(CIP) : /. :, 2002 ISBN TG4 CIP (2002) ( 1 : ) : * : : : :

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(CIP) : /. :, 2002 ISBN 7-5045 - 3819-1... - -. TG4 CIP (2002)037884 ( 1 : 100029) : * 787 1092 16 23.75 588 2002 9 1 2002 9 1 : : 40.00 : 64929211 : 64911190 : http : / / www.class.com.cn

( ) ( ) : ( ) :

,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,

( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 11 ) ( 19 ) ( 24 ) ( 24 ) ( 39 ) ( 66 ) ( 75 ) ( 75 ) ( 78 ) ( 79 ) ( 79 ) ( 99 ) (101 ) (113 ) (113 ) (127 ) (141 ) (152 )

(175 ) (190 ) (208 ) (217 ) (228 ) (236 ) (242 ) (252 ) (252 ) (259 ) (266 ) (266 ) (271 ) (278 ) (280 ) (280 ) (289 ) (296 ) (312 ) (317 ) (331 ) (338 ) (355 ) (355 ) (365 ) (369 )

:, 1. (1 ), : 1), 2),, 3), 4), (2 ) 1), 2),, 3),,, 4) 2. (1 ) 1),, 1

, 2) (),, 3 000 V, 3),, 5 000 V, (),,, 6 000 V 4),,,,,, 5), 6),,, 7) 85 db, 90 db,, (2 ) 1),,,, 2),,, 3) 4) 5),,, 6),,, 7),, 1. (1 ), 2

, (2 ) :, ; (3 ) 1) 2), 3 m; 1. 5 m 3),, ;, 4), 4 m 2 ; ;, 50100 Lx 5) 10 m,, 6), 7) : ;,, ( ),,, :, 2. (1 ),, 1),,,,, 300 A 500 A, ( ),,,,,,, 3

2),, :,,, (2 ), 1),,,,,,,, 2), 3), ;,, 4), 5),, 6),,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ) (, ),, ; (5 ),, (6 ) : ; ; ; (7 ), (8 ), 10 m, 4

(9 ),, (10), 36 V 2. (1 ),, (2 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6), : 1. (1 ),, GB/ T 1495794 11, 11 mm 1. 6 200 250 2. 0 2. 5 3. 2 0.05 250 350 2. 0 4. 0 350 450 5. 0 5

(2 ) : 1), ( ), 2), : ;,,,,,,,,,, 3),,,, 4), :, ;, 5),,,,, 2. (1 ) 1), : ( GB/ T 5117 1995) ( GB/ T 51181995 ) ( GB/ T 9831995 ) (GB/ T 98485 ) ( GB/ T 1004488 ) ( GB/ T 36701995 ) ( GB/ T 366983) ( GB/ T 138141992 ) 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) ( GB/ T 51171995 ), : 1) E 2), MPa 3) 0 1 ( ), 2, 4 4) 5) R ; M, - 1 : (3 ) 1), : J ;, MPa; : 7

2) 12, 12, E 4300 J420G E 4303 J422 E 4314 J422Fe E 4301 J423 E 4320 J424 E 4316 J426 E 4315 J427 E 5024 J501 Fe15 E 5003 J502 E 5011 J505 E 5016 J506 E 5015 J507 E 5048 Q345 Q345 1., : (1 ),, : 1) (Q235 ),,, 2),,,, (2 ),, : 8

1), 2), 3),, 4),, 5), (3 ),,,, 2., (1 ), : 1), 11,,,,,,, : = 2 ( T1 - T 2 ) ( T 1 + T2 ) T 1 +, mm; 100 % T 2 +, mm : 2. 5 mm, 7% ; 3. 2 mm 4 mm, 5 % ; 5 mm, 4% 11 2),,,, 3),,,, (2 ) 9

1),,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 2),,,,,,,, 75150, 12 h,,, 350400, 1 2 h 3),,,,, 80100,,,, 4 mm, 3.2 mm,,,,,, 5060,,,,, 3., (1 ), (2 ),,, 1025, 60% (3 ), 0. 3 m,, (4 ),, (5 ),, 10

: 1., T, 12 12 a) b) T ( ) c) d) e),, T,,, 2. 11

(1 ),,, (2 ) 1),,, : I V V U J, 13 13 a) I b) V c) V d) U e) J 2) : ; ; ; ; ; (3 ) : ; ; p; b; H; R14, ( GB9851988 ), (4 ),,,, 14 a) b) c) b d) H e) p f) R 540 MPa,, 540 MPa,, 12

, 3. (1 ), (2 ) 10 mm ( ) 20 mm ( ) 1., ( GB32488 ), (1 ), 13, 14 13 1 ( ) 2 I 3 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 13

7 U 8 J 9 10 11 12 13 I, 14 S

14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15

(2 ), 15 15 1 ( ) 2 3 (3 ), 16 17 16 1 2 3 4 5 GB5185 16

17 V, (4 ) (, ), 15 VVJ,, 16 15 16,,, 17,,, 18 17 a) b ) 18 17

:, (5 ), 18 18 e c k h d l S n N 18

2.,, ( GB 518585), 1 9 19 1 111 12 131 ( MIG ) 135 ( MAG ) 141 ( T IG ) 15 2 21 22 24 25-311 4 42 45 7 72 73 751 76 78 9 91 94 3 : 1., : (1 ),,,,, : 90 V ; 80 V (2 ), 19

,,,, 19,, (3 ),, 19 (4 ),,, 2. (1 ), 110 110, ( ) ( ), (2 ) (GB 102491988 ), : 1, 2, 3, 6 ; 4, 5, 7 ; 3, 4, 6, 7, 20

1) B, Z ; A 2) X ; P ; D 3) G 4), 1, 3 ; 1, 3, 5, 7 5) : (3 ) 1),, 2),,,,, t T, : = t T 100% 500 A, 5 min,, ( ) 3 min,, 60%, 15 % 25 % 35 % 60%,,,, 21

: =,, 380 V, kw 3. (1 ) 1),,,,,,,, ;,,,, 2),,,, 110 111 110 ( kw) ( V ) ( V ) ( V) ( A ) ( A) ( % ) ( min ) BX1-160 13. 5 380 22 28 80 160 40 192 60 587 325 665 BX1-250 20. 5 380 22. 532 78 250 62. 5300 60 600 360 720 BX1-400 31. 4 380 24 36 77 400 100480 60 640 390 764 BX1-120 6 380 21. 2 24.8 50 120 60 120 20 387 260 389 BX1-300 24. 5 380 32 78 300 75 360 60 640 475 772 BX3-160 11. 8 380 25. 4 7870 160 25 250 60 580 430 710 BX3-250 18. 4 380 30 7870 250 40 370 60 630 430 810 BX3-400 29. 1 380 36 7570 400 50 510 60 695 530 905 BX3-120 7 9 BX3-300 23. 4 220 380 220 380 23 70 75 120 20 160 60 485 470 680 32 70 78 300 40 400 60 730 540 900 22

111 ( V ) ( V ) ( kw) ( V) ( A ) ( A) ( % ) ( min ) ( kg) ZX - 160 12 380 70 2127 160 30 180 60 630 460 890 170 ZX - 250 19 380 70 2231 250 45 280 60 690 500 940 240 ZX - 300 30 380 70 32 300 30 300 60 780 570 900 320 ZX - 400 30 380 70 2238 400 60 450 60 740 540 980 350 ZX - 500 38 380 70 40 500 50 500 60 780 570 900 350 ZX1-160 11 380 2228 160 40 192 60 595 480 970 138 ZX1-250 17. 3 380 2232 250 62 300 60 635 530 1 032 182 ZX1-300 24 380 2235 300 60 300 60 650 525 950 200 ZX1-400 27. 8 380 2439 400 100480 60 685 570 1 075 238 ZX1-500 38 380 2530 500 100600 60 710 590 1 050 280 ZX3-250 21. 8 380 72 2230 250 50 250 60 640 530 1 050 180 ZX3-300 18. 6 380 72 1220 300 50 300 60 1 095 665 1 255 350 ZX3-400 34. 3 380 72 2436 400 80 400 60 700 590 1 100 240 ZX5-250 14 380 55 2130 250 25 250 60 780 400 440 150 ZX5-400 24 380 60 2136 400 40 400 60 595 505 940 200 ZX5-630 48 380 76 44 630 130630 60 670 535 970 260 ZX7-250 9. 2 380 7075 30 250 50 250 60 470 276 490 35 ZX7-400 11 380 7080 (2 ),,,,, 1) ( BX1 ),, ;,,,,, 2) ( BX3 ),,, 23

;, 3) (ZXG ) ( ) 4) (ZXS ),,, (3 ) 1), 3 m 2),,, 3), 4),,, 5) 6),,,,, 7),,, 2. 5 m, 8) 9), 10 ), 11 ),, 12 ) 13 ) 14 ) 1. (1 ) (2 ),,, 24 (3 ),

,,, 2. (1 ),,,,, 112,, ;,, 112 ( mm 2 ) ( m ) 15 30 45 ( A ) 200 30 50 60 300 50 60 80 400 50 80 100 600 60 100 (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,, 25

:,, T 1.,,,, : (1 ) 1) 2),,, 3) () 4) (2 ) 1) 2),, 3),, (3 ) 2.,,,,, 26

, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1), 21,,,,,,,, 10-3 10-4 cm,,, 21 2),,,, 21,, 22 21 4 640 3 500 4 100 3 271 2 400 2 600 6 200 3 000 4 250, 27

22 CO 2 > >,,,,, CO2 Ar + CO2,,, CaF2,,,,,, 6 0008 000,,,,,, (3 ),,, 1) 22 U, ( ab ),, ; ( bc ),,,, 22,, ; ( cd ),, 2),,,,,,,,,,, 23,,, ( ) 28,,

,, (4 ),,, 24,,, 23 24,,,, : 1),,,, 25, 2),,,,,, ;, 3), a.,,,, 26, 25 26 29

, ( 2 6),,,,,,,, b. ( ),, ( T ), 27,,,,,, c.,,,,,,, 28, 27 28 a., b., c. () d.,, e. 3.,, (1 ),, 1),,,, ( ),, 2),, 30

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 23, 3. 2 mm, 23 mm 4 412 > 12 2.5 3. 2 3.2 4 4,,,, T ;, 5 mm, 4 mm (3 ) 1),,,,,, 24 24 ( mm ) 1. 6 2. 0 2.5 3. 2 4. 0 5.0 6. 0 ( A) 25 40 4065 50 80 100 130 160210 200 270 260 300,, 5% 10%, 10 % 15 %,,, ;,, ;,, 10% ; 20% 2),, 31

,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, ;,, 3),, ;,, (4 ),,,,,,, ( ) 45 mm (5 ), : ;, ;,,, 0. 51, (6 ),,,,, ;, 1. ( 29 ) ( 210) 29 a) b) c) 32

2. (1 ),, (2 ),, 2 11a (3 ),, 210, 211b, (4 ),, 211c (5 ),,,, 211d 211e (6 ),, 211f 211 a) b) c) d) e) f) 3., : (1 ),,, 212, (2 ),, 213, (3 ),,, 214 1 2, 3, 33

212 213 4. (1 ),,,, : (2 ) 1) 214,, 10% 15%,, 50 mm,,, 2),,, 3), ;, 6 168 mm,,, 1. 34

,,,, 2. (1 ) : Q235; ; (2 ) : E4303, 3.2 mm/ 4. 0 mm; BX3300 (4 ) 300 mm200 mm12 mm; 215 20 mm, (5 ) : 3 mm, 4 mm; : : 11.5 mm 3. (25) 34 ; : 1 mm; 25 ( mm ) ( A ) 3. 2 110120 (1 ) 3. 2 130140 (2 ) 4. 0 170185 4. 0 160170 4. (1 ) 4050, 1),,,,, 0.51 mm, 216,,,,,, 215 216 1 2 3 35

, 2/ 3, 1/ 3, 2),, 10 mm, ; 23,,, 3),, 1015 mm,,,,,, (2 ),, 4050 : 1), 2) 0. 51.5 mm, 3) 217, (3 ) 217,,,,,,, 2 mm;, 1. (1 ), (2 ),,,, 1) 3. 2 mm, 90100 A7080, 2), 3. 2 mm, 110120 A7080 3), 2. 36 (1 ), 56

(2 ),,,, 1) 3. 2 mm, 110120 A7080, 70 2), 3. 2 mm, 130140 A218 90, 6070,, 1/ 31/ 2 2 mm 218 3) 3.2 mm, 100110 A,,,,,, 1/ 2 3. T (1 ) 1) : Q235; : 150 mm80 mm12 mm 2) E4303, 3. 2 mm; BX3300 3) 20 mm, 4) T (2 ) 219 1) 3.2 mm, 130140 A, 220,,,,,,, 219 220 2) 221,,,,,,,, 37

,, 4.,, (1 ) 1) : 20 ; : 108 mm8 mm; 2 22 221 222 2) : E4303, 2. 5 mm/ 3.2 mm; BX3300 4) 20 mm, 5) : 23 mm; : 1 mm; : 0.51 mm; : 10 2, 10 15 mm (2 ) 1),,, 2. 5 mm, : 60 80 A 10,,, 10 223 223 1/ 31/ 4, 0. 5 mm,,,,, 38

2) 3. 2 mm, 90120 A, 3),,, 3.2 mm, 90110 A,,,,, : 1. (1 ) 1) : ;, O2, 1.429 kg/ m 3, ( 1. 29 kg/ m 3 ),, ( ),,,,, 99.2%,, 1. 17 kg/ m 3,, C2 H2, 2 350, 3 000 3 300, : 2C2 H2 + 5O2 4CO2 + 2H2 O 1 2. 5,, 0. 15 MPa, 580, 2.5 % 80%, 2. 8% 93%, 39

,, 110120, 70%,,, 1 L 25 L, ( ),, ( C3 H8 ) ( C4 H10 ) ( C3 H6 ),, ( 0. 81.5 MPa),,,,,, 1.82.5 kg/ m 3,,,,, 2 8002 850,,,,,,,,,,, 2), :, 224 26 224 a) b) c) 225 40

26 - [ O 2 ] [ C 2 H 2 ],,,,,,, < 1,, 2 700 3 000,,,,,,, 11.2,, 3 050 3 150,,,,, > 1.2,,, 3 100 3 300, -,,,,,,,, 24 mm 225 27 27 3), -,,,,,,,, 2 8002 850,,,, 41

,,,, (2 ) 1) :,,,,, 2) a., b.,, c., a., b., c., d. e. 3),,, (3 ) 1) :,,, 2) a., b., - c.,, d.,,, -, e. a., b. c.,, d. ( ) 42

3),,,,,, 300 mm,,,,, 2. (1 ) 1) 2 26, : 219 mm, 1 370 mm, 40 L, 15 M Pa, 6 m 3,, ; 1822.5 M Pa,,, 2) (),,,,, 227,,, : 250 mm, 40 L, 13. 214. 3 kg, 6. 27.4 kg, 5.3 6. 3 m 3 226 1 2 3 4 5 227 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 43

,,, ( ) ( ),,,, 3) 228,, 15 kg20 kg30 kg 50 kg 15 kg, 30 kg 228 1. 6 MPa, 3 MPa (2 ),, 15 MPa 0. 10.3 M Pa,, 28 28 QD1 QD2A QD2O QW216/ 0.6 0 25 025 0 2. 5 02.5 ( M Pa) 0 4 01.6 00. 25 00.16 15 15 2.0 1. 6 ( M Pa) 2.5 1. 0 0. 15 0. 06 ( M Pa) 0. 1 2. 5 0. 11. 0 0.01 0. 05 0. 02 0. 06 ( m 3 / h) 80 40 9 ( mm ) 6 5 4 G5/ 8 in G5/ 8 in G5/ 8 in ( M Pa) 2. 8 3. 8 1. 11. 6 0.17 0. 24 0. 07 0. 1 ( kg ) 4 2 2 2 ( mm ) 200 200 210 165170 160 170 185 315 165 190 160 1),, QD1, 229 : 4, 5, 13, 12, 10 1, 7, 10 2,, 8 44

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 229 1 2 3 4 5 230 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2),, 230,,, -,,,,, 3) 231,,,,, 200300 mm 45

231 1 2 3 ( ) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14,, 29 29 1. 2. 1. 2., 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3., 1. 2. 1. 2. (3 ),, :,,,, ( ) ( ) 46

1) : 232 5, 12345,,, 210 232 H016 1 2 3 4 5 6 210 H01 6 H01 12 H01 20 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 ( mm ) 0. 9 1.0 1.1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 6 1.8 2.0 2. 2 2. 4 2. 6 2. 8 3.0 3.2 12 2 3 3 4 4 5 56 67 78 8 9 9 10 10 12 14 16 18 ( mm) 10 12 12 14 16 18 20 ( MPa) 0. 2 0.25 0.3 0. 35 0. 4 0. 4 0.45 0.5 0.6 0. 7 0. 6 0. 65 0. 7 0.75 0.8 ( MPa) 0. 0010.1 0.0010.1 0.0010. 1 ( m 3 / h) 0.15 0.20 0. 24 0. 28 0. 37 0. 37 0.49 0.65 0. 86 1. 10 1. 25 1. 45 1.65 1.95 2. 25 ( L/ h) 170 240 280 330 430 430 580 780 1 050 1 210 1 500 1 700 2 000 2 300 2 600 ( mm ) 400 500 600 : 2), 233 211 47

233 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 211 G01 30 G01 100 G01 300 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 ( mm ) 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 1. 0 1.3 1. 6 1.8 2. 2 2.6 3. 0 ( mm ) 210 10 20 2030 1025 25 30 30 100 100 150 150 200 200 250 250 300 ( M Pa) 0. 2 0. 25 0.30 0. 2 0.35 0. 5 0.5 0. 65 0.8 1. 0 ( M Pa) 0. 001 0. 1 0.0010.1 0. 0010.1 ( m 3 / h ) 0. 8 1. 4 2. 2 2. 2 2. 7 3. 5 4.2 5. 5 7. 3 9. 0 10.8 11 14 14. 5 18 19 26 ( L/ h ) 210 240 310 350 400 400 500 500 610 680 780 800 1 150 1 250 1 100 1 200 1 600 500 550 650,,,, G01100 : 1 mm; 2. 8 mm; 1 mm,, G07100 212 (4 ), : 1) GB/ T255091,, 18 mm, 8 mm 1.5 MPa 48

212 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 1.,, 2. 1. 2.,,, 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 2) GB/ T255192,,, 16 mm, 10 mm, 0. 3 MPa,,,, (5 ) 1),,,,,, 37 2) 3),, 4) 3. (1 ) H08AH08MnA, 2 4 mm,, (2 ) : ; ; ;, 213 49

213 CJ101 900,,, 650,,, CJ201, CJ301 650, 560,, CJ401,,, 1. (1 ),, 1),,,,,,,,, 214 214 mm 1. 0 2. 0 2. 03.0 3.0 5. 0 5. 010. 0 10 15 1. 0 2. 0 2. 03.0 3.0 4. 0 3. 05.0 4. 0 6. 0 2) (, 26 ) 3) (L/ h) (),,,,,,,, ; 4) ( ), 234 50

,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 8090,,,,,, 235 234 235 5), 3040, 90100, 236 6),,, (2 ) 1), 237 236 237 a) b),, 51

,, 240b,,,,,, 240a :,,,,,, 2),,,,, :,,, ( ) ;,,,,,, 238 238 a) b) c) d ) 238abc ; 238d 238 3),,,,,,,,,,,,, 510 mm,,,,,,,, 52

(3 ) 1) 239 215 2),, ( ) 239 a) b) c) d ) T e) 215 ( mm ) 1 ( mm ) c ( mm ) ( mm ) 0. 5 1. 0 1. 52.0 I 1. 0 5. 0 1. 04.0 2.0 4. 0 Y > 5. 0 1. 53.0 2. 04.0 80 60 3.6 6. 0 a.,, 57 mm, 50 100 mm, 240 b., 2030 mm, 200300 mm, 241 240 241,, 53

242 242 a) b), ;, 3),, 2 43 26 mm, 24 mm,,, a., 30 mm,,,, 243,,,,, b.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, c.,,,,,,,, 244,, : 54

a. b.,,,,, c., 60,, d.,, 244,,,, e.,,,,,,, 245,,, 246 : 245 246 a) b) a. b., 6575,,, c.,,,,,,,,, 247, : 55

a. b.,, c.,, d.,,, 247 e.,, f.,,,, ( ),, g.,, (4 ) 1),,, ;,,, 3 mm, ; 3 mm,, V, 216 216 / mm 2. 5 6 610 10 15 V V V 6090 6090 60 90 / mm 0. 51.5 12 2 3 / mm 1 1. 5 12 2 2. 5 2 3 :, 60 70 2), 20 mm, 70 mm,, 70 300 mm 46, 56 248 a) 70 mm b ) 70 mm

, 248 3), ( < 2 mm), ;,,,,,,,, a., 5070, 249,, ;,,, b.,,, 1030, 250 249 250 a.,, 7 mm,, b. : : : 80, 251 : 60, 252 : 90, 251 30, 252 c.,,,, 253 :, ;,,,,,,, ( ), 57

251 252 253,, r, 2 54 1/ 2 (253), a,,,,,, 255,,,,, 90 ; 45,,, ( ),,,, 254 255,, 510 mm,,, 1020 mm 58

2. (1 ) 1),, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 211 2), ;,, ;,,,, 256,,,,, 3),,,, 1 1001 150,,,, ( L/ h),,,,,,,, 4),, 257,, 217 256 257 59

217 ( mm ) < 6 630 > 30 25 45 0 510 0 5 10 5),, 35 mm 20 mm,, 20 mm,,,,, (2 ) 1) 1020 mm, G0130 2,, a.,,,,, ( ),,,,,, b.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 60

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2) 6 mm,,,,, : 2545 1015 mm, G0130 1 3),,,,, 258,,, (2025 ),,,,, 23,, 259 258 259, ( ),, 259, 61

, : a. b. c.,, 1.,, (1 ) : : 1),,,,, 2) 3), 4) (2 ),,,, (3 ) 1) 2) 3),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,, 2. 62,

(1 ) 1),, 2),,,, 3),,, 4),, 5) 6) 5 m 7),, 8),, 9), 0.1 0. 3 M Pa,,,, 10 ), 11 ) (2 ) 1),,,, 2),,, 20 min 3) 4040, 4), 5),,,, 1 1 2, 3 4 6), 7), (0.1 M Pa) 8), 9), 40 (3 ) 1) GB5442, 63

2) 5 m, 3), 20%,, 4), 40 5), 6), 7), 8),, 9),, 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,, (4 ) 5 ;,, (5 ),,,, (6 ),, (7 ) (8 ), (9 ),, (10) :, ;, ; (11) 4. (1 ) ( JB/ T7941999 ) ( JB/ T69691993) ( JB/ T69701993 ) 64 (2 ),,,, (3 ) :

;, ;, ;,, ;,, (4 ),,,, ;,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,, (6 ) (7 ), (8 ), (9 ),,, (10),,, 5. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), ( ), - 15+ 40 (4 ), (5 ) 1015 m,, (6 ), 4 6. (1 ), (2 ) (3 ), (4 ) 65

(5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ),, 5 m, (9 ) ( ) ( ),, (10),,,, (11),,,,, (12),, (13) (14), (15), ( ),,, (16), (17) 100 mm, (18),,, (19) (20) : 1. 66 (1 )

,,,, 260 260 1 2 3 4,,,,,, (2 ) 1) 4,, 2),, 3),,,, 4),, 5),,, (3 ) 1) 2), U 3), 4) 5) 6) 7) 2. 67

(1 ),,,,, AX1500ZXG500,,,, (2 ),, 0. 51 MPa,,, 0. 50.6 MPa 3. (1 ), :, ;,, : ; ; ; ; ; 1),,, 261,,,, : ;, ; ; 450 A 2),,,,,,,,,, 262 261 262,,, 263,, 68

263 1 2 3 4 (2 ), : ; ; ; ; ;,,, 0. 30.4 mm, 1. 53 m,,, GB1217490, 218 218 ( mm ) 567 8 B505 B514 9 101214 B5412 B5620 4 12 5 10 5 12 5 15 5 18 5 20 5 25 6 20 305 355 305 355 1. (1 ),, 219 219, 69

(2 ), 220,, 220 mm 3 812 6 8 4 6 4 1015 810 6 8 5 6 15 10, 2 mm,,,,,,,, 25 mm, 221 221 ( mm) ( A ) ( mm ) ( A ) 3 355 150180 3 12 355 200300 4 355 150200 5 10 355 300400 5 355 150250 5 12 355 350450 6 355 7 355 180300 200350 5 15 355 5 18 355 400500 450550 8 355 250400 5 20 355 500600 10355 400550 5 25 355 550600 12355 450600 6 20 355 550600 (3 ),,,,,, 0.51.2 m/ min (4 ),, 0. 40.6 MPa,,, 222,,,,,, 70,

222 ( A ) ( MPa) ( A) ( MPa) 140 190 0. 35 0. 4 340470 0. 50. 55 190 270 0.4 0. 5 470550 0.5 0. 6 270 340 0. 50. 55 (5 ),,, 12 mm, ;, (6 ) 264,,, ;,,, 80100 mm, 2030 mm 264 265 (7 ), 265, ;, 2545 223 223 ( mm ) ( A) ( m/ min) ( mm ) 5 250 4 7 mm 6 280 300 71

( mm ) ( A) ( m/ min) ( mm ) 7 300 350 1.0 1. 2 4 7 mm 8 350 400 0.7 1. 0 8 24 mm 10 450 500 0.4 0. 6 4 12 350 400 0.8 1. 2 5 20 450 480 0.8 1. 2 5 25 550 600 0.8 1. 2 2. (1 ) 1) 80100 mm, 2),,,,, 3),,, ;,,,, 2545,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1) U, U 7 mm,, 266 a,, 266b 72

266 U a) U b ) U 2), 12 mm, (3 ) 12 mm,,,, U, 267 (4 ) X,,,,, 268 267 a) b ) 268 (5 ) 1),, 0. 540. 72 mm,, 1 mm, 73

,, 2) Q345 ( 16 Mn),, 0. 5 1. 2 mm,, Q345 224 224 Q345 ( mm ) 810 1214 1620 2230 30 ( mm ) 6 8 8 8 8 ( A) 190250 240290 290350 320380 340400 ( V) 4446 4547 4547 4547 4547 ( MPa) 0. 40. 6 0. 40.6 0. 40.6 0. 40.6 0. 40.6 3045 3045 3045 3045 3045 ( mm ) 50130 50130 50130 50 130 50 130 ( mm ) 11.5 1 1. 5 1. 52 1. 52.5 1. 52.5 ( m/ min) 0.9 1 0. 850. 9 0. 80.85 0. 70.8 0. 650.7 ( mm ) 34 56 23 3. 54.5 68 34 4. 55.5 911 45 56 1012 45 6 6. 5 1113 4. 55.5,,,,,, 1 mm,,, 3. (1 ), ( ) (2 ),,, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ) 74

: 1.,,, ( 35 ), 2.,,,,,, 31 1., ( ), 32,,,,,, ( 0. 5 mm ), : ; ; ; :,,, 2. 75

31 a) b ) c) 90 d ),, 33 32 a) b) 33 3.,, 34,,,,,,, 76

34 a) b ) c) :, : ; 4.,,,,, : ; ; ;,, ; : ; ; ; ; 5.,,, :,, ;, ; : ; 6.,, 35 35, : ; ; ; :, ;, 77

: 1.,,, ; 0. 5 mm ; 0. 5 mm;, 2. :,,,,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), : ; ; ; ; ; 2. (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, 78 (6 ),

,,, : 1. (1 ),,,,, 7 9 1),, 2),,,,, 3), 4),,,,,, 79

5), 6), 7) 8), (2 ),,, ( GB/ T51171995 ) 1) 30%,,,,,,, E4301E5001 2) 30% 20 %,,,,,, E4303 E5003 3),,,,, E4311E5011 4) 35%,,, E4312 5),,,,,, E5014 6),,,,,,,,, E4315E5015 7),,,, E4316E5016 8) 25%, 80

,,,,,,,, E5018E5048 (3 ),, 1),,,,,,, ( ),, ( Fe2 O3 Fe3 O4 MnO2 ) ( CaCO3 MgCO3 ),,,,,,, CO2,,, FeO,,,, MnOSiO2,,, (1 270),,,, 2) FeS MnS FeS,, FeS Fe FeO,, MnS,, : 0. 03 % 0. 04 % ; 0.025% 0.03% ; 0. 02%,,,,, MnO CaO 3) Fe2 P Fe3 P 81

,,,,, 0. 045% ; 0. 035%, CaO,, CaF2,, 2. (1 ) ( GB/ T51181995),, : 1) E 2), MPa 3), 0 1, 2 4), 5) ( 41 ), -,,, - 41 E - A 1 E - B 1 B 5 E - C 1 C 3 E - NM E - D 1 D 3 E - GM M 1 W 6) L, : E 55 15 - B 3 - VWB (2 ), 550 MPa 42 44 82

42 E5015 - G J507MoNb,, 12SiMoVNb 15MoV E5015 - G J507MoW, 10 MoW VNb J507NiCu E5015 - G J507C rn i J507 NiCuP J507CuP E5015 - G J507 FeNi E5515 - G J557 J557Mo J557MoV, 15Mn Ti, 15MnV, 15MnV N E5516 - G J556RH E6015 - G J607Ni, E6015 - G J607RH E7015 - D 2 J707 Cr9Mo15 MnMoV14MnMoVB18 MnMoNb E8515 - G J857 43 E5015 - A 1 R107 510 15Mo E5503 - B 1 E5515 - B 1 E5503 - B 2 E5515 - B 2 E5500 - B 3 - V WB E5515 - B 3 - V WB E6000 - B 3 E6015 - B 3 R202 R207 R302 R307 R340 R347 R400 R407 510 12Cr Mo 520 15Cr Mo 620 Cr2. 5Mo E1-5MoV - 15 R507 Cr5MoV R1-9Mo - 15 R707 Cr9Mo E1-11MoV NiW - 15 R807 565 1Cr11MoV 44 W707-70 09Mn2V E 5515 - C 1 W707Ni - 70 09Mn2V, 3. 5Ni E 5515 - C 2 W907Ni - 90 3. 5Ni W107Ni - 100 06AlNbCuN, 06MnNb 3. 5Ni 83

(3 ),,, 4 90 MPa 980 MPa,,,,, 42 43 44 3. (1 ) ( GB/ T9831995 ),, : 1) E 2) E,,, 3) L, H, R 4) -, 45 45 E ( ) - 15 E ( ) - 25 E ( ) - 16 E ( ) - 17 E ( ) - 26 : 5.0 mm : E 308 L - 15, (2 ), 46 84

46 ( ) ( ) ( ) E410-16 E1-13 - 16 G202, E410-15 E1-13 - 15 G207, 0Cr13, 1Cr13, E410-15 E1-13 - 15 G217 E430-16 E0-17 - 16 G302,,, E430-15 E0-17 - 15 G307, Cr17 E308 L - 16 E308 L - 15 E00-19 - 10-16 E00-19 - 10-15 A002 A002A,,, 00Cr19 Ni10, 00Cr19Ni11 T i E308-16 E308-17 E308-15 E 0-19 - 10-16 E 0-19 - 10-15 A102 A107 A112 A117 300,,, 0Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9 Ti E309-16 E 1-23 - 13-16 A302, E309-15 E 1-23 - 13-15 A307 E310-16 E 2-26 - 21-16 A402, 0Cr25 Ni20 E310-15 E 2-26 - 21-15 A407, Cr5Mo, Cr9Mo, Cr13 E347-16 E0-19 - 10 Nb - 1b A132, 0Cr18 Ni9, 0Cr19Ni10, 0Cr18Ni9 T i, E347-15 E0-19 - 10 Nb - 15 A137 1Cr18 Ni9 Ti E316-16 E0-18 - 12Mo2-16 A202, E316-15 E0-18 - 12Mo2-15 A207, 0Cr17Ni12 Mo2,, E316 L - 16 E0-18 - 12Mo2-16 A022,,,, E318-16 E0-18 - 12Mo2Nb - 16 A212 0Cr18 Ni12Mo, 00Cr17Ni14Mo2,, E318 V - 16 E318 V - 15 E0-18 - 12 Mo2 V - 16 E0-18 - 12 Mo2 V - 15 A232 A237,, 0Cr19 Ni10, 0Cr17Ni12Mo (3 ),,, 46 47,, 85

47 0Cr18 Ni9 ( A102 ) E308-16 0Cr18Ni9 Ti 300, ( A107 ) E308-17 1Cr18Ni9 Ti ( A002) E308 L - 16 0Cr18 Ni9 0Cr18Ni9 Ti 1Cr18Ni9 Ti 300,, ( A122 ) Ti Cr18Ni9 ( A132 ) E347-16 ( A137 ) E347-15 ( A112 ) E308-17 00Cr18 Ni10 ( A002) E308 L - 16 ( A202 ) E316-16 0Cr18Ni12Mo2 Ti 1Cr18Ni12Mo2 Ti 0Cr23Ni28Mo3Cu3 T i 0Cr18Ni18Mo2Cu2 T i 0Cr13 1Cr18Ni9T i ( ), ( A207 ) E316-15 ( A022) E316 L - 16 ( A212 ) E318-16 ( A022) E316 L - 16 ( A222 ) ( A032 ) ( A302 ) E309-16 ( A307 ) E309-15 ( A402 ) E310-16 ( A407 ) E310-15 Cr18 Ni12Mo2 Ti, ( A312 ) 0Cr17 Mn13Mo2N ( A707 ) :,,, 1., (1 ) 1), : ; ; ; : ;, 2), ( 4001 000) 3), ( 400),,, 86 (2 )

1),, 25 mm, 2),,,, 3),, (3 ) 2. (1 ) 1) ( GB/ T52931999), : F 4 8 48 b ( M Pa) s ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) F4 - H 415 550 330 22 F5 - H 480 650 400 22 A, P 27 J, 49 49 ( J) ( ) F 0 - H F 2 - H F 3 - H F 4 - H F 5 - H F 6 - H 27 0-20 - 30-40 - 50-60 -, ( GB/ T14957 ) : 87

F 4 A 2 - H08A 27 J - 20 415 MPa 2) ( GB/ T1247090 ),, : F, 56789 10,, 410 410 b s 5 ( X1) ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( % ) 5 480 650 380 22 6 550 690 460 20 7 620 760 540 17 8 690 820 610 16 9 760 900 680 15 10 820 970 750 14, 0, 1,, 411 411 ( X 3 ) ( ) ( J) 0 1 0 2-20 3-30 4-40 5-50 27 6-60 8-80 10-100,, 412 88

412 ( X 4 ) w ( CaO + MgO + MnO + CaF 2 ) > 50 % 1 2 w ( SiO 2 ) 20 % w ( CaF 2 ) 15 % w ( Al 2 O 3 + CaO + MgO) > 45 % w ( Al 2 O 3 ) 20 % 3 w ( CaO + MgO + SiO 2 ) > 60 % 4 w ( MnO + SiO 2 ) > 50 % 5 w ( Al 2 O 3 + TiO 2 ) > 45 % 6 -, GB1300 : F5121 - H08MnMoA, H08MnMoA,, 480650 MPa, 380 M Pa, 22. 0% - 20 V 27 J, 3) ( GB/ T178541999 ), -, : F, 413 413 % w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn ) w ( P) w ( S) w ( Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) F308 - H 0.08 18.0 9.0 F308 L - H 0.04 21. 0 11. 0 0. 040 F309 - H 0.15 22.0 12.0 F309Mo - H 0.12 25. 0 14. 0 2. 03.0 F310 - H F316 - H 0.20 0.08 1. 00 0. 05 2. 50 0. 030 0.030 25.0 28. 0 20.0 22. 0 2.0 F316 L - H F316CuL - H 0.04 0. 040 17.0 20. 0 11.0 14. 0 3. 0 1. 20 2.75 w ( Cu) : 1.0 2. 5 F317 - H F347 - H 0.08 18.0 21. 0 12.0 14. 0 9.0 11. 0 3.0 4. 0 w ( Nb) : 8C % 1. 0 89

w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn ) w ( P) w ( S) w ( Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) F410 - H 0.12 F430 - H 0.10 1. 00 1. 20 0. 040 0.030 11.0 13. 5 15.0 18. 0 0.60 : 1. 2. L,, 414 414 b ( MPa) 5 ( % ) F308 - H 520 30 F308 L - H 480 F309 - H 520 F309Mo - H 550 25 F310 - H 520 F316 - H 520 F316 L - H 480 F316CuL - H 480 F317 - H 520 F347 - H 520 30 25 F410 - H 440 20 F430 - H 450 17 -, YB/ T5092 : (2 ) F 308 L - H00Cr21Ni10 MnOSiO2 CaF2, : 1) HJ 2) MnO, 415 3) SiO2 CaF2, 416 90

415 w ( MnO ) H J1 < 2 % H J2 2 % 15 % H J3 15 % 30 % H J4 > 30 % 4), 09 416 SiO 2 CaF 2 HJ1 w ( SiO 2 ) < 10 % w ( CaF 2 ) < 10 % HJ2 w ( SiO 2 ) 10 % 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) < 10 % HJ3 w ( SiO 2 ) > 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) < 10 % HJ4 w ( SiO 2 ) < 10 % w ( CaF 2 ) 10 % 30 % HJ5 w ( SiO 2 ) 10 % 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) 10 % 30 % HJ6 w ( SiO 2 ) > 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) 10 % 30 % HJ7 w ( SiO 2 ) < 10 % w ( CaF 2 ) > 30 % HJ8 w ( SiO 2 ) 10 % 30 % w ( CaF 2 ) > 30 % HJ9 5), : HJ 4 3 1, : 1) SJ 1 2), 417 3), 010209 417 SJ1 w ( CaF 2 ) 15 % w ( CaO + MgO + MnO + CaF 2 ) > 50 % w ( SiO 2 ) 20 % SJ2 w ( Al 2 O 3 ) 20 % w ( Al 2 O 3 + CaO + MgO) > 45 % SJ3 w (CaO + MgO + SiO 2 ) > 60 % SJ4 w ( MnO + SiO 2 ) > 50 % 91

SJ5 w ( Al 2 O 3 + TiO 2 ) > 45 % SJ6 3. (1 ) 1) ; ; 1 000 A ;, 400 A ; ;,, ;,, 2), ( ), ;,,,, 3) H08A H08MnAH10Mn2,,, 418 418 H J130 Mn Si F H10Mn2 H J131 Mn Si F Ni Ni H J150 Mn Si F 2Cr13 3Cr2 W8 H J172 Mn Si F Cr H J173 Mn Si F Mn - Al H J230 Mn Si F H08MnAH10Mn2 H J250 Mn Si F H J251 Mn Si F Cr - Mo 92

H J260 Mn Si F H J330 Mn Si F H08MnAH10Mn2 H J350 Mn Si F Mn - MoMn - Si Ni H J430 Mn Si F H08AH08MnA H J431 Mn Si F H08AH08MnA H J432 Mn Si F ( ) H08A H J433 Mn Si F H08A SJ101 H08MnAH10Mn2 H08MnMoA H08Mn2MoA SJ301 H08 MnA H08MnMoA H10Mn2 SJ401 SJ501 H08A H08A H08 MnA SJ502 H08A (2 ) 10 60 ( )8 40 ( ) :,, ;,,, ;,, (3 ),,,, : 1) 200250 12 h 2) 300400 12 h (4 ),,,, 1. (1 ) ( Ar) 39. 95 1. 4,,,,,,, 93

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 99.99%, (3 ) - 184,,, 33 L40 L44 L, 15 MPa,,,, 2. (1 ) ( CO2 ) CO2, 1. 5,, CO2,, CO2,,,,,, CO2,, CO2 CO, 40% 60% CO2,,, CO2 (2 ) CO2, 99.5%, - 40 CO2 0. 05 %,, 12 h,, CO2,,, 23 minco2,, CO2,, 0. 98 MPa 94

(3 ) CO2 CO2 CO2 40 L 25 kg CO2, 80%, 1 kg CO2 509 L CO2, 4. 96.86 MPa,, CO2,, CO2,, CO2,,,, (GB/ T1495794 ) (GB/ T1495894) (YB/ T50921996 ) : 1. H 2. H ( ) ( ) 3., 1%, 4. AE C,, S P : H 0 8 Mn2 Si A,S.P 0.03% Si 1% Mn 2% C 0.08% 419, 420 419 ( % ) w ( C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) w ( V ) w ( Cu ) w ( S) w ( P ) H08A 0. 10 H08 E 0. 10 0. 30 0. 55 0. 03 0. 20 0.30 0. 20 0.030 0. 030 0. 30 0. 55 0. 03 0. 20 0.30 0. 20 0.020 0. 020 95

( % ) w ( C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) w ( V ) w ( Cu ) w ( S) w ( P ) H08C 0. 10 H08MnA 0. 10 0. 30 0. 55 0. 03 0. 10 0.10 0. 20 0.015 0. 015 0. 80 0. 07 0. 20 0.30 0. 20 0.030 0. 030 1. 10 H15Mn 0. 11 0. 80 0. 03 0. 20 0.30 0. 20 0.035 0. 035 0.18 1. 10 H10Mn2 0. 12 H08Mn2SiA 0. 11 H10 MnSi 0. 14 1. 50 0. 07 0. 20 0.30 0. 20 0.035 0. 035 1. 90 1. 80 0. 65 0. 20 2. 10 0.95 0.30 0. 20 0.030 0. 030 0. 80 0. 60 1. 10 0.90 0. 20 0.30 0. 20 0.035 0. 035 H10MnSiMo 0. 14 0. 90 0. 70 0. 20 0.30 1. 20 1.10 0.15 0. 25 0. 20 0.035 0. 035 H10MnSiMo TiA 0. 08 1. 00 0. 40 0. 20 0.30 0.12 1. 30 0.70 0.20 0. 40 0. 20 w ( Ti ) 0.05 0. 15 0.025 0. 030 H08 MnMoA 0. 10 1. 20 0. 25 0. 20 0.30 1. 60 0.30 0. 50 0. 20 w ( Ti ) 0.15 ( ) 0.030 0. 030 H10 Mn2MoA 0. 08 1. 70 0. 40 0. 20 0.30 0.13 2. 00 0.60 0. 80 0. 20 w ( Ti ) 0.15 ( ) 0.030 0. 030 H08Mn2MoV A 0. 06 1. 60 0. 25 0. 20 0.30 0.11 1. 90 0.50 0. 06 0. 20 0. 70 0. 12 w ( Ti ) 0.15 ( ) 0.030 0. 030 H13CrM oa 0. 11 0. 40 0. 15 0.80 0.30 0.16 0. 70 0.35 1. 10 0.40 0. 60 0. 20 0.030 0. 030 H08CrMoVA 0. 10 0. 40 0. 15 1.00 0.30 0. 70 0.35 1. 30 0.50 0. 15 0. 20 0.030 0. 030 0. 70 0. 35 H08CrNi2 MoA 0. 05 0. 50 0. 10 0.70 1. 40 0.20 0.10 0. 85 0.30 1. 00 1. 80 0. 40 0. 20 0.025 0. 030 420 ( % ) w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn) w ( P) w ( S ) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) H0Cr21 Ni10 0. 08 0. 030 19. 50 9. 00 H00Cr21Ni10 0. 03 H1Cr24 Ni13 0. 12 H1Cr24Ni13Mo2 0. 12 0. 60 1. 00 2.50 0. 030 0. 020 0. 030 22. 00 23. 00 25. 00 11. 00 12. 00 14. 00 2. 00 3. 00 96

( % ) w ( C) w ( Si) w ( Mn) w ( P) w ( S ) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) w ( Mo) H1Cr26 Ni21 0. 15 0. 030 25. 00 28. 00 20. 00 22. 00 H0Cr19Ni12Mo2 0. 08 H00Cr19Ni12Mo2 0. 03 H00Cr19 Ni12Mo2Cu2 0. 03 H0Cr19Ni14Mo3 0. 08 0. 60 1. 00 2.50 0. 030 0. 020 18. 00 20. 00 18. 50 20. 50 11. 00 14. 00 13. 00 15. 00 2. 00 3. 00 3. 00 4. 00 w (Cu) : 1.00 2. 50 H0Cr20 Ni10Nb 0. 08 H1Cr13 0. 12 H1Cr17 0. 10 0. 50 0.60 0. 030 19. 00 21. 50 11. 50 13. 50 15. 50 17. 00 9. 00 11. 00 0. 60 w ( Nb ) : 10w (C) 1.00, 1., (1 ) 99.85%, ( 3 390 3 470), ( 5 900),,,,,, (2 ) 1 % 2% ( Th ),,,,,,, (3 ) 2% ( Ce),, 50%,,,,, 5% 50%, 5% 8 %,,, 2. 97

(1 ), 421 421 ( % ) w ( ) ( ) w ( ) w ( ) w ( ) w ( ) ( ) W 1 99.92 0. 08 W 2 99.85 0. 15 WT h - 7 99.05 0. 70.99 0. 10 WT h - 10 98.65 1. 01.49 0. 10 WT h - 15 98.15 1. 52.0 0. 10 WCe - 20 97.90 2. 0 0. 10 WZr - 15 99.63 0. 150.40 0. 10 : W Ce 20 (2 ) 2% 76610 mm : 1. 6 mm2. 0 mm2. 5 mm3.2 mm4.0 mm 0. 5 mm1. 0 mm,,,,, 3., 422,,, 422 98

: 1. (1 ) 20 mm,, (2 ), (3),, 10 15 mm, 2030 A,,,, (4 ), (5 ) (6 ),, 2. (1 ) 20 mm,, (2 ) ( 60 mm ), ; ( 60 133 mm), ; (159 mm ), 1015 mm, 23 mm,,,,, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,, 3. (1 ) 1015 mm, (2 ), 10 mm, 23 mm,, 99

(3 ),, (4 ) (5 ),, 1., (t800 500 ),, 100 (t100 ),,,,,,, 2.,, 423 423 ( ) ( mm ) ( ) ( mm ) ( ) 0. 35 % 26 100200 34 C - Mn ( 16Mn) Mn - V (15MnV ) 15 150200 30 28 100150 1 2 Cr - 1 2 Mo ( 12CrMo) 1Cr - 1-1 2 Mo ( 15CrMoZG20CrMo) 1 2 Mn - 1 2 Mo - V (14MnMoV 10 150250 15 100200 18 MnMoNbg ) 1Cr - 1 2 Mo - V (12Cr1MoV 200300 ZG20CrMo) 1-1 2 Cr - 1Mo - V ( 15Cr1Mo1V ZG15Cr1Mo1 V ) 2Cr - 1 2 1 - Mo - VW (12Cr2MoWV ) 3 4 Cr - 1 2 Mo - V 6 250350 2-1 4 Cr - 1Mo (12Cr2Mo) 3Cr - 1Mo - V Ti (12Cr2MoV SiTiB) 9Cr - 1Mo 12Cr - 1Mo - V 300400 100

3. ( ) 75100 mm, (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (,, ),,,,,,,, (3 ) 220 m ( ),,,,, 1. (1 ), : 1) 2) 3) :, (2 ) 1),, ;,,,,, 101

,, ( BX2 1000 ) ( BX1 1000 ),,, 41 a. a) b) c) d) ZXG1000R b. ZX5 1000 2),,,,,,, v ( ) v ( ), : a. ( ),, 42 A ( L 0 ), v= v L0 L1, A B, IA IB, I1 = IA - IB, v, v> v, A, v= v, 41 42 102

, L0 L2,, A0, v= v,, b. ( ), 43 43 MS,,,,, MS,,,,, MS,,, 43,,,,,,, : a.,,,, b.,,,, c.,,, :, ; ; 3) MZ1000, 44 2. MZ11000MZ1000 MZ11000 4 103

24MZ1000 45 44 MZ1000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 a( ) 10 ( ) 11 12 13 14 15 424 NZA1000 MZ1000 MZ11000 MZ2 1500 MZ11000 MZ62500 MU 2 300 MU11000, ( A) 2001 200 4001 200 2001 000 400 1 500 200 600 200 600 160300 400 1 000 ( mm) 35 36 1. 65 36 3 6 1. 6 2 1. 62 : 30 80 0. 51 ( cm/ min ) 50600 50200 ( ( 35 V) ) 87 672 47. 5375 50 200 2501 000 160540 25 100 ( cm/ min ) 3. 5130 25117 26. 7 210 22. 5187 25 116 13.3 100 32. 558. 3 12. 5 58.3 104

NZA1000 MZ1000 MZ11000 MZ2 1500 MZ11000 MZ62500 MU 2 300 MU11000 ( ) 3. 45 MZ1000 (1 ) 1),,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),, 1, ( ),,, 105

, 2,,, (2 ),, 1) ( ),,,,, 2),,,, (3 ),, : 1), ;, 2) g, g = 1 4 1 2 46, 2045,, 45 46 g d K, 3),,, 1., ; 106

47 : (1 ) 47 TIG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1),,,,,, 2) a. 2 5003 000 V150260 khz,,, b., a.,, b. :,, kr ( ),, c., ;,, (2 ) : 107

(3 ), ( < 200 A) ;, (4 ),,, (5 ) ( > 150 A), (6 ),, 2. 425 427 425 WS WS250 WS300 W S500 ( V/ Hz) 380/ 50 380/ 50 380/ 50 ( kw ) 18 22.5 30 ( A ) 25 250 30 340 60450 ( % ) 60 60 60 ( V ) 11 22 11 23 1328 ( s ) 3 10 3 10 310 ( s ) 4 8 4 8 48 ( L/ min) > 1 > 1 > 1 ( mm ) 690 5001 140 690 5001 140 740540 1 180 ( kg ) 260 270 350 426 WSJ WSJ300 WS J400 1 WS J500 ( V ) 380 380 380 ( V ) 22 26 30 ( % ) 60 60 60 ( A) 50 300 50 400 50500 ( A ) 300 400 500 ( mm ) 550 4001 000 760 540900 ( kg ) 490 292 108

427 WSE WSE160 W SE315 WSE500 ( V ) 380 380 380 ( V ) 78 85 96 ( A ) 8 160 16 315 25500 ( % ) 35 35 60 ( mm ) 670380 960 485 6351 085 550780 1 260 ( kg ) 155 235 344 1. ;, 48 (1 ) 48, 1),,,,, :,,,, ;,,,, 109

2) 49, L, : 49, ;,,, 3),,,,,,,,, 4),,,,,, (2 ) ( ), : 1) 2),, 3), 4),, ;, 5) () (3 ) ; : 1), 0.8 2. 0 mm, 110

35 m,, 2),, 0.8 mm,,,, 3),,, (4 ) ; ;, 410 411 410 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 411 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (5 ) 111

1),,, 5 MPa 2),, 36 V110 V220 V, 100150 W 3), 4), CT30194CR 5),, DF 2 3, Q22D 2. 428 428 NBC160 NBC250 NBC400 NBC200 NBC350 NBC500 NBC630 ( V) 380 380 380 380 380 380 380 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ( Hz) 50 50 50 50/ 60 50/ 60 50/ 60 50 ( A) 160 250 400 200 350 500 630 ( A) 40 160 60250 80400 50 200 60350 100500 ( V) 18 29 19 37 2050 33 45 55 5570 ( V ) 16 22 17 27 1834 14 25 16 36 1645 ( % ) 60 60 60 60 50 60 60 ( % ) 85 84 81 ( kw ) 4.5 9. 2 18. 8 7.5 18 32 L L L L ( m/ min ) 2 9 212 212 1 16 116 116 ( kg) 98 148 166 125 140 175 112

( ) ( ) ( ) (, ), : 1. (1 ) 1) : 20 g : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 51 : : : E4303 2) BX3300,,, 51 20 mm, 3) 2. 0 mm, 2.5 mm,, 1015 mm, 34 113

1. 2 mm (2 ) ( 51 ) 51 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) 3. 2 100110 ( ) 3. 2 110120 ( ) 3. 2 100110 (3 ), 52 1), 7580, 90,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 11. 5, 12 mm (53),,,,,,,, 52 53 a) b),, 10 mm, 114

a., 15 mm,,,, 90,,, ;, : b., 10 mm,,, 11.5 mm, 3 mm 2) 10 mm,,, 7080,,, 11.5 mm,,, 3) 7080,,, 12 mm,,,, 2/ 33/ 4, 15 mm,, 4),,,,,, ( 54 ), 1. 5, 0. 81.0 mm,,,,,,, 2. (1 ) 1) : 16 Mn : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 55 : 115

54 a), b) c) 55 : : E5015 2) ZX5400 ZX7400,, 3) 3. 0 mm, 4.0 mm,, 20 mm, 6 1. 2 mm (2 ) ( 52 ) 52 ( mm ) ( A) ( 1 ) 2. 5 7080 ( 23 45 ) 3. 2 120140 ( 678 ) 3. 2 120130 (3 ), 56 1),,,,,,, 57, 58, 59, 510 116

56 57 58 59 510,,,,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,, 1 s,, 0. 8 mm,,,, 10 mm,,,,,, 2), 511, 1/ 2, 12 mm,, 117

3),, 1/ 2 12 mm, 12 mm 512 511 4),, 512 a) b ) 1 2 3,,,, 3. (1 ) 1) : 20 : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 513 : : : E4303 2) BX3300, 3) 3. 0 mm 514,, 1015 mm, 34 mm,, 0. 8 mm (2 ) ( 53 ) (3 ) 118

513 514 53 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) 2. 5 8085 ( ) 3. 2 110120 ( ) 3. 2 110120, 1), 75 80, 7075, 515,,,,,, 0. 51. 0 mm, 1/ 3,, 1 s, 515 12 s,,,,, 7080,, 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 mm, 119

,, 2), 10 mm,,, 1/ 31/ 2 11. 5 mm, 3),, 80, 12 mm 8590, 1/ 2 7080, 12 mm, 4),,,, 1. (1 ) 1) : 20 g : 300 mm200 mm12 mm, 516 : : : E4303 2) BX3300, 3) 3. 2 mm, 4.0 mm,, 15 mm, 10 34 1. 2 mm (2 ) ( 54 ) (3 ) 120 516

54 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) 2. 5 8090 ( ) 3. 2 115130 ( ) 3. 2 110120,,,,, 1),,,,,,,, 0. 51.0 mm,,,,, 90, 7585,,, 1/ 2,,,,,,,, 810 mm,, a., 10 mm,,,,, b. 1015 mm,,,, 2) 7085, 90,,,,,,, 0. 51 mm, 1/ 3,,,, 121

, 0. 51.0 mm,,,, 3035 / min, 517 518 517 v 1 v 2 518 a) b ) ( ),, 10 mm, 1015 mm,,,,, 1015 mm, 85,,,,,,,, 12 mm 8590, 90,,, 12 mm,,, 1015 mm,,, a.,,, b. 122

c.,, 2. (1 ) 1) : 20 519 : : : E4303 2) 519 BX3300, 3) 3. 0 mm 514,, 1015 mm, 34 mm,, 0. 8 mm (2 ) ( 55 ) 55 ( mm ) ( A ) ( ) 2. 5 8595 ( ) 3. 2 100110 ( ) 3. 2 100110 (3 ) 1) 520 15 6 ; 2 ; 34, ; 5 521, 5 mm,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 mm,, 58 mm 123

520 521,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 34 mm,,,,,,,, 10 mm, 2),,,,,, 1 1. 5 mm, 10 mm,,,,,, ( ), 10 mm 3),, 12 mm, 3. (1 ) 1) : 20 522 523 124

522 523 : :, : E5015 2) ZX5400,, 3) 1015 mm,, (2 ) ( 56 57) 56 ( mm ) ( A ) 2. 5 7585 3. 2 110120 57 ( mm ) ( A ) 2. 5 8085 3. 2 100110 (3 ) 1),,,,,, 524 125

524 a) b),,, 10 mm,,,, 10 mm, 525, 1/ 32/ 3, 525 2), T,,, ( ),, 6 ( )6, 3,,, 3 10 mm, 3, 3 0 0 6, 0, ( ),,,,, 526 126

526 a) b) :, 1. (1 ), 527,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 527 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8, 127

,,,,,, (2 ) 1) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2), :,,,,, 100 A,,,,,,, (3 ) 1) 5 mm,, 2),,,,, 2. 128

(1 ),, 1), ( B ) ( H), = B/ H, 528,,,, 1. 32, 2) Fm ( Fm + Ft ) ( r ), : r = Fm Fm + Ft 100 % Ft (529 ) 528 529,,,,,,, 10% 85 %, 60% 70% r, (2 ),, 1),,,, ( ), 530 : 129

530 a) b),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),, ( ),, 531 531 U a) b ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 130

,,,,, 58 58 ( A) 600700 700 850 850 1 000 1 000 1 200 ( V) 3638 38 40 4042 42 44 3), 532,,,,,,,,, 532 4),,,,,, 59 59 ( mm ) 2 3 4 5 ( A) 200400 350 600 500800 7001 000,, 4 mm 5),,,, ;, 510 510 mm 2 3 4 5 1520 25 35 2535 30 40 6),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 131

2. 53.5 mm 7),,,, 533c,,, 533, a) b) c),,,, (533a), ( 533b) 8) ( 534a),,,,,,, > 612,, ( 534b),,, < 68,, 9),,,,, 535, 534 a) b) 535 : 511 3., 12 mm,,,, 1220 mm,,,, 132

511 ( mm) ( A) ( V ) ( mm) ( m/ h) 6 10 550600 550600 35 1 4 35 39 10 12 I 600650 600650 35 1 4 35 28 35 14 16 650750 650750 38 1 4 25 30 25 28 14 650 25 680 25 37 1 4 25 2 16 680 25 680 25 37 1 4 25 2 27 2 18 V 650 25 725 25 35 1 38 1 4 25 2 28 2 680 25 37 1 28 2 650 25 35 1 25 2 20 725 25 38 1 4 28 2 680 25 37 1 28 2,,,,, ( GB98688) 512 512 ( mm ) ( ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) 6 I 0.5 1. 5 8 3 8 I 0.5 1. 5 8 3 10 I 0.5 2. 5 8 3 12 I 1 3 9 4 14 I 1 3 10 4. 5 14 V 60 0.5 1. 5 7 10 4. 5 16 V 60 0 2 8 10 4. 5 18 V 60 0 1 8 10 4. 5 20 V 60 0 1 8 10 4. 5 1. MZ1000 (1 ) 1) (536 ) 133

134

2), 3) ; 4) 5), 6), 7),, 8) 9), 10 ), (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) 1) 2) :,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, 3), 4),, 5),,,, 2. 12 mm I ( ) (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 400 mm100 mm12 mm : I 537 2) : H08A, 5 mm : HJ431 135

: E4303, 4 mm, 3) MZ1000 4) 1520 mm, 5) 23 mm 3 1. 2 mm 100 mm100 mm12 mm 538 537 (2 ) 1) (513 ) 513 538 ( mm ) ( A) ( V) ( m/ h) 5 650700 36 38 35 5 700750 38 40 30 35 2), 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 136

,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 40% 50%, 4),,, :, 60% 70 %,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 3. 25 mm V (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 400 mm100 mm25 mm : V 539 539 137

2) : H08A 4 mm : HJ431 : E4303 4 mm, 3) MZ1000 4) 1520 mm, 5) 2 mm 34 1. 5 mm 100 mm50 mm6 mm, 4 100 mm100 mm10 mm, 2 540 540 (2 ) 1) (514 ) 514 ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) ( m/ h) ( ) 4 600700 3438 25 30 200 2),,,, 3) ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,, 4),, 1012 mm, 45 mm U,, 5) V 138

4. 80 mm U V (1 ) 1) : Q235 20 g : 400 mm100 mm80 mm : U V 541 541 2) 3) : H08A, 4 mm : HJ431 : E5015, 4 mm 5 mm, 4) 1520 mm, 5) 2 mm 2 mm 100 mm50 mm6 mm, 4 100 mm100 mm10 mm, 2 542 (2 ) 1) (515 ) 542 2) V, U 139

515 ( ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) ( m/ h ) V ( ) V ( 2 4 ) 4 170 190 2225 5 200 230 2225 U 4 550 600 2931 25 30 3) 100120, 100300 4) 620640, 4 h 5) V,,,,,, 6) U ; ; ; ; ;,,, 7) U, 543, ;, 34 mm, 544,, 45 mm,,,,, 543 U 544 140

5. (1 ), 100% (2 ) (3 ) (4),, (5 ), (6 ), (7 ),, (8 ),, (9 ), (10),, (11), (12),, (13),, : 1. (1 ),, 545,,, 545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,, 141

,,,,, (2 ) 1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),, 530,, 4) (3 ),,,,,, 2. :, (1 ), 516 516, 142

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,, 517 517 ( mm ) ( A) ( A) ( A ) 1 15 80 20 60 1. 6 70 150 10 20 60 120 2. 4 140 235 15 30 100 180 3. 2 225 325 25 40 160 250 4. 0 300 400 40 55 200 320 5. 0 400 500 55 80 290 390 (4 ),,,,,,, 1024 V (5 ),,,,,,,, : : Q, L/ min; Q = ( 0. 81.2 ) D 143

D, mm (6 ),,,,,, (7 ),,,,,,, 514 mm, : D = ( 2. 53.5 ) d : D (), mm; d, mm (8 ),,,,,, 515 mm (9 ),,,,, 36 mm,, 78 mm 518 519 518 ( ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( A) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) ( mm/ min) 1.2 1.6 2. 4 4575 1 2 611 3 5 2 1.6 2. 4 80 110 2 3 611 3 5 180230 3 2.4 3. 2 100140 2 3 712 6 8 110160 4 3. 2 4 140230 3 4 712 6 8 100150 6 4 6 210300 4 5 1012 8 12 80130 8 5 6 240300 5 6 1214 12 16 80130 1. : 144

519 ( ) ( ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( l/ min) 0.8 1 18 20 1.2 5 8 6 1 2 20 25 1.6 5 8 6 1.5 2 25 30 1.6 5 8 7 2 3 35 45 1. 62 5 8 7 8 2.5 3 60 80 1. 62 5 8 8 9 3 3 75 85 1. 62 5 8 8 9 4 3 75 90 2 5 8 9 10 (1 ) : 1) : Q235 : 546 : : : H08Mn2SiA,, 547 99.99% 546 547 2),,, 20 mm,, 145

3) 1. 22.0 mm, 520, 1015 mm, 0. 6 mm (2 ) ( 520) 520 V ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) 80 100 90 100 1014 810 2.5 2. 5 46 810 12 100 110 (3 ),,, : 1) (, ), ( 47 mm ), 45 s, 548,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 1520 mm,,,,,,, (), 10 s, 146

2) 520,,,,,,,, 1. 01. 5 mm,, 3) 520,,, 0. 51 mm,,, (4 ),, ; ; 2. (1 ) 1) a. : 20 b. 549 c. : d. : e. : H08Mn2SiA;, E5015 ( J507 ) 99. 99% 548 1 2 3 4 5 549 a. Ws7400 Zx7400st /,,, 147

,,,,, b. 20 mm,, c. a. 1.52. 0 mm b., 2 mm, 1. 5 mm,, 1015 mm, c. 0.5 mm 2) (521 ) 521 / ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( 1 1 ) 90105 10 12 810 2. 5 2.5 46 8 10 8 ( 1 2 ) 7585 22 28 2.5 3) 521 (1.5 mm),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 mm,,,,,, 521,, ; 148

; (2 ) 1) a. : 20 b. 550 c. : d. : e. : H08Mn2SiA; ; E5015 ( J507 ) a., Ws7400,, ;, Zx7400st /, (, ), ;,,, 550, b. 20 mm,, c. a. 2.53 mm b., 1015 mm 2 10, 551, 6, c. 1.0 mm 2) (522 ) 522 / ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( 1 ) 105120 10 13 810 2. 5 2.5 46 8 10 10 149

/ ( A) ( V ) ( L/ mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) (2 ) 95105 22 28 3.2 (3 ) 105120 22 28 3.2 3),,, a. 5 ( ) 7 ( ) 551, 12 mm ;,,,,, b. 4 8, 4 12 8 12, ( 552ab),, 1.52. 5 mm,, 551 552 a) b) c. 90,, 100110, 552a 10 2, 100120 d. 23 mm,,,,,,,,, 150

,,,,, e.,, 10 mm,,,,,,,,, f., 23,,,,,,,,,,, 12, 510 mm, 553 3. (1 ), 5 m,, 10 m, 553 (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,, (5 ),, (,, ), (6 ),,,,,,, 151

:, 1. (1 ) CO2, CO2, 554 CO2, CO2,, ( ),,,,, CO2 CO2 (1.2 mm) CO2 ( 1. 6 mm) CO2 554 CO 2 1 2 3 4 5 6CO 2 7 8 9 10 11 12CO 2,, CO2 CO2 CO2, CO2, CO2,, CO2 (2 ) 1) CO2,,,, CO2,, 40%, 37% 42%,, CO2,,,,,,,,, 2) 152

,,,,, ; (3 ) CO2, CO2 CO2,,,,, CO2, :, CO2 CO2 = CO + O, CO,, : Fe + O = FeO Mn + O = MnO Si + 2O = SiO2 C + O = CO,, FeO,, MnO SiO2,,, CO,, CO2, CO2, CO2,,, H08Mn2SiA SiO2 (4 ) MnO,, CO2,,,,, 2. CO2 (1 ),,,,, 555 1),,,, 153

,, 556 555 a) b) c) 556 T T r T d u I d I w, :,,, 556,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 154

2) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 555b,,,,,, 3),, :,,,, 555c (2 ) CO2 CO2,, CO2 CO2,,,,,,, CO2,,,,,, 3. CO2 (1 ) CO2,,, CO2 : CO2, 1) CO2, FeO CO2, Si Mn,, CO2,, CO2 2), CO2, CO2,,,,,,, CO2, 3), CO2,, (2 ) 155

CO2,,,,,, 1) CO2 CO2,, CO2,,,,,,, 2),,,,,,, CO2 3),,,,,, 557a,,,,,, 557b,,, 557 a) b),, 4),,,, 558 () 558 5),, CO2, 4., 156

(1 ), 1.6 mm ;, 1. 6 mm, 523 523 ( mm ) ( mm ) 0.5 0. 8 12.5 2. 5 4 1.0 1. 4 2 8 212 1.6 312 > 6 (2 ) 559 559,,,,,,,,, 0.81.6 mm,, 50230 A,, 250500 A 524 559 524 ( mm ) ( A) 0. 8 50120 0. 9 60150 1. 0 70180 1. 2 80350 1. 6 300 500 (3 ) CO2,,,,, 1624 V,, 2540 V, (4 ) 157

,,,, CO2 1540 m/ h, 90 m/ h (5 ),, 10,,,,,, (6 ) CO2 CO2,,, CO2 515 L/ min; CO2 1525 L/ min (7 ) 1) CO2, 2) 525 525 ( mm ) 0.8 1.2 1.6 ( mh ) 0.01 0. 08 0. 10 0. 16 0. 30 0. 70 CO2, 5 60 158 560

CO2 526 526 CO 2 ( mm ) C ( mm ) ( mm ) ( V ) ( A) ( L/ min) 1.2 1.5 0. 3 0. 6 0. 7 1819 1920 3050 6080 6 7 6 7 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 0. 5 0. 8 2021 80100 7 8 0. 5 0. 80. 9 2123 90115 8 10 1.2 0. 3 0. 6 1920 3555 6 7 1.5 0. 3 0. 7 2021 6585 8 10 2.0 0. 5 0. 70. 8 2122 80100 10 11 2.5 0. 5 0. 8 2223 90110 10 11 3.0 0. 5 0. 80. 9 2123 95115 11 13 4.0 0. 5 0. 80. 9 2123 100120 13 15 1. (1 ), CO2 527 527,,,,,,,,, 561 562 (2 ) 1) CO2, 159

561 562,,,,,, 23 mm,,,,,,,,,, 563, 20 mm,,, 564 563 564 2),, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 565,,,, CO2, 565,,,, (3 ), 160

1), 20 mm,,,,, 5 66a, 20 mm,,,,, 5 566 66b a) b ) 2), 5 67,,,, 568 567 568 (4 ) CO2 : 1), 2),, 3),, (5 ) CO2,,,,, 569 570 2. (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 300 mm100 mm2 mm : I 2) H08Mn2SiA, 0.8 mm 3) KR350 569 161

4) 1520 mm,,, 5) 00.5 mm 0. 51 571 570 571 (2 ) 1) 528 528 ( mm) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) (cm/ min ) ( L/ min) 1 1 0. 8 1015 60 70 1719 40 45 810 2), 572,,,,,,, 572 3),, 4),,,,,,,,,,,,, 162

,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ) 1) (529 ) 529 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1 1 0. 8 1015 60 70 1820 9 11 2),, 573,,, T 3), 4),,,,,,,,, 574a,,, 574b,,, 573 574 a) b),,,,,, 163

(4 ) 1) : 530 530 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1 1 0. 8 1015 60 70 1820 9 10 2), 575 3),,, 4),,,,, 576, 575,,,, (5 ) 1) (531 ) 576 531 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1 1 0. 8 1015 60 70 1819 15 2), 577 3),,,,, 4) 577,,, 164

,,,, ;,,,, 3. T (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 200 mm100 mm6 mm : T 2) H08Mn2SiA, 1.2 mm 3) KR350 4) 1520 mm,,, 5) 02 mm 1015 mm, 6 mm,, 578 (2 ) 1), 2) (532 ) 578 T 532 ( mm) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) ( L/ min ) ( cm/ min) 1 1 1. 2 1318 220 250 2527 15 20 3545 3), 579,, 1 2 mm,, 579 a) b) 165

,,,, 580a ;, 580b (3 ) 1), 2) (533 ) 580 a) b ) 533 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1 1 1. 2 1015 120 150 1820 15 20 3), 581,, 10, 582,, ;, 581 582 (4 ) 1),,,, 2) (534 ) 534 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1 1 1. 2 1015 120 150 1923 15 20 166

3), 583,,,, 583,,,, 4. (1 ) 1) : Q235 20Cr : 300 mm100 mm12 mm : V, : = 60 584 2) H08Mn2SiA, 1.2 mm 3) KR350 584 4) 1520 mm,,, 5), 585, 6),, 586 585 586 (2 ) 1) (535 ) 167

535 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : 4 1 3 4 2) (536 ) 536 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1. 2 2025 90 100 1819 10 15 1. 2 2025 210 230 2325 15 20 1. 2 2025 220 240 2425 15 20 3),, 4), 587, 588 587 588 a., 15 20 mm,,,,,, b., 12 mm, 589, ;,,,,,, c. 589,,, d., 23 mm, 168

4 mm, 590 a., b.,,, c. 1.52 mm,, 591,, 590 591 a., b.,,, 2 mm, c., d.,, (3 ) 1) (537 ) 537 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : 3.5 1 2 3 2) (538 ) 538 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1. 2 1520 90 100 1819 10 15 1. 2 1520 130 140 2021 10 15 1. 2 1520 130 140 2021 10 15 3),, 4), 592 169

a., 15 20 mm, 12 s,, b.,, 592, 10,,,,, 593, ;, ;, 592 593 a) b) c), c. 12 mm, 594,, d.,,,, 594 a., b.,,,,, c. 1.52 mm,, a., b. 170

,, 2 mm,, (4 ) 1) (539 ) 539 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : 4 1 6 8 2) (540 ) 540 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1. 2 2025 90 100 1820 10 15 1. 2 2025 130 140 2022 10 15 1. 2 2025 130 140 2022 10 15 3),,,, 4),, 595 1 6 a., 15 20 mm,,, 596,, 595 596 171

b., 1 2 mm, 597,, c.,,, 597 a., b., 598 2,, 010, ; 3,, 010,, c. 0.5 2 mm, 0. 5 mm, 2 mm,, a., b. 599,, 2/ 3 4,,, 5, 4 1/ 22/ 3 6,,, 598 599 (5 ) 1) (541 ) 172

541 ( ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( mm) ( ) 60 0 : 3 : 4 1 3 4 2) (542 ) 542 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 1. 2 1520 100 110 1810 10 15 1. 2 1520 140 150 2022 10 15 1. 2 1520 130 140 2022 10 15 3),,,, 4), 5100 a., 15 20 mm,,,,,, b.,,, 5101,,,,, 5100 5101 a., 173

b.,, c. 1.52 mm,,, a., b.,,, 2 mm, c.,, 5. CO2 (1 ) CO2 CO2, CO2, CO CO, CO,,, CO2 CO,,, (2 ), (3 ) ; (4 ), ;, (5 ) CO2,, (6 ) CO2, 36 V, (7 ) CO2, CO2,, (8 ), (9 ), ; (10), (11),,, 174

: 1. (1 ), 5102 5102 (2 ),, ( ),, 1),, :,, 2),,, : Q = 0.24 I 2 R t 175

: Q, J; I, A; R, ; t, s, R,,,,,,, 5103,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : R= L F : R, ;, m; L, cm; F, cm 2, R, ( ) R,,, ( ) R, 3),,,, 5104,, 176 5103 5104

, ( ),,, (,, ),,,,,,,, 5105,, 5106 5105 5106,,,, 2 mm,,, a., ( ),,, ( ),,, 5107,,,, b.,,,,,,, (, ),,,, 5108,,,,, 2. (1 ) 1) 177

5107 1 2 5108 1 2 3 4,,,,,,,,, 1 s 45,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),,,, (2 ),, ; ; 18 000 mm 2 ; ; 5 000, 40 m, ;, ) (,, 1. (1 ) 178

1) : ( 50 Hz ) ( ) ( ) 2) 5109,, :,, ; ;, ;,,,,, ;, ;, 5 110 5109 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5110 1 2 3 4 5 6 7,,, 179

, (2 ) 1) 2) 5111 ( ),,,,,, 5111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9, : ;, ; ;,, 100 kw ;, 7501 000 N ;,,, ;,,, ;,, : ;, ;, : 180

, 5 112 ( ) 2. (1 ),, 5112 : 1 2 3 1), 4 5 ( 100 ), 240 ka, ( 150200 ka),, 10 V,, 24 V, 1 ( ),, 2 ),, 50 kw, 1 200 kw,, 1 2,,, 481620,, 3),,,,,, ( ),,,,,, (2 ) ( 2, ),, N1, U2, I2, : U1 U20 N 1 N2 = K : U1, V ; U20, V ; N1 ; 181

N2 K ; N2 = 1, U20 U 1 I2 U 20 Z : Z,, 5 113 1 26,,, 3., N1, (1 ), : 1) 2) 5113 3), 4),,, ;,, CrCdBeAlZnMg (2 ) 1), 5114,,,,,, 2 3 mm,, 40100 mm 2),, 5115 300 mm,,, 3), 5116 (3 ) 182

5114 a) b) c) 5115 a) b) c) d),,,,,,,,,,, 5116 1. (1 ) 1),,, ;,,, 543, 543 2), a., 13 183

543 mm 0. 3 + 0. 3 6 10 6 7 0. 5 + 0. 5 8 11 7 8 12 15 0. 8 + 0. 8 9 12 9 9 12 15 1. 0 + 1. 0 12 14 10 10 14 15 1. 2 + 1. 2 12 14 10 12 14 15 1. 5 + 1. 5 14 15 12 12 18 20 2. 0 + 2. 0 18 17 12 14 20 25 2. 5 + 2. 5 18 20 14 16 24 25 3. 0 + 3. 0 20 24 18 18 26 30 4. 0 + 4. 0 22 26 20 22 30 35 b.,, :, : a.,, b.,,, c., d.,, ( 0. 20.3 mm) 3),,, ;,, 4), 5) ( ),, 6),, (2 ) ( I ) ( t ) ( P ) ( d) 544 184

544 ( mm ) d ( mm) P ( kn ) t ( ) d ( mm ) I ( ka) d ( mm ) P ( kn ) t ( ) d ( mm) I ( ka ) d ( mm ) P ( kn ) t ( ) d ( mm ) I ( ka) 0.3 3.2 0.75 8 3.6 4.5 3.0 0.81. 2 23 34 0.5 4.8 0.90 9 4.0 5.0 4.0 1.52. 0 34 3.54.5 0.8 4.8 1.25 13 4.8 6.5 5.0 2.43. 6 57 56.5 75 2.02.5 2.0 2528 1.0 6.4 1.50 17 5.4 7.2 5.0 3.64. 2 68 5.86.5 100 2.53.6 2.0 2932 1.2 6.4 1.75 19 5.8 7.7 6.0 4.04. 5 79 6.07.0 1.5 6.4 2.40 25 6.7 9.0 66.5 5.05. 6 912 6.58.0 150 3.54.0 3.0 3540 2 8.0 3.00 30 7.6 10. 3 7.0 7.58. 5 1113 810 200 4.55.0 5.0 4550 8.0 3.50 40 8.5 11. 5 7.58.0 8.510 1216 811 200 6.06.5 57 4955 9.5 5.00 50 9.9 12. 9 910 1012 1317 1113 200 8 69 5760 2. (1 ), ( ) 1),,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2),,,, ;,,,, (3 ) 1) lo lo l o : lo = ( 0. 71 ) d ( d ) lo = ( 45 )(= 14 mm) 2) If Iu If jf ( jf ), vf Rt, jf, Re, Iu 2001 000 mm 2, 185

jf ju ( ) 545 545 j f j u j f ( A/ mm 2 ) j u ( A/ mm 2 ) 5 15 20 30 40 60 10 20 25 35 35 50 15 25 40 60 70 150 20 30 50 80 100 200 4 10 15 25 20 40 3) f,, f, ; f,, 4) vf vf,,,,, vf :,, vf, vf vf 5) u u u, 0. 6 1 u 6) vu vu, vu, 6080 mm/ s 7) Fu Fu, Fu,, 400 MPa) ( 150 8) Fc Fc, Fc = ( 1. 54.0 ) Fu 1.,, : (1 ), (2 ), 186

(3 ), ;,, (4 ),, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),,, (8 ), (9 ),, 2. (1 ) 1), ;,, 546 546 ( mm ) ( MPa) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( s) 5 60 9 3 1 1.5 6 60 11 3. 5 1. 3 1.9 8 60 13 4 1. 5 2.25 10 60 17 5 2 3.25 12 60 22 6. 5 2. 5 4.25 14 70 24 7 2. 8 5.00 16 70 28 8 3 6.75 18 70 30 9 3. 3 7.5 20 70 34 10 3. 6 9.0 25 80 42 12. 5 4. 0 13.00 30 80 50 15 4. 6 20.00 40 80 66 20 6. 0 45 2),,,,,, 12 mm, 187

,,,,,, 2 mm, (2 ) 1 2001 300, 1),, 2),, 3040 MPa, 2 D, 1 200 1 300 3040 MPa 1.4 D 1. 2 D, (3 ) 1),, 15 mm,, 510 mm,, 547 547 ( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( s ) 16 200250 45 25 14 4 18 250300 45 25 16 5 20 300350 45 25 17 5 22 350400 45 25 18 6 25 400450 45 25 21 6 188

( mm ) ( A) ( V ) ( s ) 28 450550 45 25 24 6 32 550650 45 25 27 7 36 650750 45 25 30 8 40 750900 45 25 33 9 2) ( ),, 45 V, ;, ( ),,,, 25 V ( ),,,, 3. (1 ) 1), 15 m, 2) 2030 cm, 3), 4) 5) 6), 7), 8) (2 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5),, 6) 7) 8) ; 9), 10 ), 189

:, ( 15 000 30 000), 1. (1 ), ( ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 5 0006 000,, : 1) 5117a, ( ) ( ),,,,,, 2), (),,,,,, 5117b 3),,, 190

,, 5117c,,,,, 5118,, 5117 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 6 5118 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2. (1 ),, 5119 5119 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1),,, 5119a 191

,, 2),,, 5119b,,,,,,, 3), 5119c (2 ) 1),,, ;,, 20 000, 30 000 2) ( 3 mm),,, 3),,,, 4),,,,,, 3. (1 ),,,, 80 V ;, 150 V,, 400 V,,, ( ), ( ) (2 ),,,, (3 ) 1),,,,, 99.5%,,,,, 2), 192

3),,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,,,, : ; ( ) ;, 5120,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1),,,, :, 200 mm 5120 L 1 L 2 L 3 1 2 3,,,,,, 10 mm, 200300 m/ h;, 100130 m/ h 12 mm,,, 193

2),, 2., 5121 (1 ),, 150400 V, 1) ZXG2-400, 300 V, 400 A LG - 400-1 5121 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12, 100 A 100 A, 250 A400 A500 A 1 000 A 100 A, 2),,, 4050 mm,, 80100 mm,,, : + -, + -, AX1-500,, (2 ) 1), ( ),, 2) ( 5118 ),, ( 2050 A),,, 194

( ),,, (3 ),, 3 L/ min, 0.150.2 MPa,,, 10 L/ min,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,, 0. 25 0. 35 MPa,,, (5 ), ( ), 5122, LG - 400-1, 5122 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ( ) 11 12 13 14 195

, ( ) ;,,,,,,, 3. (1 ) 1), 150 V 2080 mm, 200 V, 300400 V, 2),,,,, 548 548 ( mm ) 2. 4 2. 8 3.0 3. 2 3. 5 > 4.0 ( A) 200 250 300 340 360 > 400,,,,, 65 %,,, 549 549 ( mm ) ( kw ) < 50 < 70 < 100 < 80 > 100 > 100 < 50 < 100 < 75 < 100 > 100 > 120 < 20 > 50 < 30 > 80 3), (), 5123 196

,,,,, 5123,,,,, :,,, 550, 100 mm, 2 5003 500 L/ h; 100250 mm 3 0008 000 L/ h 400800 L/ h 550 ( A) ( V ) ( L/ h ) ( mm ) 240 84 2 050 12. 5 225 88 2 200 8. 5 225 88 2 600 8. 0 230 90 2 700 6. 5 235 82 3 300 10 230 84 3 500,,,,,,,, 5124,,,,, 551 (4 ), 5124 P P 1 P 2 l 551 ( A) ( V ) ( m/ h) ( mm ) 160 110 60 5. 0 150 115 80 4. 05.0 160 110 104 3. 44.0 160 110 110 160 110 115,,,, 68 mm, 1015 mm,, 197

(5 ) Ly, 5 125,,,,,,,,,, 8 5125 11 mm 1 2 3 5 52 554 552 ( mm ) ( mm) ( V) ( A ) ( L/ h) ( m/ h ) ( mm ) 12 2. 8 120130 200 210 2 3002 400 130 157 4.2 5 16 2. 8 120130 210 220 2 8003 000 85 95 4. 55. 5 20 2. 8 120130 230 240 2 6002 700 70 80 4. 55. 5 25 3. 0 125135 260 280 2 5002 700 45 55 56 30 3. 0 125135 260 280 2 5002 700 35 40 5. 56. 5 40 3. 2 140145 320 340 2 5002 700 28 35 6.5 8 45 3. 2 145 320 340 2 4002 500 20 25 6.5 8 100 4. 5 140 380 ( H 2 Ar 3565) 3 000 4.5 553 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( V ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ h ) ( m/ h ) 12 3 2. 8 215 250 125 4 400 > 84 21 3 3.0 230 300 130 4 400 75 80 25 3 3. 0 230 300 130 4 400 70 34 3 3. 2 240 350 140 4 400 35 80 3 3. 5 245 350 150 4 400 10 554 ( mm) ( mm ) ( V ) ( A) ( L/ h ) 18 3. 5 96 330 1 570 30 38 3. 5 106 364 1 570 11. 3 85 3. 5 110 300 1 050 5 130 4. 5 160 355 ( H 2 Ar = 1585 ) 5 2. 4 85 190 2 200 75 3 2. 4 80 160 1 760 30 2 300 ( m/ h) 3. 6 198

(6 ),,, 5126,,,,, ; ( ), ; ;,,,, 4. (1 ) 5126 1 2 3, 1),, 2),, 3),,, 4), 5),, 6), ( ),,, 7),, (2 ),,,,,,,, : 1),,,,, 815 mm,,,,, 2),,,,,,,,,, 199

,,,,,, 3),,, 4),,,, 045,, (3 ) 100200 mm,, : 1), 80 mm, 50 100 kw,, 2),,, 3),,, ( 0. 4 ),,, 4), 5),, 6),,, ( ), 200 mm, 820 s; 50 mm, 2. 53.5 s 555 555 ( mm ) ( V) ( V) ( A) ( kw ) ( m/ h) ( L/ h ) ( L/ h) ( % ) ( % ) ( mm ) 100 240 160 400 64 13. 2 3 170 960 77 23 5 120 320 170 500 85 10. 9 3 170 960 77 23 5.5 140 320 180 500 90 8. 56 3 170 960 77 23 5.5 110 320 165 500 82. 5 12. 5 3 170 960 77 23 5.5 130 320 175 500 87. 5 9. 75 3 170 960 77 23 5.5 150 320 190 440480 91 6. 55 3 170 960 77 23 5.5 (4 ), 556 200

556,, ( ) ( ),,, 201

,,,,,,,, 5., : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, 202

(3 ),,,, ;,, (4 ),, (5 ) (6 ),,, 1. (1 ),,, 5127a, 15 kw (200 kw),, 1) ( ),,,, 5127a 5127 a) b),,,,,,,,,, 5 1 2 7 b, ( 203

810 mm ),, ( 7 8 mm 2 ),, ( 100 300 A) 3 8 mm ( ), 26 mm 5128 2), 0.1 15 A,,,, 5128,,,,,,,, 0.010.5 mm 3),, 15100 A, 0. 53 mm,, (2 ) 1), 8 mm,, 12 mm, 20 mm 2) 3),,, 4),,, 5),,,, ( 0. 1 A), 6),,, 7),, 204

, 2.,, :, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, 36 mm (3 ) 1),,,,,, ; ;,,,,,, 2),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ) 35 mm, 205

;,, (5 ),,,,,,, ;, ;,, 1525 L/ min 557 558 3. 1 mm, (1 ) 557 ( mm ) ( mm/ min) ( A) ( V) ( L/ h) 3.175 304 185 28 Ar 364 1 680 I 4.168 6.35 254 354 200 275 29 33 Ar Ar 336 420 1 680 1 680 I I 2.46 608 115 30 Ar + H 2 5 % 168 980 I 3.175 712 145 32 Ar + H 2 5 % 280 980 I 4.218 358 165 36 Ar + H 2 5 % 364 1 260 I 6.35 354 240 38 Ar + H 2 5 % 504 1 400 I 12. 7 270 320 26 Ar I 3.175 608 185 21 Ar 224 1 680 I 4.218 320 175 25 Ar 504 1 680 I 10. 0 254 225 38 He75 % + Ar 896 1 680 I 12. 7 254 270 36 He50 % + Ar 756 1 680 I 14. 2 178 250 39 He50 % + Ar 840 1 680 V 2.46 254 180 28 Ar 280 1 680 I 3.175 254 300 33 He 224 1 680 I 6.35 508 670 46 He 140 1 680 I 2. 0 3.175 508 358 140 200 25 27 Ar Ar 224 280 1 680 1 680 I I 3.175 6.35 200 250 30 30 Ar + H 2 5 % Ar + H 2 5 % 280 280 1 200 1 200 I I 206

558 ( mm ) ( mm) ( A ) ( mm/ min) ( L/ min ) ( L/ min ) 0. 03 0. 8 0. 3 130 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) 0. 10 0. 8 2. 5 130 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) 0. 10 0. 8 1. 5 100 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) 0. 4 0. 8 10 150 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 1 % ) 0. 8 0. 8 10 130 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + H 2 5 % ) 0. 08 0. 20 0. 8 0. 8 3 7 150 130 0.3 ( Ar) 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar) 0. 08 0. 10 0. 8 0. 8 10 13 150 200 0.3 ( Ar) 0.3 ( Ar) 10 ( Ar + He75 % ) 10 ( He) 1) 20 mm,, 2),, 0 0. 2 mm, 0. 1 mm 3), 559,, 60 mm, 5 mm, 4) LH - 300 559 ( mm ) ( L/ min ) ( A) ( V) ( mm/ min ) ( mm ) / ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) 1 1. 9 15 100 19. 5 930 2.5 2.2/ 2 2 3 3. 4 (2 ),, 1),, 2) ; ; ; 3045 3),,,,, 4),, 5), 5 mm, 207

1. (1 ) ( ), ( ) (2 ), ( ), (3 ) ( ),,, 2. (1 ), 5129,,,,,,,,, 1), Tm (1 100 ), t 5129 800 500, 800 500 t8/ 5 ; 650, 2) 208

( ),,, ; (2 ) 1) ( ),, : q = IU v : I, A ; U, V ; v, cm/ s; q, J/ cm,, ;, 560,,, ;,, 560 1 100 650 ( J/ cm ) ( ) ( s ) ( / s) 20 000 27 5 14 38 400 27 16.5 4.4 20 000 260 5 4.4 38 400 260 17 1.4 2) 560,,,,,,,, 3),,,, ;,,,,,, 561 4),, T 209

561 ( A) ( V ) (cm/ s) ( J/ cm) 180 24 0. 25 17 280 160 11 0. 25 7 040 700 38 0. 66 40 300,, 3.,, (1 ) 1),, 30 cm 3, 100 g (),,, 4100/ s, (1 770100 ),,, :,,, 5130 2),,, ;,, 5130 a) b) 3),,,,, (, ) ( ),,,, ; 210

( FeS) ( MnS) FeS,,, ( SiO2 ), ( FeO), (2 ) ( MnO) 1),,,,,,,,,, ;,, 16 Mn, ;,,, ( 2% 6 % ) 2),,,,, ;, (3 ),, (,, ),,, 4. (1 ) FeO,, FeO CO,,, 211

1) ; ;,,, ; CO2 CO2, FeO 2),,, ( ) (2 ) 1), ;,,,,, ;,, 2), ; 3), (3 ),,,,, 5., FeS MnS, (), ( ),,,, :,, 6. ( ),,,,,,, 7. (1 ) ;, 5 212

131 1) (), 1 100 1 490, ( ), 1 300, ;, ; 16 Mn,,,, 2) Ac 3, 9001 100, ;,,,,,,, 5131 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ( ) 3) Ac3 Ac1, 750900 ;,,,,, 4) Ac1 450, 450750( 450 ) ( ),,,,, (2 ) ; 1) Ac3, ;,, ; 2) Ac3 Ac1, ;,,, 213

3), Ac 1,,, (3 ) 475, 475 1),, 2) 650850,, ;,,, 3) 850450, ( 700750 ), Cr23 C6,, 4) 475 600400,,, 475,,, : ; ; ; ; 1.,,, (1 ), (2 ),,,,, 214

, 1),, 2),,, 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 215

, (1 ) 1),, 5 130b ;,,,, 5130a ;,, 2),,,,,,,,, (2 ) ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 650850 400600 450850, 475, 5. (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,, Ac3,,,,,,, 216

6.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), (),,, 1., (1 ), ( ), ;,, ( 5 132a),, (2 ),,,,, 5132b, ( ),, ( ),,,, ;,, (3 ) 5132c,,,,, ( ), 217

5132 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 6 ( ), ( ),,, ( ), ;,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,, (1 ), (, ) 5133b,, T,, 218

5133b ; ( ) 5133b,,,, 5 133b,,,,, 5133c,, 5133c, ( ) 5133c,, ;,, 5133c, T (2 ) Y Y,,,,,,, 5134 5133 a) b) c) 5134 1., ( ) (1 ),,,,, ; (2 ),,,, 5135 (3 ), 5134 5136, 219

5135 ( ) 5136 (4 ),,,, 5137, (5 ),,, 5138, 5137 5138 a) b) T, 2. : (1 ) (2 ),,, (3 ),, (4 ),, 3. (1 ) 220

1) ( ),,,,, ;, 2),, Y, Y ( V ) U X (Y ) Y X U I, 3),,,,,,, 4),,,,,, CO2,,,, 1 m, ( 5139a) ; ( 5139c) ; ( 5139b) 5139 ( ) a) b) c), ( ),,,, (2 ) 1) 221

,,, 5140b 2),, 5141,, 5142 5140 a) b) 5141 Y a) b),, 5143a 5143b, 5142 5143 a) b ),,,,, 5139c 222

( ) CO2,,,,, 5144,,, 4. (1 ),, 5145,,, 5144 a) b ) c) 5145 1 2 3 4, (2 ),, 300,, 800, 600800 : 15 mm, 50100 mm,, 500600, T,, 5146 16 Mn ; 223

, 1. (1 ) 1),,, 5146 T 2), 3),, 4), ( ) ( ) (2 ) 1),,, 2),, 1520 mm 3),,,,,, 2. (1 ) (2 ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,, 224

,,,,,, 16 Mn, 3., (1 ) 1),, 5147,,,,,, 5147,, 2),,,, 3),, T 5148abc ; 5148d 5148,, (2 ),,,,, 225

(3 ),,,,,, (4 ),,,,, 1/ 21/ 4,, ;, (5 ) : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 250350, 26 h,, ( ),,,,,, 5 149 5149, 5150, 4. (1 ) (, ),,, ( ) ( 226

5150 a) b ) 600650), (, 12 min, 30 min, 3 h), 300400 80% 90%,,,, 600620, ( ), 550560 (2 ), 1),,,,,,, 2) (), 5151 ( 200) ( 100) ( ),, 50 % 70 % ( 5151 40 mm),, : 100 mm, 180 mm, 227

130 mm,, 150600 mm/ min 3),,,,,, 1. (1 ) ( GB/ T 33751994),,, ( ),,,, ;, :, (2 ),,,,,,?, ( ), : ( CE ) = C + Mn Cr + Mo + V + 6 5 + Ni + Cu 15,, ( b = 500900 MPa) : ( CE ) < 0.40%,,, ; ( CE ) = 0.40% 0.60%,, ; ( CE ) > 0. 60%,,,,, 2. 228 %

(1 ) ( GB/ T 15911994 ), ( ) 1) Q295Q345Q390Q420Q460 ABCDE, A, ( S ) ( P ) 0.045% ; B, C, D, E, ( S ) ( P ) 0.040% 0. 025%, ( GB/ T 15911994) a. Q295 09MnV, 09MnNb, 09Mn2, 12Mn b. Q345 12MnV, 14MnNb, 16Mn, 16MnRe, 18Nb c. Q390 15Mn, 15MnTi, 16MnNb d. Q420 15MnVN, 14MnVTiRe e. 18MnMoNb14MnMoV14MnMoVB a. 295490 MPa,, Q295Q460, b. 490980 MPa,,,, 15MnMoVN15MnMoVNRe14MnMoNbB12Cr3NiMoV, c. 880 1 176 MPa, (0.25% 0.5% ) 30CrMnSiA30CrMnSiNi2A35CrMoVA34CrNi3MoA 40CrNiMoA,, 2),, 15MnCrAlTiRE08AlMoV 09AlVTiCu, 12AlMoV, 15Al3MoWVTi,,,, 14MnPNbRE 09MnCuP Ti08MnPRe10MnPRe10MnPNbRe16CuCr12MnCuCr15MnCuCr 09Mn2Cu, 16MnCu, 229

, ( < - 20), 09Mn2VDR09MnCuTiRe 06MnNb06AlCuNbN16MnDR15MnNiDR,, 09MnNiDR 500600, 12CrMo15CrMo20CrMo12Cr1MoV12Cr2MoWVB12MoVWBSiRe (2 ), ( GB/ T 15911994 ), ( GB 15911988 ) 1), 0. 40 % 0. 60 %, 295390 M Pa, 0. 40%, 0.50%, ( ),, 16 Mn,,,,,,, (, ), VTiCrMoB ( ) T 2 ), 1 100,,, :, ;,,,,, 1., 0. 35 %,,,,, 5070 mm, 0, 0 100150;, 4050 mm, 0, 0 100150 230

,, (1 ),,,,, 390 MPa,, 100150 390 M Pa,, 562,,,, 3, 100 mm 562 MPa ( ) 295 09Mn2 09Mn2Si 09MnV ( 16 mm ) 345 16Mn 14MnNb 100150 ( 30 mm) 600 650 900 930 600 650 390 15MnV 15Mn Ti 16MnNb 100150 ( 28 mm) 550 650 950 980 550 650 420 15MnVN 14 MnV TiRe 100150 ( 25 mm) 950 650 490 14 MnMoNb 18 MnMoNb > 200 600 650 950 980 600 650 (2 ), Q295 (09MnV09Mn2 ) 16Mn,, 16Mn,,,,,,,,, (3 ) 231

, :,, (4) ( ) 150 250,, 250350, 26 h, Q295Q460,,, Ac3 3050, 12 min ( ), ( 16MnR 30 mm, 15MnVR 28 mm, 15MnVNR 18MnMoNbR), ( ), 562 2. (1 ) CO2, 1) 3 mm 2),,,, 3) 20 70,,,,,, 20 80, 3 mm, 1535 mm,,,, 250 mm100 mm,, (2 ),,,, 232

,,,, 563 3. 563 s ( MPa) CO 2 09Mn2 E4303 H08 A H J431 H08Mn2SiA 295 09Mn2 Si E4301 H08MnA 09MnV E4316 E4315 I H08MnMoA HJ431 H08Mn2SiA H08 A 345 16Mn E5003 14MnNb E5001 H08MnA E5016 H10Mn2 H J431 HJ360 E5015 H10MnSi H J350 H10Mn2 E5003 I H J431 H08Mn2MoVA HJ431 H08Mn2SiA E5001 H08MnA HJ360 390 15MnV E5016 15Mn Ti E5015 H10Mn2 16MnNb E5516 - G H10MnSi HJ431 E5515 - G H08Mn2Si H08MnMoA H J350 H J250 15MnVN E5516 - G H08MnMoA H J431 H10Mn2MoVA HJ431 420 14MnV TiRe E5515 - G H04MnV T ia H J350 HJ360 E6016 - D1 E6015 - D1 14 MnMoV E6016 - D1 H08Mn2MoA H J250 H10Mn2MoA HJ431 490 E6015 - D1 H08Mn2 MoVA H J350 H10Mn2MoVA HJ360 18MnMoNb E7015 - D2 HJ350 E7015 - G HJ250 233

(1 ) 16Mn 1) 16Mn 16Mn 0. 12 % 0. 20%, 1. 20% 1. 60 % ; 345 MPa, 470630 MPaQ235 1 %, 40%,, 16Mn Q345 - A 16Mn 0. 32% 0. 47%, 16Mn,, 564 564 16Mn ( mm) 16-10, - 10 100 150 1624-5, - 5 100 150 2540 0, 0 100 150 40 100 150 2) 16Mn 16Mn, E50 E5015 ( J507 ) E5016 ( J506 ) ;, E5003 ( J502), H08MnA 431 ( HJ431 ) ; H10Mn2 431 CO2, H08Mn2SiA CO2 16Mn,,, H08MnMoA, HJ431, H10MnSi 16Mn,,, (2 ) 15MnV 15MnTi 1) 15MnV 15MnTi 15MnV 15MnTi Q390 - A 16Mn 0. 04 % 0.12% V 0. 12% 0. 20 % Ti,,, 15MnV 15MnTi 16Mn 0.02%, 32 mm, 0, 32 mm 0, 100150, 550560 2) 15MnV 15MnTi 15MnV 15MnTi,, E5015 ( J507 ) ; E5515 - G ( J557 ), E5003 ( J502 ),, H08MnA 234

431;, H10Mn2 H08Mn2SiA 431 350; H08MnMoA 431 350 CO2, H08Mn2SiA, H08Mn2SiA, H08Mn2MoVA, HJ431 15MnTi Ti,, (3 ) 18MnMoNb 1) 18MnMoNb 18MnMoNb 0. 17 % 0.23%, 1. 35 % 1. 65 %, 0.45% 0.65%, Nb 0. 025% 0.050 % ; 490 MPa, 635 MPa,, 450 18MnMoNb (950980, 1. 52 min/ mm; 600650, 57 min/ mm),,, 18MnMoNb,, 0. 48% 0. 63 %, 0. 56% 18MnMoNb,,, 180250, 250350, 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb 180,, 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb 2) 18MnMoNb, 18MnMoNb, E7015 - D2 ( J707), E6015 - D1 ( J607),,,, H08Mn2MoA, HJ250 250300, H10Mn2MoA H10Mn2MoVA, HJ431,,, ;,, 20 kj/ cm ;, 35 kj/ cm 18MnMoNb 950980, 630670,, 600 640 235

( ) 15Mo12CrMo15CrMo12Cr1MoV12Cr2MoWVB12MoVWBSiRe 1Cr132Cr131Cr5Mo4Cr9Si21Cr11MoV1Cr12Mo 00Cr121Cr17 0Cr18Ni90Cr23Ni130Cr25Ni201Cr18Ni9Ti 1Cr18Ni11Nb, 450, 0.5 % ( 0. 5Mo ) 500 500, 565 565 1. 25Cr - 0. 5Mo 0.5 Mo 1Cr - 0. 5Mo 2. 25Cr - 1Mo 1Cr - MoV 2Cr - MoWV Ti 5Cr - 0. 5Mo 9Cr - 1Mo 9Cr - MoV 12Cr - MoV 18-8CrNi ( Nb) 500 550 570 600 620 650 760 450 530 560 650 700 750 410 520 560 650 700 800 300 340 400 600 750 1., ( ) ( ), (1 ) 400, 400500600 1),,,, ( 1% ) 2), ( 10 4 10 5 h ), MoWVTiNbB, 236

(2 ) 560 Fe2 O3 Fe3 O4,, ; 560 FeO,,, CrSiAl, Cr2 O3 SiO2 Al2 O3,, Cr Mo, 12CrMo15CrMo Cr, Mo,, 0. 25% V C,,, V, 12CrMoV V 0. 5%, 0. 25 % 0. 35 %, 2. : (1 ),,,,, ;, (2 ) CrMoVTiNb, (, ) ( ),, ( PAsSbSn ), 350500, () 3. (1 ),, CrMo 566,, 566 CO 2 H08CrMoA 12 CrMo R207 HJ350 H08CrMnSiMo H08CrMoA H13CrMoA 15 CrMo R307 H13 CrM oa HJ350 H08 CrM nsim o H13 CrM oa 12 Cr MoV R317 H08CrM ova HJ350 H08 CrMo M nsiv H08 CrM ova (2 ) 237

,,,, 567,,,, CO2, 567 ( ) ( ) 12CrMo 200 250 650700 15CrMo 200 250 670700 12Cr1MoV 250 300 710750 12Cr2Mo 250 350 720750 12Cr2 MoW VB 250 300 760780 12Cr3MoVSiT ib 300 350 740760 12 MoVWBSiRe 200 300 750770, 4, 150 mm, (3 ),,, ( ) 23 h, (4 ),,,,,,, 567 : ; ; ( ),,,,,,,, 4., CO2, ;,, (1 ) 238

566, (2 ),,,, U U (23 mm ), V,, 0.5 1. 0 mm, (3 ),,, ( TIG) 568 568 TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) 2. 5 56 90 110 8 2. 4 812 2. 5 68 110 130 8 2. 4 10 15 3%,,,,, 566 (4 ),,,,, CO2 CO2 566 1., - 40-50 - 60-70 - 80-90 - 100-196 - 253, - 40 16MnDR, - 50 15MnNiDR 09Mn2VDR, - 70 239

09MnNiDR, - 9006MnNb, - 100 3. 5Ni - 196 9Ni ;, 569 16MnR - 20 569 A kv ( J ), ( mm ) ( ) 10 1055 5 10 55 7. 5 1055 ( 12 ) (> 68 ) ( > 811) 16MnDR 636-40 > 36 100-30 24 12 18 15 Mn NiDR 660-45 09Mn2 VDR 636-50 27 13. 5 20. 3 09 Mn NiDR 660-70 620-60 09Mn TiCuRe 06MnNb 2130-50 3240-40 616-90 20. 6 13. 7 : 4 GB 35311996, GB 3531 83 DR 2.,,,,,,,,, 3. - 40-100,,, 3. 5Ni 25 mm,, 150;,, ;,,, ( ), 200300, 2845 kj/ cm 570,, ;, 240

571 570 ( ) ( mm ) ( A) ( V) - - 40 3. 2 90120 4 140 180 2 260 400 36 42 5 750 820 35 43-70 3 320 450 32 38 571 ( mm ) ( ) ( ) 09MnD 500 620 16MnD 16MnDR 600 640 09 MnNiD 30 50 09MnNiDR 540 580 15MnNiDR 07MnNiCrMoVDR 16 30 60 > 30 40 80 > 40 50 100 550 590 3. 5Ni > 25 150 600 625 572, W ; 60 70-60 - 70, 10-100; 7, - 4016MnDR J506RH J507 RH 572 ( % ) 16MnD 16MnDR J506RH J507RH E5016 - G E5015 - G 09MnD 15MnNiDR 09Mn TiCuRe 09Mn2VDR 09 Mn NiD 09MnNiDR 06MnNb 3. 5Ni W607 E5015 - G w (C) 0.07, w ( Mn) = 1.21. 7, w ( Ni) = 0. 61.0 w (C) 0. 10 W707 w ( Mn) 2. 0, w( Cu) 0.7 W707Ni E5515 - Cl w ( C) 0. 12, w ( Mn) 1. 25, w ( Ni)2. 02.75 W107 E5015 - C2 L w ( C) 0.05, w ( Mn) 0.5 1. 0, w ( Ni) 3.1 3. 7 241

, ( ), ;, 12%, ; 1. (1 ), ( ) ( ), - 1) ( 13 % 17 % ), (0.1 % 1. 1% ) 1Cr132Cr133Cr134Cr13, 2Cr13 30, ; ; ( ), 2) (13% 30% ), ( 0. 15 % ),,,,, 1Cr17Mo00Cr27Mo00Cr30Mo2, 1Cr17 00Cr121Cr17 3) ;, ; Cr18% - Ni9% ( 18-8 ), Cr18% - Ni12 %, Cr23% - Ni13%, Cr25% - Ni20 % 0Cr18Ni9, 00Cr19Ni10, 1Cr18Ni9, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, 0Cr18Ni10Ti, 0Cr18Ni11Nb, 1Cr18Ni12, 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti, 0Cr23Ni13, 0Cr25Ni20 1Cr18Ni9Ti, Cr25Ni20 (2 ) 1) :,, 1/ 3,, 5 50%, 242

,, 2) 573 16Mn 3) ( ) 573 1Cr13 2Cr13 3Cr13 ( 16Mn ) 950 1 000, 700 750, ( 800 900, ) 920 980, 600 750, ( 800 900, ) 920 980, 600 750, ( 800 900, ) b ( MPa) 0. 2 ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) HB 539 343 25 159 637 441 20 192 735 539 12 217 1Cr17 780 850, 451 206 22 183 0Cr18Ni9 1 010 1 150, 520 206 40 187 1Cr18Ni9 1 010 1 150, 520 206 40 187 1Cr18Ni9 T i 1 030 1 100, 520 206 40 187 1Cr18Ni12 1 010 1 150, 481 177 40 187 0Cr23Ni13 1 030 1 150, 520 206 40 187 0Cr25Ni20 1 030 1 180, 520 206 40 187 Q235 - A 375460 235 26 20 910, 410 245 25 16Mn ( Q345 - A) 470630 345 21,,,,,,,,,,, a. 12%, 12%, 450850, ( 0. 02% 0. 03% ),, Cr23 C6,, 12% 450,,, Cr23 C6 ; 850,, 850, 243

,, 450850,, 650 b. a) : ( C0.14% ) ( C0.06% ) ( C0.03% ), 0.02% 0. 03 %, b),, ( Cr23 C6 ),, NiCMnNCu ; CrNbTi MoVWSi 1.8, c) TiNb C Cr, C TiCNbC Cr23 C6 d) 1 0501 100, ( ),,, : ;,, e) 850900, 2 h,, 12%, TiNb 18-8, 850900, 24 h,, ;, ( ), 1Cr18Ni9 Ti, 860880, 6 h, 1. 0 mm,, 50,,,, 20 50, 20 60,,, 50%, 244

( ) 20%, ( ) 10%, 2.,,, (1 ) 1),,,, ;,,,,, 6001 000 :, ;,, Cr23 C6 1 200, TiC NbC, 6001 000,, Cr23 C6,,,,, : ( ), 2), :,, (), ;,, Y X ; ; ; ; (2 ) :,, ;,, ;, 245

( ) :,,,,, 3% 8% ( 5 % ) 15% ( > 650),,,,,, ;,,,,, (3 ),, 1) 475 ( 15% 20% ), 350 500,, 475, 475,,,, 5% 475, 900 2) 375875, FeCr, ( HRC > 68),, ; 800850,,, 5%,,,,, 5%, CrMoTi Nb,, 1 0001 050, 1Cr18Ni9T i, 475 5% 3),,, 1. (1 ),,, 3 20%, 2530,,, ;,, ; 246,,

,, (2 ),, (3 ),,, 60( ) (4 ), ( 18-8,, ),, 350 850 (5 ), 1),, ;, 2), :,,,, a. : ( 1.42) 20%, 5 %, : 50 %, 50% : ( 1.19 ) 20 ml, 100 ml, ( 1.42) 30 ml, 150 g b. 2545 min,,,, : 5 ml, 1 g, 95 ml, 1 h,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, CO2,, (1 ) 247

1),,,,,, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, Cr18% Ni9% ( 18-8 ), Ti, 0. 1%, ;, A132 A137 574 574 H J151 00 Cr19Ni10 A002 E308 L - 16 H00Cr21 Ni10 H00 Cr21Ni10 S J601 0Cr18Ni9 1Cr18Ni9 A102 A107 E308-16 E308-15 H0Cr21 Ni10 H0Cr21 Ni10 H J260 S J601 SJ608, SJ701 1Cr18Ni9 Ti 0Cr18Ni10 T i 0Cr18 Ni11Nb 1Cr18Ni12 0Cr18Ni12Mo2 0Cr23Ni13 E347-16 A132 A137 E347-15 A202 E316-16 A207 E316-15 A302 E309-16 A307 E309-15 H0Cr20Ni10 Ti H0Cr20Ni10 T i H J260 H0Cr21Ni10 T i H J151 SJ608, SJ701 H J260 H0Cr20 Ni10Nb H0Cr20 Ni10Nb H J172 H1Cr24 Ni13 H1Cr24 Ni13 H J260 H00Cr19Ni12Mo2 S J601 H0 Cr19Ni12 Mo2 H0Cr19Ni12Mo2 H J260 H1Cr24 Ni13 H1Cr24 Ni13 H J260 0Cr25Ni20 A402 A407 E310-16 E310-15 H0Cr26 Ni21 H0Cr26 Ni21 H J260 ( A 2 ) ( A 7 ), 25-20, 18-8,,,,,,,,,, 2),,,,,,,, 575,, 60( ),,, (2 ), 574 248

575 ( mm ) 2. 0 2.5 3. 2 4. 0 5. 0 ( A) 2550 50 80 80 110 110160 160 200 1) 8 mm, 3 mm, 60 mm 576 577 578 TIG 576 TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( A) ( mm/ min) ( L/ min) 1.0 + 1. 0 2 1. 6 3575 150550 34 1.0 + 1. 0 2 1. 6 3060 110450 34 1.2 + 1. 2 2 1. 6 50 250 34 1.5 + 1. 5 2 1. 6 4585 120500 34 1.5 + 1. 5 2 1. 6 4075 80300 34 1.0 + 1. 0 2 45 230 34 1.5 + 1. 5 T 2 1. 6 4060 6080 34 577 TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) 2. 5 56 90 110 8 2. 4 812 2. 5 68 110 130 8 2. 4 10 15 578 TIG ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V ) ( L/ min) ( r/ min ) ( mm/ min) ( mm ) 18 1. 25 2 1 60 62 9 10 0.070.08 8 10 13 321.5 2 1 54 59 8 9 0.0450. 05 1013 13 ( ) V 323 2 3 1 110 120 10 12 2428 8 10 46 2 3 23 110 120 12 14 2428 0. 8 760800 8 10 46 13 1. 25 18 1. 25 2 2 1 1 65 90 9.6 9.6 14 19 7 7 2),,,,, Ar O2 0. 5% 1 % Ar CO21% 5 %,, 249

(3 ),,,, 574, HJ260HJ172HJ151 SJ601SJ608 SJ701 18-8 579 579 18-8 ( mm) ( mm) ( A ) ( V ) ( m/ h ) 6 1.5 2. 0 600700 34 38 46 8 2.0 3. 0 750800 36 38 46 10 2.5 3. 5 850900 38 40 31 12 3.0 4. 0 960950 38 40 25 8 1. 5 500600 32 34 46 10 1. 5 600650 34 36 42 12 1. 5 650700 36 38 36 16 2. 0 750800 38 40 31 20 3. 0 800850 38 40 25 30 6.0 7. 0 850900 38 40 16 40 8.0 9. 0 1 0501 100 40 42 12 : 1. 6 12 mm, 2. 840 mm, 3. 5 mm 580 ( mm ) 2 3 5 > 5 ( mm ) 5 8 10 15 15 25 ( mm ) 40 50 80 100 200 300 (4 ) 1012 mm,,,,, 0. 5 mm 3. (1 ), (2), 2 mm, 580 (3 ) 2030 mm,, 250

(4 ), (5 ),,, (6 ),, (7 ) ;, 251

: 1.,,, (1 ), (2 ),, 2.,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 252

, 3. (1 ),,,, 1),,, ( 61a ),,,, 61 a) b) P,, ( 61b),,,,,,,,,,,, 0.050.5 mm,,, 62, ;,,, 6 2a, 62c,, 62b, 62d,, : a. 0. 03% 0.04%,, 0. 12 % 0. 03% 253

62 a) b) c) d) b.,, c.,,,, d. CaO,,, CaS,,, e.,, f. 2) ( MS ),, ( ),,, : ; ;,,,, ( 200300),, ( 63 ) a. ( ), 63a 254

b.,,, 63b c., 63c 63 a) b) c), : a., b.,,, c.,, 507 MnV,,, d.,, e., 3) ( ), 1 200,, ;,, ( ), a., ( ) b. c.,, d., 600,, (2 ),, 64cd, 64ab 255

1),,,,, 2), :,,,,,,,,, 3) 2030 mm,,, (3 ) 65,, 64 a) b) c) d) 65 a) b) 1) ;,, ;,, ;,, ;, 256

2) ; ; ;, ;,, (4 ),, 66,,, 1) 66 a) V b) V c) d) T e) f ) Y g) X,, ;,,, ;,, ; ;,,, 2) ; ;,,, (5 ), ( 6 7) ;, 1) ; 67 a) b ),, ; ; 2),, ;,, ;, ; (6 ), 1), ; ;, 257

2) ; ;,,,, ;, ;,, 0.5 mm, 0.5 mm,, 1.,, 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ), ;, (3 ) ( X ),,,,, 2/ 3, 2/ 3,,,,, 450 M Pa, 50 mm,, (4 ),, 4060 mm, ( ), ( ), 1 m, (5 ) 300400 mm,,,, 258

(6 ), (7 ) : X,,,,,,,,,, 68 68 259

, 1. (1 ),,, ( ) ( GB265189 ) (2 ),,,,,, ( GB265389 ) (3 ) ( 0-20 - 40 ),, ( GB265089 ) (4 ),, ( GB265489 ) 2. (1 ) 6 mm,, 5060 g, CMnSiS P,,, (GB223 ) (2 ) CrMoFFeNiAlCu,,, 260

( 510 ), 1 0001 500,,, ;,, ( ),, (3 ) ( ),,,, ( GB122375), - 1. (1 ),, X, X X,, :, ;, ;, ; X 69 X, ( ),,,,,, (2 ),,, 69 X 1 2 3 4 5 X 6 X 261

,, 20 20 000 Hz20 000 Hz,,, 0. 510 MHz 610 ( ),,,, 610 a) b ),,,,,, (3 ),, 611,,,,,,,, S N,,, ( ),, 262

67 mm ; 11.5 mm 2. X (1 ),, 612 611 1 2 3 4 5 612 a) b ) c) : 1),,,, 2),, V,,,, ; X, ; T 3), 4),,, ; ;,, 5),,, 6) (2 ) 1) (GB332387), 263

65 2) ( 3 ), 61,, 62, 63,, 64 61 T ( mm ) 25 > 25100 > 100 ( mmmm ) 10 10 10 20 10 30 62 ( mm ) 1 > 1 2 > 23 > 34 > 4 6 > 68 > 8 1 2 3 6 10 15 25 63 T ( mm ) ( mm ) 25 0.5 > 25 50 0.7 > 50 1. 4 % T 64 ( mmmm ) 10 10 1020 10 30 T ( mm) 10 > 1015 > 15 25 > 25 50 > 50100 > 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 6 9 12 15 18 6 12 18 24 30 36 1/ 2 T 3) 3, 65 65 T 124 12 < T < 601/ 3 T T6020, 6 L, 12 T T 264

T96 9 < T < 452/ 3 T T4530, 3 L, 6 T T : ( 1 ) T, L ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 ) 12 T ( ) 6 T ( ),,, 4), ( ),, 1 265

,, : 1.,, (GB1004488 ), 71 71 EZC EZCQ EZ Ni EZNiFe EZNiCu EZ NiFeCu EZFe EZV 2. () () (1 ) ( ) ( GB1004488 ), : 1) E 2) Z 266

3) EZ, 71 4), - 5) E Z C Q E Z Ni Fe 1 1 (2 ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) 72 72 () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) EZ Fe - 2 Z100 EZCQ Z238 EZV Z116 Z117 EZNi - 1 EZNiFe - 1 Z308 Z408 EZC Z248 Z208 EZ NiCu - 1 Z508 3. 73, 73 HB EZFe - 2 150, 1 h, 400 EZV 300, 1 h, 200250 EZC 150, 1 h ( 400), EZCQ 250, 1 h ( 500, ) 200300 EZNi - 1 150, 1 h,,, 160170 267

HB EZ NiFe - 1 150, 1 h, (200) 200230 EZNiCu - 1 150, 1 h,, (300) 130150 4. (1 ) ( GB1004488 ), : 1) R 2) Z 3) RZ, 74 4), - 74 RZC - 1 RZC - 2 RZCH RZCQ - 1 RZCQ - 2 5) R Z C H (2 ) 1) RZC RZC 600, 400, 600700,,, 2) RZCH RZCH,,, RZC, 3) RZCQ 268

RZCQ,,, RZC, 5., SiO2,,,,, ( ),, 75 75 % H 3 BO 3 18 Na 2 CO 3 40 CJ201 NaHCO 3 20 MnO 2 7 NaNO 3 15 1. (1 ) (GB366983 ),, (2 ) (GB/ T36701995 ),, 2. (1 ) 1) ( GB1085889 ),, 76 76 SA1-1 SA1-2 SA1-3 SA1Cu SA1Mn SA1Mg - 1 SA1Mg - 2 SA1Mg - 3 SA1Si - 1 SA1Si - 2 SA1Mg - 5 269

: S S, - 2) 77, 78 79 77 ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( % ) ( ) HS301 SAl - 3 w ( Al) 99. 5 660 HS311 SAlSi - 1 w ( Si) 4. 56 w( Al) 580 610, HS321 SAlMn w ( Mn) 1. 01. 5 w( Al) 643 654, HS331 SAlMg - 5 w ( Mg) 4.7 5. 7 w( Al) 638 660, 78 L 4 L6 LF21 79 SAl - 3 SAlSi - 1 LF3 LF5 SAlMg - 5 SAlMn SAlMg - 5 LF5 LF6 SAlMg - 5 L6 LF21 LF21 SAlMn LF21 ZL104 ZL104 SAlSi - 1 LF21 LF2 LF3 SAlMg - 5 LF21 ZL101 ZL101 SAlSZ - 1 LF21 LF3 LF3 SAlMg - 5 (2 ) 1) (GB946088), 710 : H S ; HS ;,, - 710 HSCu 201 1 H SCuZn - 1 221 2 3 H SCuZn - 2 H SCuZn - 3 222 223 4 H SCuZn - 4 224 270

HSCuZnNi HSCuNi 231 234 HSC usi 211 HSCuSn HSC ual 212 213 HSCuAlNi 214, 710, 30 mm 2),,, 3.,,,, 711 711 ( % ) CJ301 w ( H 3 BO 3 ) 7679 w( Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) 16. 5 18.5 w ( AlP O 4 ) 44.5 CJ401 w ( KCl) 49. 552 w( NaCl) 27 30 w ( LiCl)3. 515 w ( NaF )7. 59,,,,,,,, : 1. 2.11% 6.67% 2.5 % 4%, 1% 5%, 271

, 2. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ),,, 1),, 8 cm 2,, 71,,, 72 73, 72 71 73 2), 74 75 272 74 a) b ) 75 a) b)

3),, 35 mm ( 5 8 mm), 76 4),,,,,,,, 77,, 76 77 1 2 (4 ) 600700, 400,,,, 1. (1 ) (2 ) 1),,,,,, 1. 52.0 mm 35 mm,, 1 mm 515 mm, V, 6070, 3 mm, 13 mm8 mm, X U, 6 0 7 0 TIG 7 1 2 2) Al2 O3 (2 050),,,,, 273

712 TIG ( mm ) ( a) ( mm ) ( p) ( mm ) ( a) ( ) 12 < 1 23 13 00.5, 35 12 35 01 11.5 70 5 6 10 13 12.5 70 5, 1220 1.5 3 23 70 5 1425 1.5 3 23 1 805 2 705,,,, : ( ), ( 0. 15 mm),,,,, 713 713 ( ) ( min ) ( min) ( ) 6 % 10 % NaOH 4060 20 30 % HN O 3 1 3 40 60 6 % 10 % NaOH 4060 7 30 % HN O 3 1 3 40 60,,,, 4 h, 24 h 274

, 3),,,,,,,,, 4), 510 mm,, 100300 2. (1 ) : (2 ) 1), :,,, T,, 78 TIG 78 TIG a) T2 mm b) T = 36 mm c) V T = 6 15 mm d) V T = 1525 mm e) U T = 1015 mm f) U T20 mm,, 275

,,,, 2), 30 mm,, ( NaOH) 10% 3040, ( ),, HNO3 ( 75 cm 3 / L) + H2 SO4 ( 100 cm 3 / L) + HCl (1 cm 3 / L),,, 3), ( 79 ) 79 a) b) a, a1 a2 a1 a2 : a. 3 mm, 1 500 mm : b. > 3 mm, > 2 000 mm : a1 = 0. 51 mm a2 = a1 + ( 0. 0080.012 ) L ( mm) a1 = 12 mm a2 = a1 + (0.020.03) L ( mm), 4),,,, : ( ),, 5),, 300700, 276

, 1.,,,,,,,,, : ( ) ; () ; ( ), : ( ) ;, ( ) ; ( ) 2.,, : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ),,,,, 3. : (1 ) 1),,,, ;,,,, 277

2) A (B), B ( A ), A B, 710, Q235 1Cr18Ni9, V U, Q235,, 56 mm,, 9 mm 710 a) B b) c) d) B A 3 ) A B C, C AB AB C 4) A B ( ), A B 5 ) (, ), 711 (2 ), 711 : 1.,, 2. (1 ),,,, (2 ) 1), 2) 278

3) 4),, ( ), 5) (3 ) 1), 2), 3), 4), 5) (4 ),, 1. 2. (1 ) 1),, 2), 3) 4), 5), (2 ) 1) 2) 10%, (3 ) ;, 279

:,,, 1. (GB26511989), (1 ), (2 ) 1), 2), 81 81, 82 280 81

81 81 mm L B b + 12 b 25 D 76 12 b D > 76 20 D38, l > L S + 60 L S + 12 r 25 : L S, ; D 82 3), 4), l, 5),, 6) a 30 mm,, 30 mm, ( GB2649), 7) 38 mm,,,,, 83 8) 84 : d0 = ( 100. 2) mm; l = LS + 2 D; D h ; r min = 4 mm 9) 1 ; 1 ; (3 ) 2 83 281

2. ( GB2653 89 ), (1 ), (2 ) 84 1), ;, 2),,,,, l, 85 86 87,, a., b a 1. 5, 20 mm, : 50 mm, b b s + 0. 1 D ( 10 mm) ; > 50 mm, b s + 0. 05 D ( 10 mm, 40 mm ) 282 85 a) b ) a b L r

, s, D 86 a) b ) a b L r 87 a) b) a b L r, a 20 mm,, 20 mm, (GB2649 ), b. a 10 mm, b 40 mm,, b 2040 mm, ( GB2649), c. 82 87 20 mm, 20 mm 82 mm a b L r 6 20 180 0. 2 a > 6 10 30 200 0. 2 a > 1020 50 250 0. 2 a 0.2 a ( 3 mm), Ra12.5 m 1, 2 3) ( ) 88 283

, ( ), D 3 l D + 3 a ( 88 ), (3 ), 83 88 83 180 100 90 50 83, 1. 5 mm, 3 mm,, 3. ( GB26501989 ) (1 ), (2 ) 1) 10 mm10 mm55 mm V 89,,, Ra0.8 m 2), 3), 15 mm, 4), 5), 810 6) 811 t 7) :, 3 284

89 V (3 ) : 3, 70% 4. 810 ( GB26541989 ), 811 a) b ) c) 285

(1 ), (2 ) 1),, 2), Ra1. 6 m, Ra 0. 8 m 3 mm, 3), 4),, 812 812 5),,,, 4 ;, 3 mm;, 2. 5, 6) : 1 (3 ),,, 286

, Y 1. Y,, 2. (1 ) 813, 938 mm, (2 ) 813, (3 ) : 2 (4 ) 813,,, 4 mm 5 mm, 2 mm,, 3. (1 ),,,, (2 ), 4 mm, 160180 A, 2226 V, 150 mm/ min (3 ) 287

,, (4 ) 1), 814, 2), 815 814 815 (5 ) 48 h,,, 4. (1 ), 816, 816a, : : Cf, % ; 816 a) b) c) Cf = n lf i, mm; i = 1 L, mm (2 ) n lf i i = 1 L 100 % 816b, 288

: Cr, % ; n j = 1 L, mm; Cr = lf j, mm (3 ) n lf j j = 1 L 100% 816c,, : Cs, % ; H, mm; Hc, mm Cs = H c H 100%, ( ), 20%, :,,,,, 1. ( Fe3 C),,,,, 2. ( + ),, : ( C) = 2.6 % 3. 6%, ( Si) = 1% 3.0 %, ( Mn) = 0. 4% 1.2 %, ( S ) 0. 15%, ( P) 0.3 % ( GB561285), 289

HT,,, HT100, HT, 100 100 M Pa 84 84 b ( M Pa) HB H T100 100 143 229, H T150 150 163 229, H T200 H T250 H T300 H T350 H T400 200 250 300 350 400 170 241 170 241 187 255 197 269 207 269,,,,,,,,, 85, 85 b ( M Pa) ( % ) a k ( J/ cm 2 ) 100 400 00. 5 0 8 400 600 20 30 25 50 3.,,,,,,, KT,,, KTH, KTB, KTZ,,,, 4.,,, QT,,,, 290

QT40017, QT, 400 400 MPa, 17 17% 86 86 b ( MPa) ( % ) HB Q T 40015 400 15 130180 Q T 45010 450 10 160210 Q T 50007 500 7 170230 Q T 60003 600 3 190270 Q T 70002 700 2 225305 Q T 80002 800 2 245335 Q T 90002 900 2 280360 KmQT, SQT, RQT, R, 1%, ; 1%,, SQT Al5Si5, Al5 Al 5%, Si5 Si 5 % 1.,, : (1 ),, Fe3 C,,, : 1),, 2),,,,,,,,,,, 3), (2 ),,, 291

,,, ( 2. 3%, 1.26% ),,, 400 C,, : 1),,,, 2),,,, 817,,,,,,,,,, 817 1 2 : ;, ; 3),,,, 4),,,, 5),,, 2. ( ) 87 87 CO 2 ( ) EZC ( Z248 Z208) EZC ( Z208 ) EZC ( Z208 ) EZNiFe - 1 ( Z408 ) EZFe - 2 ( Z100 ) EZV ( Z116 Z117) EZ Ni - 1 ( Z308 ) EZ NiFe - 1 ( Z408) EZ NiCu - 1 ( Z508 ) E5015 - G ( J507 ) E4303 ( J422 ) H08Mn 2 SiA 292

(1 ),,, E4303 ( J422 )E5015 ( J507),,, 1) ( 600700 C) ( 400 C ),,,, EZC (Z248Z208) a.,,,,,,,,,, b.,,,,, 400 C,,,,, : : I, A ; d, mm I = ( 40 50) d,,,,,,,, 600700 C,, 2), 8 cm 2, 7 mm, 2030 ( 818),,, 5 8 mm,,,,,,,,, 3),,,,,,,, ( 293

818 a) b) c) 1 2 3 4 5 ), ) (,,,, :,,,,,,,, 1015 mm,, ( 5060 C ),,,,,,, ( 819 ),,, 819, :,,,, (2 ) ( < 3 400 C),,,,,,,,,, 600 700 C, RZC1RZC2 RZCH CJ201,, (3 ) 294

1),,,,,, HsCuZn ( 221222224),, 2) CO2 (0.8 mm) CO2,,,,, CO2,, CO2, H08Mn2 SiA, 85 A, 18 20 V, 10 12 m/ h( ) ; ; 5060 C ( ), 3),,,, 13, 30 40 mm, 300400 C HJ230 HJ130 300600 C4050 mm1520 mm 1 0001 500 A, 1015 h 1., : (1 ), (2 ), 2. (1 ) EZCQ, 500700 C, EZNiFe - 1EZNiFeCu,, (2 ) RZCQ,, : 3. 5% 4.0%, 3. 5% 3.9 %, 0.5% 0. 8%, 0. 03 % 0.10%, ( 0. 035% 0. 06 %, 0. 03% 0. 04% ), 295

:,,,,, 7. 5%, ( 4. 2% ) (0.01% ),, 1. (1), ( ) 99.7 % 98.8 %, 88660 C, ( Al2 O3, 2 050 C),, 5, 2, 88 L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4 L 5 L 6 ( Al) 99. 7 99. 6 99.5 99. 3 99. 0 98. 8 ( ) ( ) 0.30 0. 40 0. 50 0.70 1. 0 1. 2 (2 ) 820 D,,,, D,,, 820 F,, ( ) F D,, ( ) ( GB/ T164741996 ),,, 89 ( CILNO PQZ ), 820 1 2 296

89 ( 99. 00 % ) Mg 2 Si 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ( GB/ T164741996 ),,,,, GB319082 GB117386, 821 : LF 2 LF 3 LF 5 LF 6 ( ) : LF 21 : ( Al - Cu - Mg ) L Y 3 LY 12 : ( Al - Mg - Si - Cu ) LD 2 L D 10 : ( Al - Cu - Mg - Sn ) LC 4 : ZL 101 ZL 102 ZL 111 : ZL 201 ZL 204 : ZL 301 ZL 305 821 1),,,, 810 811 810 % Mg Mn Cr Si Ti Be LF2 2.0 2. 8 0. 150.4 0. 40 0. 15 LF5 4.0 5. 5 0. 30.6 0. 50 1. 8 LF6 5.8 6. 8 0. 50.8 0. 40 0. 020. 1 0. 001 0. 005 1. 2 LF21 0. 05 1. 01.6 0. 70 0. 15 1. 75 : 811 ( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( % ) ( % ) ( HBS) L 4 140 10 12 32 297

( M Pa) ( M Pa) ( % ) ( % ) ( HBS) L 6 90 3 30 25 LF 2 200 250 10 21 23 6 45 60 LF 5 270 15 23 70 LF 21 130 160 5 13 20 10 70 55 30 40 LF6 2),, 3), 4),,,,,,,,,, 2., : (1 ), (Al2 O3 ), 2 050 C (660 C), ;, ;,,,, TIG (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),,,,,, 298

(5 ),,,, 3. (1 ),, :,,,,,, 1),,,, 2),, 110 mm,, 3) 8 mm, 212 mm (2 ) 1), 10% 1520 C, 1020 min; 6065 C, 515 min, 100 C 2) HS311 ( ), A1 + Si5%,,,,, ( Mg2 Si ),, HS331 ( ),,, 3),,,,,,,,,,,, TIG,, ( ), (), 299

, 812, 813 812 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( C ) ( A) ( L/ min ) ( mm ) ( / ) 1 1. 6 2 4560 79 8 1 1. 5 1. 62.0 2 5080 79 8 1 2 2 2. 5 23 90120 812 8 12 1 3 23 3 150180 812 8 12 1 V 4 3 4 180200 1015 8 12 12/ 1 V 5 34 4 180240 1015 10 12 12/ 1 V 6 4 5 240280 1620 14 16 12/ 1 V 8 45 5 100 260320 1620 14 16 2/ 1 V 10 45 5 100150 280340 1620 14 16 3 4/ 12 V 12 45 56 150200 300360 1822 16 20 3 4/ 12 V 14 56 56 180200 340380 2024 16 20 3 4/ 12 V 16 56 6 200220 340380 2024 16 20 4 5/ 12 V 18 56 6 200240 360400 2530 16 20 4 5/ 12 V 20 56 6 200260 360400 2530 20 22 4 5/ 12 V 1620 56 6 200260 300380 2530 16 20 2 3/ 23 X 2225 56 67 200260 360400 3035 20 22 3 4/ 34 X 813 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( L/ min ) ( A ) ( V ) ( m/ h ) 6 2. 5 22 3033 230260 2023 25. 0 1 8 2. 5 22 3033 300320 2023 25 28 1 12 16 3 4 22 28/ 17 3033 3540 320340 380420 2628 2832 15. 0 17 20 1/ 1 1/ 1 20 4 28/ 17 4760 450500 2527 16 19 1/ 1 25 4 28/ 17 4760 490520 2932 1/ 1 8 1. 6 1820 2025 180220 2628 1/ 1 12 16 1. 62.0 2. 02.5 1820 1820 2530 3040 260300 280340 2832 3034 2/ 1 23/ 1 20 2. 52.6 1820 5060 380420 3538 34/ 1,,,,,,,, 300

,, 1020, 1., (1 ), ( ),,,, 814 815 814 ( % ), ( Cu ) ( P ) ( Mn ) ( Bi) ( Pb) ( S) ( P ) ( O) T1 99. 95 0. 002 0. 005 0. 005 0.001 0.02 0. 05 T2 99. 90 0. 002 0. 005 0. 005 0.06 0. 1 T3 99. 70 0. 002 0. 01 0. 01 0. 1 0. 3 T4 99. 50 0. 003 0. 05 0. 01 0. 1 0. 5 T U1 99. 97 0. 002 0. 005 0. 005 0.003 0.003 0. 03 T U2 99. 95 0. 002 0. 005 0. 005 0.003 0.003 0. 05 T U P 99. 50 0.01 0. 04 0. 003 0. 01 0. 01 0.01 0. 49 TUMn 99. 60 0.1 0. 3 0. 002 0. 007 0. 005 0.003 0. 30 815 b ( MPa) ( % ) ( g/ cm 3 ) T ( C) E ( MPa) ( W/ mk ) c ( J/ g C) ( 10-8 m ) (10-6 K - 1 ) ( 10-5 N/ cm ) 196235 50 392490 6 8. 94 1 083 128 700 391 0.384 1.68 16. 8 1 300 T ; TU ; T U, (2 ), 301

,, ( ), 50% 816 817 816 6-3 - 2 H68 H62 ZH AlFe Mn66 - ZHSi80-3 ( % ) ( Cu ) ( Zn) ( Sn) ( Mn ) ( Al) ( Si) ( Ni) + ( Co) 67. 0 0.3 70. 0 60. 5 0.5 63. 5 6468 1. 5 6 7 2.5 79 2. 5 81 4. 5 QSn6. 5-0.4 6. 0 7.0 ZQAlFe9-4 810 ( Fe) 2 4 QAl9-2 1. 5 8. 0 1.7 2.5 10. 0 QSi3-1 1. 0 1.5 B10 0. 5 1.0 2.75 3. 5 911 2.1 2.8 ( P ) 0. 3 0. 4 0.1 1.1 ( Fe) 2 4 ( Fe) 0. 5 1. 0 0.5 2.7 B30 2933 817 b ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) ( HB) ( g/ cm 3 ) ( 20 C) ( 10-6 K - 1 ) ( W/ mk ) ( 20 C) ( 10-8 m ) ( C) ( % ) 313. 6 55 H68 646. 8 3 150 8. 5 19.9 117. 04 6. 8 932 1. 92 323. 4 49 56 H62 ZHSi80-3 588 3 164 245 10 100 294 15 110 8. 43 20.6 108. 68 7. 1 905 1. 77 8. 3 17.0 41. 8 900 1.7 Z HAlFeMn 66-6 - 3-2 588 7 637 7 160 8. 5 19.8 49.74 899 302

QSn6.5-0.4 b ( M Pa) 5 ( % ) 343 441 6070 ( HB) 70 90 686 784 7. 512 160 200 ( g/ cm 3 ) ( 20 C) ( 10-6 K - 1 ) ( W/ mk ) ( 20 C) ( 10-8 m ) ( C) ( % ) 8. 8 19.1 50.16 17. 6 995 1. 45 QAl9-2 Z QAl9-4 Q Si3-1 441 2040 80 100 588 784 45 160 180 392 10 110 294 490 1020 120 140 343 392 5060 80 637 735 15 180 7. 6 17.0 71.06 11 1 060 1.7 7. 6 18.1 58.52 12. 4 1 040 2. 49 8. 4 15.8 45.98 15 1 025 1.6 B10 B30 392 2328 60 70 568. 4 49 100 30.93 1 149 8. 9 16 37.20 42 1 230 H; H, ; H Z,,,,, (3 ), ( ),,,, Q, 816, 817 (4 ),,, 303

, B, B,,, 2. (1 ), : 1), 20 C 7, 1 000 C 11,,,,,, 15 %,,,, 2),,,,, Cu2 O CO, CO2, 3),,,,, 4),,,,, (2 ),, 420 C, 906 C,,,,,,,, (3 ), : 1),,,, 2),, 3) 50%,, 3. (1 ) 304

,, 818 818 ( ) ( 0. 650. 75 ) ( 12 mm ),,, (0. 70 0. 80) (0. 80 0. 90 ) 3 mm, 15 mm, 3 6 mm,, 3 15 mm ( 0.800.90 ), 6 30 mm ( 0. 30 0. 50 ) 3 mm,, ( 0.500.60 ), 10 mm (2 ) 1),,, 12, 600700 C 400500 C,,,, PSiSnMn, HS201 HS202 ( CJ301 ),, 0.3 % 0. 7%,, ( CJ301 ) 400500 C, 15 mm, 550 C, 350450 C, 305

,,,, 1 % 2%,,, CJ401, 500600 C 2) (TIG ),,, TIG 3 mm, 312 mm HS201 HS202, 35 mm, 14 mm 819 8 TIG, HS221 ( )HS222 ( ) HS224 (),, 820 819 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( mm ) ( L/ min) < 1. 5 2. 5 2 140180 8 68 2. 0 3. 0 2. 53.0 3 160280 8 10 610 4. 0 5. 0 4 3 4 250350 10 12 812 6. 0 1. 0 5 4 5 300400 10 12 1014 > 10 56 5 6 350500 12 14 1216 820 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( A) ( L/ min) ( C) 1.2 3. 2 185 7 2 V 3. 2 180 7 3) TIG, (MIG ),,,,, 821 822 821 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) ( C) 3.2 I 0 1. 6 310 27 14 306

( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm ) ( ) ( A) ( V ) ( L/ min) 6.4 I 0 2. 4 460 26 14 100 6.4 V 3.2 0 3. 2 1. 6 400425 32 36 1416 200 260 12. 7 V 0 3. 2 0 3. 2 1. 6 425450 35 40 1416 425 480 12. 7 V 6.4 0 2. 4 600 27 14 200 ( C) 822 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( ) ( V ) ( L/ min) ( C) ( A ) 3. 2 12.7 V 0 1. 6 275 285 25 28 1213 3.2 I 0 1. 6 275 285 25 28 14 ( ) 9. 5 12.7 V 0 3. 2 1. 6 275 285 25 28 14 1. (1 ) ; +, TATB TC 823, 823 ( % ) Ti Al C r Mo Sn M n V F e Cu T A1 T A2 T A3 T A6 Ti - 5Al 4.0 5. 5 T A7 Ti - 5Al - 2.5Sn 4.0 6. 0 2. 03.0 TB2 Ti - 5Mo - 5V - 3Cr - 3Al 2.5 3. 57. 58.54.7 5. 7 4. 7 5. 7 TC1 Ti - 2Al - 1. 5Mn 1.0 2. 5 0.7 2. 0 TC2 Ti - 3Al - 1. 5Mn 3.5 5. 0 0.8 2. 0 TC3 Ti - 5Al - 4 V 4.5 6. 0 3. 5 4. 5 TC4 Ti - 6Al - 4 V 5.5 6. 8 3. 5 4. 5 Ti - 6 Al - 6V - 2Sn - TC10 0. 5Cu - 0.5 Fe 5.5 6. 5 1. 52.5 5. 5 6. 50. 35 1. 00. 351. 0 307

(2 ), 22, 47.9,,, ( ),, TiNb, TiNi, TiFe,,, 824 824 ( M Pa) ( % ) ( ) T A1 340490 30 130 T A2 440590 25 90 T A3 540690 20 80 T A6 Ti - 5Al 690 12 40 T A7 Ti - 5Al - 2.5Sn 740930 12 40 T i - 0. 2 Pd 420 27 TB2 Ti - 3Al - 5Mo - 5 V - 8Cr 980 20 1 320 8 TC1 Ti - 2Al - 1. 5Mn 590730 20 60 TC2 Ti - 3Al - 1. 5Mn 690 12 50 TC3 Ti - 5Al - 4 V 880 10 30 TC4 Ti - 6Al - 4 V 900 10 30 1 080 8 TC10 Ti - 6Al - 6V - 2Sn 1 060 8 25 2. (1 ),, 540 C, 300 C, 600 C, 700 C,,,,,,, (2 ),, 308

,,,, (3 ) ; 3. (1 ) 1),,, 2),,,,,,,,, 3),,, 2.515 mm,, (2 ) 99.99%,,, TC4 TC3,, (3 ) 1) 825, 825 ( mm ) ( mm ) 1.5 1. 62. 0 b = 0 30 % b = 0 0. 5 b = 0 30 % V 2. 03. 0 b = 0 0. 5 P = 0. 5 1. 0 b = 0 309

( mm ) ( mm ) < 1.2 a = ( 1.0 2. 5 ) R 2),,,,,, ( ), HF ( 5% ) + HNO3 ( 35% ), 2 h,, 120 h,,, (4 ), 400 C,, : 1) 1618 mm, 2) 0. 5 mm,,,,, 822 822 a) b ) 310

,, 3) 4),, 826 826 (5 ) 827 827 ( L/ min ) ( mm ) ( mm) ( mm ) ( A ) ( V) 0.4 0.5 0.6 1. 01.5 14 20 18 25 20 25 813 11 15 0.8 25 40 1.0 1. 5 35 45 46 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1. 5 50 80 60 90 90110 110 140 1015 10 15 (6 ), 540 C,,,, HF ( 3% ) + HNO3 ( 35% ),, 40 C 311

:,, ( ),, 1.,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( Schaeffler), 823 ( Cr ),, : 312 823 A F M w ( Cr ) = w ( Cr + Mo + 1.5Si + 0. 5Nb) %

( Ni),, : w ( Ni ) = w ( Ni + 30C + 0. 5Mn) %,,,,, 1Cr18Ni9 Q235, 1Cr18Ni9 Q235 8281Cr18Ni9 823 a, Q235 b,, f,, Q235,,, 828 1Cr18Ni9 Q235 ( ) ( % ) w (C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w ( Cr) w ( Ni) ( % ) ( % ) 1Cr18Ni9 0. 07 1. 36 0. 66 17. 8 8.65 18. 79 11. 42 a Q235 0. 18 0. 44 0. 35 0.53 5.62 b, E30816 ( A102, 188 ) E30915 ( A307, 2513 )E31015 (A407, 2520 ),, 829 823 829 ( ) ( % ) w ( C) w ( Mn ) w ( Si) w (Cr ) w ( Ni) ( % ) ( % ) E308 16 ( A102, 188 ) 0. 07 1. 22 0. 46 19.2 8. 50 19. 89 11.15 c E30915 ( A307, 2513 ) 0. 11 1. 32 0. 48 24.8 12. 80 25. 52 16.76 d E31015 ( A407, 2520 ) 0. 18 1. 40 0. 54 26.2 18. 80 27. 01 24.90 e (1 ) E30816 823 c, f,, f c, 40%, 20%, 823 g ; 30 %, h, 30 % 40%, + (2 ) E30915 (A307 ) 823 d, 40%, fd j, + 2% 313

(3 ) E31015 (A407 ) 823 e, 30% 40%, fe k l,, Q235,, 18 8 E30816 (A102 ),,,, 2520 E31015 (A407 ), 2513 E30915 (A307 ), 40%, + 2.,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 20.6 mm,,,,, 3. ( 350400),, ( ),,,,,,,, 10 % 20%, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) ( CrMoVTi ), (4 ) (5 ) 68 mm 4., 1.5, 1/ 2 314

,,,,,,,, 1.,,, 824 824,,, ( ),, 100%,,,,,,,,,, 824,,, 2.,,, (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ),, Cr15Ni70, (4 ) ( Cr/ Ni > 1 ),, 3% 7 %,, 188 Q235, 2513 E30915 315

( Cr/ Ni < 1), +,, E30916 E30915 E31016E31015,, E31016 E31015,,,, E30916 E30915, 40%, +, 3.,,, 830 830 ( mm ) 2. 5 3. 2 4 5 ( A) 60 75 105 150 4. (1 ) 1) (E30915),,,, 2), 2513,,, 825 825 (2 ), ( 1Cr18Ni9TiCr18Ni12Ti Cr17Ni13Mo2 Ti0Cr13 ) [ Q235Q345 ( 16Mn )12CrMo ] 1.53. 5 mm,, :,, 826,,,,,, 316

826 a) b) c) d ) e) : 45 1. (1 ) : 16Mn; : 12 mm300 mm125 mm; : V, 322 (2 ) ZX, (3 ) E5015, 3. 2 mm (4 ), (5 ) ( 831) 831 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( ) ( mm ) 3 4 11. 5 5 1 (6 ), 15 mm, 4 mm 2. (832 ) 832 ( mm ) ( A) ( mm ) 3. 2 110 120 33. 5 3. 2 110 120 33. 5 3. 2 110 120 33. 5 3. 2 100 110 33. 5 317

3. (1 ), 90100, 90, 827,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,, 1/ 3,,,,,, ( 1. 5 mm),,,, ;,,,,, 12,,, 15 mm,,,,,, (2 ),,, 828, 95105, 90 827 a) b) 828,,,,,,,,, 15 mm,,,,,,, 1 mm, 318

(3 ),,,,,, 1 mm,,, 1. (1 ) 1) 16Mn; 133 mm10 mm 2) E5015, 3.2 mm, 3) V, 322 ; 11. 5 mm 4) 20 mm, 5), 6),,, 34 mm, 3 (2 ) 833 833 ( mm ) ( A) ( mm ) ( ) 3. 2 110 130 33. 5 1 3. 2 110 130 33. 5 2 3. 2 110 130 33. 5 3. 2 100 120 33. 5 (3 ) 6 ( ), 3 ( ) 12 ( ) ; 6 ( ), 9 ( ) 12 ( ),,, 829 1) 829 ( 6 ),, ( 6 1015 mm), 319

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 3,,,, 510 mm,,,,, 12, 1015 mm,, 1015,, 1015 mm,,,,,, 8590,,,,, 510 mm,,, 2),, 6, 1015 mm,,,,,,,, 23,, 1015 mm,, 2/ 3,,,,,,, 1 mm, 3),,,, 0. 51 mm,,, 2.,, : 320

:, (1 ) 1) (300 mm8 mm ) : 12 mm : 322 15 mm 2) 1. 2 mm, 6 : 12 1. 5 mm, 6 2 mm 3),,, 4),, (2 ) ( 834) 834 ( mm ) ( A) ( cm/ min) E6010 3. 2 70100 10 30 E8010 4. 0 150170 20 30 E8010 E8018 4. 0 160180 20 30 E8010 E8018 4. 0 150170 20 30 :, E8010 (3 ) 1), 12 2,,, 12,,,,, 0. 51 mm, 830 2 4,,,, 830,,, 8095, 830 321

4 6,,,, 7590, 830 1520 mm,,,,,,, 6,,, 1020 mm,,,,,,, 2) 12 3,, 8090 3 4,, 7080 4 6,,,, 90100,, 3) 12 3,, 8090 3 5,, 7080,, 5 6, 90100,,,,,, 322

, 1 mm 4) 12 3,, 11. 5 mm,, 8090 3 5,,,,, 7080 5 6,, 6,,,,, 90100 6 6 6, 6,,, 1. (1 ) 100 mm100 mm12 mm; 60 mm5 mm60 mm (2 ) E5015, 2. 5 mm, (3 ), 50 mm 552, 1.52 mm (4 ) 15 mm, (5 ),,,, 1520 mm, 2. (835 ) 33.5 mm 835 ( A) ( mm ) 90 110 22.5 80 100 22.5 80 100 22.5 3. 323

, 831 A ; C - D - A ; A - B - C, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, C 831, 2530, 80, 23,,,, 10 mm,,,,,, A, 1 mm,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1 mm (3 ) 2 : ; ; ; 1), 3040, 80,,,,,,,,,,,, 3, 832 324

832,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2), 45 50, 2/ 3,,,, 2030,, 1/ 3,,,, 1. (1 ) 1) : 60 mm5 mm 2) E5015, 2.5 mm, 3) ZX, 4) 1520 mm, 5) : V 322 1.52 mm 2. 8 3. 2 mm, 833 6),, 1520 mm, 33.5 mm, (2 ) ( 836) 833 836 ( A) ( mm ) 90 110 2. 53. 5 80 100 2. 53. 5 (3 ) 325

, 834 A ; C C - D - A ; A - B - C, 1) 70 80, 1020, 835 834 835 C,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,,,,, 836, 836,,,,,,,,,, 1 mm, 23,, 510 mm,,,,,,, A, 90, 0,,, 35 mm,,,, 2),,,,, 7080, 10 15 2/ 3,,,, 0,, 1/ 3,,, 1015 mm, 2/ 3 326

,,,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ) 16MnR; 60 mm5 mm (2 ) E5015, 2. 5 mm, (3 ) ZX, (4 ) 20 mm, (5 ) : V, 322 ; 1.5 2 mm, 2. 83. 2 mm, 837 837 (6 ), 15 mm,, (7 ),, 30 mm, 12, 838 2. (837 ) 837 ( A) ( mm ) 85 105 33.5 75 100 2. 53. 5 3. 2 6 3 12, 6 9 12 (1 ), 839 838 839 327

6, 1015 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 3,,,,, 11.5 mm,,, 12 10 mm,,,,, 1 2,,,,,,,, (2 ) 1) 6, 1015 mm,,,,,,, 1 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2), 1015 mm,,,,,, 0. 51.0 mm,,,,, 3),, 10 mm, 2/ 3,,,, 12,,,,,, 12, 328

45 ( ) 1. (1 ) 16MnR; 60 mm5 mm (2 ) E5015, 2. 5 mm, (3 ) : ZX, (4 ) : 20 mm, (5 ) : V, 322 ; 12 mm, 2. 83.2 mm, 840 840 (6 ), 15 mm,, 2. (838 ) 838 ( A ) ( mm ) 85105 33.5 75100 3. 53. 5 3. 45,,,,, 6, 12 (1 ), 841 6, 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 329

,,,,, 2/ 3, 2/ 3, 23,, 10 mm ( ),,,,,,,, 12,,,,,, 10 mm,,,, (2 ),,, 842 841 842 1) 6, 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2/ 3,,,,, 12 mm,,, 2) 6,, 10 mm,,,,,,,, 12 mm, 330,

3),,, 23,,, 4),,,,,,, 12,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 1.,, (1 ) : ( CG1 30 ) ( CG2 150 ) (XG1 120 )( CG2 45A ) (2 ) : ( HGM4000 ) ( GD2000 ) (DMNIMAT ) (3 ) : ( YMW ) ( SBI FG4000 ) ( XG120 ) ( CG2 11 ), 2. (1 ) 1), 530 mm, 22 45 ;,, 30 120 mm;, 120 150 mm 2) 3150 mm, 45 3) 3150 mm 4) 3, IVY K 331

5) 530 mm, 40 200 mm,, 6) 550 mm, 150 1 000 mm 7) 530 mm, 2 000 mm 45 8) 5 50 mm 100 700 mm, 9) H 5 32 mm, 600 mm, 400 mm (2 ) 1) 843,,,, 2) ( ) ( ),,,, 844 843 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 844 1 2 3 4 5 (3 ) 332

1), 845 845 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 845,, 2),,,,,,,,, X Y, X Y,, (4 ), ( ),,,,,,, 1), 846,,,,,, 846 SKCG2500 1 2 3 4 5 2) 847,, 333

,,,, ( ), 847 1. CG130 (1 ) CG130 CG130 560 mm 2002 000 mm, 50750 mm/ min ( )CG1 30, 848 848 CG130 334

(2 ) 1) ( 220 V ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 839, 839 ( mm) ( M Pa) ( MPa) ( mm/ min ) 1 520 0. 25 0.020 500 600 2 2040 0. 25 0.025 400 500 3 4060 0. 30 0.040 300 400 2),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. KT530 KT530 849 : (1 ) 1) 2) 3), 4), 5) 335

849 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ( ) 10 ( ) 11 12 13 14 ( ) 15 ( ) 16 17 18 19 20 6) 840,, 7) 840 ( mm ) ( mm ) ( mm/ min ) ( MPa) ( MPa) ( M Pa) 05 0 0. 8 650 0.25 0. 1 0.05 5 15 1 1. 0 500 0.25 0. 1 0.05 1530 2 1. 3 400 0. 3 0. 1 0.05 3050 3 1. 6 300 0.35 0. 1 0.07 5080 4 1. 9 200 0.45 0.15 0.07 80 150 5 2. 3 100 0.55 0.15 0.07 150250 6 2. 7 80 0. 7 0. 2 0.08 336

8),, 9) 10 ) 11 ) 12 ) (2 ) 1) 2) (1/ 4 ),, 3), 4),, (3 ) 1),,,, 2) 3) 4) 5),,,,, 1. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),, ;, (5 ),, 2. 3. 10 m 4. 5., 6. 7.,, 8.,,,, 337

: 1.,, ( ),,, : (1 ) 1),, 2) 3) (2 ) : 1) 2) 3), 4),, ( ) (3 ),,,,,,, 338

,, 1982 ( ) 0. 1 MPa,, ( ) ( ) ( ) 1) : ( Pw ) 0.1 MPa (, ) ( ) 0.15 m, ( V ) 0. 025 m 3 2) ) : 3) ( 0. 1 MW 0. 1 MPa ( ), 2. (1 ),,, 1),,,, D, t/ h,,,,, MW 2),, MPa 3) (),,, ; 339

,, (2 ) 1) 2) 3) 4) ( > 100 t/ h ) ( 20100 t/ h)(< 20 t/ h) 5) : ( 2.45 MPa) ( 2. 944. 9 MPa)(7.8410. 8 MPa) 6) : 7) (),, 8), 9) 10 ) (3 ), (, ) 1) 2) 841 842 843 340

841 LS ( ) L H ( ) W N ( ) 842 DL ( ) SH ( ) DZ ( ) ZH ( ) DH ( ) QX ( ) SZ ( ) 843 G ( ) A ( ) H ( ) L ( ) W ( ) F ( ) P ( ) B ( ) D ( ) S ( ) Z ( ) X ( ) 3) : LHG15 : LHG, 0. 5 MPa,, SZS1013/ 250Y2 : 1 t/ h, SZS, 10 t/ h, 1. 3 MPa, 250,, (4 ) :,,,,,, 1),, 2), 3), 341

4), 3. (1 ),, 1) M Pa 2), 3), 4), () 5) 6) (2 ),,,, 1),,, 2),, ( ) 3) ( p ), : 0. 1 MPap < 1. 6 MPa 1. 6 MPap < 10 M Pa 10 M Pap < 100 M Pa p100 MPa 4), - 20-20,, - 20, 342

5) 6) (1999 ), : m 3 ), : a. b. ( ) c. (, p V 10 MPa d. (, pv 0. 5 MPam 3 ) ; m 3 ) e. (, p V 0.2 MPa f. g. h. ( 540 MPa) i., ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ] ( ) j. ( 50 m 3 ) k. ( 5 m 3 ), ( 1 ) : a. b. ( ) c. ( ) d. e. ( 1 2 ) (3 ) 850 ; 850 1) 343

,,,,,,,,,,,, 2),,, 3), 4),,,,, ( ), 5),, 6), 1.,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), 10, 20 (4 ),,,, 344

, 2. (1 ), 1),, 2), 3), (2 ), 851 A BCD 851 1) A,, 2) B A 3) C, 4) D,,,,,,, D 3. (1 ),, 0. 25 %, 0.25%, 0. 45 % 0. 030%, 0. 020% (2 ),, 345

, (3 ), T, T, ( JB4708),,,, (4 ) 1) 3, 100 mm 2),,,, 3) 4),, (5 ) 1) 2), 3) 4) 540 M Pa,, 1. 0, 0.5 mm, 100 mm, 10%,, (6 ) 1), 2), : ; ; ; ; ; 346

3) ( ) 2 2,, 4) ( ) 5),, 6), 7),, 1/ 2, 1. ;,, (1 ) 1), 852 852a,,,, 852bc 852b, ( 34 ), 852c, L4 ( 1-2 ) 852def,,, ( 852gh ij),, 852ij,, 852ij 20% 2), 853 853a,,, 853b 853c,, 853d, 347

, 853e, 853f,,,, 854 854abc,, 854de, 854f g,,, 854h, 854i,,, 853 852 a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h ) i) j) 854 a) b) c) d) e) f) g ) h ) i) 3),,,, 855, 856,,,, 23 348

855 856,,, 844 844 mm 6 7 8 19 30 31 50 50 100 K 3 4 6 8 10 (2 ) T, 1) 857,, 857a,, s 200 mm, 857b, 857c,,, 857def 2) T T 858 858ac 857,,, 349

, 858b, 858d 858e T, 858f, = 1015 mm 858 T (3 ) 1),,,,,,,, 859,,, 859,,,,,, 860 860 2),,, 861 3045,,, 350

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 862 861 862 a) b ) 1 2 3 4,, 863 863 1 2 3 351

, 8 64, T,,, ( ) 864, 2., (1 ) :, 865a 865 1 2 3 a) b) c) d) e) 1), (865bc) (865de),,,,,,,,,, 2),, ( 866a) (866b),, 3), ( 867 ) 352

(868 ),, 867c,,, 868ab,, 868cd 866 a) b) 867 868 a) b) c) d) (2 ) ( 8 69 ), 869a,, ( ),, ( 869b) 2 34,,,,, 90,, 869 a) b) 353

870, 123 45, 123 45,,,,, CO2, 871, 870 871 CO 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 354

: 1. (1 ) 1) ( ) 400,,,, : a.,,,,, 400,,, (2.3%, 1.26% ),,, b.,,,,, c.,,,,, : a.,,,,, b.,,,,, c. 2) 355

: a.,,, ; b.,, ; c.,,, ; d.,,, : a., (Z408 ),,, ( Z116Z117 ),, E5016E5015E4315, E4303 ; b.,, ( ), ; c., ; d., (2 ), CO 1) CO,, CO, CO,, 2) CO a.,,, ( CJ201 ),, b. ( Z 8 ),, ( ),, CO a.,,,, 400 b., 350450, 2 h150, 2 h c., 2. 356

(1 ), 1),, ;,,,,,, 2), HS311, 5% Si,,,,, Mg2 Si,,, HS331, Ti ; ; 10 mm,, 250;, (2 ) 200, 1),,,,,,, 2) (GB/ T48421995 ) : 99.99%,,, (3 ) 1), Al2 O3 2 050,,, 2),, 357

,, CJ401 3. (1 ) 1) 710, 15%, ;, 2),, 300600, ; CJ301,, (2 ) 1),,,, ( Cu2 O), CO CO2, 2) Cu2 O + 2H2Cu + H2 O Cu2 O + CO2Cu + CO2 CJ301,,, (3 ) 1) 711,,,,, 2),, 358

,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, ;,,,,,, : 1), ;, 2),,, 3),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, X,,,,,,,, X,, (3 ), : ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, X,, 359

,,,,,,, (4 ), (,,,,, ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,,, T,,, 91, 92,, 92a,,, ; 92b,, ; 92c 91 a) b ) 92 360

,, (2 ), 93,,, (3 ),,, 93, 91 93 94 91 32 1 a a, f 1 + f 2 + f 3 1 2 b b, 3, f 1 + f 2 - f 3 2, f 2 = 0, 3 cc, f 1 - f 3,,, (4 ),, 361

,,,,, 94,, 95,,,, 95, 1 2, 3456, 7 8, 12,, 30% 50%, 34 95b, 95c, 95 a) b ) c) (5 ),,,, 96a ; 96 a) b) c) 362

,, 96b, 96c T,,, 97b, T, 97c (6 ) 1) 92 2), 98a,,, 99a, 97 T a) T b ) c) 92,, ;,,,,,, 98b,,, 93 98 a) b) 363

93 L 1c ( m ) 10.5 13.5 16.5 19. 5 22. 5 25. 5 28. 5 31. 5 f ( mm ) 21 30 45 53 60 85 100 125 :,, 99bcd 99 a) b) c) d),, T 910,,, 910b, 910c,,,,, 9 10d, 910 T,, a) b) c) d ) ( ),,, 910e 364

:,, 1., 2.,, 16MnR 5, 15,,,,, 1. 251. 5,,,,, 530 min ( 10 min,,, 30 min ),,,, 3. (1 ) ;, (2 ),, (3 ),,, 1. 5 2, 1.5, 150 mm (4 ) 5 (5 ),,, (6 ),,, (7 ),, (8 ), 24 h, 48 h 365

(9 ), 4., ( ) 94 94 ( mm ) 200 400 500 600 800 900 1 000 1 200 1 400 ( L/ mink m) 0. 56 1.00 1. 10 1. 20 1. 35 1.45 1. 50 1. 65 1. 75 Q 94,, L/ minkm; D, mm Q = 0.05, : (1 ),, 0.1 M Pa T1,, (2 ), 0. 1 M Pa T2, T 2, W q (3 ) :, L/ minkm; q = D W ( T 1 - T 2 ) L T 1 0. 1 M Pa, min; T 2, 0. 1 M Pa, min; W T 2, L ; L, km,, 1. (1 ) (2 ),, 911, ( ),,, 366

,,,,, (3 ) : 1) 2) 50, 1020 min,,,, 3) 911 1 2 3 4 5 4) 510 min,, 5),, 5 10 min, ( ),, 6),,,,, 10 min (10 min )10 min,,,,, 2. (1 ), ( ),,, (2 ),, ( ),,,, (3 ) : 1),, 2),, 367