005 (CIP) /,,. :, 005. ( ) ISBN O5 CIP ( 005 ) 699 : : 3 : 0004 : ( ) ( ) : ( ) ( )

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M M.,,,, M M, M M, MM, ( )= ( ). ( 7) M M, M M, = M, = M,,, -... ( ) P, P P, P. ( ) P 0, P ( ) ( ) P, P. ( 3) Q ; Q R ; R C. 3. ( ) N * S. ( ) n, n = ; n = k, n = k +. n. ( 3) n, n = ; k, k. n. -(,, =,, ): ( ) {} ; ( ) {0} ; ( 3) a { a, b, c} ; ( 4) { a} { a, b, c} ; ( 5) { a, b} { a, b, c} ; ( 6) { c, b, a} { a, b} ;

( 7) { c, b, a} { a, b, c}; ( 8) 0 {,, 3}. ( ) {}; ( ) {0} ; (3 ) {,, }; ( 4) { }{,, }; (5 ) {, }{,, }; ( 6) {,, }{, } ; (7 ) {,, } = {,, } ; ( 8) 0 {,, 3}. -: ( ) ( ) = ; :. " ( ),., ( ), ( ). ( ) ( ) = ( )( ). " ( ),.,., ;,, ( )( ),, ( )( ) ( ). -3, : : ( ) ( ) ( ). :, : +???. ;,, -.,,. -4=, : +, : +,,,,,?, -. : + +, : + + +,, - : -. -5 :, :, =, : ( ), ; ( ), ; ( 3),,, - = ( ) - = - -. ( ).,,,, 3

( ) = ( ). ( ( ) ) = (( ) ), ( ) = ( ),. ( ),, ( ) =, ( ( ) ) =, = ( ), ( ) =.. ( 3),,, ( ) = ;,,, ( ) =. ( ) = ( ( ) ) = ( ) =,., :. : - = ( ) - = - -. ( ) ( - - ) = - - = - =, ( - - ) ( ) = - - = - =. -6= {,,, },, :. ( ) = { ( ), ( ),, ( ) }, ( ). :, ( ) =., ( ), ( ) = ( ), ( ), ( ) =,. : ( ),, ( ), ( ) =,. -7: ( ) = { 3 }; ( ) = { 0 }; ( 3) = { + 3, } ; ( 4) = { + 5, }; ( 5) = { + 3 }. ( ), 3, 33 = 3. ( )., -, + ( - ) = 0. ( 3). =, = 0, = + 0 3,. + 3, + 3,,,,,,, - 3, +, 4

( + 3) ( + 3) = ( ) + ( ) 3, ( + 3) ( + 3) = ( - 3 ) + ( + ) 3.,. ( 4). (3 ). ( 5). ( = 0 ), 5 ( = ),, 7 = + 3, + 5 = 7. -8: = { + 3, }., 0 ( =, = 0 ). + 30,, 0, - 30, ( + 3) ( - 3) = + 3 0,.. + 3 ( + 3) ( - 3) = + 3 ( + 3) ( - 3) = + 3 + 3, + 3 - + 3 + 3 + 3 = ( + 3 ) + ( - ) 3 + 3 - + 3 + 3,, + 3-9= { + 5, }?, = + 0 5, 3 = 3 + 0 5, 3. -0: 3 + 3 + + 3 = ( + + + ) + + + = ( + ). ( + ), 3 + 3 + + 3 = ( ) =, = 3 =, = ; ( ) =, 3 + 3 + + 3 = = +, : ( + ) = =, =. 5

3 + 3 + + 3 + ( + ) 3 =. ( + ) = ( + ) 4 + ( + ) 3 3 4 ( + ) + 4 = ( + ) [ + 4( + ) ] 4 = ( + ) ( + ) 4 = ( + ) ( + ) -: >, + > 0,. - ( + ) > ( + ). ( ) ( ) =, ( ). ( - ) > 0, ( + ), =, ( ). ( - ) + ( + ) > ( + ), ( + ) > ( + ). ( ) = ( ), ( ), = + (), - ( + ) > ( + ). ( ) ( + + + ) > ( + ) +. ( 3) + > 0, ( )+, ( 3), - ( + ) ( + ) > ( + ) +. ( + + + ) > - ( + ) ( + ). ( + + + ) > ( + ) ( + ), + + + > +,, ( - ) ( - ) > 0, ( 4) ( 4). >, + > 0, >. (4 ). <, + > 0, <, (4 ). 6

, ( 4 ). ( 4 ) ( 3 ). ( )= ( ), = +. ( ). -,,,,, = 3, = 5,, = 3 - - - ( 3), : = +. :, 3, -, -,. ( ) = = 3 = + ; = = 5 = +, =,. ( ),., = 3 - - - = 3( - + ) ( - + ) = 3 - + 3 - - - = - + = +,.,. -3 + + = 0, = + :,. = + = + - - + + - - - - = ( - + - ) ( + ) - ( - + - ),. ( ) =, = + = -,., : ( ) ( > ),. : = + = + - - + + - - - - = ( - + - ) ( + ) - ( - + - ),, - = - + -, - = - + -,, + = -, =,,.. 7

.,... 3.. 4.. 5.,,. 6.. 7.. 8.,. 9... () ( ) ( ) = + - - + + + 0, 0,,,,. 0, ( ), ( ( ) ) =. ( ), ( ). ( ), ( )., 0 = = = = 0, ( ).. ( ), (( )0, ( ) 8

0 ) ( ) + ( ) 0,( ( ) ( ) ) (( ( ) ), ( ( ) ) ) ; ( ( ) ( ) ) =( ( ) ) +( ( ) ) ; [ ], ;,, [ ].. [ ],,, [ ]. ( ) () [ ] ( ) ( ), ( )0, [ ] ( ), ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ), ( ( ) ) <( ( ) ) ( ) = 0, ( ), ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ). ( )( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ). ( ) / ( ) ( ) ( ). (3 ) ( ) 0, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0. ( 4) ; ; ;. ; ( 5) ( ) ( ) ( 0 ). ( 6). ( 7) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ), ( ), =,,, ( ) [ ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + + ( ) ( ) ] ;, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ), 9

. ( 8) ( ) = - ( ) = + - - + + + 0, ( ) = 0 ( ) = - - + - - + + + 0 : - - 0 = - - + - = - - + - = - 3 + = 0 0 + 0 = 0. 3. ( ) [ ] ( )( ), [ ] ( ) ( ), ( )( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) : ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ), ( )( ) ( ). ( ) ( ), ;,,, ( ( ), ( ) ). ( 3) [ ] ( ) ( ), ( )0, ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ( ), ( ) ).. 4. () ( ), ( ) [ ], ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ) ( ). ( ) : ( )( )[ ]( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) = ; ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ; 0

( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ( ), ( )) =, ( ( ), ( ) ( ) ) =. 5., ( ) ( ), ( ). :. ( ) : ( ), ( ), ; ( ), ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),, ( ). ( 3) ( )., ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( =,,, ; =,,, ), =,. ( ) = ( ) ( =,,, ), ( 4) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ), ( ), ( ),, ( ),,,,. ( 5 ) ( ) ( ), ( )( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ). 6.

( ) ( ) [ ], ( ),. ( ) ( ) + ( ) / ( ), ( ) ( ). =, ( ) ( );, ( ) ( ). :. ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) - (),, ( ) ( ; ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ), ( - ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ; ( ),, ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) =. 7. ( ) ( ) = + - - + + + 0 [ ],, ( ), = ( ), + - - + + + 0, () = + - - + + + 0., ( ),. ( ) ( ) = 0, ( ); - ( ), ( ) ; =, ( ), >, ( ). ( 3) : ( ) [ ],, - ( ), ( ) ; ( ) [ ],, ( - ) ( ) ( ) = 0 ; [ ], ( 0 ); ( ), ( ) [ ], ( ), ( ). +,,, +, ( ) = ( ) ( =,,, + ), ( ) = ( ).

8. ( ) ( ).,. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( - ) ( - ) ( - ). ( ),,,,,,,, + + + =. ( 3). ( 4) ( ). ( 5) ( ),,,, : + + + = - -, + 3 + + - = -, 3 + 4 + + - - = - - 3, - + + 3 = ( - ) -, = ( - ) 0. 9. ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ( ) ) =, ( ) = + + - 4 < 0. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( - ) ( - ) ( + + ) ( + + ). ( ),,,, ;, ( =,,, ), - 4 < 0 ( =,,, ).,,,,,, 3

+ + + + + =. ( 3) ( ), ( ),. 0. ( ) ( ), ( ). ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) = ( ),. :. ( 3) ( ). ( 4),. (5) ( ), ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ). ( 6) ( ) ( ) = + - - + + + 0,, ( = 0,,,, - ) ; / ; / 0 ( ). :,.,,, ; ( ),, = + (, 0), ( + ) = ( ) ;, +. ( 7) ( ) = + - - + + + 0,,,,, 0., =, ( ), 0. 4

:( ), ( ) ( ( ) ) =, 3, ( ( ) ) 4. 4..... 3.. -( ) : [ ], ( ) + ( ) = 0, ( ) = ( ) = 0,. ( ), [ ], ( ) 0, ( ) 0, ( ) + ( ) = 0,. ( ) ( ) 0,,, ( ). ( ) + ( ) = 0, ( )., ( ) = 0. ( ) = 0. (). ( ) ( ) =, ( ) =, ( ) 0, ( ) 0, ( ) + ( ) = 0. :,. -+ 3 + 3-5 +. : - + - - + + + 0, - - + - - + + + 0, - + - + + + 0 = ( - ) ( - - + - - + + + 0 ) + 0., - - 0 = - - + - = - - + - = - 3 + = 0 0 + 0 = 0,. 5

- 3-5 - - 3 7 - - 3, 7. -35 4-6 3 + + 4 -. :, 4 ( - ) 4 + 3 ( - ) 3 + ( - ) + ( - ) + 0 = {[ ( 4 ( - ) + 3 ) ( - ) + ] ( - ) + }( - ) + 0.,,, - ( ) = [ ( 4 ( - ) + 3 ) ( - ) + ] ( - ) + = 0,,, 3, 4. 5-6 0 4 5-0 0 4 5 4 4 4 5 9 3 5 4 5, = 5( - ) 4 + 4 ( - ) 3 + 3 ( - ) + 4 ( - ) + 4. :. -4( ) = 5 3 - + 8, ( ) = - 3 +, ( ) ( ). : ( ) ( ) [ ], ( ) 0, [ ] ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ). ( ) = 0, ( ) ( ). ( )( ). 6

- 3 + 5 3 - + 0 + 8 5 + 3 5 3-5 + 5 3-5 + 8 3-39 + 3 34-5 ( ) = 5 + 3 ( ) = 34-5. :,,, ( ), ( ), ( ( ) ), ( ( ) 5 3 - + 0 + 8)., : - 3 5-0 8 5 3 5-5 5 3-5 8 3-39 3 34-5,. -5( ) = 4 + 3 3 - - 4-3, ( ) = 3 3 + 0 + - 3. ( ( ), ( ) ), ( )( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ). 7

( ) = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = - 7 5 + 9 3 3 + 0 + - 3 3 3 + 5 + 8 4 + 3 3 - - 4-3 4 + 0 3 3 + 3-3 - 9-5 - 6-3 - 3 3-5 3-3 - 3-5 - 5-30 - 3 3-0 9-9 + 3 ( ) = 9 + 7 ( ) = - - 5 9-5 0-9 3 5 9-5 3 3 ( ) = - 5 8-0 8 - - 0 9-0 3 0 9-0 3 3 ( ) = 0, ( ) = 9 + 7 ( ) ( ), + 3, ( ( ), ( ) ) = + 3., ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ), ( ) = ( ) 3 ( ), ( ) = - ( ) ( ) + ( ) [ + ( ) ( ) ] = 3 5 - ( ) + - 5 + 5 ( )., ( ) = 3 5 -, ( ) = - 5 + 5. :,,,, ( ) ( ).,,,. -6: ( ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ), ( ) 8

( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( )( )( ). ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( )( ) ( ). : ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ),. ( ) = +, ( ) =, ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ) =, ( ) = -, ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) =. ( ) ( ). -7: ( ) ( 0), ( ) = ( + ). ( ), ( ) = ( + ), ( ) = ( + ) = ( ) ( ). ( ), ( ), ( ). ( ) = ( + ) = ( ) ( ) - -,,, = ( ) = - -,. ( ) = ( + ).. ( ), ( ) = ( + ), ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( + ) = ( + ) ( + ), ( ) = ( + ) = ( + ) ( + ). ( ),.. -8: ( ) 4-3 + 8-0; ( ) 5 + 8 4 + 6 + 6; ( 3) 3-6 + 6-4 ; ( 4) 4-8 3 + + 4 ; ( 5) 4 + 4 3 + 6 + 4 + 8. ( ). /, -, 8, - 0, / - 0, 4-3 + 8-0. ( ). 3 /, 3 8, 3 6, 3 / 6, 5 + 8 4 + 6 + 6. 9

( 3),,.,, 7, 4... ( 4) ( ) = 4-8 3 + + 4.,, ( ) = 0, ( - ) ( ), 4-8 3 + + 4. ( 5) ( ) = 4 + 4 3 + 6 + 4 + 8 = ( + ) 4 + 7. ( -7 ), ( ) = 4 + 7, ( ), ( ). ( ) = 4 + 7, ( ).,.,,. ). -9: ( ) ( ) (. ( ),, ( ) ( ) = ( ), ( ) = ( ), ( ).., / ( ), ( ) = ( ) +. ( ) = [ - ( ) + + - ( ) - ] +, 0, / ( ), ( ). -0( - ) ( - ) (, ). :, =, - = ( ) - = ( - ) [ ( ) - + + ], ( - ) ( - ). :.=, ; <,, : 0 ( - ) ( - ),.

- = - - + - - = - ( - ) + ( - - )., ( - ) ( - ), ( - ) - ( - ), ( - ) ( - - ). ( - ),. - ( - ) ( ), ( - ) ( ). ( - ) ( ), ( ) = 0, ( ) = 0, ( - ) ( ). :,.. -( ), ( ), ( ) [ ], ( ), ( ), ( ).: ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ) = ( ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ). ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) [ ], ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) ( )( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ). ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ). () ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ), ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ). -3( ), ( ), :

( ) ( ( ), ( ) ), ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) ( ) ( ), ( ) =. ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) = ( ( ), ( ) ), ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) + ( ) ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ), ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) =. -4: ( ( ), ( ) ( ) ) = ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ( ), ( ) ) =..( ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) =. ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ( ), ( ) ) =. ( ) ( ) ) =, ( ( ), ( ) ) =. ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( )( ) ( ).( ), ( ) =..( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) =. ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) =. [ ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ] = ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = [ ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ) ] ( ) + ( ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) =,

( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ), ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) =. : : ( ),, ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( =,,, ; =,, ), ( ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ) =. -5( ) ( ), ( ), : ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ( ). [ ( ), ( ) ]. : ( ), ( ), [ ( ), ( ) ] = ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ). ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( )( ). ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( )( ), ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ) ( ). ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( )., ( ) ( )( ) ( ). ( ( ), ( ) ) [ ( ), ( ) ] = ( ) ( ) [ ( ), ( ) ] = ( ) ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ). -6 + + -! + +, + +!! + + ( - )! 3 =.

( ) = + +! + +!, ( ) = + + -! + + ( - )!, ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ( ), ( ) - ( ) ). ( ) - ( ) =, ( ), / ( ).,! ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ( ), ( ) - ( ) ) =. -7. ( ),,, ( ),, ( = 0,,, ),. -8 ( ), + 3. ( ) = - [ ( ) + ( ) ] - ( ) + ( ) ( ) = - [ ( ) + ( ) ] - ( ) + ( ), ( ) = - ( ) + ( ) - ( ), ( ) = - ( ) + ( ) + ( ) - ( ) = - ( ). ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = 0. : ( ) +, ( ). ( ) = - ( ),, ( ) +. ( )+ 3. -9( ) ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ),, ( ) = ( ). ( ( ), ( ) ), 4 ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) [ ], ( ( ) ), ( ) ( ),

( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ). ( ), ( ) ( ). ( ) = ( ), ; ( ) = ( ),, ( ) = ( ), = 0. : ( ), ( ). -0 + + 4 3 + 7 3 = 0. ( ) = ( ( ), ( ) ), : + + ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) = 3 ( ) = + 3, + 3 ( ), + ( ) + = 0, = = 0. 3 3 ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) = + (), + ( ) = 7-4 3 + + 7 + 4. 7 4 = 0, 4 3 + 7 3 = 0. - ( ) = 6-6 5 + 4-3 - 8 + 0-8.,? - 6 - - 8 0-8 - 8 6 0-6 8-4 3 5-8 4 0-4 - 6-4 - - 3-0 0-0 - 0 4 6 3 7 5

( ), - ( ), ( ) = ( - ) 3 ( 3 - + ). - ( ), ( 3 ) =, ( ) = -, ( 0) =. ( ) = ( - ) ( - 3 ) ( - ) ( - 3 ) + ( - ) ( - 3 ) ( - ) ( - 3 ) + 3 ( - ) ( - ) ( 3 - ) ( 3 - ) ( - ) ( - 0 ) = + ( 3 - ) (3-0 ) = 9 3 - +. - ( - 3) ( - 0) ( - 3) ( - 0 ) ( ) = + +, + ( - 3 ) ( - ) ( 0-3 ) (0 - ) (3 ) = 3 + 3 + =, ( ) = + + = -, (0 ) = 0 + 0 + =. 9 + 3 + = + + = - = 3, = - 9 = 3-9 +., =. ( ) = -3( ) 0 ( ) ( ), ( )., ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) = () (), ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, : >, < < < < < 0 < <, > > > > >,, ( ), : ( ) ( ( ) )., ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) = () (), ( ), 6

,,,,,, ( ),, : >, < < < < < 0 < <, > > > > >,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,. =, <, ( - - ) = 0, = 0 -. - = 0, -4( ) [ ], ( ( ) ) =, ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( - ) ( ( ), )..: ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( - ), = ( - ), ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) -, ( ) ( - ( ( ) ) =, =, ( ) = ( - ). ), -5( + ) ( + ) ( + ) - - - ( )., ( + ), ( + ),,, ( + ), ( + ) ( + ) - - -. = 0, -, -, ( + ) - - -,,, ( + ), + ( + ) - - -, ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) - - -. -6: ( ) : ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) =,, ( ) ( ).. ( ) = ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ). ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ( ), ( ) ) = ; ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ).. :. ( ), 7

( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( > ), ( ),,,.( ) = ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ) ( ),,.( ). : ( ) = ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ) / ( ), ( ( ) ) > 0.( ) = ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ),, ( ) / ( )., ( ) ( ), ( ) ( )( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ),.( ). -7 ( ) = 3-3 + -. ( ) = 3-6 +. ( ) = = 3 3-3 ( ) + ( - ) ( ) + 3 ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ( ), 3 - + 3 - - ( + ). = 3, ( ( ), ( ) ) = 3 ( ). 3, ( ( ), ( ) ) = (3-6 +, + ) 3 - ( + ) ) = +, = - 5 4, - 5 4 = 3 = - 5 4 ( ). -8: 0 ( ) ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = = ( - ) ( 0 ) = 0, ( ) ( 0 ) 0.. 0 ( ),, ( ),, ( ) = ( - 0 ) ( ) ( ) 0. ( ) ( ) = 0 ( - 0 ) ( ) ( ) + ( - 0 ) - ( - ) ( ) + + - ( - ) ( - + ) ( - 0 ) - + ( ) + ( - ) ( - + ) 8

( - 0 ) - ( ). (0 < ), ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = = ( - ) ( 0 ) = 0, ( ) ( 0 )0.. () 0 ( )( ), ( ) = ( - 0 ) ( ), ( ) 0, ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = = ( - ) ( 0 ) = 0, ( ) ( 0 ) 0, <, ( ) ( 0 ) = 0, ; >, ( ) ( 0 ) = 0, ( ) ( 0 )0. =,. :. -9 + - +. ( ) = + - +, ( ) = - - - + ( - ), - ( ) = ( - ) - - + ( - ) ( - - ). ( ) = - - ( + ( - ) ), ( ) = - - ( ( - ) + ( - ) ( - - ) ),,, =,. - ( - ), = - ( - ) ( - - ) ( - ) -30 ( ) ( ), : ( ), =( ( ) ). ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( - ) ( ) = ( ) ( - ). ( - ) ( ) = ( ) ( - ), ( - ) ( ) = ( ) ( - ), ( - ) ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( - ), ( ) ( ) =! ( ( ) ).,, 9

( ) =!! ( - ) = ( - ), ( ). -3( ), ( 0 ) = 0, ( ) = ( ). : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) +. ( 0) = 0, ( ) = ( ), ( ) = ( ) + ( ). ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) +. ( 0) = 0, 0 ( ), ( ) = ( 0 ), ( ) = ( ) = +, ( ) +. -3 ( ) : ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ).. ( ) = ( ), ( ). -6, ( ), ( ) ( ) ; ( ( ), ( ) ) =, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).. : ( ), ( ( ), ( ) ) = ; ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ). ( ( ), ( ) ) =, -6, ( ); ( ( ), ( ) ) = ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) / ( ), ( ) ( ),. -6, ( ). : ( ) = ( ) ( ),, ( ), ( ) / ( ), ( ( ) ) > 0, ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) / ( ),,, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ),.( ). -33( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ), : ( ) ( ). ( ), ( ). ( ) 30

. ( ). ( ) = ( ), ( ). : ( ) ( ), ( ). ( ) = + - - + + + 0, ( 0 0 ) + - - + + + 0 = 0, + - - + + 0 + - + + - + = 0, + 0 = 0, + 0 - + + - 0 + 0 = 0. ( ) 0 = 0, 0 = -, ( =,,, - ) 0 =, = -, ( =,,, - ), ( ) = 0 ( ) = 0, = 0, = 0. -34,,,, ( ) = ( - ) ( - )( - ) -.. ( ) = ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ) = ( ) - ( =,,, ). ( ), ( ) ( =,,, ), ( ), ( ) ( =,,, ),, ( ) + ( ) = 0 ( =,,, ). ( ) = ( ) + ( ), ( ) = 0 ( ( ) ) <. ( ( ) ) <, ( ) + ( ) = 0 ( =,,, ), ( ) = 0 ( =,,, ),, ( ) = 0, ( ) = - ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ) = - ( ) ( ), - ( ), ( ) = ( ) ( ) = - ( ).. 3

.... 3.,.. ( ),,,.,,,., ( ). ( ) ( ). ( )!,. ( 3),,., () ( ). (4 ),.. = 3

!,, ( - ) ( ) = ( - ) ( ).,. : 3, 3. 3.,.,.,,,.,.. 3,. 4,.,. 5,,,.. 6, 4. ( ) ( ), -,. = ( - ) +. ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ), = =, =, 0,, = =, =, 0,. 33

5. ( ) ( ),,,,,, ( < < ; < < ),. -, ( - ) ( + + ) + ( + + ). ( ) ( ) ( < ) (), () ( ). ( 3) =, =, =., = + + + (, =,,, ). 6. ( ) ( ) + + + = + + + = + + + = 0, =, =,, =.,,, 34

. ( ), (, ). : ( ). (, ), ( + ),. 7. ( ) (), 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 =. ( ) 0 0 0 0 = * *, * * 0 0 0 0 * * = ( - ). * * ( 3), 0-0 = 0 ( ). - - 0 ( 4) 35

- - - = ( - ). <,,, - ( < ). :,,,,,, (),,.,. 3-0 0 0 0 0 0. 0-0 0 0 0 0,,,,,, ( - )=!,, ( - ), -,,,,, = ( - ) 3- ( ) = 4 3,. 36 ( - )!. - 3

, 4,, 4, ( ) 4., 3, ( - ) ( 3 4 ) = - 3, ( ) 3 -. 3-3 = 0, :., ( - ) ( ),,, ( - ) ( ) =,, -,,,. 3-4( ) = -. - - - - - -,,,, ( ), ( ) - ; ( ), ( ). ( ) ( ), - ( - ) +,,, ( ) -. () = ( =,,, ),,, ( ) = 0,,,, - ( ). 3-5: ( + ) ( + ) ( + 3) ( ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + 3) ( + ) ( + ) ( + 3 ) ( + ) ( + ) ( + 3 ) ; 37

( ) + - +. - ( ),, + + 3 + 5 = + + 3 + 5 + + 3 + 5 + + 3 + 5.,, + = + + + = 0. ( ) (, ), : = - + + 0-0 +. - 0 - -,, = 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 = + 0 0 - = - + =. + + - - + - + - 0 + 0 -,, 38

0 0 0 0 = - 0 0 - = 0 0. - -,, = 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 0 - = - 0 0 0 0 - =. 3-6 0 0 0 0 0 ( ) = ; ( ) 0 0. 0-0 0 0 0 0 : ( ),,. - ( ),,, - - -,, -,,, - - = - 0 0 0 - - = ( - ) 0-0 0 0 0 0 ( - )! - - -. ( ), + -,, -,, 39

= 0 - = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 - =. 3-7 = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 0. :,,., = 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 3-8 + ( - ) + = + ( - ) +. = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 - - :, ( ) (),. 40.

, = - - -. ( ),, = + - 4, = - - 4, + =, =. ( ), - -, - - = ( - - - ). = ( - - - 3 ) = = - ( - ). = -, =,, - - =.,, - -, 4, =. = + - + - = ( + - 4 ) + - ( - - 4 ) + + - 4 =, = + - = 4, = + ( - + - ) = + - = = ( - ) + - = ( - ) + - = ( + ) = ( + ) 3-9. 0 0 0 0-0 0 ; = 0-0 0 0 0-0 0 0 - + -.,,, -, 4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 = 0 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 - + - 3 + + 0-0 0 0 0 + - + - + + 0 - = - + - + - + + 0 - = + - - + + + 0. 3-0 0, 0 + + + 0 + = 3 + 3 + 3 + + + 0. ( ), + : 0 0 + + + = 0 + 0 + 0 + + 0., 3,,, - - + = - - - -. +, + : 4

+ = 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -. + 3, 4,, +, 0 - - - 0 + = - - 0 0-0 - 0-0 0 -. 3, 4,, +, 3, 4,, + -, -,, -, - = - - + = + + - 0 0-0 0 0 0 - = ( - ) - = - = = ( - ) - ( - ) - 3- :, =. 43

() + + + 3 + = + = ; ( ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =. 0 0 0 ( ) (), +,,, 0 + - + = 0 + = -. 0 + -,, 3,, +,, + = 0 0 = + =. 0 ( ) =. -,.,, 44

+ + 0 = + + 0 +.,,,, -, 0 0 0 0 = + - = - + -. 0 0-0 0 - = - + = - + - + = + =. ( ). =, = = - =,.,, = - - -. - = ( - )= [ ( - )- ] = ( - )+ ( - ), = ( - )- [( - )+ ( - )] = ( - )- ( - )=.. 3- - =, - = 45

= - - -. :,, +,,.,, + = - - - - - - - - - = ( - ) ( 3 - )( - ) ( - ) ( 3 - ) ( - ) ( - )( - ). ( ) = +, ( - ) + = - ( ) -, - = < ( - ),, = ( + + + ) ( - ). < 3-3 - - - = - - - - - -. =, = -. 46

- - =, = = ( - ) ( - ). - - 3. ( ) - - - - - = - - + - - -. - - - - - ;, ( - ),, ( =, 3,, ), - - - - = - - + ( - ) - - - - - - = 0 - = 0. ( ), +, ( - ), ( =, 3,, + ), = 0 - - - 0 - - - = 0 - - - = 0. 0 - - -, 47

= 0 0 - - - 3-0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0.,, - - - = - - - - - - = ( - ) ( - ) 3-4 = - - = 0. -.,, + ( - ), ( - 48 = [ + ( - ) ] ), = [ + ( - ) ]. 0-0 = [ + ( - ) ] ( - ) -. 0 0 -

:,,. ( - ), = - - 0-0 -., 3,,, + ( - ) = 0-0 0 0 - = [ + ( - ) ] ( - ) -. + 0 + = 0. 0 ( - ),, 3,, + ( - ) (),, - - 0 0 + = - 0-0 - 0 0 - - - - = ( - ) - 0 0-0 0-0 0 49

= ( - ) + - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = [ + ( - ) ] ( - ) -. : =,,,, + = = - - 0-0 - - - 0 0-0 - 0-0 0 - ( ) = ( - ) + [ ( - ) ( 3 - ) ( - ) + ( - ) ( 3 - = ) ( - ) + + ( - ) ( - ) ( - - ) ]., 3-5 : 50

=, = 0. =. - - - - - :,. = ( - ) = ( - ) ( ) ( ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( + + + ) - ( + + ).,,,, + + + = 3-6 = ( - ) ( ). =.,, + +,!,,, = - = -, 5

= 0.,, ( - ) ( ), = ( - ) ( )., ( - ) ( ) ( - ) ( ) +, -, = 0, 5

= 0. 3-7 ( ),, =,,,. : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). = ( - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( - )( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) + + ( ) ( ) ( ) ] = ( - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + + ( - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( - ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = = ( ) ( ) ( ) =. ( ) ( ) ( ) 3-8 ( + ) - ( ), 53

( ) = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 - + + 3 + - + +. ( + ) - ( ) = 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 ( + ) 3 3 0 0 ( + ) 3 3 - ( + ) + + 3 + - + ( + ) + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 - + + 3 + - + + 0 0 0 0 + - - = 0 0 0 ( + ) - 3 3 0 0 ( + ) 3-3 3 - ( + ) -. + + 3 + - + ( + ) + - +,,, -, -, -,, - -, 54

( + ) - ( ) = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 + + 3 + - + ( + ) = ( + )!. 3-9=. :, ( ) + + + + + + + + + = + = ; = - - 3, - - = = = ( ) - - 3, - -. - - 3, - - ( ),, + + + + = + + + + + = + + + + + = + + + = + +. 55

,, 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + = 3 + 3 + + 3 + 3 + + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + = 3 + 3 + = 3 + 3 + + = + = 3 + 3 + = = + = = + + + = =. ( ) ( ) = = = + = + +, - + + + +, - + + + +, - + + +. ( ) -,, = = 56 = - - 3, - - + - - 3, - - + - - 3, - - + -

- - 3, - - - - 3, - - - - 3, - - - - 3, - - = - - 3, - -. - - 3, - - 3-0 3 3 4 ( ) = 3 4 5 ; - ( ) =. ( + ) ( ), ; ( - ) -, ( - ) - ( - ),, -, 3 3 4 = ( + ) 4 5 - - 57

= = ( + ) ( + ) 3 0-0 0 - - - - - = = ( + ) ( + ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) - - - ( - ) ( - ) - = ( + ) + - = ( - ). ( ) 0,. -, -, (- ) - ( - ) ( - ) - 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 - = - ( - ) ( - ) - (- ) - = (- ) - [ + ( - )- ( - ) ]. = 0 =,. 3-58

=.,. - 0 0 0 0 = + = ( - ) - + = ( - ) - + ( - ) -, = ( - ) - + ( - ) -. ( ), = ( - ) - + ( - ) -. ( ) () ( ) ( - ) ( - ), ( - ) = ( - ) ( - ) - + ( - ), ( - ) = ( - ) ( - ) - + ( - ),, ( - ) = ( - ) + ( - )., = ( - ) - ( - ) ; - =, ( ) = ( - ) [ - + ( - ) - ]. = ( - ) [ - + ( - ) - ] 59

= ( - ) [ - + ( - ) - 3 ] = = ( - ) - [ + ( - ) ( - ) ] = ( - ) - [ + ( - ) ].,, 3,, -, - 0 0 0 - - 0 0 = 0 - - 0. 0 0 0-0 0 0 -, - 0 0 - - 0 = ( - ) + ( - ) + ( - ) - 0 0-0 0 - = ( - ) - + ( - ) + ( - ) - ( - ) - = ( - ) - + ( - ) -.,. 3- : = = ( - ). = :,.. =, = 60 = -,.

-,., - - 0 = + - - 0 0 - - ( - ) + - - 0 - - = - - - - - - - = ( - ) ( - ). 6

- ( - ) = ( - ), = = ( - ). =., - - = ( - ) + + + = ( - ) ( - ), = ( - ) ( - ) - - = ( - ) ( - - - - - ) ( - ) = = ( - ). =. =, =, =, =, = =, : = -, = - = ( - ). = 6

...,. 3.,. 4.. 5.,. 6.. 7.,. 8.,. 9... ( ). : ; ;,. :. ( ).. ( ) = (,,, ).. ( ), 63

,.,.. 3.,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,, = + + +,,,,,,. :, ; = (, 0,, 0), = (0,,, 0),, = ( 0, 0,, ). ( ) ( ) :,, ( ) :,,, ( )().,. : : ; : ( ) ( ), ( ) (); : ( ) ( ), ( ) (), ( )(). ( 3),,,, + + + = 0,,,,. = = = = 0,,,,. ( 4),,, ( ) - ; :.,. ( 3 ), :. 64

,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, >,,, (,,,,,,,,, ) ;. ( 5), (). 4. ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,... ( ) ; ; ; ( ) ( ), ( ) ( );. ( 3) ; ;, + ( ) ; ;. ( 4),. 5. 65

+ + + = + + + = + + + =,, =.,. =, =,, =, ; + + + =. () ; ( ),,, ( 3),,,,,,, ; ; ( 4) + + + = 0 + + + = 0 + + + = 0 ( 5) ; ( 6) <, ; ( 7) =, = 0. 6. ( ),,. 66

( ),,. ( 3),, -,. ( 4) : = + + + - -,,,, -. 7. ( ). ( ),. ( 3) : = 0 + + + + - - (,,, - ), 0,,,, -.,. 4- = (,,, ), = (,,, ), = (,, -, - ), 3 = (, -,, - ), 4 = (, -, -, ),,, 3, 4. :,,,,, = + + +,,,,,,. + + 3 3 + 4 4 =, + + 3 + 4 = + - 3-4 = - + 3-4 = - - 3 + 4 = 67

= 5 4, = 4, 3 = - 4, 4 = - = 5 4 + 4-4, 4 3-4 4. 4-,,,,,,, -. : ( ),,, - ; ( ),,, -,. ( ).,,, -, = + + + - -. ( ),,,,, = + + + - - +. ( ) ( ) ( ), = ( + ) + + ( - + - ) -.,,, -,.,,, -. ( ),,, -, ( ) 0. ( ) = - - - - -,,,, -,. 4-3:,,, ( 0) ( < ),,, -...,,,,,,, + + - - + + + = 0. ( ), 0, + 0>, < + + - - + = 0. = = = 0, ( ) = - - - - -, 68

,,, -. 4-4,,,,. : = (,,, - ), =,,,,. :,,,, : ( ). + + + = 0,,,,,,,,,. ( ).,,,,, ( ) < ( ) =. ( 3),. ( 4).. + + + = 0, + + + = 0 + + + = 0 - + - + + - = 0 ( ) =, ( ) = - - - = ( - ) 0, < ( * ),,,,. ( ) <, = (,,, - ), =,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,. 4-5,,,, 0,,,,. :,,,, ( ),,,, -. 69 ( )

.,,,,,,,,, + + + = 0. ( ),,,,., 0 = 0, = 0, 0.,,,, 0 + = = = 0. ( ),,,,, -.. ( < ),,,, -, = + + + - -. ( ),,, (,, -, ), 0. (),,, -,. <,,, -.,,,,, -,,, -.,,,. 4-6,,,, :,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,. 4-7:. ( ) :,,, ( ) :,,,, ( ) :,,, ( ), ( ) ( ). ( )( ) ( ) ( ),,,, +,, ( ), () ( ), ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ). 70

( ) () (), () ( ) ; ( ) () ( ), ( ) :,,,, (). + =, ( )(). + <, () ( ),,,,,,., (), (), ( ) ( ),. 4-8,, 3, 4, 5 = (, -,, 4 ), = ( 0, 3,, ), 3 = ( 3, 0, 7, 4 ), 4 = (, -,, 0 ), 5 = (,, 5, 6 ). ( ) :, ; ( ),. ( ):,,. = 3 - + 3 = 0 ( ) : 3 = +, + = 7 3,. = 4 + = 4 - + 3 = - 4 = +, + = 4 + = 0,, = 3 =,, 4,.,, 4. + 3 = - + 3-3 = 5 = + + 3 4, + + 3 = 5 5,, 4. 4 + = 6 =, =, 3 = 0,, 3, 4, 5,, 4,,, 4,,, 4, 7

. 4-9: ( ) = (6, 4,, -, ), = (, 0,, 3, - 4 ), 3 = (, 4, - 9, - 6, ), 4 = (7,, 0, -, 3) ; ( ) = (, -,, 4), = (0, 3,, ), 3 = ( 3, 0, 7, 4 ), 4 = (, -,, 0), 5 = (,, 5, 6). :, ( ),,, = (,,, ) (= (,,, ) ),., ; ( =,,, ),,,,. ( ) (,, 3, 4 ) = 7-6 3-4 3 4 + 3 5-3 3 5-3 + 4-8 3 4 + 5 3 3 6 7 4 0 4-9 0-3 - 6 - - 4 3-9 0 0-8 40 0-55 7 0 5-5 - 0-8 40 3-9 0 0-8 40 0-5 5 0 5-5 - 0 0 0-9 0 0-5 5 0 0 0 39 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

3-39 4-4 3-9 0 0-5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,, 3, 4 3,,, 4 (, 3, 4 ). ( ) (,, 3, 4, 5 ) = 0 3-3 0-7 5 4 4 0 6 + 3-0 0 3 3 3 0 3 3-4 - 3 3 4-3 3 0 0 0-4 - 0 3 0 0 0 0 0-4 - 4 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 3,,, 4 (, 3, 4,,, 5,, 3, 5 ). :. 4-0 ( ) ( ) 0-0 - - 0 0 - - 0 - - 0-4 - 0 3 0 6-0 3 0 0 ( ). ;,, 73

0-0 - - 0 0 - - 0 - ( ) = 4. ( ) - 0-4 - 0 3 0 6-0 3 0 0 ( ) = 3. 4- = - 3-3 3-4 - 3-3 + 3 4 0-0 - - 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 4 + 3 0 - - 0 0-0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 3 - - 0 0 0 0-4 0 0 3 0-4 0 3 0 0 - - 0 0 0 0-4 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - 4 4-6 - 4 3 6-9 7 9,. - 4 0-0 0 0 0-3 0 0 0 0 0 ( ) = 3, 3. 74,,,,

,, 4,,, 4. (,, 4 ) 0 0 0 0 0 0, (,, 4 ) = 3,,, 4. 3, 5,, 4, 0-0 4 0-0 3 0 0 0-3 0 0 0 0 0, 3 = - -, 5 = 4 + 3-3 4. 4-,,,,,,, +,,, :,,,,,,, +,,. :,,,,,,, +,,,,,,, +,,,,,, +,,,,,.,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, +,,,,,,,,,, +,,,,,,, +,,,,,.,,,,,,, +,,. 4-3 = + 3 + +, = + 3 + +,, = + + + -, :,,,,,,. :. ( =,,, ),,,, ( =,,, ),,,., + + + = ( - ) ( + + + ), + = + + + = - ( + + + ), = - + - ( + + + ) ( =,,, ). 75

( =,,, ),,,,,,,,,,,. 4-4 + + + = + + + = + + + = = 0.,?? =,,, ( ) ( ). ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) = ( ), ( ) = ( ),.,, ( ) = ( ).. ( ) = ( ). ( ) ( ) = ( ), ( ) = ( )., + =. = 0 4-5 76 + =, ( ) = ( ) =,, ( ) = 3( ).

+ - 3 + 4 = + 4 + 3 + 4 = 5 - - - 3 + 4 = - 4?,. - = 4 5 - - - - 4 3 + - 3 0 0-0 0 0 0 0-3 + - 0 0 3-3 3 0 0-3 3-3 + 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 0 = 0 =. ( ) = ( ) =, ( ) = ( ), ( ) = ( ), ( ) = ( ) =.,., 3, 4. + + 4 = 3-4 =, - 4 = -, 3 = + 4 4-6, : + + 3 + 4 + 5 = 0 ( ) 3 + + 3 + 4-3 5 = 0 ; + 3 + 4 + 6 5 = 0 5 + 4 + 3 3 + 3 4-5 = 0 77

+ - 3 4-5 = 0 - + 3-4 = 0 ( ) 4 - + 6 3 + 3 4-4 5 = 0 + 4-3 + 4 4-7 5 = 0. ( ) = 3-3 - 3 0 - - - - 6 0 6 4-5 0 6 5 4 3 3-0 - - - - 6 0 - - - 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 = 3 + 4 + 5 5 = - 3-4 - 6 5, = 3 + 4 + 5 5 = - 3-4 - 6 5 3 = (,, 3 ), 4 = 5 = 3 = (, -,, 0, 0 ), = (, -, 0,, 0), 3 = (5, - 6, 0, 0, ). ( ) = 78 0-3 - - - 0 4-6 3-4 4-4 - 7 3-3 4 + + - 0 - - 0 - - - - 3-4 4-0 0 0 9-3 0 0 0-4 0-3 - 0-0 - 6 6 5 0 0-0 - 5 7 0 0-6 0-0 - 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 0 5 6 3.

= - 3 + 7 6 5 = 3 + 5 6 5, 4 = 3 5 3 =, 5 = 0 = -, =, 4 = 0 ; 3 = 0, 5 = = 7 6, = 5 6, 4 = 3, = ( -,,, 0, 0), = 4-7 - + 3 + 4-5 = - + + 3-4 + 5 = 4 - + 4 3 + 3 4-5 = 0 7 6, 5 6, 0, 3, 0.. = - - - - 4-4 3-0 - - - - 3 0 3 0-5 3 4 0-3 0 5-3 - 4 + - - - 3 0 3 0-5 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0, : - + 3 + 4-5 = - 3-5 4 + 3 5 = 4,.. ( ), ( ) = ( ) = < 5,. 3, 4, 5,, : 0 = 3, 4 3, 0, 0, 0. 79

( ) - + 3 + 4-5 = 0 3-5 4 + 3 5 = 0, : = ( -, 0,, 0, 0 ), = - : 0 + + + 3 3 =,, 3. 3, 5 3, 0,, 0, 3 = (0, -, 0, 0, ), 3 - - 3, 4 3 + 5 3-3,,, 3 4-8,,,. :,,,,. = (,,, ), = (,,, ), = (,,, ),, + + + = 0 + + + = 0, ( ) + + + = 0,,,,, - =., = (,,, ), = (,,, ), = (,,, ) + + + = 0 + + + = 0 + + + = 0 ( ) 80

- =,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( ). 4-9:,,,, + + + ( + + + = ). = = 0 + ( + + + - - ), 0 =,,,, -.,,,, =, = 0 + ( + + +, - - ) ( =,,, ). + + + =, + + + = ( + + ) 0 + = = 0 + ( + + + - - ), + + =, - - = + + ( =,,, - ), + + + =.,,, =, -, 3 -,, - = 0. + + + =, + + + = ( - - - ) + + + = + ( - ) + + ( - ), + + + =. = ( =,,, ), ( + + + ) = ( ) + ( ) + + ( ) = + + + + + + =. = ( + + + ) =, 4-0,,,, : 8

,,,.., ( = + + +, = + + +, - ) + ( - ) + + ( - ) = 0.,,,, - = - = = - = 0,. =, =,, =,. = + + +, + + + = 0, = ( + ) + ( + ) + + ( + ),, + =, =,,,. = 0, =,,,,,,,. 4-:,,,,,,,,..,,,, = + + +, ( ),,,.,, () ( ) = + + +, < ( ) ( - ) + + ( - ) + + + + = 0,,,,,...,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,, 3,,,, 3,,,. 4-,,,, 8 = =, =

,,,. :,,, = 0.. 0,,,,, + + + = 0, = = = ( =,,, ),, + = + + =,,,,, + + + = 0 + + + = 0 + + + = 0 = 0. = 0, = = = = 0,,,,..,,,, 0. = 0,,,,,, (,,, ) + (,,, ) + + (,,, ) = 0. ( ), = = + + + =, =,,,, = = 0, = + =,,,,, 0. + + 4-3,, :. ( ) :,,, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ). 83 ( )

() (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ( ) :,,,,,,,. ( ) {,, } =, ( ),,, ( ), () =., ( ) ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. () (),,,,,,,, ( ) (),,,,,,,, = = ( =,,, ). ( ),,, 0, () ( =,,, ),,,,,,,,. () (), () (). 4-4,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 3. : (, ) 3 +. = 0 = 0,. 0, 0,,,, ;,,, ;,,, 3,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,.,,, 3,,,,,,,.,,, 3, 3 +.,,,,,,,,, 3, 3, 3, (, ) 3., (, ) 3 +. 4-5,,,,,,,. : (,,, ) =, (,,, ) + -. 84

,,,,,,,,,,, -, (,,, ) - ( - ) = + -, (,,, ) + -.,,,,,,,,, -,,,,,,, -,,,, 4 - (,,, ) (,,, ) + (,,, - ) (,,, ) + -, (,,, ) + -. 4-6 =. : ( ) >, =,,,, 0 ; ( ) >, =,,,, > 0. ( ) ( ) = 0 0. = 0 = (,,, ), 0 = > 0, = 0 0 0 + + 0 = 0, - 0 0 0 = 0, = 0 0 0 0 = 0 = 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0, = 0 0, = 0 85

. = 0, 0. ( ) ( ) = >, > ( ), ( ) 0. ( ), 0 (0 ), (0 ), ( ) ( 0) = = > 0, ( ) =. 0 > 0. < 0, ( ) < 0, (0 ) > 0,, 0 (0, ), ( 0 ) = 0,. = ( ) > 0. :.,.., = ( ) ( =,,, ) : = ( =,,, ), < ), = = ( - ) 0,. - > 4-7, ( + ) - + (+ ) 3 = - (- ) + (- ) + (- ) 3 = ( - ) + (- ) + (- ) 3 =,,?,. - (,, : ( ) ( ).,. ( ), ( ) = ( ),,,. 86

( ),,, 0,, () ; = 0,,. = + - + - - - - 3 - + 0 - - - - - 0 - - - - = = (- ) (+ ). - - ( ) 0,,. ( ) = 0, = 0 - - - - 0 - - - 0 3-0 - 0-0 - 0 0 0 ( ) = 3, ( ) =,. ( 3) =, + 3 + 3-0 - 3 3 = - 0 - + 3 0 0 3 0 - - - 3, 0 0 0 ( ) = 3, ( ) =,. ( 4) = -,, 0-0 - 0-0 - 0-0 - - - 3 0 0 0 0 = - 0 - - 3 - - 3 - - 3 - - 3-3 - - 3 ( - ) - 0 0-5 - 3 5 0 0 0 0 87

- - 5 5 0 0 3 5 3 5-0 0 0 0 ( ) = ( ) = < 3,, = - = - - 3 = = 3 5 3 5 = 3 = - = - - - 0 3 5 3, 3 5 3, - + - + - + - - - - - - - 3 5 3 5 - - - ( ). 0-5 - 4-8 + - 0 0 (- ) (+ ) - (+ ) ( - + ) ( ) 0, ( ) = ( ) = 3,. ( ) = 0, ( ) = 3, ( ) =,. ( 3) =, ( ) = 3, ( ) =,. ( 4) = -, ( ) = ( ) = < 3,, =. 3 3-0 - 5-3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 3 5-0 0 0 0 :,. 88,.

,.,,. 4-8,,,,. =, = +,, + = +. : : = + +, + + + + =. + + +,,,, = + + + +. = - - - +, + + + + =, =, = +,, + = +, = + + + + = + ( - ) + + + ( + - ) = ( - - - + )+ + + + = + + + + +. 4-9 = (,,, ), =,,,, = (,,, ). : + + + = 0 + + + = 0 + + + = 0 ( ) + + + = 0 ( ),,,.. ( ) (), ( ) + + + = 0 + + + = 0 + + + = 0 + + + = 0 89

,.,,,, (3 ),,,, ( 4), ( 3) (4),,,,..,,,,, = + + +. = + + +, =,,,. =, =,, = (), = = = = ( ) ( ). 4-30 = 0, + + + = 0 + + + = 0 + + + = 0, ( ) = -. : (,,, ),, 0. ( ) = ( ) -, = 0, -, 0. (),.. + + + = 0 + + + = = 0, + + + = 0 0,,,, ()., () (,,, ), : 90 (,,, ).

4-3 + + + = 0 + + + = 0 -, + -, + + -, = 0 = -, -, -,, ( - ) ( - ). : ( ) (, -,, ( - ) - ) ; ( ) ( ) = -, (, -,, ( - ) - ). ( ),, =. -, -, -,, = 0., = - + + ( - ) - = 0 ( =,,, ), = (, -,, ( - ) - ) = 0. ( ) ( ) = -, -, -,, ( - ) -,,. = (, -,, ( - ) - ),. 9

.... 3... ( ) ( ),, =. ( ) = ( ), = ( ), + = ( + ). ( 3), = ( ), = ( ). :,,...,,,. =. ( ) = ( ), = ( ), = ( ), = + + +, 9 ( =,,, ; =,,, )

,,, =. ( ) : ( ) = ( ) ; ( + ) = +, ( + ) = + ; ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ;,, = ; ( ) ( ( ), ( ) ) ;, = +, ( ) =, () =, =.. 3. ( ) = ( ),,. ( ) : ( ) = ; ( + ) = + ; ( ) = ; ( ) = ;, =. 4. ( ),. ( ),, ( 3). ( 4) 0 0 = 0 0 0 0, = (,,, ). ( 5) =, = (, =,,, ). ( 6) = -, = - (, =,,, ) 93

. 3 : ; ; ( 7) = 0 ( > ). ( 8) = 0 ( < ). ( 9), (, ) ( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) (, ( ) ) ( ). :,, (, ) - = (, ), ( ( ) ) - = ( ( - ) ), (, ( ) ) - = (, ( - ) ). ;. 5. ( ),, = =, = -. ( ) (, ) ( - ) - = ; 0,, ( ) - = - ;, ( ) - = - - ;, ( ) - = ( - ) ;, ( ) - = ( - ) ; - = -. ( 3) 0; 94

( ) = ; ; ;. ( 4) : - = : (, ) -. 6. * ; (, - ) ( ),. ( ). ( 3),,. ( 4) ;, =. :,,,. 7. ( ). ( ),. : ( ) ; ( ) ; ( 3 ) 95

; (4 ); (5 ).,. 5-=, =,, -. = + + + + + + + + + + 3 + + + + + + + + +, = + + + + + + + + + +, - = - + + - - - - + - - - + + - - -. 3 - - - - :. 5- - - - - - - ( ). - - - - - - ( - ) - - - - - = - ( - ) -, - - - - - ( - ) 96

= - - - - - - - - - = ( - ) - - - ( - ) - - - ( - ) :. - - - - - - - - - = - - - - - - - - - 5-3 + - 4 =,, ( - ) -. :. + - 4 = + - =, ( + ) ( - ) =,. ( - ) - = ( + ). 5-4: =, ( - ) - = + + + + -. ( + + + - ) ( - ) = + + + - - ( + + ) = - =, ( - ) ( + + + - ) = + + + - - ( + + ) = - =, ( - ) - = + + + + -. 5-5, - + -,.. : +, :, ( - + - ) = ( -. ( - + - ) = +, ( - + - ) = - ( + ), ( - + - ) ( + ) - = - + - ) = 97

( - + - ) ( + ) - =. ( + ) - ( - + - ) =. - + -, ( - + - ) - = ( + ) -. : ( - + - ) = +, ( - + - ) ( + ) - =, ( - + - ) - = ( + ) -,,, : ( + ) - = ( + ) -. 5-6= -. 0 ( ) ( ) = 98 0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + ( - ) 0-3 - - 0 3 + ( - ) 0 - - 0 + 3 ( - ) 0 0 - + 3 3 0 0-4 - 5 3 0 - - 0-0 0-4 0 0 5 3 - - 4 4 4 + ( - ) 3 + ( - ) 0 - - 0 0 0-0 0 5 4 0 0 4 0 0-3 0 0-4 4 0 0 5 4-4 - - 4 4-4 3 4 -, 4 3 4

- - = 4-4 4. 5 4-4 - 3 4 - = * = = = - 3 = - = * - 0-0 = -, = - 0. = 40, : =, = 0 =, 3 = = 5, 0 = 0, 3 = - = -, - =, 3 = - =, 33 = - - = - 3, = 4 - - 5 - - 3, = =,. 3 = - 4 5 4 - - 4 4-4 3 4. = 3, =,. 3 3 3 3 :,. 5-7, *. =, ( 3 ) - - *. : - = *. 99

(3 ) - = 3 -, - = -, * = -, ( 3 ) - - * = = = - 3 - - - 3 - - - = - 8 7 - = - 3 8 6 = - 7 7. 3-5-8: ( * ) * = -, ( > ). : - = * = * =. 0, * = -. *. ( * ) * = ( - ) * = - ( - ) - = - ( - ) - = - = -. = 0, ( * ). >, ( ( * ) * ) = 0, ( * ) * =, ( * ) * = -. 5-9,, 0. : +, ( + ) -. :. [ ( + ) - ] = [ ( + ) ] - = ( + ) - ( + ) - = ( - ) - ( + ) - = [ ( + ) - ] - = ( - + ) - = [ - ( + ) ] - = ( + ) -. = [ - ( + ) ] - = ( - + ) -, [ ( + ) - ] = [ ( - + ) - ] = [ ( - + ) ] - ( + ) -. = ( - + ) - = ( + ) -, 5-0, :, = = 0. 00

. = (,,, ),,, 0, 0 0. =, (,,, ) =, = ( =,,, ), = 0 0, = 0.. = 0, = 0, = (,,, ),,,, = ( =,,, ), =. 5-,, : =, ( ) + ( ). = (,, ), =, (,, ) = (,, ), = ( =,,, ), = 0. ( ) - ( ), ( ) + ( ). 5-. : ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0= 0, = (, ).,,. ( ) = ( ) =, ( ) = 0= 0 -. = 0 ( ) = 0, = 0( ) = 0,..,,.. : 5-0, 5-5 - 5-3: ( + )( ) + ( ). = (,, ), = (,, ), + = ( +,, + ).,,,,, = + +, = + + ( =,,, ), + = + + + + + ( =,,, ), +,,,,,. ( + ) 0

+ = ( ) + ( ). : 5-3,. 5-4, ( ) =. : ( ) = (,,, ) ; ( ) =. ( ) ( ) =,,. =, = (,,, ). ( ) ( ) = (,,, ) = (,,, ) (,,, ) = (,,, ) 0

= (,,, ) =., = + + +, =. 5-5, : =,, =. =, = = 0, = 0, ( ) = ( ) = 0. ( ) = 0, =, =. ( ) =, 5-4, = (, ), =, = - ( ), = - =, = 0. = =. 5-6:..,.., 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =, = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. = ( ), = =, =,, =,,,., = 0. = 03

0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0, 0 0 0 -, - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = = =,. 0 0 5-7 = 0 0,, 0 0 (, =,,, )., =. : =,. =, = 04 0 0 0 0 0 0, 0 0 0 0, 0 0

=,,, =, ( - ) =,. = ( ). =. 5-8:., =,., ( ) = 0,, =. =, =, = - - = - - - = ( * ) = -, =,, = - -. ( * ), = - - - =, = -,= - -. 5-9, ( ) =. :, - -. ( ) =,,, =. -, - - = = - =,, =. 05

- = - = -, -, - -. ( ) =,,, -., -.,,,, -. =, -, - -. 5-0, ( ),. : = - - ; ( ), = - -. ( ),, ( ), - - = - -, = - -. - - - = - = - -. 5-,,,. : =, = -., 5-0 = 06 = - - = - - = - - = -.

, = 0, ( ) = +,, ( ) = + 0, +. =, ( + ) = ( + ). + = ( + ) -. ( * ) ( * ), ( * )., = 0, = -. 5-()?. ( ), ()?. ( ),. : 0, ( ) :, ( ) :, 0, ( ) (),. ( ), (). : = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0, = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,., ( ), ( ). : ( ).,,. ( ), ( )., ( )., 07

( ). 5-3,, : ( ) * = * *., * = * =, * * = ( * * ) = ( ) * ( ) ( * * ) = ( ) * ( * ) * = ( ) * * = ( ) * * = ( ) *. -, -,,, - - ( - ) * ( - ) * = - - [ ( - ) ( - ) ] *., > - 0, - 0. >, ( - ) * ( - ) * = [ ( - ) ( - ) ] *. ( ) () ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) = ( ),, =,,,,, >,., = 0, ( ) ( ) * = * *. 5-4. : 0, - -., 3,,,, = ( + + + ). 0, 0, + - -. + + -. = -, = 0,, = 0,, 0., 08 =, - -, - =

-, - -. 5-5( ),, : + = ( + - ). ( ) (), + = ( ) + +. - - = - = - + -, ( ) + -, ( ) (), ( ), - = - = + = ( + - ), - + = ( + - ). ( ) + =, = + + ( ) = + (,, ), 09

= + (,, ) = +. = 5-6, : ( ) ( + ) + ( - ) = ; ( ) =, ( ) + ( - ) =. =, ( ) =, ( + ) ( - ) = - =, 5 -, = ( + ) + ( - ( + ) + ( - ). ), 5-3, = ( ) = [ ( + ) + ( - ) ]( + ) + ( - ) = ( + ) + ( - ), ( + ) + ( - ) =. ( ) = ( - ) =, ( ) + ( - ). = ( ) = [ ( - ) + ] ( ) + ( - ) = ( - ) + ( ), ( ) + ( - ) =. 5-7= ( ), = ( ). : ( ) ( ) + ( ) -.. -, -, -,., ( ) + ( ) = 0 ( )( ) + ( ) -. = ( ) +, ( ) =, ( ) =, ( ) =,, 0 =,

- = ( - ), = ( ) = ( - ), - = ( - ) =, ( ) = ( ) =, ( - ) =, ( - ) -, -, - -, + -.. 5-8. : +, =, + ( ) = ( + ) = ( + ) =. = 0 = 0 =, = + =., + =, =.,, +, -,,,, + - - + + + 0 =,, -,,, 0 = = = = 0,, -,,,,. =, + = =,( ) = ( + ). ( + ) = ( + ) =., ( 0 = ) ( ) ( ) ( 3 ) ( + )0, +,, 0, ( ) = ( + ), 5 -, = + =, + = + =,. 5 -, ( ) = ( + ) = ( + ) =. 5-9, ( ) =, =. : ( ) =. ( ) =,, - - =,. ( )

, = 3 4, = 3 4,. ( ), = = - - = - - =, + 3 =.., = ( ) = ( ) + ( 3 ). ( ) ( ), = = 3 4 3 4 = 3 3, ( ) = ( ) + ( 3 ). ( 3) ( ) = ( ), ( 3 ) = ( 3 ), ( ) ( 3), ( ) =. 5-30, ( ) =, : =,. ( ) = ( ) =, =, =. =,, =, = ( ) ( ) = ( ) = =.,. =,, 0., = - = - (, ) =. = -, = ( ).,, ( ) = ( ) =. : =, 0.,,, =, = () = ( ) = () = ( ) =, ( - ) = 0. 0, - = 0, = = 0. 5-3( ) 0 0-0 0

. ( ) =. ( ), =. : ( ) 0 0, 0., 0 0-0 - - 0, 0 - - 0 0 - = = 0 0-0 0 - - 0 - - - 0 0-0 - 0 - = 0, 0-0 - - - 0 - - 0 ( ) 0, ( - - ) =, - =, 0 - -. - - = -, 0 - - = 0. - ( - - ) 0. - 0 -, ( ). = 0, 0. +,. 5-3, =. : (, ( ) ). 3

. =, 5-3( ). -,. 0, ( ), = + - 0 0 + ( - ) 0. = = =,,, = 0 = (, ( ) ) (, ( ) ), =.. ( ), ( =,,, ), =. ( =,,, ), =. = 0, 0, 0, = + -,,. 5-33 ( ), 4

()., =., ( )., =. =,. ( ) = ( ) = =,.., ( ) =, 0, (), =. 0 ( = 0, ),, ( =,, - =,, ) 0 0 0 0 ( = 0, 3 ) - =, 3,, 0 3 0 3 0 0 33 3 0 0 3,,.., = 5

-, = -.,. 5-34,, =. ( ) =, ( ) =,,, - = =, - = = - - = =, = - = -,,,. = ( ). =, = (, ). 6

.... 3.. 4.,.. (),,,,, (,,, ) = = = ( =,, =,,, )., (,,, ) = + + +,. (,,, ) (,,, ) =, = (,,, ), = ( ).,,. ( ),,,, ;,,, = + + + = + + + = + + + 7

,,,,,,. =. = (,,, ), = ( ), = (,,, ). 0,.,.. ( ),,,.. =, ( ), (3 ) =, = = : =. 3. ( ) = + + +, ( =,,, ). ( ),,. =, ( 3) (,,, ) = = = + + +. ( 4). ( 5 ) (,,, ) = = = + + + - + - -. = -, ; 8 -.

( 6). 4. ( ) (). ( ),,,,, =. ( 3) ( ). 5. ( ) (,,, ),,,, (,,, ) > 0, ; (,,, )0, (,,, ), ; (,,, ) < 0, (,,, ), ; (,,, )0, (,,, ), ; (,,, ),. ( ) (,,, ) =, ; ;,, = ; = ( ), ( =,,, ) ;, (). 9

( 3) (,,, ) =, ; - ;,, = - ; = ( ), ( - ) > 0 ( =,,, ),, ;, (). ( 4) (, ; ;,, ) =,, = ;, (). ( 5) (, ;,, ) = 0 -

;,, = - ;, ()... 6-: ( ) (, ) = 5 - + ; ( ) (,, 3 ) = ( + + 3 3 ) ; ( 3) (,, 3 ) = + 3-3 + - 3 + 3 3 ; ( 4) (,, 3, 4 ) = + 3-3 + - 3 + 3 3. ( ) (, ) = 5 - + = (, ) 5 - -, 5 - -. ( ) (,, 3) = ( + + 3 3) = (,, 3 ) 3 3 = (,, 3 ) = 3 3, (,, 3 ). 3 3 3 3 3. 3 3 3

( 3) 3-3. ( 4) 3 3-0 3 - - 0 - - 0 0 0 0 :. ( 4)( 3), (3 ), (4 ),, ( 4) 4. 6-,. (,, 3 ) = + + + 4 3 + 4 3 (,, 3 ) = ( + + ) + ( + 4 3 + 4 3 ) = ( + ) + ( + 3 ). 3 0. = + = - + 3 = + 3, = - 3,, 3 = 3 3 = 3 (,, 3 ) = +. = - 0 -, 0. 0 0 6-3. (,, 3 ) = + 3 + 3-4 - 3 + 4 3 = - - 3 - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 [ + ( ) ] - 0-3 - - 0 0 0 0 0 0

[ + ( ) ] [ 3 + ( - ) ] [ 3 + ( - ) ] [ 3 + ( 3 ) ] [ 3 + ( 3 ) ] 0 0-3 3-0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3 0 3-6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3 0 3-6 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3 0 0 3-0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 3 4 0 3 0 0 (,, 3 ) =, (,, 3 ) 3

= - + 3 3, = 4 0 3. 0 0 :,.,,. 6-4. ( ) (,, 3 ) = + 4 + 5 3-4 3 ; ( ) (,, 3 ) = + + 6 3 + + 6 3 + 3 ; ( 3) (,, 3, 4 ) = + + 3 4. ( ). (,, 3 ) - = = - - 4 0-0 4 0-0 5-5, = (- ) (- 4) (- 6), =, = 4, 3 = 6., (,, 3 ). ( ). (,, 3 ) = = = > 0, = = > 0, 3 = 3, (,, 3 ). 3 6 = > 0. 3 3 6 ( 3). = 0, = 0, 3 =, 4 = 0, (0, 0,, 0) = 0. (,, 3 ). :,, : ; : 4.

,.,. 6-5: = =,,,,,,. (,, ) = = + + +, = = = = = = (,, ) = + + + =,.,,,, - (, ) (, ), - (, ) (, ).,,,,,,,,. =,. 6-6:.,, =, 0, =,,,. 0 0 5

0 0 = ( - ) - + ( - ) 0 0 + ( - ) 0 ( - ). -, 0 -, =,, 0 0 - + 0 6-7(,, ) = + + + - + - - +, ( =,,, + ),,,. (,, ),. = + + +, =,,, +., (,, ) = (= - ) (,, ) = + + + - + - - +,, (,, ), = ( ). + + + - + - - + = + + + - + - - +. 6

+ + + = 0 + + + = 0 +, + +, + + +, = 0 - + + + = 0 >, + ( - ) <,, (,,, ), + + + - + - - + = + + + - + - - +. = = = = 0, + = = = 0, = = = = 0. 0 = 0 0. 0, = 0, = 0.=,.. :, = = = = 0, - + = 0,, = 0., >, (,,, ).,,,,.. 6-8:,.,,,..= ( ), 7

= ( < < )., (,, ) =,, (,, ) > 0.,,,,, (0,,, 0,,,,,, 0 ) > 0( (,, ),,,, 0 ).,,,, (,,, ), (,,, ) = (0,,, 0,,,,,, 0 ) > 0,,. > 0. 6-9,, : ( ) -, +, ( > 0 ); ( ),. ( ),,, =, ( ) - = -. ( ) - = ( - ), - - ( - ) =. = ( - ), =. ( - ) = ( ) - = -, -. (,, ) =, (,, ) =,.,, (,, ), (,, ),,,, (,, ) > 0, (,, ) > 0.,,, (,, ) + (,, ) = ( + ) > 0, +.+. = ( ),, = > 0, =,,,. 8

= ( ) = ( ) > 0, > 0, = > 0, =,,,,. ( ) =,,,. :,,,, (,, ) > 0 ; :.,,. ( ) :,,. 6-0, :, +.,, +. ( ), ( ),, ( ) +,., ( ) > 0, =,,,.,, +. 6-0,.. (,, ),, = = -, = - = ( + ) ( - ).,,,,,,,,. (,, ) 9

,,,.. = ( + + ) ( + + ) 0. (,, ) (,, ), = ( =,,, ) 0, = + + = = =,.(,, ) (,, ), (, )(, ), 0, = + + = + + 3 = 3 = = + = - 3 = 3 = = = -,. 6-,.:,.,, =. =,, =.=,,. 6-3,. = = =, = = =, =, : = ( ), ( ) = = =,. 6-3 30

- =, - =.,, > 0, > 0 ( =,,, ). - = ( - ) ( - ) =,. 6-4. : =,,., =. > 0, =,,,., =, = -, =. 6-5,. :.,, =, = = - ( ).,,, 3

- ( ) =. 6-6:,.,,.,.,.. 6-7, : +. ( + ) = ( ) + ( ) = +, ( ) = +.. ( ) =, -, = -, + = - + ( - ) = + ( - ) =, +.. +. ", 0, ( + ) = ( ) + ( ) > 0, 0., 00= 0,, ( ) =. 6-8] : (,, ) = - = =. ( - ) = ( - ) + ( - 3 ) + + ( - ) + < ( - 3 ) + + ( - ) + + ( - - ) = ( - ) = = - = = - = - = < + =, <,,,, ( - ) 0,, <,,, (,, ) = - = = 0.. 6-9 (,,, ) = ( + + + = ), : 3

(,,, ) =. =, = (,,, ).., :. = 0= 0,., = 0, = 0, = 0., = 0, = 0, ( ) = 0, = 0.,,. 6-0(,, ) =,,,,,.: =., = (,, ) = = + + +, ( + + + ) + + + ( + + + ), (,, ), = ( ) ( ) = =,. 6-(,,, ) =,, > 0, < 0. : 0 0 0 0 = 0. (,,, ) =,,.(, =,, ) 33

(,,, ) = + + - + - - (0 < < ). = + =, = 0 ( <, + ). = 0., 0 0, 0 0 = - + = - = 0. 6-, < 0, : < 0., < 0, (,, ) =,,. =, = + + - + - -, <. =,,, = 0, (,, ) < 0. 6-3, :, <. = {,, =,,, }, = {,,, }. = = = = = = = =. = + + +,, =,. 6-4 :,, = +..,, = +, + + = -, ( - ) =, - = -., -, -, +. -. = ( + ) ( + ) = + +, = ( - ) ( - ) = - -, = 4,. 34

6-5 = -, -. ( - ) - = ( - ) + = ( - ) + = ( - ) + = ( - ) + + = ( - ) + +. ( - ) + = ( - ) + + + = 0, + = 0, ( - ) - = ( - ) + = 0, -. 6-6,, + +.,,, = = ( + ) =, +,,,. = +, + = ( + )( + ), =, =. =,, =, = =, > 0 ( =,,, ), + = ( + )( + ) + = +.,. 6-7. ( ),, =, : ; ( ) : 0,. ( ),, ( =,,, ),, =, =, 35

, = = * * *, = =, = =,.. ( )..=. -. =,, - ), -. = = - - - 0-0 -, = (,, -, -,, 0, = - - -. - -, 0.,, - =. - 0 = 0 0 = 0 0 = 0,, 0 0-0 0 0 0 = - 0 0 =. ( ),, =,,,, - 36

=, =,,,. 0,, =, =., -, =, 3,,. =, 0, =,,,, - ( ). = 0, =,,,. 6-8 : ( ) = = ( = ), (,,, ) = ; 0 ( ), -, - - ; ( 3), ; (4 ) = ( ), ( + + ). = ( ) (,,, ),, : (,,, ) = - = = = -., = ( ),., - =. > 0,. - (,,, ) =, (,,, ) = - 37

. ( ) = =, -, - + -, -, -, - -,, - 0, - 0, - 0, -, -, -, - 0, -, -, - (,, - ) =, -, -, -, - - - 0 = (,,,,, -, ) + -.,, -, - -, -, -, -. () (,, - ). (,,,,, -, ) 0, -. ( 3) ( ) 38

- -, - - -, - -, -. ( 4), = = * * = * = * * * =. (3 ), = = ( + + ). = : ( 3) ( ). 6-9, (). :,. = ( ),, + + + * * * = * + + + * * * * * * * * + + +. 6-4 ( 3) ( + + + ) ( + + + )( + + + ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 6-30, + > 0..,., 39

,, =.,, 0,, ( ) = * 0, [ ( + ) ] = +, = 0, ( =,,, ) + * 0 +. = ( + ) ( + ) ( + ).,, ( + ) ( - ) = + > 0, ( + ) ( + ) ( + ) > 0, + > 0. 40

.... 3.. 4.,. 5.. 6... ( ),.,., ", ",, +,, 8 (),,. :,,., 8, :, ( + ) = + = (+ ) + (+ ) = + ( + ) +,, (+ ) = ( + ) (+ ) = (+ ) + (+ ) = + (+ ) +. + = +.,. ( ) 4

.. 0= 0, 0 = 0, ( - ) = -. = 0, = 0 = 0.. ( ),,,,,,,,, = + + +,,,,,,. () :,, ; (),,, ( ) ( ), ( ) ().,. :. ( ),,,,,,,, + + + = 0,,,,. = = = = 0,,,,. ( 3) : = 0 ;,,,, ;,,, ( ) - ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, >,,, (,,,,,,,,, ) ;. 4

3. ( ),,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,.. ( ) ; ; ; ( ) ( ), ( ) ( );. 4.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,, = + + +.,,,,,,, (,,, ).,. 5. ( ),,,,,,,, = + + + = + + + = + + +. (,,, ) = (,,, ), 43

= ( ),,,,,,.,, -,,,,,,. ( ),,,,,,,,,,, (,,, ),,, (,,, ) =,. 6. ( ),,,.,,, { + + +,,, },,,,, ( ) (,,, )., ; ( ) :,, ( ),,, () ( ); (,,, ) = (,,, ),,,, (,,, ),,, ;, ;. 7. 44

( ),, + { +, },,. ; ( ). +, +, + = ( + ) + ( ) ;. : ( 3),,, + ;, = = 0; = {0}. + = 0,,, ( 4),, 8. =. ( ),, ",, " (+ ) = () + (), ( ) = ( ),,. ( ) ( 0) = 0 (0 ), ( - ) = - () ; ( + + + ) = ( ) + ( ) + + ( ) ;,,, ( ), ( ),, ( ) ; 45

, ( ) ( ), ( );.. ( 3) ; ;. 7- ( )??., 0,,,.? ( ),,, +,,,.. ( 3),??,,,,, = (,,,, = ),..,. ( 4),, : 46 = -.

,. ( 5), : = +.,. 7-. ( ). ", = + + + + +, (, =,, ), (, =,, ),. ( ) (, ). : ", = + ( + ) + + ( + ) + +, + (, =,, ), + ( - ) (, =,, ),. : ", = ( - ) + + ( - ) + +, - (, - - -, ), - ( ), - ( ) ( - ),. : ", = + + + + + ( + ) ( ), ( ), ( ),. ( 3) +, : =, =. " +, =,,. ( 4), = 0 0 0 0, = - + 3. 0 0 " ( ) = 0 + - + +, = = 3 = 3 + = 3 + 47

,,, :,,, 3. ( 5),?., = (, 0,, 0), = (0,,, 0),, = (0, 0,, ), = (, 0,, 0), = (0,,, 0),, = (0, 0,, ), :,,,,,,,, : + + + + + + + = 0, ( +, +,, + ) = 0 + = + = = + = 0, = = = = = = = = 0.,,,,,,, ;, = ( +, +,, + ), = + + + + + + +.,,,,,,,,. : 7-3 4, ( =,, 3, 4), (,, 3, 4 ) = = (,, 3, ) = (,, 0, ) 3 = ( -,, - 3, 0 ) 4 = (,,, ) - 3 0-3 - 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3,,, 4,, (,, 3, 4 ), 3. 48

. 7-4:,,,,,,. :,,,,. 0,,, 0 = + + +,.,,,, + + + = 0, 0 = ( + ) + ( + ) + + ( + ). 0, + =, =,,,, = 0 ( =,,, ).,,,,,.. 7-5 [ ] ( ) ( ) = ( - ), = 0,,, -,,. : [ ], ( ) ( = 0,,, - ).. =, - ( ) ( = 0,,, - ). 0 ( ) =,. 0 + ( - ) + ( - ) + + - ( - ) - = 0. =, 0 = 0, 0 = 0 -, + ( - ) + + - ( - ) - = 0., - ( - ) ( = 0,,, - ), = = = - = 0, ( ) ( = 0,,, - ), [ ]. ( ) ( ) = ( - ) ( - )( - ), = 0,,, -, 0 ( ) =, ( ). 49

( ) ( = 0,,, - ). =, 0 ( ) =,. - ( ) ( = 0,,, - ). 0 + ( - ) + ( - ) ( - ) + + - ( - ) ( - ) ( - - ) = 0, ( ) -, - = 0. ( ) 0 + ( - ) + ( - ) ( - ) + + - ( - ) ( - ) ( - - ) = 0. - ( ) ( = 0,,, - ), = = = - = 0. ( ) ( = 0,,, - ), [ ]. 7-6( ) : [ ], ( ) = ( - ) ( - - )( - + )( - ), = 0,,, -,,,,. : [ ],,,,,.,,,, ( ) + ( ) + + ( ) = 0. ( ) =,,,, -, ( )0, ( ) = = ( ) = 0. ( ) ( ) = 0, = 0., = = = 0,,,,,. ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, -,,,. =, =,, =,, - = ( - ) ( - ) ( - ) = ( - ), =,,,. =, 50 = - = - - - + + + - + -.

,,, -,,, :. - - - - - - 7-7 4,,, 3, 4, ( ) = (,,, ), = (,, -, - ), 3 = (, -,, - ), 4 = (, -, -, ), = (,,, ). = + + 3 + 4, + + + = + - - = - + - = - - + = = 5 4, = 4, = - 4, = - 4,,, 3, 4 5 4, 4, - 4, - 4. ( ) = (,, 0, ), = (,, 3, - ), 3 = (,, 0, 0), 4 = (0,, -, - ), = ( 0, 0, 0, ) = + + 3 + 4, =, = 0, = -, = 0,,, 3, 4 (, 0, -, 0). 7-8 4,,, 3, 4,, 3, 4,, = (,, -, 0 ) = (, -,, ) 3 = ( -,,, ) 4 = ( -, -, 0, ), = (,, 0, ) = (0,,, ) 3 = ( -,,, ) 4 = (, 3,, ).. = (, 0, 0, 0 ),, 3, 4. (,, 3, 4 ) = (,, 3, 4 ). 5

= (,, 3, 4 ) = = (,, 3, 4 ) = = - = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - 0 0 0-3 0,, 3, 4 -, = (,, 3, 4 ) = (,, 3, 4 ) - 0 7-9,,, 3, 4,, 3, 4. = (, 0, 0, 0 ) = (0,, 0, 0 ) 3 = (0, 0,, 0 ) 4 = (0, 0, 0, ), 0 0,, 0 0 0, 3 3, 5 3, - 3, - 3 3 = (,, -, ) = (0, 3,, 0) 3 = (5, 3,, ) 4 = (6, 6,, 3). 0 0 0,. = (,, 3, 4 ) 3, (,, 3, 4 ) = (,, 3, 4 ), 4 5

= (,, 3, 4 ) 3 4 = (,, 3, 4 ) 3 4, 3 4 = 3 4, = ( =,, 3, 4), : 0 5 6 - - 3 3 6-3 4 =, - - -, -. 0 3 3 4 3. 7-0 + : =, =. :. ",, () = (),,. ( + ) = + = + = ( ) (), ( ) = = ( ) = = ( ), 7-,,, = { ( ) [ ] ( ) = 0},, = { ( ) [ ] () = 0}. :,,,. ( ), ( ), () = 0, ( ) = 0 () + () = 0, () = 0, ( ) + (), (),,,. ( ) [ ] () = 0,, ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0, 53

= { ( )( ) ( ) [ ]}., = { ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] }. : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), -.. ( )( ) + ( )( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ), 7-. ( ( )( ) ) ( ) ( ), ( ) :, ( ).,, ( ),,, ( ),,, ( + ) = + = + = ( + ), ( ) = ( ) = ( ) = ( ), +, ( ), ( ). ( ) =, ( )., =, ( ) =. ( 3) = 0 0 0 0 0 0, ( ). 0 0 0 3 = 3, =, 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 3 3 3 : 54

0 0 0 = 0 0 0., 0 0 0 : = + + +,,,,, ( ),. 7-3 0 0 = 0 0, 33 3. 3 = 3, =, 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 3 + + 3 3 + + 3 3 3 + 3 + 33 + 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3. 3 + 3 33 3 + 33 33 : 3 = 0, 3 = 0, 3 = 3 3 3-3 -, 3 = 33-3 -, 5,,. = : 0 0, 3 33-3 - 33-3 - 33 = 0 0 0 0 0-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-0 5. + 0 0 0 0 0 + 33 0-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3, + 0 0 0 0 0-0 0 + 55

4. 7-4 + + + = 0 = = =, : =. : + + + = 0 -, = ( -,, 0,, 0), = ( -, 0,,, 0), - = ( -, 0, 0,, ). = = =, : - = 0-3 = 0 - - = 0 -, : - 0 0-0 0 = (,,, ). = ( - ) + 0, - 0 0. =,,,, -,,, =. 7-5 : =, =, =., = + +, 0 = + +,,,,, 0 = ( + ) + = + = 0, = 0. = = = 0, =.. 7-6: 56

,,,,, ( ), ( ) + ( ) + + ( ) = (,,, ) =., 0 = + + +, ( ),,,,, = 0, =,,. 0,. 7-7 : : = - = {0}, =,,. = ( ) - = {0}, = =, + + + = 0, ( =,,, ), = - - - - - - = = {0}, = 0, + + + - = 0, - = - = = = 0. =, = = = ( ) = - = = 0, =., = {0}, =,,. = - = + = +, =,,, {0} = {0, }, - = + + + -,, =,, -, =, : = + + + - + 0 + + 0,, =,, -,,, = {0, }, =,,,. 7-8 57

, : = (,,, 0 ) = ( -,,, ), = (, -, 0, ) = (, -, 3, 7 ). (, ) (, ), = + = +, + - - = 0., : - - - - 0 3-5 - 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 7 0 0 0 0., : - - = = ( - 4 ) = (3-3 ) = (5, -, - 3, - 4), 3 -,. 7-9: ( ), ( ), 3 ( ) [ ],,. ( ), ( ), 3 ( ),,, 3-4 - 3 ( ) + ( ) + 3 3 ( ) = 0., 0, ( ) = - ( ) - 3 3 ( ), ( ), 3 ( ), ( ( ), 3 ( ) ) = ( ), ( ( ) ) > 0,, ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ), 3 ( ), ( ), ( ), 3 ( ). 7-0,. :,,,, ( ), ( ),, ( ).,,,, 58

( ) + ( ) + + ( ) = 0,, ( + + + ) = 0., + + + = 0.,,,,, = = = = 0, ( ), ( ),, (), ( ), ( ),, ( ).,, ( ), ( ),, ( ),,,,. 7-. : ( ), ;, = (,,, ), ( ),. = (,,, ) ( 0 ) ( ),.., = (,,, ), 0 ( =,,, ), = (,,, ) : = 0, ; 0,,,,, - = (,,, ) - (,,, ) = ( -, 0,, - ) 0, -,,.,,. 7-,,, ( ) 59

. : + + + = 0 ( ) (,,, ) -. : : ( ) : (), ( 3) = (,,, ), = (,,, ), + + + = 0. ( 3) ( + ) + ( + ) + + ( + ) = 0, + ; ( ) : + + + = 0,... ( ),,, ( = +,,,,,. ( 4) ) ( 4), + + + + + = 0, =,,, -. ( 5) - = (,,,,, 0,, 0), = (,,,, 0,,, 0), ( 6) - = (, -,, -,,, -, 0,, 0, ),. = (,,, ) (6 ). ( ) (5 ) + ( =,,, - ) - - + = + - - = + ( 4), - - + = 0, = + + - - = = - +, =,,,. = + = 0. 60

= (,,, ) = - = +,, - = +, +,, = + + + + + -, (6 )., (6 ), -. (), ( ).,,,,. ( ),,,, 0 0 0 0 = 0, = 0,, = 0, 0 0 ( ) (,,, ) + + + = 0. (,,, ), -. :. 7-3,,,,,,. ( ),, = + + + = + + +, = + + + = + + +, ( + ) = ( + ) + ( + ) + + ( + ) = ( + ) + ( + ) + + ( + ), = + + + = + + +, +, +,, 6

. -. ( ) -, -,, -, = + + + = + + + = + + + ( - ) + ( - ) + + ( - ) = 0. ( ) -, -,, -, ( ) (,,, ) -. (,,, ) -. ( 3),,,,,,, -, -. = + + + = + + +,,,,,,,, = ( - ) =, = (,,, ). -, -, -. ( 4), =, =,, =. ( ) ( 3), =, ( ) - =. =, = 0. - = 0 ( =,,, ), :,,,,,, =, =,, =. 7-4,,,,,,. :, (,,, ) (,,, ) 6

. + + + + + = 0 ( ) = (,,, ), = (,,, ), + = (,,,,,,, ),,,,,,,,, ( ) =, ( ) =, ( ) = ( ) + ( ) - ( + ) = + - ( (,,,,,,, ) )., + ( ), (,,,,,,, ),,,,,,,, ( ). + - ( (,,,,,,, ) ) ( ),. ( ) = ( ). 63

.... 3.. 4.. 5.. 6.,.. ( ),, ",, (+ ) = () + (), ( ) = ().. ( ). ( ) (0 ) = 0, ( - ) = - () ;, = + + +, ( ) = ( ) + ( ) + + ( ) ;. :,,.,.. 64

,,. ( ), ( + ) () = ( ) + () () ; - ( ) () = ( ) ( ) ; ( - ) () = - ( ) ( ) ;. ( ),,,, : : ; ( ) = ( ) ; () = ( ( ) ) ( ). ( + ) = +, ( + ) = + ; ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ; = =. :.,. ( 3),,, - ; = =,, - ;. 3.,,,,. ( ), 65

=. ( ) = ( ) ( =,,, ), ( ),,,,, ( ) = ( =,,, ). ( 3), = + + + = + + + = + + + (,,, ) = (,,, ) = (,,, ), =,,,., : ( 4),,, + + ; ; ;, - - ;,,, (,,, ), ()(,,, ) : =. ( 5),,,,,,,.,,,,,,, 66 = -.

4. ( ),, = -,,. ( ), : ; ( ) = ( ) ; = ; - = - ( ) ;,, - - (). ( 3),. 5. ( ),, =,,. - ; -, ; - = 0.. :, ( ) : - = 0,,, ; : ( - ) = 0,. ( 3),, ;, 0, + 0, + 0 ; = ( ),,,, + + + = + + +, = ;,,,, 67

,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,, = -,,,,, -. 6. ( ),, () =,,., = { ( ) =, },. ( ),, :,,,, ; = (,,, ) ;, = + + +. ( 3). 7. - ( -) ( ), () = -, ( ) =. ( ),, () = - ( 68

), ( ) =. 8. ( ),. ( ) () ; () ; (). ( 3), () ; () ; ( ),,,,,,,. 9. ( ),,, ( ), ( ) = { () }., - ( 0), - ( 0) = { () = 0, }. ( ) - (0), ( ), ( ) ; - ( 0), ( ). ( ),.,,,, = (,,, ) ;,,,, ( ) = ( ) ; ( ) + ( ) =. 0. ( ),. (),, -. ( ) 69

, : {0}; - (0 ); = { ( ) =, };.. () ( ) = =,,,,,. ( ). ( 3),,. 8-,. ( ), = +,. = 0, (+ ) = + = () + ( ),. 0, (+ ) = + + () + () = + + +,. ( ), =,. 70

= 0, (+ ) = 0 = () + (),. 0, (+ ) = () + () = +,. ( 3) 3, (,, 3 ) = (, + 3, 3 )., : ( +, +, 3 + 3 ) = ( ( + ), ( + 3 ) + ( + 3 ), ( 3 + 3 ) ) (,, 3 ) + (,, 3 ) = (, + 3, 3 ) + (, + 3, 3 ) = ( +, ( + 3 ) + ( + 3 ), 3 + 3 ) (,, 3 ) = (, ( + 3 ), 3 ) (,, 3 ). ( 4) 3, (,, 3 ) = ( -, + 3, ).. ( +, +, 3 + 3 ) = (( + ) - ( + ), ( + 3 ) + ( + 3 ), + ) (,, 3 ) + (,, 3 ) = ( -, + 3, ) + ( -, + 3, ) = ( ( + ) - ( + ), ( + 3 ) + ( + 3 ), + ), (,, 3 ) = ( -, + 3, ) = ( -, + 3, ) = (,, 3 ). ( 5) [ ], ( ) = ( + ).. ( ( ) + ( ) ) = ( + ) + ( + ) = ( ) + ( ), ( ( ) ) = ( + ) = ( ). : ( ), ( ),. ( 6) [ ], ( ) = ( 0 ). 0,.. ( ( ) + ( ) ) = ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) = ( ) + ( ), ( ( ) ) = ( 0 ) = ( ). ( 7), =.. : 7