2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
2 1 s u O p e n L i n u x L i n u x s c h e d u l i n g L i n u x O p e n L i n u x O p e n L i n u x O p e n L i n u x 5 r m # rm -fr / * L i n u x r m Permission denied s u 21.1 su s u ( ) / b i n s u s u s u s # su - Password : su : incorrect password s u
21 329 - s u s h e l l s h e l l e x i t w h o a m i e x i t s u - s s h e l l s h e l l c h s h s h e l l p r i n t e n v f g r e p s h e l l b a s h s u p d k s h Korn shell s h e l l # su -s /bin/ksh yourusername s u - c ( ) # su -c " mount -t vfat /dev/hde1 /mnt/flash " Password : / d e v / h d e 1 ( S u n D i s k V FAT ) / m n t / f l a s h C D - R O M Z i p 22 X 11 L i n u x A l t + F1 s u 21.2 L i n u x ( / d e v / h d a 1 / d e v / s d b 1 )
330 L i n u x 21.2.1 df d f ( / b i n ) d f L i n u x / d e v / h d a 3 / / d e v / h d a 1 / m n t / d o s D O S / d e v / h d c 1 / m n t / f l a s h / d e v / h d b / m n t / c d r o m C D - R O M d f C D - R O M m o u n t m o u n t ( / ) L i n u x e x t 2 / m n t / d o s / m n t / f l a s h D O S / p r o c L i n u x m o u n t C D - R O M i s o 9660 m o u n t d f - t d f d f e x t 2 m o u n t
21 331 d f - t 22 m o u n t d f m o u n t 21.2.2 du d u / u s r / b i n d u 20 d u 27199 1 K d u - s u m m a r i z e - -kilobytes - k - b - -bytes # du -b --summarize 2 6 7 8 6 9 0 3 d u d u
332 d u s o r t d u s o r t 6 s h e l l / v a r / l o g / v a r / l i b r p m 22 r p m d u d f - t - x D O S Wi n d o w s d u d u Wi n d o w s Wi n d o w s Wi n d o w s 21.2.3 symlinks s y m l i n k s s y m l i n k - r - r
21 333 s y m l i n k s O p e n L i n u x s y m l i n k s s y m l i n k s L i n u x Wi n d o w s # symlinks -vr / fgrep dangling > symlinkstatusreport.txt s y m l i n k s O p e n L i n u x s y m l i n k s f g r e p 21.2.4 22 r p m L i n u x L i n u x ~ # find / -name ~* - xdev r m x a rg s f i n d - e x e c
334 # find / -name ~* -xdev xargs rm -f c o r e b a s h pdksh shell u l i m i t c o r e c o r u l i m i t - c # ulimit -c 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 bash shell u l i m i t O p e n L i n u x c o r e 0 L i n u x c o r e ( ) c o r e 1 M B 512! - c c o r e # ulimit -c 1000 c o r e 512, 000 csh shell # limit coredumpsize 1000 *. b a k *. B A K *. o # * *. 1 *. 2 *. 3 / v a r / l o g (. 1 ) ( / ) f i n d # find / \ ( -name core -o -name *.o\) -xdev > deletelist.txt 24 L i n u x
21 335 5 23 O p e n L i n u x 21.3 21.3.1 free f r e e / u s r / b i n 64 M B R A M 1 31 M B 3 M B f r e e 1024 - b - m - s f r e e. 01 X 11 f r e e X 11 free # /usr/bin/free -b -s1 21.3.2 vmstat v m s t a t / u s r / b i n
336 cpu v m s t a t v m s t a t p r o c s C P U v m s t a t 21.3.3 shell ulimit c o r e s h e l l b a s h p d k s h k s h s h e l l u l i m i t - a t c s h c s h s h e l l l i m i t ( ) s h e l l ( ) - a ( b a s h k s h u l i m i t - H a )
21 337 t c s h s h e l l L i n u x 21.3.4 kill k i l l k i l l p s k i l l p s k i l l p s P I D k i l l - 9 S I G K I L L # kill -9 809 p s - m
338 9 M B k i l l k i l l k i l l L i n u x P I D P I D - 9 S I G K I L L k i l l - l k i l l p s p s t o p 21.4 top xload / u s r / b i n t o p L i n u x t o p C P U t o p X 11 21-1 21-1 t o p t o p? H
21 339 t o p K R C P U t o p 19 21-1 21-1 top c Ctrl + L f H h? i k l m n x P q r S s t W P I D ( n ) C P U C P U C P U $ H O M E /. t o p r c X 11 x l o a d t o p x l o a d 8 M B 16 M B L i n u x X 11 x l o a d 8 O p e n L i n u x t l o a d X 11 x o s v i e w 21.4.1 uptime w Linux / u s r / b i n u p t i m e L i n u x # uptime
340 12 : 44am up 8 : 16, 3 users, load averge : 0.11, 0.10, 0.04 w u p t i m e w 21.4.2 pppstats mailstats / u s r / s b i n p p p s t a t s P P P P P P i f c o n f i g 10 p p p s t a t s I S P P P P 0 p p p s t a t s 5 m a i l s t a t s s e n d m a i l / u s r / b i n / v a r / l o g s e n d m a i l. s t s e n d m a i l -O StatusFile = /var/log/sendmail.st / e t c / s e n d m a i l. c f / v a r / s t a t e s e n d m a i l # mailstats -f /var/state/sendmail.st Statistics from Wed Dec 23 20 : 48 : 29 1998 M msgsfr bytes_from msgsto bytes_to Mailer = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = T 0 0 K 0 0 K 21.4.3 statserial J e ff Tr a n t e r s t a t s e r i a l s t a t s e r i a l u s r / b i n
21 341 s t a t s e r i a l s t a t s e r i a l s t a t s e r i a l su -c " statserial /dev/modem " 21.5 s h e l l l i s a X 21.5.1 adduser O p e n L i n u x O p e n L i n u x O p e n L i n u x s u L i n u x a d d u s e r p a s s w d c h f n / u s r / s b i n a d d u s e r a d d u s e r # adduser Only root may add users to the system. a d d u s e r
342 U I D G I / h o m e c l o o b i e a d d u s e r 21.5.2 lisa l i s a O p e n L i n u x l i s a - u s e r a d m l i s a # lisa - - useradm l i s a 21-2 21-2 l i s a O p e n L i n u x l i s a 21.5.3 passwd passwd / e t c p a s s w d x / e t c / s h a d o w / e t c / s h a d o w / e t c / p a s s w d ( / e t c / p a s s w d / e t c / s h a d o w ) c l o o b i e p a s s w d s h a d o w s h a d o w # fgrep cloobie /etc/passwd cloobie : x : 503 : 504 : Caldera OpenLinux User : /home/cloobie : /bin/bash
21 343 U I D P I D s h e l l x s h a d o w # fgrep cloobie /etc/shadow cloobie : *notset* : 9000 : 0 : 10000 : : : : p a s s w d # passwd cloobie New UNIX password : Retype new UNIX password : passwd : all authentication tokens updated successfully / e t c / s h a d o w # fgrep cloobie /etc/shadow cloobie : hqsxtwq7cvj3. : 10584 : 0 : 10000 : -1 : -1 : -1 : 1073917872 / e t c / s h a d o w p a s s w d L i n u x s h a d o w c h f n / u s r / b i n c h f n # chfn cloobie Changing finger information for cloobie. Name [ Caldera OpenLinux User ] : Heronimous J. Cloobie O ffice [ ] : Maritime Science Historian O ffice Phone [ ] : 703 555-1234 Home Phone [ ] : 703 555-1235 Finger information changed. / e t c / p a s s w d # fgrep cloobie /etc/passwd cloobie : x : 503 : 504 : Heronimous J. Cloobie, Maritime Science Historian, 703 555-1234, 703 555-1235 : /home/cloobie : /bin/bash f i n g e r
344 f i n g e r / e t c / p a s s w d / e t c / p a s s w d s h e l l s h e l L i n u x b a s h s h e l l 21.5.4 e t c c h s h s h e l l c h s h - l s h e l c h s h / e t c s h e l l s s h e l l s h e l l s h e l l s h e l # chsh -s /bin/ksh Changing shell for root. Shell changed. c h s h s h e l l # chsh -s /usr/bin/pico cloobie Changing shell for cloobie. Warning : /usr/bin/pico is not listed as a valid shell. Shell changed. / e t c / s h e l l s s h e l l c h s h # fgrep cloobie /etc/passwd cloobie : x : 503 : 504 : Heronimous J. Cloobie, Maritime Science Historian, 703 555-1234, 703 555-1235 : /home/cloobie : /bin/bin/pico p i c o L i n u x
21 345 O p e n L i n u x s h e l l l i s a # lisa - - useradm 21-2 Set default 21-3 l i s a 21-3 l i s a O p e n L i n u x s h e l l 21. 5. 5 21.5.5 ( ) L i n u x ( ) q u o t a q u o t a o n q u o t a o ff G I D O p e n L i n u x L i n u x L i n u x O p e n L i n u x h t t p // www.calderasystems.com/ support/ techguide/ COL12-Kernel-Rebuide- 1. h t m l
346 quota quotaon quotaoff repquota edquota quotacheck L i n u x / e t c f s t a b / e t c f s t a b f s t a b L i n u x # < device > < mountpoint > < filesystemtype > < options > < dump > < fsckorder > /dev/hda3 / ext2 defaults 1 1 d e f a u l t u s r q u o t a /dev/hda3 / ext2 default, u s r q u o t a 1 1 / e t c / f s t a b t o u c h q u o t a. u s e r # touch /quota.user # chmod 600 /quato.user s h u t d o w n - r / u s r / s b i n e d q u o t a - u # edquota -u cloobie e d q u o t a / u s r. q u o t a. e d q u o t a E D I TO R # EDITOR = /usr/bin/pico ; export EDITO R e d q u o t a p i c o e d q u o t a Quotas for user cloobie : /dev/hda3 : blocks in use : 58, limits ( soft = 0, hard = 0 ) inodes in use : 41, limits ( soft = 0, hard = 0 ) / u s r / d o c / H O W TO / m i n i Alber M.C. To m m i n i - H O W TO Q u o t a b l o c k s 3-5MB i n o d e s 500 1000 b l o c k s i n o d e s s o f t h a r d
21 347 Quotas for user cloobie : /dev/hda3 : blocks in use : 58, limits ( soft = 3000, hard = 5000 ) inodes in use : 41, limits ( soft = 5 0 0, hard = 1000 ) e d q u o t a - t s o f # edquota -t cloobie Time units may be : days, hours, minutes, or seconds Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users : /dev/hda3 : block grace period : 1 days, file grace period : 1 days 1 q u o t a # quota cloobie Disk quotas for user cloobie ( uid 502 ) grace Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit /dev/hda3 58 3000 5000 41 500 1000 21.6 O p e n L i n u x L i n u 21.7 p i c o v i O p e n L i n u x C D - R O M p i n e l i s a r p m g l i n t p i c o p i n e l i s a / h o m e l i s a X 11 Red Hat u s e r c f g u s e r c f R e m o v e r m / v a r / s p o o l / m a i l O p e n L i n u x
348 n e w u s e r s u s e r m o d u s e r d e l 21.8 1. X 11 x o s v i e w x l o a d p e r f 2. / h o m e / v a r / s p o o l O p e n L i n u x