -e / -e -e / -e 189
1991 -e / -e - / - - / - e - / - - / - - / - -ue 1991 1954 -ue -ue ue 8 着 [-e ] e 8 1969 ue 8 e 8 -i -i -i [-i] -i 1991 1954 -i -iu -i 1992a88 -i -i -i -i üi 1907205-210 (u i ) 101112 1992a 83 -i 190
-u i -i - -eo -i - e - -i -i - -i - 191
-eo 1992a89 7 1983 1991 ( ) ( ) 55 51 11 31 13 35() 33 55 33() 55 53 21 21 24 33 53 44 53 21 32 24 33 44 192
33 55 31 55 24 33 31 35 55 53 21 21 24 33 53 44 53 21 32 24 33 44 44 53 21 22 24 33 55 1983 1991 7 199144-46 樋 1988 樋 1988 55 53 31 32 24 33 45 7 1991 55 33 13 35 13 35 24 24 1992a 33 193
33 35 194
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1986 194
冨 1999159-163 1 冨 19992000 1900 9 4 1 1900a 1902 195
196
(1) a. - m b. -e-oi --o c. - u eo - o-i m -im (2) a. b. c. d. e. (1) a m - / - a m - / - (2) 197
(1) a. [ts-][ts -][s-][z-] -i b. [z-] [dz-] c. [n-] [h-] -i [ -] [ -] d. h [-m][- ] h e. [ ]-i[ ]-m- h- f. g. a c (2) a. 3 - -eo- b. -iu -i -iu 198
c. - e / - e - n / - t-i d. -i e. - / --i / -i 47 3 50 b. - e / - e - n / - t-i -i d. e. 1907 199
200
1970 1990 1997 1956 1996 1976 1793-107 1993 1994 46-3109-172 2000 1989 2 1 1989 2 1 1992 1 423-435 1998 1997 1954 1 45 1989 学学 16027-40 1973 7127-142 1955 201
202 1997 1986 1053-66 1980 1983 5330-3366 430-438 1991 299-118 1996 1998 1989 1 3 1993 2122-129 1985 1 6 1992a 2 1 1992b 42349-84 1992c 440-44 1993 1994 1-226-84 1996a 1996b 1996c 1997 1989 2 1998 1998 1998 1998 1991 1008 15
203 1994 2 2 1995 1800 1993 1996 1994 15311-374 1998 2000 2000 167-191 1983 2001 317-326 FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE 1949 15 2000 335-349 1957 275-297 1967 1972 341-351 1959 30729-1042 1989 1 215-236 1991 531-64 1992 [ ] 129-135 1995 291-314 2001
1982 1991 1 3 1993 823-849 1995 90115-24 2000 ing 1991 2 1996 1 3 1962 1959 1 2 1992 20-63 樋 1981 学 10 95-102 1988 1-16 1977 1977 1818 1818 1993 1930 1 1993 1993 204
1878 声学 27 1893 1906 1937 1997 1913 1977 3 国 国 1896 1955 国 学会 1357-69 1955 湾 声 国 学 413-11 1957 湾 1993 1960-1964 湾 湾 湾 1-38 1969 湾 歴 1989 1-1410 1969 国学会 21123-142 1970 学 89 号 1-31 1900a 18-37 1994 1900b 1975 21-531-5 1901 1975 9 1-3 1906 湾 901-6918-13 1907 1930 11333-336 1931-1932 205
1895 2 1977 声説 1931 1936 1977 国 対 1943 1993 湾 雑 1999 湾 1899 1939 2 1896 1896 1896 1901 1902 1938 1981 国 1993 湾 1984 湾 湾 国 学国 141-176 1941 冨 1999 湾総 湾 国 11155-166 2000 学 6-21 1931 嶋 1971 声 徴 4143-151 1973 675-104 1973 湾 歴 29114-137 206
1998 学国学学 351-76 1927 1966 8 3-186 1903 樋 1978 湾 学 3 111-133 1978 湾 声 学 447-62 1979 声 効 学 6125-135 1983 覚 学 15353-364 1984 湾 国 5353-364 1986 学 2065-78 1899 197519-18 1896 1993 国 1353-77 1966a 4452-72 1966b 湾 4562-108 1967 国 46 18-36 1968 変 4896-118 1981 辞 学 1985 旧 湾 学学 144:21-35 1927 2 Carstair Douglas 1873 Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy 1993 Chiu Bian-Ming 1934 THE PHONETIC STRUCTURE AND TONE BEHAVIOUR IN HAGU(commomly known as the Amoy Dialect)AND THEIR RELATION TO CERTAIN QUESTIONS IN CHINESE LINGUISTICS Published by the Department of Linguistics, University of Amoy. 207
G.Leslie.Macay 1891 CHINESE ROMANIZED DICTIONALY OF THE FORMOSAN VARNACULAR Jeffrey C.Tung 1988 Nasality and Orthography 67-94 J.MACGOWAN 1878 ENGLISH AND CHINESE DICTIONALY 1978 THOMAS BARCLAY 1923 Supplement to Sictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language 1993 W.Campbell 1913 A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular 19 Walter Henry Medhurst 1837 Dictionary of the Hok-Keen Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms 1993 Wang Yü Tê. 1958 An Investigation About Literary Reading and Colloquial Reading in the Amoy Dialect 1958 The Tram sections of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan 208