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,,,,,,, (CIP). /. :,2006.5. ISBN7 5640 0661 7 Ⅰ. Ⅱ. Ⅲ. Ⅳ.E923.1 CIP (2006) 018485 ( ) 5 (100081) :010-68914775( ) 68944990( ) 68911084( ) htp://www.bitpress.com.cn E-mail:chiefeditor@bitpress.com.cn :787 960 1/16 :17.5 :356 2006 5 1 2006 5 1 :2500. ISBN7 5640 0661 7 :35.00
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(1 )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (2 )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (8 )!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (13)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (13)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (28)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (62)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (72)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (72)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (91)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (176)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (201)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (201)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (215)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (242)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (242)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (255)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (268)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1
,,, ;,,,, :,, 21, :,, :,,, ;, 50t,, :,, :,,,,, 1
19, 1914 8 2,,,,, 1915 : 1915 8 1916 1916 9 15,, Ⅰ 1 1,, ; 28t, 37km, 8 05 m, 4 2 m, 2 45 m, 77 2kW, 57 mm 4, 1.5~ 3km/h, 6km/h, 1 1 6~12 mm, 8 Ⅰ, ( ) 1 1945 1960 ; 1961 1975 ;1976,, 2
(1) FT-17, : 7~28t, 6~13km/h, 2 6~4 8kW/t, 37~75 mm, 5~30 mm, 35~64km, 80km,, ;,, ; (2), : S-35 PzKpfw T-28 : 9~28t, 5 1~13 2kW/t, 20~48km/h, 37~76 mm, 100~350km :,,, (3) 30, 1 2, T-34, T-V( ) M4A3 NC-2 : 27~55t, 6 4~15kW/t, 25~64km/h, 57~85mm 88~122mm, 100~ 300km, 257~515kW :, 45~152 mm,, 185 mm,,, (4) 20 50 : T-54 M48 AMX-13 T-10 : 36~65t, 9~13kW/t, 34~50km/h, 90~105 mm, 120~122 mm, 100~ 500km, 382~596kW 3
1 2 T-34 : 76~127 mm, 200 mm,,, AMX-13, ПΤ-76, 10 2km/h (5)20 60, : T-62( 1 3) M60A1( 1 4) AMX-30 Ⅰ ( 1 5) S ( 1 6) : 36~54t, 9~ 15 4kW/t, 48~65km/h, 105~120 mm, 300~600km, 427~610kW :,, T-62 S :,, (6)20 70 4
1 3 T-62 1 4 M60A1 1 5 Ⅰ 1 6 S, : ⅡA6( 1 7) M1A2( 1 8) 90 ( 1 9) ( 1 10) 2( 1 11) MK4( 1 12) T-90( 1 13) : 43~62t, 14 2~20 8kW/t, 46~75km/h, 48 3~55km/h, 120~125 mm, 300~550km, 662~1103kW 1 7 ⅡA6 1 8 M1A2 5
1 9 90 1 10 1 11 2 1 12 MK4 :,,,,, 6~12s, 65% ~90% 1 13 T-90,, 25~35km 6 2
1958,, 32 59, 100 mm, 14800 m 59-Ⅰ 59-Ⅱ( 1 14) 59-ⅡA 1965,, 1974 69 69- Ⅱ 69- ⅡB 69- ⅡC 69- ⅡC1 69- Ⅲ 69-Ⅲ 79 ( 1 15) 105 mm 80 80- Ⅰ 80- Ⅱ 85- Ⅱ 88B 88C( 96, 1 16), ( 1 17) 1 14 59-Ⅱ 1 15 79 ( ), ( ),, :,,, :,,, : 47t БМПТ, 44t ;, 46 9t, 7
1 16 96 1 17 1500 mm 1000 mm, BMT-72, 50t,, AAAV,, 27 7t, 1984 5kW, 37~46 61km/h, 624 75kW 72km/h, 3+18 300 m 14 5 mm, 100 m 30 mm,,,,,,,, 8, 20 60,
10~20t, 85 mm; 20~ 40t, 105 mm; 40~60t, 122 mm 20 60,,, :,, ;, :,,,,, ;,, 6~9 m,, 6 6 8 8 10 10,,, 1 18~ 1 23 1 18 122mm 1 19 БМП 3 9
1 20 1 21 M113A3 1 22 1 23,,,, S S,,, 1 24 1, : 10
1 24 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 10 ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14 ;15 ;16 : 96 90 T-62 : Ⅱ C1 EE-T1 : M1 T-95, : 11
,, 2, 2~3 2, 3, : ; ( ) ; ( ) 3 :,,,,,,,,,, 12
:,,,,, M60A2 152mm, MK4 120mm, T 90 125mm, 120~125mm, 2~3km, 4km, ( ), 1 1 2, 3,, 4, 2,, ;,,, (1) ( 0 9~1 8mm) 2 7~3 9,, 30%,, 13
, (2), (3) 6 1, 20 1,, 1 5% (4), ( ) 2 1, 2 1 1 (1), (2) 2 2, : 500, ( ),,, 14 :,
,, ;, 2 2 2 3,, ;,, 2 3 : 15
,, :, 2 20 60, 39% (1),,, (2) 2 4 60% T-95 2 4 16
3 (1) (2) : : :, : :, :, :, : 4 (1),, (2), 2 5,,,, ;,, 5 (1), (2), 17
2 5 a : 2 6,,, 7 7L,,,,,, 2 6 18
:,,,,,, b : 2 7,, 6 28MPa 5~5 25L,,, 2 7 :,,,,,, 6 (1) -4 ~+13 (2) 2 8 : 19
2 8 20
:,,, :,,,, ;, 7 (1) (2), 2 9 2 9 : 27~38 12, 100 (1 = 360 6000 = 0.06 ) : : 100, 21
: 2mm,,,,,, :,,,,, 5, 4400m 150m ( ) 1 19 60,, (1) 2 10, (a) (b) (c) 22 2 10 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7
1 5~2, 7 86g/cm 3, ;, ;,,,, 820~950m/s, (2) 2 11, 1/3~1/2,, 1200m/s,,, 2 11 (3) 20 50 2 12,,, 14~16g/cm 3, 1400~1500m/s, 2 5~3,,, 2 12 2 (1) 20 60, 4~6 23
, :,,, 20~30 1, 1800 m/s, 90% 7% 3%, 17 6g/cm 3, 105mm, 1000m 473mm 2 13, 24 1, 25 1mm 3 2kg 2 13 : 2 14, 6 1,,,, 50%, 5%~15%, 30% (2) 20 60,1988, 0 75% U235, 18 6g/cm 3,, 10%~20%;, 4~4 5, 2000m 700~800 mm M1A1, T-72, 24
880~900mm 2 14 ( ) 20 60, 1 5~8, ;, 2,,,,, 25
,, 1000, 6~ 8km/s, 30%~40% :,,,, 30 100 300r/min, 100% 50% 30% 3 2 15 2 15,, 2 16, ( ),,, 2 16, 26
T-90 3BK37, ( ) 20 60, :, 1 5~3, 1500~2000m/s,,, ;, 2 17 2 17,,,,,,, 1000m ( 2 18), 1600m ( 2 19), 2 18 7 62mm 2 19 12 7mm 27
,,,, 30% ~50%, ( ) 1 :,, :, 2, : (1),,, 900m,, 50% 900m, (2) 20 50,, 50% 1300m (3) 60,,,, 50% 2500m (4) 70, 28
,,, 65%~85%,, 3,,, 4,, : (1),, (2),, (3), ( ),,,,, 2 20 :,, 3~4s, 2 20 (a) (b),,, 1~3s, 2 20(c), 1~3s, 2 20 (d) 29
2 20 (a), ;(b), ; (c), ;(d),,,,,,, ;,,,,, SFCS 600 37A, 50% 2500m, 5~10s, 960h M60A1 T-64 Ⅰ ( ),,,,,,,,, ;, 1973 30
( ), :,, 80 1,,,,,, 2, ( ), ( ),, ( ),, 2 21 3, : (1), M1 Ⅱ T-72 (2) -, 6~8s M1A1 ⅡA6 (3) -,, 90 MK4-4 : 31
(1) 0 2 (2),, (3), : 2 21 1 :,,,, 2, ( ) : 32
:, : ; : ( ) ;, :, 80%; : : 4h : 5s, 7s, 10s; : 0 8, 1 5 ( ); : 5~7( )/s, 30( )/s; : 0 035( )/s; :4 /s; :200~5000m; :±20m/s 1m/s; :0~±250 ; :200~3990m, 10m; :, 50% 2000m, 1000m :, 50% 2500m, 1000m 90%,,, 1. ;, 33
(1) 2 22,, 2 22 (2) 2 23 1 : 1, ; 2, 2 : 2 23, 1 :,, 34 2 :, ( ), ;,,
3 :, 2 (1),, 20 50, ;1952 M47,, 1 5~2m,, 20 60, ( 10 5 ), (2) 1 :, : :,, 1~2cm, 50~60km :,,, 2 :, : :, (3) 1 : 1960 6, 35
:, M60A2,, :,,,, 1974,, M1A2 :,, ( : 1 ; : 5 ) 2 :, : a :, ±10~±5m; b : 1~2s ; c, ; d, ; e,, ; f 3 :, 18mJ 1 06μm 3, 1918 6 22,,,,20 20, 1991,, 2 1 36
2 1 /m T-72 800 300 M1A1 2000 900 20 50, (1) 1 : 烄 { { 烅 烆 {,,, 2 :,, : (2) 20 30 1944 0 76~1 2μm, 800~1000m 1 : 2 24, ( ) 1000W, 2000m 1000m 2 :,,, 3 :,,, 37
2 24 (3) 1 :20 60,,, 10-1 lx a ;, ;, ;, b, 2 :, a 1962 ( ), 1965, ( ) 3~5, 1970,, 38
1979 GaAs,, 400m, 1000~1500m b 2 25, 2 25 :,, :, 1500h :, 2 26 39
c 2 26,,,,,, d, :,, M60A1E2, (4),, 20 70 (-273 ),, 2~3, (6~7h), 1 :, 20 60,, :, ;, :,,,, ( ),, 0 2 2 :20 80, M60A3 ( ) 4~5km, 2~2 5km, 3500m a, 40,
,,, b 2 27 2 27 c,,,,,,, 3~5μm 8~14μm,, 8~14μm,, 41
:, (1), :,,, (2), : : 0 205s; 0 155s; 0 065s,,, ( ) 1,, 2 20 40,, (1), 2 :,,,, 42 4 :
, 2,4, ( 1 ), (2),, ;, 0 5 :, (3),,, 0 1,,, 0 2 2 28 2 3 2 3m, (P H ), δ=0, : - ; : - -,,,,, 90, 2 28, ( ) 1, 43
:, ;, ;, 2 (1) 1 :, 2 : 2 29, 3 : ±30, ±30,,, (2) 1 : 2 29 :,, 1 ;2 ;3,, ;4 ;5 ( ), ;6 ;7 ( ),, :, ;, SA3 ( ), SA4( ), ;,, 44
2 : 2 30, (3),,,, 1 :,, 2 31 2 30 2 31 2 :, (4) 2 32, 1 :, 2 : 2 33,, 2 32 45
3 :, 2 33 :,, ;, ;,,,,, ( ) (5) 1 :,, 46
2 : 2 34, ( ) 3 :, 2 35 2 34 2 35, M L K,, X, X a, Φ, (6) 1 :,, 2 : 2 36, 0 05( )/s, 0 05~60( )/s (7) 1 :,, 2 : 2 37, 47
,, 2 36 2 37 3 :,,,,,,, (8), S,,, T-80 90 96 ;, M1 Ⅱ MK1 1 :,, 2 : 2 38, : :,, 48
49
,, 19N m,,,,, :,, :, 18 17, ( :, ),, 16~21N m, ;, :, ;,, :,,, ;,,,, :,,,, 8 5,, :, 50
1~60, 1~100, 60, 30, 0, :, 6 3 : :,,,, ;,,, :,,, (9) 1 :, 2 : 2 39, :,, 2 40 4 5kg,,,,,,,, :,,, 2 41, 51
2 39, 52 2 40 2 41
:, (10) 1 :,,,,, 26V 2 : 2 42, 200A (11) 1 :,,,,,, 2 : 2 43, 2 42 2 43 ( ) 1,,,, (1),,, 53
,,,,, (2),,,,,,,, 2,, (1),,,,,,,, (2),,,,,,,,, (3),,,,,, 3 (1), ( ), 54
,, (2),,,,,, ( ),,, 1 : (1) 20 50,, M48A2, (2) 20 60 M60A1-20 70 M60A2, : (3) - 20 70, Ⅱ (4) 20 70,, 4km, 0 1 80,, 55
2 (1) CPU I/O,, 2 44, : 2 44 (a) ;(b) 1 :, : : (m) :0 0 1 250 2 500 3 750 4 1000 5 1500 6 2000 7 2500 8 3000 9 3500 10 4000 11 4500 : ±20m/s, 1m/s; A, ( ) : 0~9 0~ -4 5%, -0 5% :,, ;, ;, ;, 56
2 :,, :,,,,, ;, 0 1, -3 1~+3 1 (2) :,, :,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1 :, ;, (1) : 2 45,,, :,, 0 2 57
2 45, 90, :,,, 2 46,, 90 2 46 (a) ;(b) (2),, ( ), 2,, 2 2 :100mm, 58
2 2 ( / m /m ) /( ) /m 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3 0.7 0.1 1.3 0.4 1.9 0.8 2.4 1.5 2.9 2.5 3.3 3.7 9 6.0 0.3 11.5 1.0 16.6 2.4 21.4 4.5 25.7 7.3 29.7 11.0 15 16.5 0.4 31.8 1.7 46.1 4.0 59.3 7.5 71.4 12.1 82.5 18.2 (1) 1 :, 0; ±14 5, ±5V, 2 2 47:, θ,,,,,,,,, 2 : 2 47 2 48,,, 59
,,,,, 10s 2s, (2) :, 2 48, 100g 2 49, X, X ( ), M X, A C, M RL ±15 2 49 3,, 60
(1) 2 50,, 2 50, (2), :,,,, 2 51,, -20~ +20m/s, ±1 0m/s,,, 2 51 :,, ( ) 61
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1957 S 60, T-64, :, 0 9m 3 4t,,,, : ; 20, 2 3 ( ) Ⅱ M1 1 MK3 90 T 80 S /m 2 48 2 438 2 50 2 65 2 46 2 3 2 2 2 14( ) 62
:, ( 8 /min) T 64 T 72 T 80 : 15 /min 90 S 1 1 : 4 5 2 : 3 : 15 15~25km/h 4 :, 22, 5~6min 5 :6~8 /min 6 :1000 2 2 52 2 52 63
3 (1) 22, 2 53,,, ;, 2 53 : 22,, : 45 22, :, 22 22, ;, 8,, 5 64 :,
: 2 54, 2 54 :,,,,, : 100 5, (2),, 2 55,,,,,, (3), 65
2 55 2 56,,, 33 : 7, 6 45mm,, 50mm 26 50mm, 66
38mm, 2 56 (4), 4 5 2 57, :, ;, :, 6 4, :, :, (5), 67
2 57 2 58, 2 58 68
:, :,,,, : 86 6,,, :, (6), 2 59,, 2 59 (7) (8), 22 22 : 22 : :, 69
:, ;,, : (9) 2 60, :, ( ) 11,, 2 60 (10) 2 61 2 61 70 (11) 1 :,
SA4 / : :SA4 : : 2 :, (12) :, :, (13) :, :, :, 4 5, 4 5 71
( ) 1916, : ; : 1897 1935, 20 50, 80 M1,, : 1 2 46%, 30%, 30%~40% 3, 30%~70% 4 5,, 1 25~1 45 1 7~2 5, 1 05~1 25 1 43~2 6,, 90, ;, M60 74, 3 1 72
3 1 LV100 XAV 28 MT883Ka 500 UDV8X1500 12V60 12V90 8V90 ( )/mm 150(130) 144(140) 142(130) /kw 1103 1103 1103 1103 /(r min -1 ) 3000 2600 3000 2500 / (m s -1 ) 11 27 14 10 8 /MPa 1 79 1 61 3 21 / 210 195 220 231 [g (kw h) -1 ] /L 27 57 27 36 16 47 /(kw L -1 ) 38 67 40 31 66 97 /(MJ h -1 ) 1884 2512 2721 2000 2000 2000 1992 ( ) 3 1 V 12 537kW 2000r/min 3090N m 1400r/min, 1 (1),, (2) 73
74
a,, 3 2 3 2 : M124, ω, :,,, AT 1, :,, b ( ),,,, c, 3 3 75
3 3 : 120 6 12 7 7 0 1~0 4 mm,,, ;, 12,, d, 3 4, : 6, 7 :, 6,, 24 76
3 4 : 42MnCr52,,, : 3 mm : e 3 5 :, 10,, 77
3 5, :, 2 (1), (2) ( 3 6) : 78
3 6 :,,, :, 79
,, :,, :, :,,,,,,, : :, : :, :, : 3 (1),, (2) 3 7, :,,,,, 80
:, 60,,,,,,, 3 7 4 (1),, 81
(2) 3 8,, 3 8 (3),,,,,, 82
5 (1), (2) (3) : :, ;, 6 (1),,, (2) a ( ) 3 9,,,, 3 9 83
, b,, 3 10, :,, ;, 3 10 :, :,, :,,, : :, :,, 84
,95%~99%,, (3) a, b,, 7 (1) (2) 3 11 3 11 :,, 190 3 12, :, 85
24, 20, : (3),, 3 12,,,,,, 8 (1) : ; ;, (2) (3) :,, :, 9 (1) 5, (2) 3 13 12,,, 86
3 13 3 14, 3 mm, 24 0 4 mm, 0 55 mm, 0 55 mm, (3),,,,, 10 (1) ; (2) 87
3 14 (3),,, 11 (1) (2) 3 15 QYJ 150 : :,,, :,,,, :, ;, 88
3 15 : :, :, ;,, :, :,, ;,, :,,,,,, 0 2~0 54 MPa, (3),, 89
,, 20 80, M1 T 80 3 16, M1 AGT 1500 :,,,,, 3 16 : 1 : -35 ~+51, 54 ; -16, 2 : 2 5s, Ⅱ 1 32km/h 6 1s 3 :,, 4 : 4%, 2%, 2 4, 1 31 5 : 30%, 20%, 30%, 50%,,,, 10%, 3%, 11%, 1 5t 6 : 1/4~1/2 2/3 1800h 90
7 :, (, 20%, 55%),,, 8 9 : 2 ; 273g/ (kw h) ( AGT 1500), 245g/(kW h)( Ⅱ) 2 (1987 31 ) 10 5%~10%, :, 2 m, 5 m, M1 6 06 m 3, Ⅱ 7 06 m 3 1 05~1 25, 3~5,,,,,,,, 15%~20%,, 1 03 m 1 562 m 0 67 m, 1850kg 388~815kW/m 3 ( ) ;, 91
( ),, 1 (1) 0 85~0 95,, T 80 80 (2), ; 0 85,, M5A1 M26 (3),,, M48 (4),, M2 M3 (5), 1943 2 (1) (2), : ( ), : 92 1 :,
2 3 4 :, 5 : 6 ;,, ( ),,,, 3 17 :,, 3 18 : 50%, 5%~10% :, ;,,, 93
3 17 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 3 18 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ( ) ( ),,, 1930 1940, 94
3 19 : 1,, ( ) 2, 3 19 3, 1 ;2 ;3 ( ) ;4 ;5 ; 4 6,,, : 1,, : (1) AT д (2) T V( ) 2,, : (1) CD 850 ( M48 M60 ) (2) TN 12 (3) CD 500, :,, 95
,, ( ) 1 2,, ; ( ) 14 3 20, 3 20 96
1 12 46kg m, ( ) 10, 30, 2 (1) U O : O : 12,,, : 12, 12 : O, (2) :,, O : : 3, ( ),, :,,,,, 97
3 21, ( ) 1, ( i=0 7) 3 21 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ;10 O 2 A B,, ( ) 3 22 9~10L, 145 mm±2 mm 30 18 3 22 1 ;2 ;3 34 ;4 ;5 29 O ;6 ;7 ;8 ; 9 24 31 ;10 11 17 ;12 19 36 ;13 ;14 F2218 ;15 39 ;16 35 ;18 F315U ;20 ;21 ;22 ;23 ;25 E42221T ;26 ;27 ;28 ;30 ;32 ;33 ;35 ;37 ;38 98
, 30 80W/90 1,,,, 2 (Z=30),, 24,,, 3, (Z=38),,, O 4 (Z=21) ( ), i=0 7,, i=1 429, 99
( ), :, 1 :,, 2, : 1 : 2 : ( ) ( ) 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 3, : (1), ;, ( ),, (2), (3) ( : ), ( : ) 100
4,,, 5 1 :,, 1 3~1 6 mm 17~22 mm 3 23 27 :, 0 8~1 mm, 10 5~14 mm :,, 2 : 3 :,, :,, ;,, ( ),, 1 (1),, (2),,,, 101
(3),, (4),,,, 2 3 23 (1) 3 23 1 ;2 28 30 39 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 F314U ;7 12 37 ;8 ;9 ;10 ;11 ;13 ;14 ;15 32 ;16 17 ;18 ;19 ;20 38 ;21 ;22 ;23 ;24 ;25 ;26 ;27 ;29 ;31 ;33 ;34 ;35 ;36 ;40 ;41 102
3 35:, 6 4 1 12 11,,,, 11: 13,, 10 5 mm±0 3 mm 9 6: 14, 40 41 35 36, 39 14,, O (2) 14: 9 5 mm±0 3 mm, 10 : 8 18 16, 29 27 (3) 8: 7 16 36 18 21 5 mm 1 5 mm, 6 5mm, 17:, 15 16: 18,, (4) : 25, 30, 29 103
21:,, 24 33 22:, 19 O, 24:, : 31 32,,, 3 (1), 3 24 3 24 104
(2), 3 25 (a),, 3 25(b),, 21, 3 23, 22 17 16 15, 8,, 3 25(c) 3 24 (3) ( 3 23 ), 15 17 22, 21,, 16 8,,, 3 25 (4) ( ),,, 4 (1), 75~100g 21 22 (2) 1 : 19,, ;,, 105
19 94 7~95 5 mm 0 3 mm, 2 0 05 mm 3 :,,, 3 5 mm 13 5 mm, : a :, b :, c :,,,, 10, 18 1 5 mm,, d. : 1 :,, 4 :,,, ;, ( ) ( 461N), 1 2 3 26 (1), ( ) :, 106
3 26 : :, : :,, (2),, (3), (4), (5) 107
, :, :, (6), (7),, 3 (1), (2),,, 1 : 3 27,, P 1, P 2, A,, 3 27 108
,, 2 :, 3 28 (a),,, ( ) ( ),, 3 28(b),,, 3 28(c) 3 28 (3),,,,,,, ( ), 20 30, 800kW, 1000kW 109
1 : (1) 1 :,, 2 : 3 :, T (2) 1 : 5~8 ( ) 2 : 3 : (3) 1 : 2 :, 3 : 1940,,,,, ;,, 2 : 1,, 2, 3 :, ;, 4, 5,, 110 6, 3
1 :,,, 2 :,, 3 :,,, 4 :, ( ), ( ),, ;, ; 1 3 29, 3 29 111
(1) 3 30,, 3 30 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 16 ;10 ;11 E176218QU ;12 6E92218KT ;13 ;14 ;15 E212U ;17 ;18 ;19 ;20 ;21 ;22 ;23 3: 12, 11 10 15 14, 1, 19 20, 2 19 17 14 10: 8, 6 11: 8,,, 4: 3 11, (2) 3 31, 4( ) 8( ) 9( ) 15( ) 17( ), 11, 13, 5 7 16, 112
10 2 3 31 1 ;2 ;3 E92412ELT ;4 ;5 7 16 ;6 ;8 ;9 ;10 ;11 ;12 ;13 E7216K ;14 ;15 ;17 10: 3, 13 11 11, 12 14, 9 :, 6: 3:, (3) 3 32, 22( ) 20( ) 19( ) 16 ( ) 13( ) 8( ), 15 14, 6 3 23, 2 24,, 7 26 29 30 33 36, 4, 5, 1 25,, : 6 23 3, 15 14,, : 19 16 20 22 8 13 113
3 32 1 25 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 E2218 ;7 26 29 30 33 36 ;8 ;9 ;10 ;11 21 ;12 ;13 ;14 ;15 E7216K ;16 ;17 ;18 ;19 ( ) ;20 ;22 ;23 ;24 ;27 28 31 34 35 ;32 ;37 ;38 ;39 ;40,, 2 24:, 1 25 24, 2, 4 5 23 3:,, 3 33,, 4 3 33 1 ;2 ;3 ;, 4 ;5 ;6 ; 7 114
(4) 3 34, 6: 2 1, 4: 7:, 3 34 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 (5) ;5 ;6 ;7,, 1 a,, b 3 35, :,,,, ( ), 3 35 115
:, : ( ), ( ), :,,,, 2 : 1928 a,, ;,,,, :, b ( ), c 3 36 1 4 6 7 2 3 5 3 36 :, 116
: 12 : 6, 4,, :,, :,, 4, ( );,, ( ) : :,, (6),, 20 3 :, 15~16L :, (7) :, : 3 37,, 2 mm, : 117
1 5 mm :,,,, 3 37 1 ;2 5 ;3 ;4 9 ;6 ; 7 ;8 ;10 ;11 ;12 :,,, (8), 3 38 1 :, 3 38 2 : :, 118
:,, :,, ;,, : 2 (1),, (2) 1 : ~,,, : 14, 12 ( ) 36 ; 20 28 ; 24 24 ; 27 19 ; 32 15 ; 22 : i 27 1= 14 36 12 =5.786 i 27 2= 14 28 20 =2.7 i 27 3= 14 24 24 =1.9286 i 27 4= 14 19 27 =1.357 i 27 5= 14 15 32 =0.904 i 27-1= 14 22 12 36 22 =-5.786 2 a :, :, ( ), ( ),, ( ) b : 3 39 6, 11 14, 7 8 9 4 5 12,, 3 40 1 119
:, 3 39 18, 16 15 9 8 6 14 11 7, 3 40 2 3 39 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ;10 ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14 ;15 ;16 ;17 ;18 ;19 ;20 ;21,, 3 40 3,,,,,, 3 40 4, 120
,, :,,,,,, c 3 40 : 3 39 3 41 1 :, 3 41 2, 3 41 3 A, A B, 3 41, N 1, P 1, N 1 B :, P T = μn 1 ( μ ),,, P 2, P 2, 3 41, P T 121
B P 2,,,, P T ( ),,,, 3 41 4,, (3),,,, (4),, 3 37,,,,,,,,, 3 : (1) 122
1, (, ) 2,, 3, 4, (2) 1 2, 3 4,, : (3),,,,, (4),, :,,, ;,, : 3 42 4 3 7 11 12 16 14, 13 17 20 15 18 6 5 2 1 123
, O 10 3 42 : a,,,,,,,, ;, ( ),, :, 124
:, 1 1, 2 2 3 43 (1) 3 44 :,,,, :, :, :,,, :, :, : :,,,, : ;, ;, ;,,,,,, 125
126
3 44 : 3 45(a),,,,, : 3 45(b),,,,,, 127
3 45,,,,, (2),, 128
,, (3), 3 46, ( ) ( ) ( ), :,,, (4), 3 (1), 3 44 3 46,, 3 45(a) (b),, (2),,,,,, ; 129
( ) (, ),,,,,,,, (3),, ( ) 1 1 2, 3 2 (1) 1 :, 3 30 :,, : :, 2 : 3 47, 3 47 130
: 3 : 3 48, 3 48 1 ;2 8 3F205 ;3 53 ;4 22 ;5 29 30 50 57 60 61 ;6 ;7 ;9 ;10 ;11 ;12 ;13 33 ;14 19 52 ;15 20 32 ;16 59 2G2309 ;17 ;18 E309H ;21 ;23 ;24 ;25 47 ;26 ;27 ;28 48 ;31 ;34 ;35 ;36 ;37 ;38 ; 39 ;40 ;41 ;42 ;43 ;44 ;45 ;46 ;49 ;51 E176310QT ;54 ;55 ;56 ;58 131
:, 53 56 58 57,, :,, 9 53: 4 : 3 48, 24: 16, 18 17 27 23 25, 26 19, 31 18 21 29, 20, 21 22, 57 30 (2) 3 49,,, 42, :,,, (3) 3 50 3 49 1 : 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ;10 11 ;12 : 10 14, 7 2 8 6, 10 3 20 15, 132
3 50 1 16 18 ;2 ;3 E307U ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ; 8 ;9 ;10 ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14 ;15 ;17 ;19 ;20 E309U ;21 22 23 ;24 16 2 15: 2 : 14: 19 13 12 11( ) 24, 17, 19: 23 5 9 17:, 1 13:, 133
3 : 245~441N m, 510 :,, i=0 722 :,,,,,,,, ( ) 1,, 1905,, 1916,, 1926, T 72 T 80 1930 1940,,, (1),,,, 1 :,, R :, ;, 2 :,,, 134
3 : R=B/2(B ) 4 ( ) :,, (2),, : 1 ( ),, : ( T 34), ( T 54), ( T 72) ( AT л ), ( T V), : ( T 37) ( M5A1) ( M60) ( 1 2) ( ),, 3K T 10, 2 ( ) :, ( ) :,, 3 : a : :, : : b 135
: ( ) :,, ( ) M1 : Ⅱ : ; ZF LSG2000 4 :, :, :, 5 : : : 6 qk : qk, qk=0 : Δv, Δv qk=1/2:, qk>1/2:,, T 10 2 (1) 1 a b c, 2 : 3 51, 136 a 14 1 69 24 7
3 51 1 ;2 11 35 ;3 ;4 63 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 18 66 ;9 ;10 ;12 17 20 32 65 ;13 48 67 ;14 ;15 ;16 ;19 ;21 ;22 ;23 58 ;24 ;25 ;26 ;27 ;28 ;29 ;30 ;31 34 ;33 41 ;36 ;37 48 51 ;38 ; 39 ;40 ;42 ;43 ;44 ;45 ;46 ;49 56 ;50 ;52 ;53 57 ;54 ;55 ;59 ;60 ;61 ;62 ;64 ;68 ;69 16 14: 76 1, 137
1: 44, 65 68 24, 66 69: 32, 5 44, 2 3 5 4 24:, 22 21 69 14 21 1, 20 19, 22 F370208 : ;, 25,, 26, 23 7: 12, 9 8 16:, 18 b, 64 68, 29 28 27 33 60, 38 64: 29, 30 20 :, 28, : 3 2 mm±0.03 mm 29 28, 27 60: 20, 64, 38, : 61 57 39 50, 63 46 49, 52, 53 51 O 59 138
47 48, ( ) (2) 1 a 3 52, 5 2 4 3( ) 7 9 1 6 3 52 : ( ) :,, 139
, :,,,, 8 10 b 2, 5 3 4 7 9 1 6 ( ), ;,, 3 53(a), 4 3 6, ω0 1 2, ω1 ω2 A B r : 3 53(b), r A B C, ω0r, ω1=ω2=ω0, : 3 53(c),A B ω1r=ω0r-ω5r 5 ω2r=ω0r+ω5r 5 ω5 ω1 +ω2 =2ω0 n n 1 +n 2 =2n 0 :,,, c, 140,
R=0 5B(B ), ;,,,,, :,, 2 : a 3 54, 3 53 : 1 2 3 4 5 13 7 11 12 6 9 8, : 10, :,, : 7 11, 14 : 13 11, 5 7 b,,, Ⅰ 3 55 Z 1 Z 2, C 1 C 2 D 1 D 2, A 1 A 2 B 1 B 2 141
3 54, Ⅱ, ( Z 1 ), D 1, C 1 D 1 C 1 D 1,, B 1 B 1 B 2 B 1 A 1, B 2 A 2, c,, ρ=0.5b, Ⅱ M1, 142
3 55 ( ) 1 (1), (2), 1 : :, :,, ( ) 2 : :,, : 3 56,, ( 10000h),,, ;, 143
, :,,,, ;,,, ;, :,, 3 56, ( ) : :,, ( ) :, ;,,, : Ⅱ, 5147kW, 55t Ⅱ, 3 6s 65km/h (3) : 144
:, :,, : :, 2, ;, (1) 3 57,, 3 57 :,, : ;,,, :, 145
: ;,,, (2) 3 58,,,,,, 3 58,, 3, ( ) ( ) 30 45 40~60t 60~70km/h,,, ZF (1) 1,, 3~5 2,, 3,, 20%; 146 4,
5, 4% 6 (2),,,, 0 3s,, (3), : 1 :, ;, : :, 2 :, :,,,, ( ) 1 3 59, (1) 352 8N 117 6N, 1 : :, :, 2 :, 3 59, 147
148
3 60, :, A:, : A E,B A 1 5 mm 3 60 : A C,D D :, :,,, : C 149
, D, 3 :, D,,,, 4 : 3 61, 3 61 150
:, :, :, :, :,, :,, :,, 5 : 3 61 :,, (2) 3 59 : : :,,,, :, :, 151
: ( ) 2 (1),, : 1 :,, 1, 2 :,,,, 1 42, : 150 m, 3 :, 4, :, ; R=1 32 m 5, : R=7 68 m 6, :,,,, (2) 3 62 1 : 3 62(a) : :,,, :,, :,, 152
3 62 :, 28 ~ 29, 2 : 3 62(b), :,,,, :,, ;,, :, 153
,,,,, 4~5 mm,, :,, 3 : 3 62(c) : :,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,, 4 :,, 1 5 mm, E ( 3 60), B,,, C B,E B E,, 49~117N, B,, D,, 147 1N, 1 5 mm,, 313 8N 154
(3) 3 63,,,, 3 63,,,,,, 1 :, 2 :, 155
( ) 1, 2 3 64,, (1) :,, :, :,,,,, :, (2), :, 4 8kg :59,, 0 1~0 5 mm,, :,,, ( ),,, 156
3 64 (a) ;(b) 1 ;2 31 ;3 ;4 10 22 ;5 17 23 ;6 ;7 18 24 ;8 ; 9 ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14 ;15 ;16 ;19 ;20 ;21 ;25 ;26 ;27 ;28 ;29 ;30 ;31 ; 33 F230H 157
:, ;,, :, : (3) :,,, :,, 3,, ( ) 3 65,, :i 1 =2 263, :i 2 =1+K =1+ 53 27 = 2 963 i=i 1 i 2=2 263 2 963 6 705 (1) : 2 3,, (2),, : 20 51 33 21, 0 1~0 5 mm, 158
159
27: 33, 50 1 19, 19 18 17 16, 29: 30 1,,,,, :,,,,,,, ;,,, :, ; 3~4, ( ) 1 1912 20 30,, 20 40 S 1942 M5 CD 850 M46 M47 M60 160,
(1) 1 :,, 2 : ( ) (2), : 1, 2 3, 4 :, 50% : 47%, 400%, 93% 5 6 7 : 10%, 8, (3) 1 3 66, 20~60, ( ),, : : ( ) :, 3 66 161
,,, :,, 2 B T D( ) 3 67, 3 67, 3 68, B,,,, 3 68 YB 355 2,,,,,, : ft = RT 2 ft=0 55~0 65, 86%~91%, RT 1 ; 1~3 ;, 162
;, ; ft =0 90~1 10; ft =1 20~ 1 50 :, ; ; : η, max K 0, d T K 0 d η, η max ; :,,,, 4%; :, ( ),, ; ( ): K, 2 3 69 (1) 25, 52 29 47 30 52 47,, O 29 30, 25, O (2) 1 : 21 17 20 18 12 8 3 4 5 10 : 21 17 20 18 32 18, 19, 32 31, 33, 20 22 20 29 23 : 3 4 5 O 40 41 3, 4, 9 38 5 3 O, 163
3 69 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ; 10 ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14 19 ;15 ;16 ;17 ;18 ;20 ;21 ;22 26 49 ;23 45 46 ;24 ;25 ;27 ; 28 ;29 ;30 ;31 36 39 ;32 37 ;33 34 38 ;35 48 50 53 ; 40 41 O ;42 ;43 ;47 ;51 ;52 ;54 ;55 ; 56 12 8 10: 6 7 39 12 8 3 17 8 10 2 : 13 9 55 2 54 : 13 9, 55 37 164
, 14 37 36 9: 2, 54 34 27 ; 38 3 54: 46, 48 43 25 54, 54 3, 45 3 : 1 56 15 27 16 34 35 1: 56, 56: 34 25 35 24 24 A B, 15: 24, 16 27:,, 4 25:,, :,,,, (3) 1 :,, 3 68, 30, ;,, 165
,,,, 2 :,,,,, 3 :,,,,,,,,,, 4 :,, 3 69, ;,,,, ( ) 1 (1) ( ), 1904, 1907 T,, ( ) : 166 1
2 3 ( ), (2), : 1 2 3 4, 5, 6 (3) 1 : 3 70 3 70 (a) ( );(b) ;(c) ;(d) ;(e) ; (f) ;(g) 2 : :, 2~5 : 167
, :,, :,,,, 8~10,, 2 (1), 3 71 3 71 :, 80, O, b : Z 1 Z 3, O,, 168
,,, b 5 295 : L 2, Z 3,, 3 81 : Z 1 Z 2,,,,,, b 2 691 : L 2, Z 2,, 1 936 : L 3, Z 1,, 1 39 : L 2 L 3, 1 : Z 1 Z 4,,, b -6 042 (2) 3 72,, 80,, 1 1:, ;, 80 3, 4 80 3: 80, 78 8 11: 8: 10 75 74 74 6 O 7: 72 : 5 72: 13 79 74 80 74 15, 14 169
170
9: 76 77 74, :, 76 77,, ;, 77, 3 4 5 78, : L 1,, ;, 80, L 1, 2 : 14,, 17,, ;,, 3 : :, 17 16:, L 2, 71, : L 2 21 L 2 : 18 68 21 Z 1 : 17 19 67 66 68 67 69 22 4 71: 12 58, 16 L 3 23 30 33 L 3 : 23 24 25 ( ) 64, 171
63 70,,, 65, 24 L 3, 24 64, 26: L 3, 28: Z 2, : 61 29 59,, 5 31:, 57 45 Z 3 : 49 42 46 47 33: 71, : 6 41:, Z 4 42: 49, 45: 57, ( ) 1 19, (1) ( ) (2) 1 2, 3,, ( 10% ~20%), 172
4, 5, 6, ; 7, 8, 9, (3),,,, (4) ( ( ) :,, :, 50~100 ; 0 2~0 65 10kW : ( ) (40~100 ), 0 75~ 0 9, 200~550kW, 2 20 60, 70, :, 1,, 2 0 85~0 90, 40 MPa 2500~3500r/min, 800h 3, 110 ~ 120 173
4, 5,, ( ) ( ) 3 73 3 74,,, 3 73 HSWL354/3 2100kg, 1103kW 3 74 174
1 3 74, : ; ;,, 160kW 2, 2 5,,, 3,, S D,, D,S, 4, S, Z 1,Z 2,Z 3, ;,S,, ; D, Z 1,Z 2,, :i 1=4 47,i 2=2 19,i 3=1 51,i 4=1,i 1=4 77,i 2=2 19 5 : ; :,, 7 m, 13 m, 18 m, 27 m : ;,, 175
:,, :,,, ;,, : ( ),,,, ( ) 10s, 0~1 4 m 6,,,,, 5147kW 2500kgf m, 65km/h 3 6s 30km/h, ; 30km/h, 7,, 8 GWS 2HR A,, : 16%~27% 176
( ) 1, 20t, 2 3, : ( ):, ; T 62 79 ( ):,,, Ⅱ M1 96 4 (1) 1,, 2, (2) 3 75 3 76 ( ) Ⅱ 2 6400km ; 5 (1) 1, 177
3 75 (a) ;(b) 178
3-76 2, (2) `, 6 (1) 4~7, : 3 77 (d) (e) (f), ;, 3 77 (a) (b) (c),, MK4 : (2),, 179
;, 3 78 3 77 (a) ;(b) ;(c) ;(d) (e) (f) (3), : : 7 1 : 2 : 3 : : :, ΠT 76;, ;,, 180
3 78 (a) ;(b) ;(c) : :, 3 79 :, ; 3 80 :, 181
3 79 (a) ;(b) 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ; 9 ;10 ;d ;f 10 ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14 ;15 ;16 ;17 ; 18 ;19 ;20 ;21 182
3 80 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 27 ;5 ;6 ;7 10 ;8 25 31 ;9 ;11 ;12 ;13 28 ;14 17 ;15 ;16 ;18 ;19 ;20 24 33 ;21 ;22 ;23 ;26 ;29 ;30 ;32 183
( ) :, 1,,, 3 81,, : 13, 12,, 1200~1500N m,, 3 81, : 20 450~590N m : 2 5 mm, 2,, 115 mm 3 82, :, 16,,,, 184
3 82,,, : 3,,, 3 83 :, 700~800N m, : 185
3 83 :, 2, 4,,, 3 84,,, :,, 2, 5 (1) 3 84,,,, 186
187
:,, ; :,,, 240,, :, :,,, ; :, (2), :, 1~1 5 ;,,,, : ; 800~ 1000 N m 6 ;, (1) 98, 3 85 : 3 85, ;,,, 188
:,,,, (2) 3 86,, 3 86 (3), ( 12) 83~84,,,, 3 7%~7%,, : 150~300 mm, 220~540 mm, 500, MK3, 600 mm, 60km/h,, 18 g, ( ),, 189
( ) 1 (1) (2) (3) 1 : a : 510 mm, :,, 200 mm MK3 : KP2 62 :, 270 mm, Pz61 Pz68 b : S 600 mm T 80, 2 : :,, FT 17, :, 3 ( ):, ( ):, 2, (1) 1 2, 3, 100~150 mm 4 190
(2) 1 :, 1938 Ⅱ :,,, :, :, 2 : 3 87 3 87 191
,, (3) 1 :,, 60C 2A ;, 45XH2MΦA щ 20 80, 30VAR, 4 2 :,, :, 0 8μm, :, : 45XH2MΦA щ, HB401~444,σs =1400 MPa,σb = 1500 MPa :, 0 2~0 8 mm;,, 80~95 mm, R5+1 mm, 2 mm, 10~11kN, 0.2 mm : 30s,,,, 60s :, 1 5 3, 14 7 MPa(150kgf/cm 2 ) 192
1960 S, 74, T 80 90 88, 90 170mm 255mm( 2.08m), 30% ; 300mm, 109mm, :,,,,, (1) 1, 2 3, 4,, 5, 6, 7 40, 8, (2) 1 : :,, :, :,,,, 2 :, :, 3 88 193
4 (1), (2) 1 : :,,,, 3 89 3 88 3 89 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ;10 ; 11 ;12 ;13 ;14 ;15 ;16 ;17 ;18 ;19 ;20 ;21 ;22 ;23 ;24 ;25 194
:,, :,,,, 50% : Ⅱ 10000h 3 90 3 90 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ;10 ;11 :,, ; 2 : :,, 195
( ), 3 91 3 91 1,, 3 92,,, L ; R, 196
3 92 2 3 93, 3 93 :,,, 197
:, ;, :,,,,, 120~200g 3,,, (1) 3 94,, :, :,,, :,, : 19 20,, :, 198
3 94 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ; 8 34 ;9 ;10 ;11 ;12 14 ;13 ;15 ;16 ; 17 ;18 ;19 ;20 ;21 ;22 ;23 ;24 ;25 ;26 ;27 ;28 ;29 ;30 31 ;32 ;33 ; 35 :,, 199
, (2),,,,,, ;, 4 3 95,,, 3 95 200
,,,,, MIA2 1000~1200 mm ; T-90, 1020~1220 mm 780~810 mm ( ) 1 2 3, 4 ( ), :, :,,, 19 70, 90 7% 20%~30% 20 10~12 mm 8~16 mm,, 15~20 mm 30,, 30~80 mm, 201
, 80~100 mm, 150, 600 mm 380HB 500HB(51HRC) 1956 M113, 3 60%, M113 50 mm 32 mm, 7 62 mm 14 5 mm 8 8, 1/3 35% S-2,,,, 5~ 10dB, ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ;, ; 20 70, T-72 T-64A 1976 6,, 2 : 10~15 mm, 120 mm, 70 mm, 15~20, 202,
3 ( ) 20 50, 1982 1983,,,, : 1 23 mm, 2 2 m 3,, 4,, 5 ( ), 6 1988, 238 0 75%,, MIA1 7, 2t, : 10~ 20t,,,, (1),, (2), 203
, ( ), : γ, : 18 mm, 70 mm, 140 mm, 28 K:, K= / K,,, K=12~40, K=2 0~3 5, K 4 1 K 4 1 K /mm 50( ) 80( ) 100( ) 200( ) 300( ) K 1 94 2 16 2 2~2 5 10~15 30~50 :ε=1/k, 4 2 4 2 M60A1 M60A2 T-55 ΠΤ-76 M113A1 БΤΠ-50 T-62 γ 0 1 0 05 0 07 0 4 0 5 0 4 0 1 0 5 0 3 0 5 0 9 0 8 0 9 0 6 0 04 0 03 0 04 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 04, 4 3, 4 3 /t T-72Б T-80Y M1A2 17 9 23 5 30 11 8 14 6 20 6 1 8 9 10 204
, ( ) 1/3 : 100 mm, 500kg; 100 mm, 200kg, : ; 1 :, : : ( 30~40t), 2 4 1,, (1) : 380 mm, 600 mm, (2) 50 mm 4 1,,, :,, ; 8 mm, :, 205
,, :,,,, (3), ;, ;, (4), U, :,,, (5),,, (6) : 4 2 20 mm, : 4 3,, 4 2 206
(7), (8) 4 4,, 4 3 4 4,, (9) 4 5, 4 5 207
,,,,,, ( ), (10) 4 6, (11),, 4 7, 4 6 :, :,,, : :, :,,,,,,, 208
:, ; :,, :, : : ( ) 4 7,, : 8t, M 1 10t 1 :, : 2 (1),, (2) 20 50 4 8,, (3), 209
4 8 (4) 20 50, AMX-13 SK105,, 1~2t,, 3 4 9, (1), 12,, 4 9 210 :,,
:, :, :, (2) 1 :,, 2 :, 4 10, 4 10 : :,,, :,,, :,, 90,, :,, 211
,,,, ;,,,, (3), 4 11 (4), (5), 4 12,,, 4 11 4 12 ( ) 1 (1), (2) 4 13, : 38 46,12 27,,, 212
: 46 M24,, : 170,, :,,,, 4 14, 4 15,, 4 13 4 14 2 (1) (2) 4 16,, :, :, :,, : :,, 213
4 15 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8 ;9 ;10 ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14 4 16 214
(3), 180,,,,, ( ) 1,,, (1) 1 :, : 2 :, 80%~90%; 30% 0 25bar, 3 :,, (2), 200 ~300, ; (3) 80%, 50%, 30%,, 2,, 215
, γ, 0 005~0 05μg/L,3s 3,,,, 4,,, 4 4 γ 4 5 4 4 γ /(g cm -3 ) γ /cm /cm 7 8 8~12 2~3 11 3 10~20 1 4~2 1 6 11~14 10~13 2 3 9~12 6~11 1 0 4~6 14~20 0 92 4~6 15~25 0 7 12~15 15~20 4 5 γ 3 3 10 4 3 3 5 3 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 216
,,,, : Т-72 30~60 mm,, ( ), ;,, 4 17 4 17 1 K-2A (1) 4 18, γ, β (2) J305βγ γ, 217
, γ 26μC/kg h,,, γ,, γ 4 18 K-2A 2 T81A (1) 4 19,, K-2A, 1 5~4 5 /s,, 60~90s, (2) 4 20: (241Am),, 218
4 19 T81A,,, 3 4 21 T81A K-2A, 1 5~4 5 /s 4 20 4 21 219
4 JKH 4 22,, 5 4 22 JKH (1) 4 23 BD-1, 4 23 :, :,, 220
:,,, (2) 4 24, 200 m 3 /h 4 24 : 4 25,,, 8000r/min, 95% : 4 26 4 25 4 26 221
, 99 999%,,, 200~250 m 3 /h,,, : 4 27,,,,,,,, 4 27,, (3) 4 28 :,, :,, (4) 4 29 :, :, :,, 20~30 mm 222
4 28 4 29 :, (5), 4 30,,, 140Pa,, ( ) 4 31 1 JKH,,,, 4 30 2 JKH,, 223
4 31 3, : a K-2A, JKH b JKH,,,, M1 3 ms, 0 2s,, ( ) 1 1,, 5s 224
2, 3 50 ms, 1bar, 4, 2 1 5s, 0 3V 2,,5s 3 5s, 3 1 10 ms 84 mm 2 5s,1 2 m 12 7 mm 3 90, 5s 4 : a ; b 0 6 m :60A 500 W ; c 0 3 m : 10 W 80 W 50 W, ( ) 1 4 32, :,,,,, (1) 4 33,,,, 4 32 ;, 225
4 33 4 34,, 4 34 (2) 1 :, : 5s, 60~85 ms, : 5s,, 2 : 4 35,,, 226
; (3)1301 2 7kg 4 12 MPa 5 ms, 110 ms 4 36,, 4 36 4 35 : 10 MPa, 4 36 227
: :,, :,, : 1 96 MPa± 0 196 MPa, ;, : : 6 96 MPa~8 036 MPa,, : 0 6A, 5A, : 3 7, 1211 1 4 (4) 4 37, 4 37,, ;,, 440μF, (5), JKH,,,, 228
60 ms, 5s, 2 ( ) (1) : ; 4 38, 16, 16 :,,,5s 0 3V (2) 4 39, 4 38,,,,, JKH (3) 4 40,,,,,,,, 229
4 39 4 40, (4)MLG21A 4 41 1211 1 5~1 6kg, 2 94 MPa, -40 ~+80 BD-2,, 4 41 MLG21A 230
JKH, 4 22 (5), 0 3V,,, 5s, 5s,, 10s, :,, ( ) 1, 2, 3,, 4, ( ) 4 42, 5 m 600 m 1 (1), 4 43,,,,, (2) 4 44,,, ; 231
4 42 4 43 4 44 (3),,, ( ),, 180, 232,
, (4),, (5), (6), 2 (1) 4 45 ZDB-500 4 45 233
116L/min,,, (2)ZFT -2 4 46, 300, 20,,,,,,, ;, ; DH-1 4 46 ZFT-2, 5~6 min ;,, 3 5 m 20 min TH83-1 : 4 47 19 6 MPa(200 ) 234
4 47,,,, :,,, :, 16 7 MPa(70 ),,,, :, ;,, 235
, 30 min ( ),, ( ) 1 2 4 48, (1) 4 49 4 50,, 4 48 (2) 4 51, (3) 4 52 (4) 4 53 (5) 4 54 3,,, 100 m, 0~ 7 m 5 m/s 8, 60 m, 8~10 m, 2 min 236
4 49 4 50 ( ) 1,,, 2 4 55 RXB 3 :, 237
4 51 4 52 4 53 4 54 1 47 MPa, 10 min :, 4 56, : 4 57, 2 mm 238 3,
4 55 4 56 ( ) 239
78 45~117 68kPa,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 4 57 1 4 58, 4 58 240 2,
120 m,3~7 m,, 15 m, 90 m 241
( ) 1, 2, ;, ;, ( ) 6-TKA-180 46kg, 65kg 12V 1 1 ( 180Ah) 2, -40 3, 4, 2 5 1, 2V, :, 16 17 5 2 242 :, :,
5 1 5 2 : :, 12V :,, 3 (1),,,,,, ;,, (2),, :,,,,,,,,,,, 243
( ) WGFT10K LTD6,, 28V 357A 10kW, 4000~6000r/min 1 (1) 5 3, ( : ) ( : ) ( : ) 5 3 (2) 5 4 2,,, 5 4 244
,,, 3 LTD6, (1) 5 5 (2),, ;, 5 5, ;, ( ), QD24 15T QKH-2 ( ) 1 QD24 15T, 11kW, 24V, 1100r/min (1) 5 6, 245
246
1 : :,, : : :, ;,, :,,,, 2 :,! 3 :, ;,, : : (2),, 12V TJS-2 5 6,,,,,,,,, 0 3s 12V, 247
,,,, ; ;, : 5s;, 15~20s ; 3 ;,, ;, 2 QKH-2B (1), ; (2) 5 7, MZJ-400A TJS-2 TZJ-600 5 7 QKH-2B 248
1 MZJ-400A : 5A, : 27V 400A, : 5 8 : 5A,,,,,,, 5 8 2 TJS-2 : TZJ-600 MZJ-400A : 24V 5A 0 3~0 36s : RC G3 5 9, :,, G1 R2 R3 C1 A, C1, G2 G3 TZJ-600 3 TZJ-600 :, : 24V, 5 9 TJS-2 800A 600A, 4000, 249
: 5 10 : TJS-2,, 12V ; 24V, 5 10 TZJ-600, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : 5 11,, ( ) : 7 8kPa, 22~30 V 250
5 11 ( ) : 5 12 DL38C-24,, ;,, 5 12 ( )TLS-43, 251
1 5 13 5 13 TLS-43 (1) Y, (2) Y, 2, Y 252
, 5 14 5 14 ( ) 1 5 15, (28V 10 W) 5 16 40~60 /min 5 15 5 16 253
2, ZZK-1 5 17, 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (9 6 ), 88 : ; ; 3, 5 18, : 28V80 W, 28V35 W, 5 17 5 18 4,, 5 19,, 5 19 X2-N, 254
( ) 5 20,,, 5 20 VHF-88, 1 VRC-8000 SEC-8088 CPA-9088 CYY-173 5 21 ( ) 2 1 ( ), 2, 255
5 21 3, VHF/FM 4,, 5, CWT 167, VRC 8000,, 10 ( M ),, 35km, 15~20km, 8~10km 256
1 RT-3088 5 22, : 1: CG-1127 AM-5088, CG-1773 5 22 RT-3088 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ; 7 ;8 ;9 2: 3:,, ;, ;,, 4: 5:,,, 0 25 W, AM-5088, 3 5 W,, 50 W,, C-898 1~10, M 6:, 1~5 7: CPA 9088 SEC 8088 :1~4, 1~4, 1~4 1 TEST, d 2 257
ABTT, b 3 PD/PR,, d 4 SCAN, :5 6 7 8 9 0 ECC :,, CPA-9088, E,, E, SEC :,, SEC-8088, C,, C, ENT :, 4s,, FRQ :, F,, ENT * :, A, 8:, SQof ( ) SQon ( ),, 9: 11, M, 1~10 10, 2 VAU-6088 5 23, 1: 2: 3: ; 4:,, ( ) 5:, 6:, 258 3 AM-5088 5 24, :,
:, : : 5 23 VAU-6088 1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ( ) ;6 5 24 AM-5088 4 MT-7088 :,,, / : : : 5 C-898 5 25, : : : 10, : :, 5 25 C-898 259
, : SEC-8088 /,,, VHF/FM PRC-80 VRC-8000 PTT ; 856 3 5V ( ), 18 1, (MC): ROM RAM (CC) (AU): - -, (CONT): (INFC): 2 5 26, : 3:, / 856,, SEC,X,ENT ( X ) SEC-8088 4:, 260 2: 5 26 SEC-8088
1: 5: ( ) CPA-9088 PRC-80 VRC-8000,,, CPA-9088 SEC-8088, PTT ;, :1~2 ( 64 ),1~10, 10 00~63 ( ) 3 5V ( ), 18 1 : 1802 : PRC-80 VRC-8000,, : ; : : 2 5 27, : 1: ECC ( ) ECC, 2: ECC 3: ECC, 5 27 CPA-9088 261
4:, 5: ( ) ( ) 1 2 3,, 4 ( ) 5 28,, 5 28 262
1 : 2 : ( ), 3 : 4 : 5 :, ( ) 1 5 29, : 5 29 1 J507 ;2 J506 ;3 J505 ;4 J501 ;5 J503 ; 6 J508 ;7 J504 ;8 J510 ;9 J509 ;10 J511 1:,,, J501,, 2:, 263
;,, :,, ( ),,, J508 3:,, :, :, 1/4 : J501 :, J511 J503 :, J509 J504 :, (J505 J506 J507) J505 J506 J507 :, J508 :,, J509 : J702, J510 :, J511 : J510, 2 5 30 5 31, : (1) : 1 :, 1 2 1 2 ;, ; 264 2 1 :,
5 30 5 31 3 : 4 1 :, 5 2 :,, (2) (3) J801 J804,, (4) J901,J904 J901 CX-8053, J904 CX-8051, (5) J802 J803 J902 J903 J802 J902, J803 J903( ), (6) - -,,,,, 265
3 5 32 :, - - (1) -,,, 5 32 (2) OSCK-2 (3)OSCK-2 -, - -,, (4), (5)J61 CX-8053, (6)J62 CX-8053, - -, 4 5 33, : : 1 2, J701 J702 : J701 J702,, 5 33 266 :
J703 J704 : J701 J702 :,, 267
1 ZTZ96 :,1998 2 88 : ( ),1996 3 :,1998 4,, :,1986 5 :,1992 6,, :,,1988 7,, : ( ),1999 8,, :,1997 9 : ( ),1997 10 :,1991 11, : 12, : 13 : ( ),1993 14, :,1990 15. :,1975 268