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CP /. 4. 4 SBN 7-894-49-8.... 4-44 CP 4 9 ( 787mm9mm /6.875 65 4 4 4 4 SBN 7-894-49-8/O9 4 6. 88495 654

9

............ 4...4...5...............5... 4...4...5...8... 4...4...44...46... 5...5...54...58... 74...74...75...8... 9...9

...9...97... 8...8...9...... 7... 7... 7... 9... 5...5...5...6... 8...8...9...... 4...4...4...4... 45...45...46...47... 5...5...5... 5...5...5

... 55...55...55... 58...58...58... 6...6... 6...6... 6...6...6

C A + B B C A B C B B A C A A C A B A + ( B B A B C B C A A A i + A j + A k x A A A Ax + Ay + A A A xyz αβγ y z z z A A x A y cos α cos β A A A cos γ z A A B AB cosθ θ A // B A B AB π θ A B A B x k γ i β α o j A y A z A x y

b b A B Acosθ Bcosθ θ 4 sin θ AB C B A C A 8 B C z y x z y x B B B A A A k j i B A A B B A A B B A k k j j i i j i k i k j k j i? A B θ C i j k yf(x x x x f x x f x y x x f x y x f y x x + ( ( lim lim ( ( A B θ C

y( x u( x ± ( x y ( u ± u ± y( x u( x ( x y ( u u + u u( x u u u y ( x y ( ( x y f (u u Φ (x y x y f [ Φ ( x] y x y u u x y y u x u x n n ( x nx n ( c c (sin x cos x (cos x sin x (tn x sec cos x (ln x x x x ( e e x F ( x f ( x f (x f ( xx F( x + c c n n+ x x x + c ( n n + x ln x + c x x x e x e + c sin xx cos x + c cos xx sin x + c x ctnx + c + x F ( x f ( x f (x [, b] b b f ( xx F( x F( b F(

( t x( t i + y( t j + z( t k ( t + t ( t t t t + t x t + t x g x y x cosθ x cosθ t y sinθ gt y sinθ t gt 4 θ θ θ ω t ω θ α t t 5 Rω Rω n R α t R t n + t 6 po po + o o po po + o o 4

po po + o o 7 p F p m m F m t F F 8 mm F G p mg F kx f µ N ( µ f µn (µ µ 9 g 9.8 m s G 6.67 N m kg 6 4 R 6.7 m M 5.98 kg 6 9 m km cm mm µ m nm kg t( g h( 6min(6s( ( 6 ( 6 ( 8 ( ( π.. R R πr R - AB A B AB - 5

..4 6..5 ( g.6.7??.8 4

4.7.9.. 6N 6N. kg N 7.6N 5.6N N..4 kg µ.5 F6N -( -(b 7

m F F m ( (b - -( - y N F f x mg - x F cos f m y F sin + N mg f µ N F cos µ ( mg F sin.8(m s > m -(b -4 y N f x mg F 8 x -4 F cos f m y N F sin mg µ N f F cos µ ( mg + F sin. (m s < m

.5-5 mg sinθ m g sinθ s t s t -6 mg sin θ f m mg cos θ N f µ N g(sinθ µ cosθ s s t N t N f mg -5 mg -6.4.6 5kg ( ( mg N N mg 5 9.8 49 (N mg N mg N (N.4.7 m l m l.4.8 9

T mg m l T mg + m > mg l. x x8tt x mt s ( (t (ts s ( x x 8t t 8 4t t t x 8m/s t 4 m s > +x t 4m s < x ts x t4s x t x t. A B x A 4t+t x B t +t ( ( ( B A (4 A B x A x A 4t + t, A 4 + t t x B x B t + t, B 4t + t t t x A x B, A > B A x A x B 4t + t t + t t ± + 6 ± 4. t + t 4 t t. 56 s t t. 56 s B A + BA B A BA B A

4t + t (4 + t BA ± 4 + 48 ± 7. t + t 4 t t. 87 s 6 6 4 t.87 s A B BA.. x + t ( m s t (+x m ( t s ( x t x t t t t x t ( + t t x x t + t t x x + t + t + + 45. (m 4t t t s 4 8(m/s, t t t.4.m/s m/s t s t, s t s s. t t t s s s (m t. (m/s.5 m/s m m/s m/s

s m/s m/s m/s t t s, t s s + t t t + t m/s ts <.4.6 5.m/s m (.5s s ( s t gt, gt t. 5 s s 5..5 9.8.5. 8 (m h + s.8 (m 5. 9.8.5. m/s > ( t s s 5. 9.8 9.6 (m h + s 9.6.4 (m 5. 9.8 4.6 m/s < ( sm s t gt 5.t 9.8 t t.59 (s gt 5. 9.8.59.4 m/s < ( g l.7 l θ ( -7-7

n R l sinθ.8 R -8 y bt P y bt R y bt t t b t b t R R n b R n + t R + b t 4.9 ω.9 ω ω + αt ω + α. ω 9 α.ω ω ω + αt ω + α. 8ω ω ω + αt θ ω t t + α ω ω αθ. 5m m/s θ 5 cosθ t gt sinθ g5 sinθ cosθ 5g 5 9.8 sin θ 4.9 ( P -8 y

θ csin 4.9 θ. 4.8. 5 km/h 4km/h +x +y + -9 y O -9 + 5 + 4 47. (km/h x θ 4 θ π ctn π ctn π 58 5 y - 47. (km/h x θ y x O x 4 -. 6kg 5kg - T T mg 5 9.8 45 (N N T + N Mg N Mg T 6 9.8 45 4 (N N N N 4(N -

. AB kg kg 5N F B - TA TB T - ma : T ma m : F T m B ma F T m + m A B F 5 5 (N B A B F A T A T B B F - -.4 5kg 4.9 m s N mg N mg 5 9.8 49 (N N mg m N m( + g 5(4.9 + 9.8 75 (N mg N m N m( g 5(9.8 4.9 45 (N.5 mkg µ.4 α F ( ( f -4 F + f mg sin α F mg sinα f mx mg sinα µ mg cosα mg (sinα µ cosα 9.8(sin.4cos 5 (N N f F mg -4 N F f mg -5 f -5 5

F f mg sinα F mg sinα + f mg sinα + µ mg cosα mg (sinα + µ cosα 9.8(sin +.4cos 8 (N f µ N.6 AB -6 m A. kgm B. kg α ( ( ( -7 N T B T A T A N B A T B B m B g m A g A -6-7 B m g T m T m g sin α m B B B A A T A T B mb g mag sinα (..sin 9.8. 98 (m/s ma + mb. +. T TB mb ( g.(9.8.98. 76 (N T A T B N T cos.76.6 (N A AB.7 AB -8 AB µ.5 B µ.5. m A kgm B. kg ( AB B F( B A B (AB AB -9 A B F f N A B A (m A +m B g F f µ N µ ma mb g ( + -8-9 6

F f ( m A + mb AB F f Ff µ ( ma + mb g.5(. +.9.8 4. 7 (N B A AB - N A N B f A f A f B F m A g N A m B g - f A µ mag f B µ ( N A + mbg µ ( ma + mb g f A maa F f A f B mbb B A B A F f A f B mbb m B A Ff A + f B + mba µ mag + µ ( ma + mb g + mbµ g.5. 9.8 +.5(. +.9.8 +..5 9. 8.(N.8 m 7kg h.85 6 m ( ( ( R 6.7 6 4 m M 5.98 kg 4 Mm 5.98 7 F G 6.67 7.8 (N 6 ( R + h [(6.7 +.85 ] Mm F G m ( R + h R + h 4 GM 6.67 5.98 6.96 (m/s 6 R + h (6.7 +.85 π( R + h π(6.7 +.85 T 6.96 6 7 47 (s.9.kg O l.m θ ( -. m/s 7

- m N m l O l O mg 8 - N N N + mg cosθ m l N m mg cosθ l... 9.8 cos.(n. N. (N> N (N.. kg 8m - km/h - mg N m R N mg m R..68 9.8. 4 (N.6 8 N N 4 N N.68 N

N mg. 9.8.94 N N.94 4 N ( 4 (N 9

t F t P Ft P P ( P t F P m i i i t M t t P L M F L t M Mt L L t t M L ω ω + αt θ ω t t + α ω ω αθ 4 m ( i m i i M α L ω ( 5 b Wb F W N F t W E k E k ( Ek m F W E E b ( P b P E P E P mgh

GMm E P EP kx W + W E E E E E k + E P W W E. F t F F t F. F ( t t F ( t t. ( ( m + m m + m m + m m + m mm ( m ( m + m ( m ( m + m (.4 M ( (

( m + m m + m ( m + m m m ( m + m m.5 m m ( m > m m (.4.6.7 θ L h W f µ mg cosθl W p mgh W f W p m m mg sin θ µ mg cosθ m g sinθ µ g cosθ m L ( g sinθ µ g cosθ L.8

.9 W f m..5m.m 4 W (.5.5 kx k k (J W k( x+ x kx k(.5 +. k(.5 4 9.5k (J. F F. F F - ( - ( F F F F ( F F W F F > F W F > F F F F W F + W > F

. W W + W W W W..4 M M f α α < f M f ω ω ω + α t t α.5 W ( 4

. M kg h.5m - ( t. s ( t. s h gh 9.8.5 5.4(m s ( F Mg t ( M M Mg F + t t.s 5.4 F +. 5 t.s F 9.8.9 5.4 +. (N 6 9.8.66. - m.5 kg m/s m/s (N 45 6 ( ( t. s x x y -4 6 y - 45 O 6 45 x - m m x x mcos6 mcos 45.5 ( cos 6 cos 45 7. (N s y y m sin 6 ( m sin 45 m sin 6 + sin 45 ( -4 5

.5 (sin 6 + sin 45 6.98 (N s x + y (7. + (6.98 6.4 (N s y 6.98 x α α tn tn 8.5 x 7. F t F t 6.4 F 6.4 (N. x 8.5. m. kgm.5 kg m kg. m/s. m/s m m + m + ( m m + ( m + m ( m + m m + m.. +.5. +.(m s ( +.4 6kg m/s 8kg m/s ( ( m + m m + ( m. 6

m m + m + m 6 + 8.4(m s 6 + 8 m + m ( m + m m + m m + m 6 + 8.9 (m s 6 + 8 m.5 M l m ( M -5 l -5 m M m M + M m t t t + M t m t M s + M ( s m( l s l s m + M.6-6 m6kg.5m /min(/ 5s F µ.4 A.5m.75m F B -6 7

AB N AB F (.75 +.5 N(.5 f µ N. 4N f α m α ω ω + α t mω F.4N.4 tµ π 6.5.4 6 5.4 4(N.7-7 m m m µ T T m T T m -7 m m m m g T m m µ m g m 8 T ( T T α α ( m µ m g m + m + / ( m + µ m + / m g m + m + / T ( m + µ m + µ / T m g m + m + /

( m m ( α.8.m 5.kg F t.5s ( ( F (ts ω πn (ω ω + αt + αt α t t π α 4π 5. 6 ( s.5 + θ θ + 4π.5 αt αt 5π n θ π.5 ( F α m α mα 5.. 4π F 47.(N 4 4 ω ω + αt + αt 4π 4π 56 ( s n t +. ω 56 88.4 ( s. t α 5.6 8.84 ( m s 88.4 5 n.7 (m s. 5 5 8.84 + (.7.7 (m s.9 (R Rω t n Rα Rω R.9 7kg 4m/s.5m.5m ( 9

( ( P m m L m + m.5.5 7 4 + 7 4 4(kg m s L ω m ( ω L 4 ω 5. (/s.5 m ( 7 ( (. -8 AB l MB O m B A A A O O Ml m -8 ml + ω + m l ml ml m ω Ml Ml.9. h.m l4.m mkg F86N ( µ. f N -9 α mg l h h cosα sin α l l -9 W F F Fl cosα F l h 86 4... (J W F l F h

W G W f G mgh 9.8..94 f fl µ ( mg cosα + F sin α l (J 4....( 9.8 + 86 4. 4. 4. 67.4(J W F F cosα α F. qm 5 kg/s 5. m/s F t ( m m m F ( q m t t N F q m q 5.5.5(W 4.. kg 4m. m s h h m h. 4.6 (m s W mgh m W m + mgh 4 4..6 +. 9.8 4 5 4. (J.4 kn/m m.kg A A x. m - A x.5 m A x o A x -

µ mgx k( x x kx kx k( x x µ mgx. (.5.. 9.8.5.6.5 µ. α 45 m/s - ( h h W f µ mg cosα mgh m sinα h 4.5(m - g + gµ ctnα 9.8 + 9.8. h µ mg cosα m mgh sinα gh( µ ctnα 9.8 4.5(. 8.6(m / s.4.6 m - M h O m M h -

m + ( m + M m m + M ++ W W ( m + M ( m + M gh m h ( g m + M g.7 m kg. m/s. m/s m kg m + m ( m + m m + m. +..7(m / s m + m + E k m + m. 7.87 (J ( m + m +. ( +.7

4 RT RT M M PV mol T n P k t n nm P ε t kt ε 4 i kt ε RT i E 6 5 i 5 ( N N f ( 6 mol mol.4 M RT M RT m T P k mol mol.6 8 8 M RT M RT m T π π k mol mol.7 M RT M RT m T k < < P 7 9 6 mm cm L( m P. 76mmHg tm( 5

T 7 + t N A 6. mol R 8.J mol K R k.8 J/K N A P tm K T 7 V.4 L/mol. P T V... PV T P T ( V PV T PV T P T V PV RT ( P nkt ( n R 8.J mol K R k.8 J/K N N 6. mol A A.4 5

M PV RT M mol PVM mol M RT T P V M mol R M < M..5 P nkt T n P V T P..6.7 ( ( ( (4 ( P nkt PT n ε t m kt 6 T n i 4 E n kt nt i E.8

.9 i M kt ( kt ( k T (4 RT M mol ( kt T kt T i k T T M 4 M mol RT T M M mol. i T kt M E RT M M mol.9. M i i ( E R T P V M mol P V > E > M i E R T M mol T > E > T E M i E R T M mol M i E R T M mol i M P V ( PV RT M mol 7

. p p p p p p p p p p. m kt T m O > m N.4 T T T T kt m 8kT π m kt 8kT m π m T 8. 85 T π kt m 8kT πm 8RT πm RT M mol mol. ( 56.6L 7tm K kg( ( tm 8

K M PV RT M mol M molpv 7 56.6 M.( kg RT 8. PV P V T T PVT 7 56.6 V 8.5 (L P T R P m R 8.J (mol K (tm (L R 8. tm L (mol K. 768mmHg 748mm 8mm 74mm ( PV P V PV P V (768 748 8 8.8(mmHg 8 + (748 74 P P + P 74 + 8.8 76( mmhg. V P T m P m m m m PV RT M mol m m PV RT M mol ( m m RT M mol ( P P V.4 5 tm 7 m m N 9

N P nk T kt V 5 5 PV. N.45 ( kt.8 (7 + 7 5 tm. P T 7 + t..5 P.tm TK ( ( ( (4 P nkt 5 P. 5 n.45 (/m kt.8 M PV RT M mol 5 M PM mol. ρ.(kg / m V RT 8. M mol 6 m 5. (kg N A 6.. 6 mn ρ m ρ 5. (kg n 5.45 4 ε.8 6. t kt (J..6 K ( ( kg ( i M i E RT RT M mol Hei E RT 8..74 (J 5 5 H i 5 E RT 8. 6. (J 5 5 O i 5 E RT 8. 6. (J M kg HeM mol 4 kg/mol E 8..95 (J 4 5 H M mol kg/mol E 8.. (J 5 O M mol kg/mol E 8..95 (J 4

.7.74 J i E RT Hei E.74 T ir 8. (K.8 5m/s ( ( RT P M mol O M kg mol mol P 5 m s H M O M M mol T P R kg mol mol 5 8. 48.5 (K RT 8. 48.5 P ( m s M mol kg mol mol RT 8. 48.5 6 ( m s M mol 8RT 8 8. 48.5 564 ( m s πm mol.4 kt RT RT P.4 m M M 8kT πm kt m < < P mol 8RT πm mol RT M mol.6.7 mol RT M mol RT M.9. m/s ( ( P tm. 5 P T 7 K M M P M mol P V RT, ρ M V RT mol mol 4

RT M mol RT M mol 5 P M mol P. ρ. 8 ( kg m RT (. RT M mol RT 8. 7 mol 4. (. M ( kg mol ( P tm T 7 K. V P T P P P T T T 7 546 (K M mol ( kg mol RT 8. 546 65 ( m s M mol.9 4

V W PV V M Q C( T T (C M mol Q W + E 4 P i V C V R T V i + P CP CV + R R T T PV C T γ C P i + Q PV CQ γ > C i 5 E Q W η Q Q Q (Q Q Q ω (Q Q Q Q 6 V 7 4

8 Ω Ω Ω 9 S k ln Ω ( S > 4. ( ( ( 4. 4. ( ( V 4.4 W PV V P V W PV V V W PV V 44

M 4.5 E E CV ( T T ( CV M mol M E C ( T V T M M M i E CV T R T M M mol mol mol C V i R 4.6 E Q W > W P V > RT PV ν T > Q W < E > 4.7 b b b b 4.8 4.7 4.9 E Q W > 45

4. 4- cb b 5J 6J b b 4J b b 84J E E 4 J b P c b O V 4- Q E + W cb Q 5 J W 6 J Q W 5 6 9 (J E b b W 4 J Q Eb + W 9 + 4 5(J b Eb Eb 9 JW 84 J Q Eb + W 9 84 9 (J 9J E E E 4 J W4 W 4 J Q 4 E + W4 4 + 4 8 (J b 46

Eb Eb E Eb E ( E E E b E 9 4 69 (J Q 5 Eb + W5 Eb + 69 (J b 8J69J Q E + W Q > Q < W > W < P-V b W 5 E 4. mol K 5K ( ( Q E + W i E R T 8. (5 6. (J V W PV Q E + W 6. + 6.(J 6.J P W PV P( V V R T 8. (5 45.5 (J Q E + W 6. + 45.5 8.8 (J 8.8J 6.J 45.5J Q E + W i E RT PV RT W P V 4. 4- mol ( b( c c b ( P(tm c b O.4 44.8 V(L 4- (b T E 47

W Vb 5 44.8 PV PV b b ln. 44.8 ln V.4 Q E + W 46 (J (cb E E 46 (J 5 W Wc + Wcb + Wcb Pc ( Vb Vc. (44.8.4 69 (J Q E + W + W 69 (J ( 4.4 4- b b i E Eb E R( Tb T T b T E P V P V b b P P V 5. 44.8 5. (P.4 b b V 5 W PV P ( V V. (44.8.4 4547 (J Q E + W + W 4547 (J 4. 4.5.m K tm tm ( ( ( V.m T KP tmp tm P V PV P V. 4 V m P T T K 4 V 5 W PV ln.. ln 4665 (J V. C P i + 5 + 7 γ CV i 5 5 γ γ P V P V γ 5 PV γ. 7 4 V ( (.7 (m P 7 5 48

PV PV T T 4 PV T.7 T 9 K PV. i i W E R T ( PV P V 694 (J 4.6 mol K m ( m ( m M mol T K V m i 5 V m M mol γ Q W E T V M i W E R( T T M mol M i V γ + RT[ ( ] M V mol 5 8. [ (.75 (J T V 5 γ V T V M V W PV ln RT ln V M V mol ] γ 8. ln 5.74 (J P - V (( b c cb b 4- P c i b O V V V 4- P - V 4.5 4.7 mol 4-4 bc b b c 49

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