( ) 039 (CIP) (2005)/, :, ISBN Ⅰ Ⅱ 1 2 Ⅲ 2005 Ⅳ F42 CIP (2005) (2005) : : : ( ) :(010) (010) :(010)

Transcription

1 (2005)

2 ( ) 039 (CIP) (2005)/, :, ISBN Ⅰ Ⅱ 1 2 Ⅲ 2005 Ⅳ F42 CIP (2005) (2005) : : : ( ) :(010) (010) :(010) htp:// 880mm 1230mm 1/ ISBN :110 00,

3 ,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, 2004, 2005,,,,

4 , 20,,,,,, 21,,,,,,, (2005),,

5 , 20,,,,,, (2004), , (2005),, ; 200 ;,, ;, ;,,,, (2005)

6 1,,,, ( ), ;,,, 1 1,,,,,,, 4000, 21 21, 70%,

7 2,, 21, 1 2,,,, ; t, 55?, 2004~2006, 55 ~70, (OLED) , 89%,OLED , 15%, 2015, 50, 20, 5 800, , 2010, 14400,, ,, , 10%, , , 27 7% 20%, , ? 1 =0 0254m,1 = m 2,

8 ,,,,, : 1,, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4, ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,,, 1000, 10, 40%,,,,, 300, 10, 200,, ,, 80, 90,,,,,,,,

9 4,,,,, ,,,2004,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, ;, 2~4, 1/4~ 1/3,,,,,,,,, ;, ,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,

10 1 5 ;,,,,,,,,,, (1),,, (2),,, (3), ;, 20% ~30%, 20% (4) ;,, (5),,, ;,,,,

11 6

12 2 2001~ ,, 21,,,,, 2000,,,,2001, ;2001 ( [2000]2433 ),,, 201,, 2002, (1)

13 ,, 2 1 / (2) ( 2 1), :,, 2 1 (3) / 2 2,,,, ;,

14 2 2001~2004 9,, ; ;,, ;, 2 2 ( : ) ,,, , , 58 7%, 23 3%, 7 9%, 10 1% ( 2 2),, 70% (80 53%)

15 10 2 2, 17 14%, 43 65% ( ),, (1),, (2), (3), (4),, 76 1% ( 2 3) 2 3,,,, %,75%

16 2 2001~ ,,,,,, 80%, 20% , 2 3, 2 3 (1) / (2) ( )/% : ( )/% ( )/% ( )/% ( )/% ,,,, 2 4

17 ( 201 )/ /% (1),, 201, 19 42, , 200mm (8 ), 2,,, , 10 54, 1 02,, 10 (2) 109, , 21 24, 21 50, 40 37, 2 63, , , ,, 1, , 9661, 20493, 5465, 2003, 5850, 1400, 2 5 ( ), 28 81% 2, 500t 1200t t, , t, 1 73, 3 4

18 2 2001~ (MDI), , (PPS), 1 37, 4500 ; PPS, PU, , 3965, 316, ,2003 1, 2800, 1100, 15% 25%,,, 7, ,2004 5,13, 70%,2005 6, 51840, 12122, 8,, 36935,, , ( 70%), 30%,,, 1,,,,, 4NEu 2O 3 5~6N Eu 2O 3,,

19 14,, VFD PDP,,, 2 MDI, BASF Bayer ICI DOW MDI , 90, 30 10, 50%, 2 19,, MDI4 10 MDI, 1 3,,, 3,,,,, : 20, 20, 2 4 PPS,, PPS, PPS, 5 ( ),, ;,,

20 2 2001~ ,,, PU,,, PU, ( ) ( ) 7,,,,,, 1/3, 10%,, , 2500t,,, 1 2, 2500t,, 8, ,,,,, , , 226,,, 2005, 1500,, 9,, ,,2003 7, ,,

21 16,,,,, 2 5,,,,,,, 1,,, Ga In As Sb 65t, 2, ,, 10 5~7N 57t/a ( 10t/a ) , ,,,, 2,,,,,,,

22 2 2001~ ,, 7, 2, 60% 30%, 10%,, ,, 4 1,,,, , 5,, 1992, 60,,,,, 40, 35%, 65%, 100t, t, , 6000, 6,, 13, 6, 100mm, 80m/min,,,, ;,, ;,,

23 18 7,, 80t/a,,,,,, 8 (PPS),,,,, ,2004 9,,,,,,,,,, 10, 5930, 3017m 2, GeCl 440t, GeCl 4, ~6 4t, % 2004,, 2005,,,,

24 2 2001~ 瑏瑡 800t, 2001, 2002, 1 4, 2,, 1200t/a, 3,, 瑏瑢 300t,,,,,, ,6, (300t/a ), 瑏瑣 TFT TFT PMMA TFT,,, PMMA, 4,, 13320, , ,2003 1,2004, PMMP TFT, 瑏瑤,,, , 11360, 21326m 2, 150,

25 20,,,,,, ;,,, 瑏瑥 21,,,,, ,,,,,,, 2 6,, : ;,, 1 C C, C C,, 9%, 25%, 100%,, 757,,, C C,

26 2 2001~ , 2 2 /,, 40% 8%,,,,,, 3,,, 55% 80%;,, ;, ;,,, 4, Ⅱ, Ⅲ,,,, 5,,,, 6 700t,,,,,,, 7 1 5

27 22,,,,,,,,,, 8,,,,,, , , 1 3, 10, 2000,, 9, 5%~25 4%, 25 8% 58 3%,, 2000, 3, t,, TDK PC40, ; MnZn NiZn AlN BN 瑏瑡 ( ),,,

28 2 2001~ ,, , 瑏瑢 10,,, YFZZ101, YNFWH ,,,,, 瑏瑣, 3~5,,,, ; ;, ITS SGS, %, 0 06% 0 009%, MEL, 瑏瑤,,,,,, , 瑏瑥,, , 90%,, 10251, 1193

29 24,, , 7 21, 2 7 2,,, 70%,, 2 7 3, (1),,,, (2),,, (3),, (4), (5),

30 2 2001~ , (6),,,,, (1),, (2),, (3),,,, (4),,, 2 8,, 4000,, 21, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,

31 26,,,,,,,, :, :,,,, (1), (2),,, (3),,, (4),,,,,,,, (5),, (6), (7),,,,

32 2 2001~ (8),,,,, 2 8 2,,, 1 (8 12 ;SOI SiGe Si GaAs InP GaN ) 2 ( ) 3 (PDP LCD LED OLED) ( ) ( ) 10 ( ) 瑏瑡 ( ) 瑏瑢 瑏瑣 ( ) 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 瑏瑦 瑏瑧

33 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1),,,,,, (2),,,,, (3),,,,,,,,, WTO,

34 2 2001~ ,,,,, ( ),, (4), ,,, ; 2 9,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,

35 30,

36 3 3 1, 200, 20,,,,,,,, (1), 1,,, 2, 3 ( ), (2), , ,1985

37 ,2004 ( ) 4000, 3%~5% , %, , 5%, , 618, / ( ),,,,,,,, (3),,, 1 ~ 2,, 70% 20 50, 20%, 60, 25%, 70~80, 20% 80 90,,, 20%, ( + ) 4000 /, 3000 /, ( ) 36%, 20%, 20% 3% 1950, 20 50~60 80,, , 35, , %, ,

38 3 33,,, ; ;,,,, (4), ( 80% ),, 36%,,, :,,,,,,,, ,,,,, , 2004 ( ) 4000, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), (ALCOA) (ALCAN) (REYNOLDS) (KAISER) (PECHIN EY) (ALUSWISSE) (VAW),

39 34 60%,,, 3 1~ ~2004 ( : ) ( : ) ~2000 ( : ) /% (2002 ) [ : /( )]

40 ,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, 20 80,,,,, 3 :1 25%~30%, (3 1)~(3 5 1);2 97%, ;3 50%,,, (1954 ),, 20 80,, ,,, , 42, ,,,,

41 , 15%, 20% , 342 7, (336 ) ,, 2004, 1100, 500, 450, , 120,, 2004 ( ) 618,, /( ), /( ) 3 5~ ( : ) ( ) ( ) ( : ) : : /%,,,,,

42 ~2001 ( : ) ,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,, ;,, ( : ) ( : ) ,,, (85% ), ; ; ; ;, 3 3 1, 10% 80%

43 , 55, 30, 29, %, ( : ) ( ) /% ( : ) ( ) /% ,,, 6000, 7, , 2000, 200 /, 380 / ( ), 100 / 80%,,,,, ,,, 1 8, 6200 /,,,

44 ( ) AC1A AC2A AC2B AC3A AC4A AC4B AC4C AC4D AC5A Al Cu Al Cu Si Al Cu Si Al Si Al Si Mg Al Si Cu Al Si Mg Al Si Mg Cu Al Cu Ni Mg, AA295 0 AA308 0, Al (Lautal), AA319,,, Al (Lautal),,,,,, r (Silu min),,,, Cu, AA356 0 AA355 0,,,,,,, AA242 0Y AC8A Al Si Cu Ni Mg AAA332 0,, AC8B Al Si Cu Ni Mg,, AC8C Al Si Cu Mg AAF ,, ( ) JIS AA Al Si ADC1 A413 0 Si12 0 Al Si Mg ADC3 A360 0 S19 5 Mg0 5 Al Mg ADC Mg7 5 Al Mg Mn ADC6 Al Si ADC7 C443 0,, Al Si Cu ADC10 A380 0 Al Si Cu ADC Al Si Cu Mn Mg Mg3 3 Mn0 4 Si5 3,, : Cu3 0, Si5 5 Cu2 5,Si10 5 Mg0 6,Mn0 7

45 40, 1994 Silafont 36,, Mgsimal 59,,, 2004 Castasil 37,,, 3 3 2, 442, 1 9,,,, σb 750MPa, kg/m 3,, :1, ;2, ,, 2 7 IM, PM SF, 3 14,,, (1) Al Cu Mg Al Cu Mg Zn 1,,

46 Al Cu Mg Al Cu Mg Zn T351 T851uddyr38~,SCC mm 2124,SCC T851, , , T , T39, 767 Д16ч Д16ч T,TH,T1,T1H T,TH,T1H 10%~15% Д16ч 2 T,TH,T1,T1H T,TH,T1H Д 16ч 20%~50% Д16ч 2 T,TH,T1,T1H Д 16ч 10%, T6 T73 T76,T651, 150 T7651 T7351,T6 T73,,, T7352,T6511 T73511,, SCC T73511 T76511, 7079, T73 T7352,T73, SCC, SCC, T73 T74 T7452, 7049, 7049 T73511 T76511 Д 16ч 7149, (T76) 7075, T76 T761,T651 T7651 T7351,,,,T 39,, T7651 T7451,T3511, T76511 T73511 T74511,,,,,T7452,,,,, %~15% T76 T7652 T7452,, T73,T ,,,, T7651,T74 T7452 Cu, 7050,,,,, 7150 T7751,,, 10%, 7150 T77511,T77,, PM7090 T7E T76 10% ~20%, T7E80 T7E71 IM7050, T7E71,,

47 CW , T7E68,TE70 TE T7X TX651 TX7651 TX7351 7B93пч,,,, T1 T3, (3 /s) T1 T2 T3 B , B95пч B950ч B96ц B96ц1 B96ц T1 T2 T3 B95, T1 T2,,, B95 T3 B95, T3 T2 T3 B95пч,,,, T1 T2 T3,, B96ц,σb 735MPa,T2 T3 T1 T2 T3 B96ц B96ц1, T1 T2 T3 50%~100% Al Zn Mg Sc Zr Al Zn Mg Sc Zr, Al Cu Mg Zn, Zr Mn Cr, B96ц3 σb 700MPa 2 Fe Si, ;,,,,, 3,

48 3 43,,, , Fe Si 0 5% 0 1%,,,,,, T351 T7451 T851 T651 T765 T7351 T7451 T77 T7751 Alcoa Davenbot, 12500t, 150mm 4060mm 33500mm 6000t, (2) 1 Al Li Cu Zr Al Li Cu Mg Zr, 7 Al Li Cu Mg Zr T T %, % ( : ) Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ag Ti Li Zr Al ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 16 X ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 15 X ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 16 2,,,,, Al Sc, Al Zn Mg Sc Zr Al Mg Sc,,,

49 44 3,Al (7 0~30)% Be (3~8)% Mg Al Be Mg, Mg (Al), Al7 0% Be3% Mg 650MPa, 10%,, (3) 1 PM,, IM PM CW67, 600MPa ( 3 14), SCC IM, CW67 350kg, 2 SD ( ), DC PM SD PM,,, PM 1/3~1/7, ( 1000kg ),, IM,SD IM,,, 3, B Al BC Al SiC Al Al 2O 3 Al, Sic Al,, 2,, ,,,, CP609 ; ; ; 6005A 7005 Al Zn Mg ; Cp ; 1370 Al Mg Si A4/L A4G/L ; Al Si

50 3 45 Mg Bi ( 3000 ); 4006 PS T6 σ0 2/MPa σb/mpa σb/mpa A CP (1),,,, 6063, , T5 T6,, (2) PS,,,, A A 5N H 2n H 3n,, (3),,, 1074A A 1A09 1A93 1A85 (4),,, A 6N01 7N ,

51 46,,,, (1),,,,,, 1 ~9,,,, (2) (3),,, (4) 3 4,,,,,,2003, 215, ( ) 24%, 64%, 12%; 136 4, 19%, 77%, 4%; 119, 15%, 46%, 39%;, 40%, 60%,,, 2004

52 3 47 ( ) ( : / ) : ( ) ( ) / 64/36 44/56 : / 37 5/ /15 /[kg/( )] /[kg/( )] /% 2~3 15~18,,,,,,, , 10 2, 3,, 4,, 5,, 6, , , 250 /, 180, 40% ( 60%), ,

53 /, 250, 56% ( 40%),,,,, 10 /, ,, 80/95MN, 125MN 75MN 55MN 31 5MN, 100MN 80MN, 80MN 55MN, ; ;, (1), (2),,,, (3), (4),, (100kt/a ), (80MN, 95MN,100MN,125MN ),,,,, ,

54 3 49 2, (H 2 ), 100gAl H 2 0 1mL;Na , 3, Al Ti B Al Ti C, Sr Na P 4, 150t, 5,,, 6, mm, 5000mm, 30m, + ( 1+1), 1+3,1+4,1+5, 2, 2000mm, 2mm, 10m/ min,, 3 ( 2000mm) ( 45m/s), (±2μm),,, 0 004mm MN, 1500mm, 200MN 2500mm 30 80MN,,,,

55 MN, 650MN, 450MN 300MN 3 5m 2, 1 5t, , (ISO9000 ), , ,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,, 1,

56 3 51, 2 ( 150t) ( 85%),,, 3 4 ( 80MN) 5 ( 3900mm) ( 10000t) 6 ( 2000mm) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7 (150~200MN) (500~800MN) 8 ( 10m/min) ( 1~2mm) ( 2000mm) conform 10 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 ( ) 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 , ( ) 1,,,,,

57 ,,, 2, 3,,,,, ,48% , , 460kg /, 370kg / 970~1370kg /, ,, 5% 10% 1,, 2 3 4,,, /, /, / / :88% ~94%, :95% ~97%, :14530~13750kW h/t 12500~13000kW h/t, 12000~12500 / 5 ( ) 10kg / 1kg / 1 <20% >40% 1250~1330 / 2,, ,,, 5 70 / 150 /,, /,, 5 55 / /, 170,,, 2,,, 3 / 120/50 442/150 4 / 20/80 / 44/56 / 85/15 79/21 64/ /62 5

58 ,, 5,,, 74%, 65%, 6 /( 6 ( ), 150 /( ) ) 1,, 2,,, 3 4,,, 1, 10%, 1%, :15% :35% 2, :12% :21% :30% :20% :5 /( ) : 5 8 /( ), 32 /( ) 3 :4 2 /( ) 4 6 /( ), 28 /( ), 10~15 ; 15~ 4 20 ; 20~, 30 5 :>60% :<40% :<40% :>60%,,, 2,, 3, 100 / ( 150, 3000 ),, 4,, ;, ; ;, ( ) 1,, 20%, 40%,

59 54 2,,, 3,,,,, ( 650, 350 ), 15%, 85%, 0 5 / ( 55 / ), 5 /, 170 / 4,,, PS ;,,, 5,,,,, 20 90, 20 60~ 70,,,,, 70%,,,,,,,,, , ( ), ;, ; ; ; ;,,,

60 ; ; ;,, ; ; ; ;, ,,,,,, ,, ;, ;, ;,,, ,,,, ( ),,,,, 2,,,

61 56,,,, 50, 2 5,, ( ),,,,,,, 3,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,, ( ),, 60%~75%, 25%~40% ( ),,,, ( ),, 4,,,,,,,,

62 3 57,,,, 5,,,,,, 6,,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,,,, 7,,, 3 7 1,,,, 2,,,,,

63 58, 3,,,, 1,, :,2005 2, :, ,(3):38~ ,(4) 5,, 2004, 2005,(3):2~13 6, 2004,33 (5):1~3 7, 2001,24 (4):49 8, 2005,5 (8) 9, 2005,(4):26~30 10, 2005,(2):45~50 11, 2004,32 (1) , 2005,(2):32~ , 2005,(4):2~8 14, 2004,(10):2~ , 2005,(5):51~54 16, 2005,(5):7~16 17 [ ], 2005,(1):33~38 18, 2005,(1):1~8 19,,2005,(2):5~9 20, 2004,(10):1~

64 4,,, 21,,, 32, 16, 60% 40%, 15,, %, ,, 5,,, , 1808 H Davy 1886,, 20 30,,

65 ,, 21,,, ,, ;,,, 150~250,,,,, 863, ; ;, ;, ;, ; ; 3C ;,, 21, ; 4000, 6, ; ; ; ; 3C ; : ; ; 500 ; 33 ( 15 ); ;

66 ,, (863 ):, 5~10,, 1500, 7 ; ; ; ; ;, ; ; Mg Al Zn, ;,, , 5, 30, , 80%,,, 2 10,,,,,, 1A/dm 2

67 62 4m 2,, (1),,, ( ),20 90, (RE) (Si) QE22 WE54, Mg Al Si (AS) 175, AS41 AZ91 AM60,AS Mg2Si, Ca Mg2Si, Mg2Si, AS (2) 1 Fe Cu Ni, AZ91HP AZ91C 100, A380, 2,,, (3), SF 6 SO 2 CO 2 Ar,,,,,,,,

68 ~300,,,, MP3 (4) Mg Zn Mg Y Ca Zr, ; Ag Th Mg RE Zr, Ag QE22A, ; (ECAE), (5),,,,,, + ZK60 (RS)+ (PM)+ Mg Al Zn EA55RS,, 7075, (300,436%), 2024 T6, SiC, 1999 IM Mg Y, Mg Al B, Magnox,,,,,, 3C,,, AM50 ; ; 8 6 ; ; 10

69 , (1), 16 (2),, 3 ~4 /, 20% Magnesium Electron CumberlandCathodicProetction 5000kg (3), 100kg, 0 7L, 10%, 5 5%,,,, 1990, 15% 10, 3 5kg kg 2kg DarrylL Albright , 2 3kg, kg ( 113kg) , /,,, /,,,,,,,,ABS AZ91D,AM50A AM60B, AS21,SA41 AE42,

70 4 65,, 6, 6, CAST AM SCI, 70% L DURATEC , 7~8, 14%, 14%, (4),,,,,, 3C ABS,PC (DELL) 2004 ( JM5) SONY,IBM, LG,, 3C,,2003, , 1/3, 3C t 3C, PDA CD MP3 DVD, (5),,,,, 3 300,,,

71 66,,,,,,,,,,, 2004,,,, 7 :1 ;2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7,,, , 3000t/a, , 1988,1992,1995,, 1996,, 4 1, 1 10, ; 40, 120,50%,

72 (1) , 36 74%, 35 4, 32 10%, 69 4%, ; 9 88, 47 55% 28 5, 80 2%; 4, 11 3%; : , % (2),,, t t, 1 45t 1 10t, 20 65t 10 0t, 2496kW h 1100kW h (3) , 4 70, 63 76% 10 4,, , 39 64%

73 %, 60%,,,, ( ), AZ AM AS ( ),,,, , 42 58% 28 7% , /kg /kg / / 99 8% , ; /kg /kg / / 99 8% , ;

74 ~ %, , , % , 32 62%; 1 5, 21 28%; 1 8, 25 53%, 4 2,, , ~3,,,68%,65%, 20%,, 21,, % 35%, %,,,, 70mL, 3200 ; 125mL 5200, , , 15%,

75 70, ~ 10000, 1200 ~1300, 1 0kg, ,, 500, 4 5, 6500, 2270, 2000, 3 12kg 2 08kg, 1 04kg,, 2000,, ( ), , , C, t, t,,,,,,,,,,, 4 4,,, 1,,, 2, 15%,, 3,,

76 4 71 4,,,,,, 5,, , 85%,,,, 6,, WTO,,,,,, 7,,,,, 4 5,,,, 1, 2,

77 72 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ,1 (26):43~ ,(3):38~40 3,, 2002,4 (23):200~ ,12 (14):1977~ ,(1) 6, 2003,3 (24):161~ ,(2):4~49 8,,2003,(5):4 9,2003,(12):4 10 MengShukun,XuHe,WuXiuming,XieShuishengandHanWeifromCMA UpliftChina spidgeonmagnesi um ReductionProcessingLevelandDevelopRecyclingEconomy 2004ChinaMagnesium Report 犛犆犐犈犐

78 5 5 1 ( 40%),,, F 15 F 22 F 117, B1 B1B, 50, :, ;, ;, ;, ( ), 3C, 95% (TiO 2 ), 5% (TiO 2 ) (

79 74 ) ( ),, ( ), 2004,,,,, 2004, , ( ) 4,,,,, Timet ( ) RTI ( ) ATI (AleghenyTeledyne) 90% Timet,,,,, Timet, , RTI,, ATI,, ATI,

80 5 75,, 9 11,2002~2004, 10,,1990, 30000t/a, t, t,, : ( 18000t/a) ( 12000t/a), 30000t/a ( 19000~26000t), ( 6000~10000t) ( 3000~10000t),, 2004, 26233t, %, t, 10, 11000~14000t/a,, t %, 17387t,,2004, (VSMPO) 15000~16000t,,VSMPO ATI (Uniti) (Avisma), VSMPO 70%, VSMPO 2004, 25000t,,,, 90%, 80%,, ( ), 1/5, 1/2,,

81 76, ( ), TiO 2 TiCl 4,, (MgCl 2 ), Mg Cl 2,,, 50, 80 90,TiCl 4,, 90, TiO 2, FFC,, TiO 2 TiCl 4,,,,FFC, 15~20,, 1 2 TiCl 4 3 MgCl 2, Mg Cl 2 4, 0 9t/t ( ), 2500kW h/t, ArmstrongProces TiCl 4 Na,,, 120kg, 1/ , , : ( ), t, t, 17% 5~

82 ; ( :t) / ( ) % , ;2001, 5000t ( ); ; ,, t t, 3500t/a,, 2003,, , 10

83 78, 2 56m, 8 Ⅰ , 2006, 5000t/a 2004, 400t 2004, 8000t,, 2000~2004 5,, 1,,,,,,, 2, ( ), ~2003,, ( ), 9 11,,, A LR 787,,, 2004, 1~2,,,, 2004, ( ), 5000t/a , 9292t, t, 31 3%,, 3846t, 41 4% 4 ( ), 3208t, 34 5%, 24 1% 4, ,

84 ( :t) ~2004 4, ,,, 2004, 60 15t ( 12 5t), 22000t/a, 15000t/a,,,,

85 , 4, /t /t , t, 57 5t, t, t 970t,, 2004, t, t, t 2003,, /t /t /t % 18 2% 7 8% 4000t, 5507t, 11590, /t / /t / /t mm mm ,2004, t ( 4809t)

86 t ( 9292t) t ( 4197t) t ( 12179t) t 6, 8 ~10,,, ( ) 1 2, 12000t 14000t, 5000t,, 2001,,,, 5 4, GDP 8%, ( + ) 12000, 2004,, ( ) 44%, ( ) 12%, 16%, 19%,,, 2004, 17387t, 8593t, 49 3%, 8814t, 50 7% ( :t) ( ) (4500t/a) (8600t/a),, ;, ; ;

87 ;,,, (2010 ) 25000t, 25000t, 30000t/a,, ;,, 2004, 8000~10000t 20000t, , 5 5 1, 1~2 (1 1 ),,, (1), (2), ; ( ),,

88 5 83 (3), TiO 2 92%, (4),,, (5),, (6),,,, (7),,,,, (1) 3~5 2 5~3 03t/a,, (2) 1, , 6 ( 350mm ) 7 (3t ) 8 1 (2004),, :,2004,144~ ,22 (2):4~7

89

90 6 6 1 (,, ),,,,,,,, (2004) [1], ,,, 10, ( 6 1),20 70, ; 80,, ; 90,, ( ) ( ), 21,, 2,

91 86, ( ), % 93 1%, 9 2% 6 9%,,, 6 1 ( :%) APT ( ) 1923~ ~ ~ ~2004,, t/a 20000t/a ( ), 15000t/a, 50%, 40%,, (42000t,2003 ) 14% ~15%, (150000t,2003 ) 4%, (2400t,2004 ) 70% ~75% (34000t,2001 ) 2% ~3% 35000~36000t/a, 50% ~ 55%, 8%~10% 2,, ( ) t/a 2003~ ~ 10000t/a,, 5000t/a, 4000t/a, 1000t 2003, 2570t 15%~16%, 148 ( 580t), )75t, 660t, 230t, 700t, 320t 2003, 2500t, 40 ( 80t), 838t, 150t, 982t, 80t, 60t,

92 t, ( ) 330t ( ) 800t/a,, ( ),, TaC, 2,, ~13,,,, 10000μF V/g, μf V/g, μf V/g, J P D DP W, ~ μf V/g, ~ μf V/g,, μf V/g ( ), 0 5g, ~ μf V/g (20 80 ), 0 077~0 180g, μf V/g (21 ), 0 065g, 32, 0 250g,, 0 250~0 170mm, 0 065mm, 320~1680MPa,, 20 90, Y, 52mm 10~15kg, 50%~89% 70mm 30mm, 80%, , 2003~2004 NbTi Nb 3Sn,,

93 88 150t/a NbTi 50t/a NbTi 300t/a NbTi 100t/a 100t/a Nb 3Sn 2004,,, 5t 1600t 200,, : ; μf V/g ; 0 065mm ; ; ;, ( ) 800t, ;K 2TaF t, 50%,,, ~17,,, ( ),, 100mg/kg, 99 99%,, O C, % % % % mg/kg, O C 50mg/kg 8mg/kg mg/kg ( 42 ),,O C 34mg/kg 11mg/kg,2003~2004, 400mm ( ) 0 2mm ( ) L ( )mm,200mm ( ) 2mm ( ) 2000mm ( ),200mm ( ) 0 4mm ( ) 400mm ( ) 93W NiFe, mm mm Mo 3Nb 0 065mm,

94 ~20,,,,, Ta Nb, W Mo 2600,,, (PIM), W Mo Ta, (MST),, (MEMS) MST , MEMS MST 5μm Al 2O 3, Si, (SPS), SPS W Mo, SPS,,, , (1),,2000~ ~30000t/a,, t,, , ,,

95 90 (2), , , 15 77, , 15 01, ,2005,, 70%~80% %, 2/3 30%~40% t (3) 2000, 10, 2267t t t, 60%~65%, , 2 5% ( ), 12 7% (19 62 ),, 9% ~ 10%, (4),, 2%~3% ( Nb Zr ),, NbTi Nb 3Sn, 6 3,,,, (1),, 20 90, 60%,,2000, 50 7%,

96 6 91, 30 8%, (2) 2003, APT 13, 6, 3 56, 2 09, 50% ~ 70% (3), 2, ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,, (4),,,, (1),,,, ( 2010 ), (2004) [1],,,,, (2),,,,,,,,,,

97 92 (3),,,,,, ; ( );, ; ;, ( ),,,, 6 4, :,,,,,,, 1, (2004) :, ~194 2,, :, , ,20 (1):13~17 4, 2005,29 (2):1~ ,24 (6):1~ ,24 (2):13~ ,19 (5):18~ ,19 (5):23~ ,19 (6):1~ ,28 (5):11~ ,24 (5): ,24 (1): ,17 (4): ,23 (2): ,(1):10~ ,23 (10):42

98 ,23 (1):36 18 Zauner R,Korb G Micro powderinjection moldingfor microstructored components In:Kneringer G e d Proceedingof16 th Inter PlanseeSeminar (Ⅱ ) Austria:2005,May30 June3 RWF,Werbegeselschaft m b H,Watens,Tyrol,Austria ~68 19 MerzL,RathS,ZeepB Powderinjectionmoldingofcementedcarbidesfortheproductionofmicropartsand microstructuredparts In:KneringerGed Proceedingsof16 th InterPlanseeSeminar (Ⅱ) Austria:2005 May 30 June3 RWF,Werbegeselschaftm b H,Watens,Tyrol,Austria ~ ZhangJ,Song X,Liu D Sparkplasmasinteringandapplicationonadvanced materials In:KneringerG e d Proceedingsof16 th Inter PlanseeSeminar (Ⅱ ) Austria:2005 May30 June3 RWF,Werbegeselschaft m b H,Watens,Tyrol,Austria ~ ~ 犐狀狋犲狉 犑 狅犳犚犲犳狉犪犮狋狅狉狔犕犲狋犪犾狊牔犎犪狉犱犕犪狋犲狉犻犪犾狊

99 7 7 1,,, 60%~80%, : ( ) 20 20, :Mn Zn,BaTiO 3,PZT,PLZT,NdFeB,YBCO,PMN PT,, ( ),,, (1), (MLCC), (SMT),80%~90%, MLCC 0402, MLCC, (2) (PZT),,,

100 7 95 (3),, (GPS) (WLAN) (4),, (HTCC LTCC), (5) BaTiO 3,SrTiO 3,MgTiO 3,SiC,ZnO,Bi 2O 3,SnO 2,MgCr 2O 4 (6),, (7) (SAW), La 3Ga 5SiO 14 (LGS), PMN PT PZN PT, (8),, Ramtron 32 MB (FeRAM), ; 64 MB FeRAM Raytheon , MEMS,,,, (9),, :PLZT ITO ATO (SOFC ),,

101 96,,,,,,,, 15%, 1 ( 7 1), 2010, 800 ; 5%, , / (1999) / 7 35 (1999) / 390 (2000) 530 /t 600 (2000) 1000 / 1 4 (2000) 5 5 /t 1700 (2000) 2000 / 13 5 (2000) 20 / 7 (2000) 13 5~16 4 / 566 (2000) 2300 / 25 (2000) 36 /kt 237 (2000) 314,,,,,, , 9500, 7 5%, , , 50 /,

102 7 97 6, ; 1, ; 2, ; 2000, 34%,,,, , , 13%, 1 6,,PC DVD Primark,, 10 1, 50 1, 100 1,,, (20000 ), 15%, 10%, 1500 ~1800 (14000 ) (5000 ), 18%~20%, 8% ~10%; 1600 (1600 ), 60%~70%,, 3 4, 5%~8% : 45%, 20%, 70%, 10%,, : ; (SMT),,,, ; (HIC) ; (2006~2010 ), 3G,2005~2006

103 98 3G,2009 3G 2 3 3G, PC,, 7 2 2, 10, 400t, 120t, 350t, 220t, 500t 60%,, ,,,, Motorola DuPont AMP Molex Vishay Kemet Holeywel ;, 60%, : (Murata) TDK TaiyoYuden NEC (Mat sushita),, MLCC,Murata MLCC 140 ~160, 26%,, TDK 110 ~112, Kyocera/Avx Samsung, 10 ( 50 ) MLCC Y5V X7R X8R X9R, (Pb) (Cd) (100~200nm ) ; 1~5μm, 0402 MLCC, 0201 ; ;Murata TDK 1μm 100 MLCC; 0 3~0 6μm 100μF MLCC MLCC 1200t, 7200, 1800t TDK MLCC 800t, 3000t, 2000 (X7R) (Y5V) (2F4), :, ; ;,

104 7 99, MLCC, /, 2004,,MLCC, ~4, 2003, 40 8%,, DSC 2004 ( ),,2004,,, ( 3 31 ) / /% / /% /% : : : : SAW :,, : EMI, 40%,2004 MLCC R Chip 500 ( 50 ), 2000, 12 7, 20 80%; 3400, 3 08%; 2461, 4 96% MLCC MLCC (FG301,FG351)

105 ( 3 1 ) / /% / /% /% :, ;, / / /% / /% , ( ), ,, , ; IC 3 ; 12 ; 2001, 4000t 5 ~6,,, ; X7R Y5V 863,

106 t Y5V X7R 500t, /3,, ( ) ; ;, ; ; HDD ;,,, NEC Tokin,TDK NEC Tokin,TDK,Murata NEC Tokin NEC Tokin NEC Tokin NEC Tokin TDK,Murata TDK TDK TDK TDK,Murata Murata Murata , 50~ 60 20, SMD 1, 5 20 : ;,,,, 2000, 6000, CR CW (2 5mm 2 0mm 1 2mm) 2001, SMD 50% SMD

107 ~2003 ( : ) /% ~2002 SMD ( : ) /% SMD 2001 AV, 72 7%, 13 1%, 6 1%, SAW IC :, SMD ;, ~2003 ( : ) /% ~2002 SMD ( : ) /% ,PLZT PMN PT PZN PT,

108 7 103, 2002 Chimera :2001 ( 76 5%) (18 3%) GPS (4 3%) :,,, Murata EPCOS Trans Tech Narda Frequency West 300 MHz~40GHz, 10 : ( ), GPS, ( ),, LTCC, , 800 MHz~ 2 7GHz 350, 500, ; 2002, LTCC GPS GPS OEM ;2003, GPS,, , Vishay EPCOS Murata TDK Shibaura SEMI TEC BETA KETEMA TDK HDK, 60%~80%,,, :,EPCOS PTC, 10 NTC,9 PTC, Thinking 0402 NTC,Uppermost NTC,Walsin PTC PTC

109 104,,,, Walsin Uppermost, PTC (2 2Ω), PTC ( 5 ) ( ) PPTC NTC PTC, PPTC, Paumanok, 2001~2003,, , (Paumanok, 2004 ) ~2008 ( : ) PTC PTC NTC PTC 40,, 3, PTCR 1 NTCR 10,, NTC,,, NTC, NTC, 2004 NTC 30%,, NTC 2005, PTC MZ23 PTC PTC, 50 SMD, SMD (PTC) SMD (NTC)

110 7 105,,SMD (PTC) Ω~22kΩ, -55~ 125, SMD (NTC) Ω~100kΩ,B ±2%, -55~ ~0805 NTC , ~10, ( ) 12 6 ~16, ( : ) ,,CCD, 2 0~2 5 3~4 ZnO,SrTiO3,ZnO 3 5~4 0 5~6 NTCR,PTCR,PN 2 0~2 5,, / / 0 4~0 6, (,,,,, ),,, 0 4~0 6,,CO,H2S,NH3,SO2,Cl2,NO, NO2 ;,,,CO2 0 15~0 2, 0 08~0 1, 3~4 1 0~ ~ ~ ~ Vishay, 3 ~3 5, WIT, 2 26 Litelfuse 22% EPCOS 20%, 1998, (SrTiO 3 ), ;,2005 8,, ZnO, 2, 3 : SrTiO 3,,,, 10~15,

111 106, , 30, SMT Paumanok,, 15%, 11% EIA ,Litelfuse BC Components AVX V 9V 14V 18V, 50mJ, 90pF (18 V ) 360pF (5 56 V ) AVX Litelfuse AVX MultiGuard ( ), 0612, 0508, 5 6V 9V 14V 18 V, 0 1J AVX TransFeed, TransGuard Feedthru /, 0805, EPCOS T4N A230XFV, 863, 0402~2220, 2, , ZnO, ,, 35kV, ZnO / / / / 10kV ~69kV kV kV kV kV , 13 85%, , 15 38%, 868 2, 5 9%,, , 14%, ,

112 7 107,, 77 3% ( ) /% ( ) /% ( ) /% , 33 27%, 7 14,,,,,, 7 14 ( : ) ~ ~ ~ ~ , 57 18%; 32274, 50 53%, PPTC, NTC, 20%~30%, 5%~10% 2003, R Chip 5, YAGEO (28%) ROHM (17%) MATSUSHITA (13%) KAO (11%) VISHAY (7%) YAGEO ( ) MLCC ( ) 120,

113 108 35% 40%,,MLCC10 ~20, MLCC,2004,MLCC 12% ~17%,R chip 10% ~ 15% 3 20%~25% 30,, ( 100 ) (6 ) (4 ) ;0603 ;0402, ;0201, (EPCOS) (SAWTEK) (Murata), SAW (900MHz~4GHz) 70, α SiO 2 ( ) 1700~2000t, ;LiNbO 3 LiTaO 3 20~30t,, 50t, 1 5 :1 ;2,, IC ACT GaAs AlN ZnO ,, , 10%,,TDK ;,, 400, 15%~20%, , 1/ , 7%, 2/3

114 7 109, 42%, 24%,, , 22 4%,, 9540t, 15%~20%, , 6400t; 6600t, ; 3200t, 6 7%, 400t,,, 90%, 2004,,, ( ) (4 89 ) (2 39 ), 20%~50% 21,,, :1 ;2, : MEMS IC ;3,,, , , 2005 : 15, 6, 8000~10000t, 1000t, 2000~3000t;, 5300 ; 2200t, 30t,

115 110 15t 7 15, (2001 )/t (2005 )/t MLCC ~ ~ / /% / /% , 5039, 602, 47 55%; 2695 ( ), 2944 ( 342, 1998, 85, 519 ) 132, 1 3%, 36 9% ,, 34,,

116 7 111,,,,,,,,, (1) ,,,, 2004, , , 25 74% %, 14 71% ( ); ( ) (2) 2004, 31 9, 6 16%, 77 86% ,,,

117 / ( )/% / TDK,,,, NEC, ( ), ( ),,, , 15517, ,,, ,,,,,IC 14393,, ,, FBT,, %,, 90% 1999, 1 9, 30% 33, (3) (2004 ), 17, , 4 : 26, 21, 18,

118 (2004 ) /% /% /% /% , % 64 41% 65 25%, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20% (4) , PCB 14, TDK ( 12, 16 5 ), ( 16,12 6 ) ( 38,3 6 ) ( 48,3 2 ) ( 76,1 4 ), , 20 80%; ( ) 1000, 40%; 80, 3 MLCC,

119 / / / (715 ), 16 PTC ,,, 400 ; 180 ;,,, :

120 7 115,,,,,,,,,,, Paumanok,2004 MLCC 7300, / MP3 DVD,MLCC 0402, 0201,, SMD R/L/C / PPTCR R/L/C, 90% 0201,, / LTCC PCB MCM /, LTCC, L C LTCC ; LTCC

121 116 LC, ( ), 3 2mm 1 6mm 1 2mm, 0 02g, 2 5G WCDMA3G, 20m LTCC,, NiZnCu MnZn Li,LTCF LTCC,,, NiZn, 1200~1300, MnZn 1300~1450,,LTCF Ag ( 850~900 ) :1 ;2 ;3 ;4LTCF,, ;,, (RoHS) ( ),,,2005,, ; 2004 ; ; ; ISO14001, 80% ; RoHS WEEE,,,,2004 KPE 243,,

122 7 117,,Qm d 33, SrBi 2Nb 2O 9 (Murata)Nb Bi, (Na 1/2Bi 1/2 )TiO 3, (Na,K)NbO 3,, 36, Murata,TDK,Toshiba,Kyocera, NGK,Toyota,NEC,,, : d 33,,,, (5~2μm ) 7 5 (1),,,Murata Caddock TDK IR Intel,, WTO,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2),,,

123 118,,,,, :1 ;2 ;3 ;4 LTCC LTCF ;5 ;6 (3) DMEGC, 1 :, , 3 (2004) :,2004 4, :, , 5, ~1999 犅犪狔狉犲狌狋犺 犚犕犐犜犝狀犻狏犲狉狊犻狋狔 犐犈犈犈 犛犲狀狊狅狉犔犲狋狋犲狉狊 ~ 犐犈犈犈

124 8 8 1, 22%, 11%, 2 4%, 1 2%,, 2030,, CO 2, CO,NO x,,, ,,,,,, 20%~40% ;,, ;,, 30% ~70%,, ;, CO NO x HC ;,,, ;

125 120 ; ;,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,, ( ),, ( ), 1000, 30%~70%,,,, ( ),,, 45% % 30% (1000m 3 /h) (10% )

126 8 121 (SiC) (Si 3N 4 ),, 2 5, 5, 15,, Carborundum Hex oloy % HNO 3, % KOH 0 2mg/(cm 2 a), Carborundum Kyocera, SiC, :,,, 8 2 ;,, 8 2 / /(g/cm 3 ) 0 70~ ~ ~1 95 /( 10-6 / ) 1 80~ ~ ~6 5 /(W/m K) / /MPa >34 6 >42 3 >36 8, 200~600, 0 5~2 0mm, 1300, 5, 4~5, 1/3,,,,, ( )

127 ,, 20%~ 40%, 15%, 40%,NO x , 150, ; ; ; ; (SiC) 70, 33%,50%,, (RSiC), (RBSiC), (SSiC), (HPSiC), (CVD SiC,PVD SiC),, Sialon (SSSiC) (LPSSiC),,, SiC Saint GobainStructuralCeramics ( Carborundum, Saint Gobain ),Ceradyne (, ESK ),Coorstech ( ),Penn UnitedTechnology ( ),Morgan AdvancedCeramics ( ),Kyocera ( ),NGK ( ) Toshiba ( )

128 SiC SiC SiC SiC d/(g/cm 3 ) ~ /MPa > (1400 ) K ⅠC /MPa 1/ ~ HV Si /% < <0 1 Saint Gobain,SA ESK ESK EkaSiC EkaSiCFCoorstekSC 30 CoorstekSC 30 T, SiC (SSiC) ~1100t, SiC ( ) SSiC, LCD Toshiba SSiC SSiC 1 2 ( ) 1 0, Ceradyne 90% ; 0 7 ~0 8,Saint GobainStructuralCeramics 95%, JohnCrane SSiC SSiC 1 5 ~2 0, SiC, SiC Saint GobainStructuralCeramics SP, 4%~6%,, SiC, SP SiC 10 ESK Ekasic P ESK EKasicG Coorstek SC SiC, SiC, SiC,,, SiC SiC 20 80,

129 124 40, SiC,, FCT SiC, SiC,,,,, 200t SiC, 12, 6000 ~ 7000 SiC,,, SiC SiC,, SiC, 20 80, SiC Norton,Anawork,HIK SiC, 90, SiC,,,,,, 250t 200t, % SiC,,, ,,, 1600, 20~30

130 , 800~900, 1000~ ~20,,,,,,,,, 1%,, Novaref Sirma 5~6, 2~3, 3~4, 300 ~400 /, 50mm,, ( ), ; ( 0 05%), ( ±0 2mm ) 2~3, 4~5, ( ), ,, 7,,, 400 ~500,

131 126 GF (1350 ) 70MPa, 1850, 1600, 4%~6%,, 150,,,,,,, ( 1380~1400 ), 1230,, : ( );, ; 8 4 4,,,,,,, ,, 10%~14%, (840 ),, 20 70, 250, 16, 8 4 /(lm/w) 7~20 40~60 40~60 60~90 100~150

132 , ( ) ( ),,, 20 40, GE Al 2O 3, Al 2O 3, 8 5 2, GE, ; Philips NGK,,,, Al 2O 3 96% ~97%, 20 60, 110lm/W; 70, 130lm/W ; 150lm/W, 20 90,, , 80% 90%, Al 2O 3 (1200 ), Al 2O 3,, (250W 400W) ,, 3 5 ( ) 772,, 200 ~300 /, 100,, ; 772,, 30,,,, 70,

133 128,,, 6, ,, 95% 8~10,, Al 2O 3,,,,, α Al 2O 3, ,, 20, 10, CO NO x 85% 40% GDP 5%, 8 6 2,, 20 70,3M Ford, (Corning) (2MgO 2Al 2O 3 5SiO 2 ),,, Al 2O 3, NGK 50% NGK 40%, 300 /,

134 8 129, α, α / /, ,, ~ ~600, 1200, 400~600, 0 15~0 10mm 2003, , ,,,, ( ) 1999, 7700 ( ),2000, ~ 800 /, 2008 :,,,2002 2, 2007 ( 2005 ) 3 (CO2 3g/km,HC0 2g/km,NO x0 15g/km) 8 7,,,, (1),,

135 130 (2),, (3),,,, (4),,, 8 8 (1), (2),, (3),,, (4),, 1 C L Grahl AdvancedCeramicsMarketsExperienceRecovery CeramicsIndustry 2004,27~28 2 GlobalNews Amer Cera Soc Bul,2004,83 (10):3 3 A Sonntag,etal New RolersforAdvancedFiringApplications CeramicsIndustry, ,2004,12 (1):42~ ,(11):3~ ,38 (6):23~30 7 Carbourundum,htp://www hexoloy com 8,2004,(12):5~9 9,, 2001,22 (2):42~75

136 ,34 (2):22~23 11,,2003,39 (6):46~48 12,,2000,(3):45~50 13,,2005,54 (3):292~295 14,2002,36 (4):235~ 犜犻犆犖 犅犖

137 9 9 1,,,,,,, 20 80, 1982,,,,,,,, ,,, ,,

138 9 133,, 125t 1990,, 5000t/a 60000t/a 2004 :, 65 25, %, 15% ,,,, 33 8% 24 2% , 17 5, 41 2, 2004, 32, 50 7, 60%, , 90% , (1) 2004, 32, 41 2, 20 6 / ( ), , 74 / ( ), 10 9 ;, 6, 0 2, 1 6, 3 ;,, 1000, 1/4 (2),, :, ;,, 4000,, kg, 3 5kg, 0 36kg

139 ,,, (1),,,, 4000, 1/10 (2),,, ;,,,,,,, (3),, ( ) 24 75%, , ( )

140 ( ) 1 SBS/APP ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8, SBS/APP 2004,, (1) [2003] ,,,,,SBS/APP 46 7%; 16 7%, ; 28 0%,, 1 2mm, (2) SBS/APPⅡ,2004,, 1400, (3) SBS/APP 1,,,, %, %

141 136 (4)2004, 46 24%, , % 53 76%, (5) , (6) 10,,,, : 1994, 2004, , 40% , 1000,,,, : SARNA 1998, 1400, PVC, 1000, Sarnafil PVC, PVC, PVC ;, (1), (2),, (3),,,,,,,,, (4), ;, ;, (5),

142 , 5, , 1, 20 90, 9 4, 9 3 ; ; ; 9 4

143 138, ( ), /% /% 2010 / /% SBS/APP WTO,,, 273 : %, 11 72%; ; 93 ; 9 31, 43 45%; 17 02, 27 4% 3000, 800,, 2004,, WTO (1) 1 GF ( ) %,,

144 , (82 ) 6% 1998~2004 UPR 9 5,2004 UPR FRP 9 6,2004 UPR FRP ~2004 UPR ; UPR FRP UPR FRP, , 26, 6 12, 4,

145 140 (2)FRP 21, (FRTP), (FR SP) 1997~2004 FRP 9 8,1997~2004 FRP 9 9, FRP ~2004 FRP ~2004 FRP 9 10 FRP 1 FRSP,, 15%~20%, ,,

146 SMC SMC,, 43,,,, RTM SMC, SMC,,,,,, 300 ; 2005,, 30,,, 3 1m, 400km,,,, 2500mm 800~1400mm 3 : 236m;DN m;,,, 6, km

147 142, 6000km, 2000m 3 2 FRTP PA PP PET PBT GMT GMT, 3000t/a TPAC ( ) (3)CCL ( ) CCL 2004 CCL , SMC BMC,, 863,,,,,,,,,,, ,,, 1,, 2 ( FRSP), 3, 4,

148 ,, 6,,, 7, 8,,, (Low E) : (2~15) 10 3 nm 80%, 80%, 25% ( 84%), 70%,,,,,, Low E Low E, PPG,,, Low E :, U Low E 2, Low E, Low E,,,,,,

149 144,,,,, 60%, 70%,,, 34dB, ;, ;, Low E 20 80,,, 1995, 2W/ (m 2 K), ,, 15% 60 Low E 1978 In terpane Low E 1985 Pilkington Low E 1998,,, (CVD) (Low E), CVD,, 5, 450T/D, ,, ,

150 /% /% /% /% /% /% Pilkington PPG Low E 21,,,, Low E SUN E, Low E, 50%, 60%, 30%, 25%, ,,10 80,,, ;, ; WTO,,,,

151 146,, ,,,, 130~150, 200~250, 2, 8000 ~1, 30%~40%,,, 20, ( ) 2000 ~3000, 4000,, 7200, 20%,, ,, 1,, ( ), , 1/3~1/2 2,,, 3,,, 4,, ;

152 9 147,,, 1, 2, 3 ( ), ( ),, 4,,, 9 3,, (1),,, 7000, ( 6000 ), 2 5kg, 500kcal?, 250~300kcal/kg, 1 2t, CO 2, (2),,, 85%~90%,, 90%, 30%,,,,,? 1cal=4 1868J,

153 148 (3),,,, 2000 /,6000 /, 3 /, (4),,,,,, (5),,,,,,,,,,,, (6),,,,,,,,,, (7),,,, (8),,,,,, 9 3 1,,, ,,,,

154 9 149,,,,,,,,,, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 : %, 15kg /m 2 ; 30%; %, 10kg /m 2 ; 40%; %; CO 2 20%, % 9 3 2,,,,,,,,, 4 1, 2

155 150, 3, , 2000,,,, ,,,, (1), 30% 50% ~60%,, (2),, (3),, (4),, (5),, (6), (1),, (2)

156 9 151 (3) (4), ,,,, % 30%, % 40% 9 3 4, (1) 1, 2 3 (2),,,, (3),, 1 ( ), 60%~90% 1t, 5%,, 2 (4)

157 152, : : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 (5) 1,, (1) (2), (3) ( ) (4), , ~ ~ ~

158 :1, ;2, 180, (, Nomex Conex), h 65%, (PPS), ;3,,, 2400 ;4, 18cN/dtex 400cN/dtex, (, Kevlar Twaron), (,DSM Dyneema Honeywel Spectra)! ( PBO) ( ),, 5,,, :1,, ;2, ( ), ;3, ( ),,,, ;,,, X

159 154 CT γ ;, ( ) ,,,, 1996, 1997,,, 9 11,, , 1 (PAN),, 21 Tenax 75%, 70%, %, 50 2, Kevlar DSM Dyneema,, PBO 3,, 80, PPS, AK20Nobel Tw aron, Kevlar, Tenax, 4, ( ), 5~6,, 5,

160 ~80, PRD,,,,, 90,, ( ), (Kevlar) (Nomex) (PBI) ( ) ( ) ( ) PAN, For tafil (3500t/a) Tenax,, ZOLTEK ALDILA, BASF ,,,, DSM Dyneema,,AKZONOBEL! M5 ; Kermel; Lenzing P84, ; Ac rodis, PAN ; SGL PAN,,, ; ZOLTEK PAN, ;,, SVM ARMOS Rusar,,, PAN ;,,,

161 ,40, PAN 1975,, 1980,,,,,,, (1), 3,,, (UD) (2), 500t, 10000t/a 5, (3)PAN, PAN, ; 863,, 10t/a T300, T t/aPAN 200t/a,, GPa 3K 6K 12K 2~3 400 t/a 1000t/aPAN t/a 2500t/aPAN 1K 3KPAN (4), 2 500~ 1000t/a

162 (5) ( Ⅲ), 20t/a (6)PBO, 863 (7) 863, Kevlar, (8),,,,, 20 70, ( ), (9), 10t/a, PAN,, 100t/a, PAN, ; t/a (10) 20 70,,, (11),,, 200, PAN PAN,

163 158, 2007,2007, 10 1 PAN ( :t) ( ) Tenax Soficar CFA Tenax Tenax TTA Grafil SGL Hecxel Cytex (1K) 10(1K) ( ) Fortafil( 2005 TTA) TTA ZOLTEK SGL ALDILA : 1K~24K, 36K~460K,1K 1000 /,, 2007~ ~2000t/aPAN,40~ 800t/a T300, T400, 20 80,, (1), DMSO, 300t/a

164 h 85% 15h 95%, 95% 22h;, 200t/a NaSCN, T300, DMSO (2) 863 T700 T800 PAN (3), T400 T600 T700, :1 ( );2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 ;7 ;8, ;9 ; 10,,,,,,,,,,,,, 220~280,,,, 10 2, Torayca 10 2 (2005 ) /(t/a) /(t/a) DMSO AN DMSO AN, ( ) T300~T1000,M35J~M70J,M30~ M50, T300 /GPa 7 3 5( ) /GPa 9 /GPa /GPa /(t/a)

165 PAN /MPa /GPa /% /(g/cm 3 ) T T300J T400H T700S T800H T1000G M M30S M M M35J M40J M46J M50J M55J M60J M65J M70J Torayca ~2010 PAN, 10 5 ( Soficar )

166 PAN ( :t, %) (36) 5100(28) 2800(16) 3570(20) (33) 5230(28 5) 3030(16 5) 3960(22) (33) 5430(28) 3480(18) 4070(21) (32) 6260(30) 3590(17) 4280(21) (30) 6800(31) 3970(18) 4500(21) (31) 7380(31) 4470(18) 4780(20) (32) 7900(30) 4940(19) 5080(19) (32) 8100(29) 5450(20) 5190(19) (34) 8300(28) 5950(20) 5410(18) (35 5) 8500(26 5) 6300(20) 5720(18) PAN ( :t, %) (15) 4690(26) 10520(59) (12) 4670(25) 11490(63) (13) 5012(26) 11741(61) (13) 5081(25) 12858(62) (15) 5101(23) 13604(62) (16) 5135(21) 15280(63) (16) 5097(19) 17003(65) (17) 5107(18) 17892(65) (18) 5104(17) 19205(65) (17) 5118(16) 21408(67) , 9 11,,, 2003, 2004,,,, (CNG), 10 6, 2006 A B 787,, 30 23, 2000~3000,

167 PAN ( :t/a) ,, ~2010 ( :t) PPTA , PPTA t/a, t/a 10 8 PPTA t/a, 5000, ( :t) ( ) Kevlar (, ) Kevlar ( ) Kevlar Twaron( ) Twaron Technora ( ) SVM ( ) ARMOS ( ) Rusar AKZO NOBEL( ) M : N (NMP),CaCl 2 (TPC) (PPD), 6 3 PPTA,, ( ) 18%~20%,

168 Kevlar29, 350~500, Kevlar49 10, 10 9 Twaron, PPTA,, Technora PPTA : H2 師 N O NH 帩 師 師 師 師 2( 25%), Telon SVM ARMOS Rusar 10 2, Terlon B C, PPD M 3, m 3%~ 5% : SVM B, M 3 50%, : Armos B C,, M 3, m 50%~70%, Terlon, m n Rusar 10 2, :PPD M 3,, Rusar RusarC Rusar HT Ru sark, Armos, 10 9 PPTA ARMOS Ⅲ, 30,

169 : P:m 15%,n 80%,l 5%;Q:m 5%,n 80%,l 15%;R:m 5%,n 25%,l 70%; S:m 25%,n 5%,l 70%;U:m 75%,n 20%,l 5% PPTA (Kevlar) PPTA ( Ⅱ) (ARMOS) Ⅲ /(t/a) /(t/a) ,,,,,, / /(cn/dtex) GPa 5 0GPa /(cn/dtex) GPa 5 5GPa /(cn/dtex) GPa /(cn/dtex) /dtex /(g/cm 3 ) /% /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /% Kevlar Kevlar Kevlar Kevlar Kevlar Kevlar Kevlar KevlarHT Twaron GPa 3 6 Twaron GPa 3 3 Twaron GPa 2 1 Technora SVM ~ ~119 6GPa 2 8~ ~ ~121 0GPa ARMOS ~ ~136 5GPa Rusar ~ ~143 0GPa 2 6~3 5

170 PPTA, 200, 10%,, 1000t, 10 ~12, 10, (LNG), IT PPTA ( :kt/a) ( ) UHMWPE UHMWPE UHMWPE ( :t) DSW( ) DSW( ) Dyneemn( ) Spectra( ) , SK, 30t/a UHMWPE,, DSM,, ; Honeywel,

171 DSM, ; Dyneema DSM, UHMWPE, ( 10 3),, c/c (c,c )=20~ 40, 35cN/dtex 1999, 10 4 (PE) ( ) ( ), (c/c = 2, 9%), 1000, PE, PE,,, 330~1100dtex, 15~19 4 cn/dtex 10 3 ( : =1 ) 10 4 PE

172 , DSM Honeywel PE DSM Honeywel /(t/a) /(t/a) / 6 3 /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) 1200(116GPa) 116GPa /(cn/dtex) DSM Honeywel /(g/cm 3 ) /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /(cn/dtex) /% SK SK SK SK SK SK Spectra ~ ~ ~79 3 6~4 4 Spectra ~ ~ ~ ~3 4 Spectra ~ ~ ~ ~2 9 Tekmilon SK60,,SK77,, Spectra2000, Tekmilon,,,,, , t, t, t, t, %, t, 5~6, 2, 1, ( ) 1,, ( 1000~2000t) (

173 168 ) ( ) ( ) ,, ,,, ( :t) Sudaglass( ) 2006, 2005 Kamenny( ) 1 / Ivotglass( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Khmelnitskyrey( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) Albarrie 4840MPa (1400~1500 ),,,,, 800, , SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO Na2O+K2O TiO2 Fe2O3+FeO /%51 6~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~0 13

174 /(g/cm 3 ) /MPa /MPa /% / 2 5~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t/a, H PBO Zylon M5,, Kevlar29 1, 100,LOI 68,, , Zylon ( :t) PBO 4,6 ( ), P205 (PPA), (AS), (HM) AKZO NOBEL M5 (2,5 1,4 )(PIPD), 2,6 2,3,5,6,,, LOI 50,,,

175 Zylon M5 PBO AS PBO HM PIPD(M5) PIPD(M5) /dtex /(g/cm 3 ) /GPa /(cn/dtex) /GPa ~450 /(cn/dtex) /% >2 /% /GPa /% 0 15 / /LOI >50 > (100kHz) PBO,M5, 1 1GPa, 2 2GPa, T300 Twaron HM 2 10GPa 0 48GPa,M GPa 1 1GPa, PBO, Zylon,,, 180t/a, 200t/a, 1 5 /, t/a 1 /, Kevlar 3~4, Kevlar 1/ Zylon ( :t) ( )

176 M5, CNG LPG PMIA PMIA,,, Kermel PMIA ( :t) ( ) Nomex ( ) Nomex Fenelon ( ) Conex Kermel ( ) Kermel DMAc CaCl 2,, 6 2~6 8cN/dtex 10 22,,, PMIA /(t/a) / / /(cn/dtex) 3 5~ ~

177 , PMIA,,, , PPS PPS, PMIA, PMIA,,, PPS ( :t) ( ) ATY PPS ( ) ( ) Celanese , TAY PPS PPS, PPS, , %, t, t, 180~200 C ACF ACF 4 :, Adol ( ), PAN ACF, Acrodis SGL, ACF 3500t/a,

178 ! ACF 250t/a,PAN 50t/a , ( ) (800~ 1500 HCl,PCl5 ) 800~900 H2O,CO2, :1450~ 1550m 2 /g : :1000m 2 /g N (200~300 ), (800~1500 ) (800~900 H2O,CO2), (1100~1200 ) :1500~3000m 2 / g,, :1500 ~ 2000m 2 /g : / μ m 9~11 15~18 6~11 10~14 /(m 2 /g) 1000~ ~ ~ ~ /(m 2 /g) 1 0~ ~ ~ ~0 01 /(ml/g) 0 5~1 2 /nm 1 5~ ~ ~ ~ ~6 0 /(kn/mm 2 ) 0 294~ ~ ~ ~0 176 /(kn/mm 2 ) 19 6~ ~ ~ ~6 27 /% 2 7~ ~2 8 /(mg/g) 30~80 30~60 20~45 30~35 /(ml/g) 310~ ~ ~350 70~80, :1 ACF ACF,, ACF,,, ACF, ;2 ACF,,,!, 99% ACF, 10 7 ACF

179 174 ACF (a) ACF (b) 10 5 ACF (c) ACF ACF ACF ACF (d) ACF 10 6 ACF ACF 3500t/a, 320t/a, 60%, 40% ( ) ( ) ( )

180 ACF ( ) ,,, 21, ,40%, 20%~40% ( ) %,20%~40% ( ), 2 5%,, 70%,, %, 0 4m 3, 0 15~0 2m 3,, 900,, ACF,

181 176, :1 (RO), 0 5nm, 1 ;2 (NF), 5nm,, 1 ;3 (UF), 100nm, ;4 (MF), 500nm,,RO, 6 /, 4 5 ~5 /, RO, 12 ~12 8,, ~40, , 2003,, 160μm 130μm,,,, RO,, UF MF,,,, , ,, 13, PAN , 30, T300, 1K,12K,, ACE Amec 500t/aDMSO PAN 200t/aPAN,,, 3 5GPa PAN 1K 3K,,, 2004 PAN 3500t, 90%,

182 10 177,, 400t, 200t,, 90,, ,1980,,,, 911,,, 2004 PPTA 1255t, t, 10 26, PPTA ( :t) , 30t/a, t/a, 1330t/a, 2430t/a,, UHMWPE UHMWPE ( :t) t/a, 1500t/a,

183 t/a, 1000t/a, PBO, t/a, t/a, PMIA PMIA ( :t, %) (39 2) 275(41 3) 80(12 3) 30(4 7) 15(3 2) (37 7) 349(41 5) 105(12 5) 41(4 9) 28(3 4) (36 5) 420(41 4) 135(13 3) 55(5 4) 35(3 4) (35 4) 500(41 6) 165(13 7) 70(5 8) 42(3 5) (34 3) 580(41 4) 200(14 3) 90(6 4) 50(3 6) , 20t/a, (200t/a), 80%, 8% ACF 220t/a, 60%,40%, 320t/a,, 300t/a ACF 1000~3000m 2 /g, 10 5,

184 10 179,,,,,, T800 T1000 MJ PAN PPTA UHMWPE PMIA,,,,, PAN, 10, 400t/a 800t/a 1000t/a 1200t/a;PPTA 4, ; UHMWPE 4~ PAN PAN ( :t/a) PAN ~3 5~6 PPTA ~5 UHMWPE ~ ~3 3~4 PBO 30t/a PMIA PPS ~ ,2005 ACF 350t/a, t/a, t/a RO,2005,2010, ~20 ;,,,

185 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,, 9 10,,, 瑏瑡,,, 瑏瑢, 瑏瑣, , 2,,,PMIA PPTA,, 3, 4, 5,,,, 6,,

186 ,,,,,, (2592): (2390):1 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) P (3940): (20634): (20588):2 8, ( ) 2004,29 (2): ,25 (4): , 2005 JEC ,24 (3):28 13, 1999,24 (2):18 14 TheFiberYear2004 Saurer 2005,Issue5 P

187 ,,,,,,,,,,,, t, 11 1, 2003,,, 2005~ , ,,,2004~2007

188 /( / ) /% ~ /% ( : / ) CFA( ) COEICAR( ) t t TENEX( ) t FORTAPIL( ) FORBAFILL ,1300t, t GRAFIL( ) GGL( ) ~ ~ ~ ~ t 2006 SGL HEXCEL CYTEC FORBAFILL ZOLTEX ALDILA SGL ~ (%) , 40% K ~

189 184, T300,12K ~13 /kg 30 /kg,,,,,,,,,, , ,, 2004~ ,,,,6 1, , /% /t /%

190 /t /t /t /t /% / /% / , t, t, 10%,,,, % ( 11 6) 10%, ( 11 4),, 2004,,,2005~2008,, 3000t,B 787,A400M

191 186 50% 40%, ~2008 /% /t / / A B ~ A400M ~40 37t 190, B ,,,,,1997~ %, 2003~ GW/a, 11 1,, 5MW 61 5m, 18t, /, /, 11 1 ;,,, (risers),, 10~18, 1500m ; (tether), 1500m 10km, 200t,,

192 11 187,, :,, 4,, 11 9, 90%,, 11 9 /m 2 /m 2 /% /% > , % %, %, 1,, 200g/m 2, ,, 3 ( ) 4 5 X CT γ %~70%,,, 10% ~15%, 24,,

193 188,, 20, 2000 /, /mm K ,, β 40m/min, 20m/min, 300 /, ,,, 1 T300,,, 2,,,, 3,,,,,

194 a b ( ) c ( ) d,, ,,,,,,,, ;, ; ( ),, 1/40~1/20, 1/5~1/4; ;, 20%~50%, ;, ;, ,

195 190, ( ),,,,,, 1~2,,,,, ,, ,,,,,, 500, , 2004,, 10 ( ) 5,, 36, 10,,,,,, ( ) Douglas

196 ,,,,, , 33 3%, ( 2004 ), 11 7, 2 4,, 9 3, 4 32, 13 62, ( ) 2003, ( ) 100, 80%,,,,,,, , 1957, ,,

197 192, 20 80,,, 20 90,,,, 14%, L,,,, 20%,,,,,,, 70,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

198 11 193,,, Kovar Fe Ni Co (W Cu Mo Cu),,, (SiC Al),,, 20 90, 180 W/(m K),,,, 70%,,, LEC,,, 10 20, : ( ) 5 4%,,, W Cu Mo Cu 1/10~1/5,, 55%~75%,,,, 60%, 10 ( ) 20 90,,,, ( 200~240W/(m K) 20μΩ cm), 20, 2005,

199 , 500, 1 3,,,,,,,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,,,,, 1 BobGrifiths BoeingSetsPaceforCompositeUsageinLargeCivilAircraft Composites,May 2005P68 2 Schreiber H A, Frasier G W, Increasing rangeland forage production by water harvesting Soil Sci Soc Am J,1982,(46):602~807 3 FinkD H Parafin waxwater harvestingsoiltreatmentimprovedwithantistrippingagents SoilScience,1984, 138 (1):46~53 4 FinkD H,EhrlerW L RunoffarmingforgrowingChrisitmastrees SoilSci SocAm J,1983,(47):983~987 5 FantaGF,BurrRC,GraftCopolymersofStach Ⅲ CopolymerizationofGelatinized WheatStarchwithAcrylo nitrile:influenceofchinamodifiersoncoplymercomposition J Appl PolymerSci,1967,(11):457 6 FantaGF,BurrRC,GraftCopolymersofStach Ⅱ CopolymerizationofGelatinized WheatStarchwithAcrylo

200 nitrile:influenceofreactionconditionsoncopolymercomposition J PolymerSci,1966,(B4):745 7 :,1993,215~229 8,1984,59 (5):665~669 9 ( ),1986,(8):8~9 10,,,1997,(12):31~32 11 BowmanDC,EvansR Y Calciuminhibitionofpolyacrylimidegelhydrationispartialyreversiblebypotassi um Hortsci,1999,26 (8):1063~ ,1991,13 ( 1) 13,,,2002,38 (5):18~23 14,,,2002,24 (1):16~21 15,,,2002,24 (4):56~59 16,,2001,16 (4):10~12 17 C S Zhen,etal AustralianJ ExperimentalAgriculture 2002,42 (3):145 18,, 2002, :,2003,4 19 BusinessCommunicationsCompany,Inc MetalMatrixCompositesinthe21 st Century:MarketsandOpportuni ties, , 2002,(6):3~6 21 CUIYan,HighVolumeFractionSiCp/AlCompositesPreparedbyPressureless MeltInfiltration:Processing, PropertiesandApplications,KeyEngineering Materials,2003,Vol 249,45~48 22 G M Robinson DesignNews,AEROSPACE,1997,143~ F 22,,1995,(7):15~16 24,,, F 22,,1996,(6):25~26 25,1996,(30):1~3 26 B M Daniel 2 nd AnnualAluminum MetalMatrixCompositesMeeting,1997,p

201 犃犃

202 ,,,,, 1964,, 210~230 km/h;1983, 270km/h,1989, 300km/h, 515 3km; 1985 ICE, 330km/h 2003, 250km/h 10200km; 20 46, 8000km, 20~ , 160km/h;2001, 292km;2002, 321 5km/h,,,,, : , 3000 ;2 200km/h ;3,, 70%, 200km, 200km

203 km, ( 200km/h 250km/h ),, 2020,,1998~2002,, , 25% ,80% 2004,, , 18% , 27 75%, 10 GDP 9%, 15 3%, , ~1000,,, ,, (260 ), 900 (100 ), 10% 12 1 ( : ) ( ) :1 2,

204 12 199,,,,,,,2000, ,,,,,, ,, (1) (2), (3),, (4),,,,, (5),,, (1),,, 3 2~6 0mm 1 0~1 5mm, 40% 20 60,,, 5000, 10%, 200km/h TGV

205 200,,,, 45% ~50%, 10 Al Mg ( 5083 ) Al Mg Si ( N01 ) Al Zn Mg ( 7N ), , TGV 2 ICE :,, 700~800mm 30m,,,,, 66%,,,, (FRP) ( ), 60,,,, 58%, 20%, 20%, 2%;, 35%, 22%, 21%, 15%, 4%, 3% TGV FRP, 10t, ETR500 ( Tedlar Nomex / ), (CFRP),,, FRP,, ( 1/10),,,, STAR21,, ; ETR460,

206 ; (2), ( 500, ) TGV MPa 6mm, 0 8t AEG MBB,, ICE FRP,, 1989 CFRP 0 3t, 70% SNCF TGV, 350km/h, ,,, Cr Mo,, STY80 ( C0 6% ~0 75% ), V2, C 0 55%, 0 18%~0 21% V;1988,, C 0 46%~0 77% 6, C 1998, C 0 42%,, 3,,, FRP, ,,, Ag, Cd, (0 15% ~0 18% Ag), (0 7%~1 3%Cd) (0 3%Sn), (, ),, ICE TGV,,

207 202,, ,, Ni Cr Mo Cr Mo V, C C 1997, 20 ;, 250km/h, 400km/h SiCp Al C C TGV A,,, ICE /,,, ,, 12 2,, ;,, 20 50, ;70, ;80,, ,,,,,,,

208 CFRP CFRP CFRP

209 ,, ( ), 2008, 60% (1) :, PNGV Class,, 218kg,,, ( ),, A6, 6 (2),, AISI300 AISI200,, AISI301 AISI204M LPG, 30%, ;,,, (3), 60mm 2170kg 1820kg 1720kg (4) 21,

210 ,, 1991~1999, %, %; % %;, ( P2000), 37%,,, 20, :, ;, ;,, 30%,HC 30%, 5%;,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, , 15% ~20%, 1990, 3kg, 20%,,, 60%,,,80%,,,,

211 206, AM AZ AS, AZ91D,, 60, 45, 38, 25%, AE Mg Al Ca Mg Al Ca RE AJ ZAC8506, MRI201S MRI202S MRI203S,, US AMP (USAutomotiveMaterialsPartnership) (USCAR) (USAMP), 2001,,, , 3 0LDuratecV6,,, 130,, :1 AZ91 ; AZ91 ;3 AE42 ;4 AZ91 ;5 AZ91 ;6 AZ91, BeerSheva 150 MRI153M 200 MRI230D, MONASH QUEENSLAND AMC CSIRO AVL, 200 AM SC1, LUPO 3, 14kg (1), 454 /, 172 / 136 /,

212 12 207,20 70, 5%,80 10%, 300kg, 22%, RENAULT 15 5%; 100kg, 7 5%,, ( ) 90,,,, (2),, 200kg, 15% :21 20%~25%,,, 80,SMC/BMC (sheet/bulkmoldingcom pound),, RTM (resintransfermolding),,,, (3),,,,,,, 20~40kg, :,,

213 208 ; ,, (1) SUS301 ( C 0 1% ~0 12%),, SUS300L ( C0 01% N0 1%),, 210km/h 6005A 7005A, 5t, 37 5%,,,, N01,, FRP 25 5m,,,,,,, (2), 300 MPa Q345 16Mn, 600 MPa, km, 40 ~50, 20, ( )

214 12 209,,,, 12 3, O S,P 0 02%,S 0 02%,C < 0 06%,, ; O S,,P<0 40%,S<0 40%,C 0 10%,,, 12 3 LF (RH ) LF (RH DH VD ) ; (3 ) (U71Mn ) ( ),, 2000, 200km/h, CL60, 300km/h , ICE DSA 380,, ( 70%), 400 ( 3000 ), 120,,,, : 2600t, 6000t, 4, , 1000,

215 ,,, , V, , WTO,,,,, , 400, ,, IF 60%, ,, 133kg, 12%, /, 32 %, 50% 60 /, 5%,, %, 8 %, 100kg, %, ( ) 125kg (12%),,,

216 12 211, 1000, 300 /, 360 /, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,, , 810~820,, (Si> 7%),,,,,,,,, 30 ~40,,,,,,,,,,,,,

217 212 [ (1 0~6 0) 1000~1400mm 2000~8000mm],,,,,,, , 2001,,,,, ( ), 2000t, Meridin,, , CA4GE2, 20 3, 1500t 8, 3 ~ (1), 8 ~10 /, , , 10 10% 10, : 21% 19 6%

218 % 10 4% ABS8% 7 8% 6%,,, :,,, (2) 40 10, 10%,, ;, (3), 20kg 2000, 4000,,, 12 4,,,,,,,,, ( ),

219 214,,, , 20~ 30,,,,, 5~10,, ,,,,, 250km/h, 300km/h 350km/h,,,,,, (1),,,, (2),,

220 12 215, (3),, (4),, (1),,,, 3~4 (2), 1~2 (3), 50% (4), 3~5 ( ) ( ) (5),, 2~3 5000t ( ) (6), 2~ km 2003,3:23 2, 2000,3:2~3 3, 2001,24 (1):25~27 4,,, 2003, 5,, 2003, 6 A P Ketle 2001,9:37~39 7,,, 2005,30 (3):1~5 8,, 2003,15 (3):66~69 9,,, 2002,26 (4):71~73 10,,,YvesBerthier 2004, 125 (4):11~17 11, 2003, 12, 2003,17 (6):15~17

221 SAE (6):6~ (6):1~5 15,, ,(1) ,(6):1~ ,(6):1~ ,(5):7~ ,(8):14~20 20 (3),2001,(1) 21 (1) 2002,(5) 22 (2) 2002,(6) 犛犆犐犈犐 犐犛犜犘 犛犖犈犆犕犃 犛犆犐 45 犈犐 8 犐犛犜犘 3

222 ,,, 30kW, 100kW, 0 2μm 3~5μm, (LD) (DPSSL),, [1],,,, (JHPSSL),,, 20 90, [1] 20%, 21, IT, ,2004,,,2001~2003 YAG [2], ;2001~2003, %, , 47 2%,

223 , 20 90, IT,, LitonAirtron Synoptics U nioncarbide Crystalproducts NorthropGrumman Saint Gobain, [3], ( 20 ),, VLOC NorthropGrumman Saint Gobain OnyxOptics Sci entificmaterials SuperOptronics CrystalOpticsResearch Marke techinternational Kentek, 10, AlphalasGmbH FEE GmbH MolTechGm bh IngcrysLaserSystems PhotoxOpticalSystems EKSPLA, 10 Ox ide NECTOKIN,, LaserFocusWorld, ,2004,2004 ( LD ) 9 4, % ( 13 1), , 10%, , 5, (53%), 2 28, 24%, 1 24, 13%, 90% ( 13 2),,,

224 ~2004 ( : ) LD % -9 6% -5 3% 19 0% ( : ) % 24% 3% 13% 1% 1% 4% 100% ,, Nd 3+ Yb 3+ Ho 3+ Er 3+ Tm 3+ Ce 3+ Cr 3+ Ti 3+ Cr 4+ Co 2+ Ni 2+ Y3Al5O12(YAG) Gd3Ga5O12(GGG) Gd3Sc2Ga3O12(GSGG) Al2O3 YLiF4 (YLF) LiSrAlF6 (LiSAF) LiCaAlF6 (LiCAF) YAlO3(YAP) YVO4 GdVO4 BeAl2O4 Sr5 (PO4) 3F(S FAP) KGd(WO4) 2 (KGW) YAl (BO3) 4 (YAB) CaY4(BO3) 3O(YCOB),, 20 [3], (1) (Nd:YAG) (Nd:

225 220 YAP) (Nd:Cr:GSGG) (Cr:Al 2O 3 ),Nd: YAG,,, LD,, Nd:YAG Nd:YAG 30,, 50% ~65% VLOC NorthropGrumman Nd:YAG, 90~100mm, 200~300mm (2)LD LD LD,, LD,, LD LD : (Nd:YVO 4 ) (Nd: YLF) LD,, Nd: YVO 4 LD, 1 06μm 0 53μm Nd:YVO 4 20,, Nd: YAG, 10% Nd:YLF LD, 17,, Nd:YAG Nd:YVO 4, 10%, VLOC NorthropGrumman (40~50) (150~200)mm (3),, : (Ti:Al 2O 3 ) (Cr:BeAl 2O 4 ) (Cr: LiSAF) (Cr:LiCAF) (Ce:LiSAF) (Tm:YAG), Ti:Al 2O 3, 660~1180nm, Ti: Al 2O 3 (CZ) (HEM), 16, 9, NorthropGrumman CZ, ( )mm,CrystalSystems HEM, 100mm (4) 1μm

226 :2μm (CHT:YAG, Ho:Cr:Tm:YAG) (Ho:Tm:YAG) (Ho:Tm:YLF) 3μm (Er:YAG) 2μm 3μm Q,,, 10, Nd:YAG 1 064μm Nd:YAP 1 079μm Nd:Cr:GSGG 1 061μm Cr:Al2O μm Nd:YVO μm Nd:YLF 1 047μm/1 053μm Ti:Al2O3 660~1180nm Cr:BeAl2O4 700~830nm Cr:LiSAF 760~920nm, Cr:LiCAF 720~840nm, Ce:LiSAF 280~310nm Tm:YAG 1870~2180nm CHT:YAG 2 097μm Ho:Tm:YAG 2 097μm Ho:Tm:YLF 2 06μm Er:YAG 2 94μm ,, ;, ;,,, LD 1 Nd:YAG, Nd:GGG, (Nd,Yb), (Nd,Yb) S FAP 2 LD Nd:YVO 4 Nd:YLF, LD, (Nd,Yb) GdVO 4 KGW

227 222 3 Ti:Al 2O 3 Cr:BeAl 2O 4 Cr: LCAF Cr:LSAF,, Ce 3+ Tm μm 3μm (Ho Er Tm) YAG YLF, 3~5μm 5, Q, Nd:YCOB Nd:YAB , , Nd:YAG, ;Nd:YVO 4, ; Nd:Ce:YAG, ; (IFSM) (TGT) Ti:Al 2O 3, Ti ; Nd:YLF (ICF) Ⅱ, ;, 1961, 20 [4], :Nd:YAG Nd:YAP Yb:YAG Tm:YAG Nd:Ce:YAG Ho: Cr:Tm:YAG Er:YAG Cr:Al 2O 3 Nd:YVO 4 Nd:YLF Ho:Er:Tm: YLF (HET:YLF) Cr:LiSAF Cr:LiCAF Ti:Al 2O 3 Cr:BeAl 2O 4, 1000 Nd:YAG Nd:YVO 4 Nd:Ce:YAG Nd:YAG,,,, 4000,, 60~80mm, 150~230mm Nd:YVO 4, 10,,, 1500,, (20~30) (30~40)mm Nd:Ce:YAG,

228 ~4,,, 1000,, (20~50) (100~150)mm,,, /mm / Nd:YAG Nd:Ce:YAG Yb:YAG Nd:YAP Nd:GGG Cr:Al2O3 Nd:YVO4 Nd:GdVO4 Nd:YLF Ti:Al2O3 Cr:BeAl2O4 Cr:LiSAF Cr:LiCAF CHT:YAG HET:YLF Tm:YAG CZ, (50~65) (150~230) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (40~50) (100~150) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (50~65) (150~200) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (50~70) (50~60) CZ, (20~30) (100~150) CZ, (20~30) (30~40) CZ, (30~35) (30~50) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (30~40) (100~150) TGT,IFSM, (50~100) (50~60) CZ, (30~35) (100~150) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (50~60) (100~150) CZ, (25~35) (100~150) CZ, (50~60) (100~150) Er:YAG CZ, (50~60) (100~150),,,3~4,,5,3,2,1, 10,,4,2,4,1,2,2,4,1,3,5, , Nd: YAG,,, ; Nd:YVO 4 Nd:Ce:YAG Nd:YLF Nd:YAP Ti:Al 2O 3 CHT:YAG Cr: LiSAF Cr:LiCAF, ; Nd:GGG (Nd Yb) ; LD ; , (20 60~70 ),,,

229 224, [5], 15 21,,,,,,,, , , 7000,,,, 20 60,, YAG, 70%~80%,YAG,2001~2003 YAG, %, %, %, 26 1% ( 13 6) , , 58%, YAG ~2003 YAG ( : ) /% /% /% ~2003, 43 8% ( 13 7),, , 56 6%, , 37 9%, 16 9% , YAG,YAG,,, , 10% 2005, 7000, 16%, YAG

230 13 225,, YAG, 2001~2003 YAG 212 6%,YAG, ;,, YAG ~ ( : ) /% /% /% , 1,,,,, (1),,,,,, (2),, 2001~ 2003 YAG 37 5%,,, (3)

231 226,,, 2001~2003 YAG 43 6% 2 1μmHo:YAG 2 94μmEr:YAG, 1 06μmNd:YAG, (4),,,2001~ %,, (5),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, (1),,

232 13 227, (2) Nd:YAG Nd:YLF Ti:Al 2O 3,, (3),, (4) Nd:YAG,,,,,,, (5),,,,, (6),,, (1),,,, (2),,,, (1), Nd:YAG Nd:YVO 4 Nd:Ce:YAG Ho:Cr:Tm:

233 228 YAG Nd:YLF Nd:YAP Ti:Al 2O 3, (2), Yb:YAG Nd:GGG Nd:GdVO 4 Ho: Tm:YAG Ho:Tm:YLF,, (3) 20%, 50%,, 20% (1), (2), (3), (4),, ( ), (5),, (6),, 1 KATHY KINCADEetal Consumerapplicationsboostlasersales10% LaserFocusWorld 2005 (1):83~ ,14 (2 3): 36~40 3 FrankT Lauinger Lasercrystals/Rods LaserFocusWorld2005buyersGuide Volume41Issue2:170~172 4 :, ~44 5 :,2000,6 犖犱犢犃犌 犖犱 犢犃犌 1 3

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237 232, 3200 ~4000,, ,,, , 54,,,, LED,, 2005~2015, 1500,,, ,,, GaN GaN Si, OLED 6,,,,,,,, , 80%,, CO 2 SO 2,

238 14 233, CO 2, LED, LED,,, ,,,,, 2005~2015, 2600, ,,,,,, StrategiesUnlimited, LED , , ,2001~ % LED, ,2001~ %, LED 1995~ %, % %, 14 2 LED LED StrategiesUnlimited, LED, LED 17%, 2008 LED 60,

239 LED :StrategiesUnlimited LED ( )(2003~2008 ) /% InGaNLED / / InGaAlPLED / / AlGaAsLED / / LED / / / : StrategiesUnlimited 14 3 InGaN LED ; 14 4 InGaAlP LED ;

240 LED, GaN LED LED 70%,, LED (2003~2008 )( : ) /% / / : StrategiesUnlimited 14 5 LED (2003~2008 ) / ; ; ; ; ; / 14 4 GaN LED (2003~2008 ) /% LED / / / / / / /

241 /% LED / / / / / / / / / LED / / LED / / / / / / / / / / / / / : StrategiesUnlimited LED PDA LCD, LED 50% , % LED, LCD , 10 6% LED,,,LED , 17 8%,LED, , 16 9%,LED

242 , 13 2%, LED,,, LED, , 39 8% OLED (PDA) MP3 DVD ~2010,OLED,, 2015,OLED, , (0 3mm 0 3mm) /nm (1mm 1mm) /mw /mw 450/ Nichia Cree ToyodaGosei Lumileds Nichia 365/ ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ lm/W Lumileds Osram 50lm/W 40~50lm/W : 2004, 100lm/W LED 50lm/W LED, 46,

243 238, LED LED, ;, LED, ( 60% ), LED,LED 2004, (50%) (22%) (13%) (9%) 94%, 28% LED / ITIS, , LED Nichia, LED ; ToyodaGosei LED ; Cree SiC GaN, ; Gelcore LED, ; Lumileds LED,,, LED LED LED, LED, OLED, OLED, Toyoda UDC, 14 6

244 LED / MOCVD Sanso Kyocera Nichia,Rohm Citizen,Stanley Toshiba ToyodaGosei MatsushitaElectric Cree Color Veeco Honywel Lumileds Agilent Kinetics UnionCarbide Gelcore Aixtron Osram Samsung,LG : , LED,,, 2003,GaN, 2115 GaN LED, LumiledsLighting Nichia Osram OptoSemiconduc tors Si Submount Flip Chip ; GaN LED/LD; : ; SiC Faceting ; LED ; Cree SiC Ⅲ :, Nichia LED, LED ToyodaGosei Cree LED,Nichia 1996

245 240, Nichia2002 Osram ( ) Toyo dagosei ( ) Lumileds ( ) Cree ( ), Cree,, 1995 SiC Osram, Rohm (Everlight) LED /,,, (1) 21, , , (2) 2000 [NationalResearchProgram on SemiconductorLighting (USA)], (DARPA) (OIDA), 12, 2000~ (3) , (Rainbowproject AlInGaNformulticol orsources),, LED , (4) GaN 2000 (PhonicsIndustry), , GaN, 2004~ % LED (5)

246 ,, LED LED, LED,, (1), LED, LED, Sony LED 46 ; A8 LED, LED (2),,,, 2004, Nichia ToyodaGosei, Cree Lumileds 10 Cree, Cree Osram, (3), (FlipChip), Nichia ToyodaGosei 2005 LED 50~60lm/ W,,,, LED LED, Nichia LED, LED, , LED, LED (4),, 2003, ,2004 7

247 ( ),2004 LED 250, ~2004 LED 30%, 14 7 LED 12%, LED 24%, LED 14 7 LED 2004, InGaAlP, 20 ~30,GaN, 36, 1 ( ), GaN 20%, 2010 GaN 60 /, 2010 GaN 120 / (10 / ), 84 / LED, 5 ~8 3~5 LED 23% LED, PDA LCD, 5,,, LCD 5, LED,2005 LED 14 8

248 LED LED / LED / LED / : 2003, LED, ; 1/5 ; LED 15% ;, LED 2004, 1 7,2004, , LED, LED ( : ) /% LED /% LED /% LED /% PDA /% LED /% :

249 244, :37 1 5,51 1, , , , LED 2008, LED 30% , %, 500, 220 LED, 300 LED,3~5 LED LED, 10, LED , 37, 51, 216, 359, 500, 5 LED, , LED, 1, 6 LED, LED LED, 15, 50 ~100 LED, LED 100, 4 ~5 LCD LED , 863,, 120mW 30lm/W, 6 8,, 863 MOCVD, In xga 1 x N/GaN ;MOCVD,,GaN, 14 10

250 GaN LED LED /(lm/w) /mw 4~8 2~4 3~4 /mw ~35 35~40 :, LED (7 ) 20, 155, 85, 8, OLED,, OLED, 2 72% LED, 2004 LED 600, 50, 250, 300 ; 50000, %LED 20 90, % LED,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, LED,, 14 9 LED ;

251 246,,, LED LED ;,, 200 LED, MOCVD, GaN LED,,, GaN LED,, LED,, OLED,,,, OLED, 2 72% 2003,, 40,,,, GaN LED,, 5 21 MOCVD ( 80~100kk), 3 ~4,,,, 14 10, LED

252 LED InGaAlP GaN : GaAs : MO : :MO : : (1),,, LED 50%, ( ) (2) 1999,, LED, 55,, (3),,, (4)

253 248,,, LED, LED,,, AXT, LED, VCSEL, , 10,,,,,,,,,,, OLED, OLED 100, OLED,, ( ) : , 1997~2001, Cree 18, 1997~1999 ToyodaGosei 1999~ 2000, 9 ;Sony 2001, 4 ; (Osram) /, (1998 ),,,,, LED GaN LED,1999 LED,,LED 863, GaN

254 MO NH ,, , LED,, 863,, ,,,, LED, LED LED 20, LED,

255 ,,, LANCASTER 10,, LED AXT, 12 30, LED,,, ,,, % LED 30lm/W, MOCVD, MOCVD,, LED, LED,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

256 14 251,,,,,, ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, LED,, OLED,,,,,,OLED,

257 ,,, LED, LED, 2020,,,,,,,,,, ,,, ,, ; /, LED,, ;MOCVD, : 1, MOCVD,, MOCVD; 2, ; 3, MOCVD,,,,,, (1)

258 14 253,,,,,,, (2),,,,,, LED, LED LED,, LED,,,,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,, (4),,,,,,

259 254 (5),,, ( ),,,, (6),,,,,,,, ;,,, (7),,,,,,,,, (8),,,,,,, ; ;,,,

260 14 255,,,, ~2002 犔犻狀犽狑狅狉犾犱 犆犈犗 犕犅犃

261 ,,, CRT ( ) LCD ( ) PDP ( ) OLED ( ) EL ( ) FED ( ) VFD ( ) CRT, (FPD) 20,CRT, 21, :CRT,FPD 2002, 15 1 CRT FPD DisplaySearch,2003 7

262 CRT, 2007 FPD 699 ( 15 1) (LCD) LCD (LCD), TN LCD STN LCD TFT LCD TN/STN LCD TFT LCD 2004 LCD 400, 2005 LCD TN/STN LCD 800 ~1000, TFT LCD 4000 LCD,TN/STN LCD,,, TN/STN LCD TN LCD STN LCD, LCD 100,2003 LCD 425, 132 TFT LCD (a SiTFT LCD) (Poly SiTFT LCD), TFT LCD (a SiTFT LCD) a Si TFT LCD, TFT LCD, LCD, 3, TFT LCD LCD TFT 2003, LG TFT LCD TFT LCD TFT LCD TFT LCD, 55 TFT LCD, TFT LCD, TFT LCD TFT LCD, TFT LCD a SiTFT LTPSTFT, 5 a sitftlcd 8 6 ~10, , 5 LG 12 Samsung 15, ,, LCDTV

263 258 TFT LCD 2 TFT LCD ( ),2 TFT LCD ( ) 3 TFT LCD LCD LCD ( ) ( ) ( ), LCD 65%, LCD, LCD LCD LCD ( ITO ) (CF) 15 TFT LCD, 2% 4% ( ) CF 22% ( ) 12% ( 15 2) 15 2 TFT LCD (1) TFT LCD 2%,, LCD, STN LCD TFT LCD, 8ms, MERCK CHISSO DIC ADK, MERCK , TFT LCD 90%, 8, 160t /t / TFT STN TN /

264 ,TN STN, TFT LCD 25%, TN TFT,, 50%,,TFT LCD 200, 10 (2) TFT LCD 12% 1997 : Polatechno 1998, ( 15 2), , ( : ) / : IEK ITIS,FPDisplay, (3) ( ITO ) TN/STN LCD GLVB NSG, 1200, TFT LCD, TFT LCD 2004 TFT LCD 32 TFT ( 1 8m ), ITO,, ITO,ITO :1 TN STN STN ;2, COG (ChipOnGlass) CF TOPITO ;3 LCD, OLED PDP (TP) ITO 2004, ITO 1 5, 1, 20, ITO 30, TN, STN, STN,

265 260 TN STN (4) ( CF), CF Toppan DNP Toray, CF : ( ) ; CF (IntegRatedCF) (PDP) PDP PDP, PDP, PDP, PDP, PDP, 55 PDP, PDP 1100cd/m 2, , 256~1024, 32~102, LG SDI PDP, SDI 2005 PDP,PDP :,, PDP 1 PDP,,,,, 40 PDP 65 / 40 / (2007 ) 2 PDP, 40 PDP 300W 200W, 100W 3 PDP R G B 8, 10 12, PDP PDP , 100 1, 4 PDP,, 1 8lm/W 2 5lm/W 1 6, 1 1, 1 2, 5lm/W

266 PDP, 3, 2, PDP,PDP, PDP PDP, PDP,, PDP PDP, PDP, PDP, 24 PDP,LG philips PDP PDP PDP (1) PDP 0 7~3mm PDP,,, PDP,, 500, (Central), PDP PD200, 570, Saint Gobain CS25, 610 PDP 42 ( ),, PDP,, (2),,, (ITO) SnO 2 ITO, SnO 2,, ITO Cr Cu Cr Ag Ag (Agpaste),

267 262 Ag, DuPontFodel, Nori take Toray (3) :,,, (Al 2O 3 TiO 2 ),, Toray Noritake (4) PDP PDP (VUV),, PDP, Optonix,,,, PDP (OLED) OLED OLED (1) OLED, : MP3 1,, 10000h 1 5~2 AM OLED, 2005 AM OLED SKD Sony 2 16 ( ) 3 8 ( PDA) TMD 3 5,SamsungSDI Pieneer AM OLED

268 OLED Philips PLED 2 AM OLED (2) OLED OLED, LTPS, a SiTFT,,,, OLED sony Epson LGPhilips OLED 2007 (3) OLED OLED + + (4),OLED, OLED OLED : ITO (1) OLED OLED OLED 26lm/W, 1000cd/m 2, 25000h; 1000cd/m 2, 21000h;, 6cd/A, 11cd/A, 500cd/m 2, 35000h; 29cd/A, 1000cd/m 2, 30000h; 30cd/A,, 35cd/A, 40cd/A OLED, OLED

269 264 UDC, UDC CDT NHK DOW COVION (2),,,, PI KPR KOR KMER KTFR 3 (3) OLED LCD, ITO,, ITO OLED (FED) FED FED! FED SED, SED , FED FED, (1)FED FED, FED (300~10kV), ( 100μA/cm 2 ), CRT ZnO Zn, 7lm/W,, (2)FED (FEA) FEA (Spindt )

270 FEA, (AD), (CNT) FED, TFT, TFT, CNT,, FED, Motorola 2000 FED ( EL),,, 2002, EL EL, EL (CBB), (EBU) (NTSC) EL, 2005, ,,, TN/STN LCD TN/STN LCD,27 TN LCD,80 STN LCD,12 CSTN LCD ( 15 3) 11 CSTN LCD : (2 ) SDI (2,LCD ) CSTN LCD CSTN LCD

271 , SDI CSTN LCD STN LCD 15 3 TN/STN ( ) 2004 CSTN LCD 9, : (2 ) SDI ( CITI ZEN,LCD ) (STN LCD ) TFT LCD,2004 TFT LCD ( ) , TN LCD, STN LCD, TFT LCD TN LCD 80%, TN, /t / TN STN HTN TN STN HTN TN TN , STN TN LCD,, STN, CF LCD, TFT LCD,, LCD

272 PDP, PDP,, PDP,, PDP 2, PDP PCT PDP PDP, PDP PDP (PDP), PDP, PDP PDP,, MgO,, PDP OLED 30 ; OLED ; OLED, OLED,,, OLED 100 OLED,,1~1 7 PM OLED OLED, OLED,, PDA 2005 OLED,TCL OLED, OLED, 2~ FED

273 268, :, CVD, 7 5cm 7 5cm, 1997, Spindt FED FED FED 1989 FED, 20 FED 1997, FED 1995, FED, FED,FED FED :,, FED, (Spindt ) FED,, FED ,FPD CRT 2004 CRT 39%,FPD 61% 2007,FPD 74% ( 15 4) DisplaySearch2003 ( 15 5),FPD , (CAGR) 17 2% 15 4 DisplaySearch,2003 7

274 15 269,LCD , 15%;PDP , 46%;OELD , 103% 15 5 LCD DisplaySearch, TFT LCD 5~10 FPD 2004 LCD 397, TFT LCD LCD 591, TFT LCD 569 TFT LCD TFT LCD, TFT 5, 6 7 TFT LCD 2004 PDP 26 8,2007 PDP 68 PDP PDP, PDP 37~60 PDP 60~80, 100 OLED ,2004 OLED , 4 7, 2007 OLED ,OLED, PDA MP3 PM OLED,2004 PM OLED 95%,2005,AM OLED,2007,OLED,AM OLED OLED, 3~5

275 270, 2005~ ,,, (1),, (2) TFT LCD PDP OLED, (3), (4),,,, 犛犐犇犅犲犻犼犻狀犵犆犺犪狆狋犲狉

276 ,, [1], 30 17%,,,,,, SOI, IC WSTS , , % ( 84%), 27 7%; ( 7 4%) ( 6 4%) 47 7 ( 2 2%), 18 1% 43 8% 33 6%

277 ,, , 28 4% 27 7% 26 4%, 16 6% 33 4% 45 0%, (17 5%), 17 1%, 0 14% , 18 3%, 20 8%;, 41 7%, 887 8, 41 3%, ;, 457 6, 22%, % 17 5%; 394 2, 18 5% 22 0% ,,, ~2007 [2] 16 1

278 WSTS 2004~2007 / /% / / : , , %,,2005,, (SIA) 2005~2008 [3], WSTS, , % 2005,, %, 10%, 50%~65%, 6%~15%,, %, %, 0 16μm, 94%, 1% 87%,

279 274 78% 1 72% ICinsight [4], ( : ) / /% ,490 4,361 2,597 2,275 2,200 2,108 2,083 1,765 NEC Freescale 1,519 1,442 8,035 4,360 2,650 2,325 2,230 2,110 2,145 1,800 1,570 1, ,721 5,247 4,600 4,430 4,218 4,228 3,585 3,089 2, ,531 9,000 9,180 8,760 7,648 6,469 5, ,414 1,440 2, , ,328 1,370 2, , , 2005, 3, 2005,,Freescale, 10, 12, , %, , 8 236, 54, 75, 33, , IC, ; ( Infineon)12, ( ), ( 3 ) ( 7 ), 5, 5, 9, 1, 1, 2, , 13, 6, 5, 11, 2, 4, ( 9 ), ITRS2004, 16 3

280 hp90 hp65 hp45 DRAM /nm MPU/ASIC /nm hp32 hp22 DRAM /nm MPU/ASIC /nm , 16 3, nm nm,2004 Intel AMD 90nm, 65nm 45nm ( 16 4),, / 16 4 ( ) /nm hp90 hp65 /mm /mm /nm / /nm (p v)/nm : CPU 3 3GHz,,, 70%,,Intel nm, 65nm, ; IBM SOI 65nm k :, SiO 2,,CMOS 2nm, k, : 65nm CMOS, k (HfSiON), SiO 2, 1/1000, 1050 NEC k HfSiON 2006 k, (NiSi), NiSi k, STMicroelectronics,Aixtron HfO 2 /SiO 2 /Si, 65nm (CoSi) (Ni Si), 45nm, k UMC (SiON)

281 276 k : 8,,,,, k k=3 9, 2 7 k, Intel 90nm (CDO),, 90nm, CMP,,,,Intel,,, ( CPU I/O, ),, I/O,,, Compaq, ,,, 20 40, 1958 (GE),

282 16 277, 70,,,, (GTR) (GTO) MOSET,,, (IGBT) MOS (MCT) (PIC),, (SiGe),, ;, MPS MOSFET IGBT MCT MPS, IGBT MCT, MOSFET IGBT, GTO ; MOSFET ; (8000V ), GTR MOSFET (600V ) IGBT (600V ) ;MCT, , , , 25%, 44%, 22%, 10%, 8%, 7% GaAs,, 30 Kopin ConexantSysten RF Micro DevicesInc Triquint M/A COM Bookham TechnologyPLC Filtronic, GaAs,, 6~7 GaAs, Hexawave PhotonicSystemsInc Advanced Wireless Semiconductor Corp Win Semi TranscomInc Triquint, RF MicroDevices

283 278 ( ) (MEMS),, MEMS,,2004 Intel RF MEMS ; MEMS MEMS MEMS, MEMS, MEMS :, (LIGA), MEMS, MEMS, MEMS ,, 30%, , 45%, 5 64%, 3 75%, 545 3, μm 0 25μm 0 18μm 0 11μm,,,, (1), , %, 3 7%, 2 1% , %, , %, 15%, , , , , , , 2 5 NEC,2004

284 MP3,, 0 13μm,,,, 50~ , %, 33%, , 4 15,5 8,6 6,8 9,12 1 ; ; , 70, , , 0 11μm 2, 1, Hynix NEC ( 2 ) ( ), μm 0 18μm, , , NEC , %, 52%,,,, 25% 2004, 108, 230 / 10 3, 1 20, 9 (Intel Renesas AMD Samsung Span sion ST Fairchild Toshiba Infineon), 4 Amkor,,DIP SOP PLCC QFP,BGA PGA CSP MCM,,,,2003

285 , ,,,,,,,, [6] 20%, 80% 2004,, , 40 2%,, 576 6, 32 4% :, ; ;, 2004, CPU DSP ;, , 2004,, %,,2004, 2006, 25 2%, ( 16 5) ( ) / / /% / / /% : CSIA (2) 2004, , %; 451 2, % ( )

286 % , , 4~5 20, 5 6, SEMI, ( ) %, , %; 30, %; 9 6, %; 120 7, % [7], , % 2003~ ~ / 2004 / /% /% : %, [5] , 2004~

287 ~2005 ( :t/a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) SGS( ) MEMC( ) ( ) ( ) MEMC( ) , t, 19350t, 7650t t, 20700t, 8100t, 10, 90% (1),,,, N 500Ω cm ;, 200~250mm, 2~3m (2), (70% ),, MEMC,,,,,, (3),,, 30%,,,, / 60, 80 /, t/a, 2 100t, 2003

288 16 283, 1000t 300t,,,, (1) ( ) ~ ~ /2003 /% / / : SEMI SOI SEMI, 2002~ ~ /2003 /% / / / / SEMI ,2003~ ~ ( ) 2006 ( ) 2007 ( ) / /% SOI,, SOI, ULSI 1998 IBM SOI CPU, 30%, 2/3, SOI HP OKI NTT IBM, SOI (STOL) , Intel IBM IEDM :IBM SOI 130nm 90nm Intel CMOS SOI SOI Ibis Soitec

289 284 Ibis SOI, Soitec SOI SOI, 5 SOI,, Soitec,MEMC Ibis,Wacker Nippon Steel 2001~2006 SOI 16 5, 2004 SOI 2 2, ~2006 SOI ;,SiGe SiGe,,,SiGe GaAs Si, SiGe BiCMOS 10%, 0 13~0 35μm SiGeBiCMOS,,, ( ) ( ) SiGe, 90nm, P MOS N MOS, SEMI DanTracy , , % % 7% SEMI2005 5, 1465, %, %,12, 5 88%

290 / 2004 /% /% 1 ( ) SUMCO( ) ( ) MEMC( ) ( ) : :GartnerJapan , SUMCO MEMC / LG OKMATIC, ,2003,8 67%,, 6 18%,12 7%,5 6%,4 2% 2008, ICInsighte 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 8 ; 12

291 286 30%,8 54%,6, 6 11%,5 3%,4 2% , 30%, 12, 8 1, 12 2~3 12, 12 SEMI Gartner,2003~ ~ SEMI / Gartner / , 2004, 12 : 30,SUMCO15, 15,MEMC10, 4 5, 2 4, IC, t, , 1100t, 600t 2000~ ~ /2003 /% /t / / : t,, 75%, 25%, 590t, 552t, 38t , , %, ;8,, ;12 :

292 : Ferro Tech,2002,, ( :5 6 ), ,, : 10, SOI 4~5, 49 4 SOI,6 SOI SiGe 4~5, (2),GaAs GaAs, GaAs, GaAs StrategyAnalytics, 2003 GaAs 15 MSI, MSI GaAs 4 6, Freiberger 8 GaAs,GaAs LEC VB VGF, 6, VB VGF GaAs Freiberger AXT 2000 LEC VB VGF LEC 3~6, ( 4 ), 2 3 VB VGF 95000, 1 7 Freiberger 1997, 2001, 845 ( ) LEC VGF,LEC GaAs,VGF 4 6 AXT VGF GaAs,, GaAs 90000~ GaAs, ,2004 2t GaAs : 4 6, 8, 3 4 ;,

293 288, AXT ; LitonAirtron, ; ; HB ;, (1), , , 9% 248nm 193nm, 0 13~0 1μm 2003, Intel 157nm, 193nm 45nm 157nm, 45nm /% 2002 /% 1 ( ) ( ) Sumitomo( ) Shipley( ) Arch( ) Clariant( ) SAMSUNG DONGWOO FINECHEM DONGJING SEMICHEM, 5~1 2μm 150~200t/a, ; 248nm, ;193nm :1, 100 ;2,,,, ;3,

294 /L G :50 : (2), (IC),, H 2O 2 HF H 2SO 4 IPA NH 4OH HCl H 3PO 4 HNO 3 HAC , /% 2002 /% E Merck Merck Kanto 36 4 Ashland 25 7 Arch 9 5 MalinckradtBaker 4 4 Wako 10 1 Sumitomo ; DONGWOO FI NECHEM DONGJIN SEMICHEM SAMYOUNG FINECHEM,, 100nm (10~20) ; (50~100) 10-12, 1 ;2 ;3 90nm~0 2μm, 90nm ( 16 18),,

295 /(t/a) MOS 3000 MOS&BV Ⅲ 500 MOS 1000 MOS MOS 50 ( MOS ) 1000 ( ) MOS t, t, 156 4% t, %, t SEMIC , 80% t , 1/3~1/4,, Cu Fe P Cu Ni Si Cu Cr Zr , ,, 70%, IC, (PDIP) (SOP) (QFP) 4 8, 0 5~0 8mm, (PGA) ;8~32pin (QFP),, , %, %; 548 6, 69 4% , %, IC 149 7, %,,

296 16 291, 95%, 2%, IC, Cu Fe P,, 3 ~4 / 10, 749, % (TO) (DIP) 20%; (SO) (PL CC) (QFP) TAB, 60%; (CSP) (BGA), %,, (EMC), 95%, : Hysol Plaskon Cheil , 14 ~ , 16 ~17, 16 EMC 0 35~0 18μm, 0 09μm, QFP/TQFP PBGA CSP TO DIP SIP SOP SO PLCC QFP, BGA CSP 95%, t, 45 4%, IC t, 54 8%, t, 45 2% t, 38 5%, t,, 40%, , :1 QFP/ TQFP BGA CSP ;2 / / ;3,,

297 292,, 7000t/a, ( ), , BGA CSP,, Sn 63Pb 37 Sn 10Pb 90 Sn 62Pb 36Ag2,,,,,, 1990, 1998 WEEE ( ), WEEE/ROHS ( ), , Alpha Metals HeraeusSilica & Metals Indium Liton Kester, , BGA 40%~ 50%, CSP 70%~80% BGA CSP MCM :BT ;PI ;,BT, PI, Prismark,2004 BT 32 2,PI 4 9, 34 6 BT BT (Bismaleimide Triazine), BT BT, BGA/CSP BT BT

298 BGA/CSP BT, 2003 BGA/CSP 12 50, 20, , 28 ~30, 18%~20% MitsubishiGasandChemical,HI TEK Polymers,Dow Chemical,CibaGeigy,Ba yer Rhone poulene BT MitsubishiGasandChemi cal BT,ISOLA, BT, BT, BT PI BGA/CSP, I/O PI, BGA/CSP ; PI,, PI ;,,PI PI, Kaneka Hitachi Mitsui, DuPont 3M,,, (HTCC) (LTCC),, LTCC,,,, LTCC,, MCM LTCC, DuPont Ferroh Heraeus LTCC,,,, % (4N) 18~ 50μm,,, 2004

299 kg, IC kg, kg kg, % kg :, 6000kg,, , (1), (carriergas) (purgegas),, 9 (2), : (, SiH 4 SiHCl 3 Si 2H 6 ) (, BCl 3 PH 3 AsH 3 ) (, Cl 2 NF 3 HBr CF 4 C 2F 6 ) (, CO 2 NH 3 N 2O ) (, WF 6 ) [ (PFC), NF 3 CF 4 C 2F 6 CVD ] SEMI, AirProd ucts,praxair,airliquide,bocedwards,lindeelectronicgas,cambridgefluid System,NipponSanso , % ,, , 104 7%, 2~3μm,, IC

300 , (SiH 2C1 2,H 2S,Cl 2,SF 6,BF 3 ) 5 : / / t 3000t , 590t 2812t t t t t kg kg [7], 2005~ ~2009 ( ) / / / / / / / / / ~2009 ( ) /t /t / /t /kg /t

301 (SEMI) Myers,, 26000t 28000t, 20 50, 70,, 80, 14, 2, 100t, , 1000t 300t,,,,,,,, 2000t, IC, , , , 6, 2008, 11%, 6, 30%, 60% 8, , , 70%, % % 2015,12,2020, 2005, 0 13~0 10μm12,,, 12,,EOS 8 12, 2~3,, 20 ~30, 30%,

302 SOI, SOI, ULSI 4 SOI, 6 SOI,, 8 SOI,, ( k + ), (Cu+ k ) / k, / k, ; k 3 k,,,sige/si, 50nm,, IC, 6 VB/VGF,, 6, 20% ,, 2~ ,, ( ) 2~3, Sn Ag Sn Zn Sn Bi, 217 Sn Ag Cu,,,,

303 298,, , SEMIC8 SEMIC12, , ,, 2~ (1), (2),, (3),, (4),, (1), , (2) IC,,,,,,

304 (3),,,,,, (4), 300mm,, (5), (6),,,,,, 1, WSTSSemiconductor MarketForecast,The WSTS BoardofDirectors,Spring Forecast Meeting17 20 May 2005,Singapore,31 May2005 (Internetaddress:www wsts org) 3 SIA projects6percentgrowthforglobalsemiconductorsales,semiconductorindustry Association,SanJose, California,June8,2005 (Internetaddress:www sia online org) 4 ICInsightsAnnounces1Q05 Top10SemiconductorSupplierRanking,CompanyReportofICInsights,April 28, THERARE METAL NEWS ,No 2213: ~ ~ (CSIA), (CCID) (2005 ) InternationalTechnologyRoadmapforSemiconductors (2004update) ~ ~ ~ ~

305 , 53 5%, 77 2% 4f,,,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; 21, (2004 ), f, 3d

306 17 301,,,,, 64MGOe, 53MGOe,,, 25%,, 200,,,, NdFe 12N x, 22MGOe,, 100MGOe,, Nd 7Fe 89B 4 Sm 7Fe 93N 20 6MGOe 25MGOe,,,, 863,, MGOe,,,,,, ;, 2002,, , 2004 NdFeB 50%,, [1,2] ~2004 NdFeB NdFeB SmCo / t /% /t /% /t /%

307 302 NdFeB 50000t, NdFeB 70000t, 75%, ,,, (VCM) (MRI), , 2 5kg, 5650t, ( :%) ( ) ,, 100t,, 21 ( ) Fe REFe 2, ~ , (Ni Co ) (PZT), 20 70,,, Ho Tb Dy Terfenol DH,,,,

308 17 303,, 17 3, RTREMA TDK, Tb Dy Fe Sm Fe,, 10t/a,,, /t ~80 90~100 >300 / ~5 5~6 > ,,, (GGG) (DAG) ErAl 2 HoAl 2 (HoDy)Al 2 1~77K, ( ) ( Gd 6Fe 23, Dy0 5Er 0 5Al 2 ), 1997 Ames Gd 5Si 2Ge 2, Gd ,, 2010,, 3~5,, LaFeSi Gd 80Tb 20 Gd 5Si 4 Gd 3Al 2

309 Gd,, 3 1K/T, REMnO 3 RE 1 xtm xmno 3 (RE=La,Pr,Nd,Sm,TM=Ca,Sr,Ba,Pb), ( ), La 0 67Ca 0 33MnO 3 77K 4800k A/m, %, Nd 0 7Sr 0 3MnO 3 60K 6400k A/m, 10 6 %, 1994, NVE, 1998, IMB,,, 56Gb/in / 2001,, 1000, 2002, f,, 300, 17 4, 1/3, 1/2, 2003, 2000, 8,, t ( REO ), 6%, 40%, 3 3, t, LCD PDP 1 5~ 2 5

310 ~ /t /t /t /% , (CRT),CRT Y 2O 2S:Eu Y 2O 3 :Eu,, 1000t CRT, CRT, 5~10 CRT,CRT,, Y 2O 3 :Eu, Y 3 (Al,Ga) 5O 12 :Tb Y 2Si 5O 12 :Tb, CRT,, 40, (LCD) (OLED), CRT ; 40~70, (PDP) ;70 (LED), 1~2, PDP,,, PDP :1 CRT,, ;2 CRT, 1500t/a, ;3, ;4 PDP (FED) OLED,, , (LED)

311 306 Y 2O 3 :Eu CeMgAl 11O 19 :Tb (La,Ce,Tb) PO 4 BaMgAl 10O 17 :Eu,, 20,,, 2004,, (GB ) LED 21, 21, LED 2003,, 50,, 1kgLED 30 LED,,,,,, APL 1000, 5, 15%~20% ,,X,, 2002 X 50t, % 1994, 1992, 50,,

312 17 307,,,, , 4f,,, ~80,,,, , 1, 85% 35% (FCC), REY Y, FCC ,,,,,2005~2010 FCC 5000t/a ~ / /t /% ,,FCC,,,

313 308,, / FCC, 80, 900t,,, 21 10, La Mg La Ba La,Ce W Mn/SiO 2, ,, ( ),, 2010, 7000,,,,, CEZIRENCAT, 17 6,, 2008 Ⅲ, 2010,,, t 17 6 [3] / / /t /t >3000

314 Ⅱ,,, Engelhard Johnson Mat they Degussah AliedSingal, 8,,,, 10, 200 /,, , , 2004 Ⅱ, (CNG) (LPG),,, ,, , 2 /, , 1/4, 20%,, 2020, 1000, 2% 8%, (VOCs) 1997 VOCs 10, 20%~25%,,

315 310,,, 40%~80%, 21 (SOFC) SOFC, 25W, 2010, 3000, 863,, COD,,,,, ,,,,, ,,,,AA AAA 5 5 /,,, 20, 9100t, t AA AAA,

316 17 311, 17 7, 1998, 4500t 1800t , , 20000t ~ / /% /t , t, 20,, 30,2002, ~500A h,,, ,,, ,,,, 700t, 10%~15%,

317 312, t, 300t 17 3, 20 90, [ ( )] 25%~30% ~ t, / / /, 13%,,, 2004, 3 34, 13 22%, 1 6, 47 6% ( 17 8), t, 79 3% t, 16 5%, 1900t, 1650t, 690t, , 4500t % ( REO ) [1] ( :t) /

318 17 313,,,, , ; ;,, 50% ;, 40% ( REO ) ( :t) ,,, , 1 76, , 60% , , 2 3, 0 92, , 1 48

319 314, PDP, CRT,,,, / 17 5,, (1),,,,, (2),,, (3),,, (4),,,,,,, (5)

320 ,,,,, (1),, (2),,, (3),, (4),, (5),,, (6),, ;, ,252 (3): ,15 (2):26 3 WuXiaodong,WengDuan JournalofRareEarths 2004,22 (6):

321 ,, (drugdeliv erysystems,dds),,21,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,

322 18 317,,, :1 ;2, ;3 ;4 ;5, ;6, :1, ;2 ;3 ;4,,, ; 4 ~6 5, 10~15, DDS 20%,5~7,, 18 2, ; 10, , 15%~20% 2007, 1140, , 1997~2002, 9%, ~ %,, 2002~2007, 11 6% ~2007,,, % %, :,, 47%; 2%,

323 ~ ,,, : ,, ,, :1 ;2 ;3 ;4,, 5~10, % ( 18 3),,,

324 , , 25% 2001~ , 25%,,, 5~10, 25%, , 10%, 18% , 8%, ,, :Alza Andrx Elan Penwest Shire ( 18 1) 1, Alza OROS OROS? Push Pul TM L OROS TM OROS? Tri Layer CAB171 15S

325 ALZA OROS Andrx SCOT Andrx Portab Andrx Peltab Andrx PPDS Elan SODAS Elan PharmaZome Elan IPDAS Shire Microtrol Andrx DPHS Andrx SMHS Penwest TIMERx 2 Andrx Elan Shire ph ( ),, 3,,, : 1, ; 2 ; 3 ; 4, / Altus EliLily Emisphere Amgen Nobex Novartis Emisphere,,,, Emisphere 30

326 18 321, LMW Cortecs,, Macrosol,, Nobex Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ : Nobex (polyfunctionalmolecular modification,pmm),,,, Covera HS (COERverapamilHCl, ), / Searle AL ZA, FDA Elan AHP VerelanPM ( ) (transdermaldrugdelivery),,,,, ALZA D TRANS TheraTech Theraderm LRSSystem 3M Latitude Ethical Jendermtechnology Ethical Betatechnology Noven DotMatrixtechnology TheraTech Theraderm MTXSystem ALZA E TRANS(electrical) Elan Panoderm(electrical) MicroCHIPS,Inc MicroCHIPStechnology

327 322 (transdermalpatch) :3M Noven Ethical, TheraTech 30, 1~7 : (reservoir) (drug in adhesive) (matrix),,,, : (<500Da) ( ) (162Da), (359Da), 20, ( ) / ( ) ( ) ( ),, 2 n nonyl 1,3 dioxolane (SEPA),,,, (iontophoresis) (electroporation) , /,, :1, ;2,, ;3 ;4,,, :AstraZeneca BoehringerIngleheim GlaxoSmithKline Novartis Pfizer Schering Plough Ya manouchi

328 (aerodynamicdiameter),, 1~3μm, : (metereddose inhaler,mdi) ;, :1, ;2 2~3μm,,, Langer 5μm,, 96h, 4h ,, :Alza AHP Atrix DebioR P Guilford Organon ( 18 3) 18 3 ALZA AdvancedPolymer Atrix Guilford AHP DebioR P Organon,, Norplant Organon Implanon 3~5,,,,

329 324,,,,,,,,,,,, : > > > > >,,,,, PCL, PLA PGA PLGA GuilfordPharmaceuticals GliadelWafer 1996 FDA, 1997 GliadelWafer 20 FDA, Gli adelwafer,, ,,,,, Anesta DanBioSyst Core Anesta DanBioSyst Anesta, OTsystem FentanylOralet 1994, Anesta Actiq ( )

330 18 325,1998 FDA, Dan BioSyst,,, Core, Strathclyde, ;, Core Hydro V miconazole Ⅲ,, Ⅱ, DanBioSyst,, 18 3,,,,, 30, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 18 4, %, 980 ; , % ( 18 4); 1998~ %, , %, 2002~ %,,,

331 ,, 18 4 ; 18 5, / , 52 4%;, 22 6%;, 11%, NorplantⅠ ( ) Ⅱ, 3~ 5,,,

332 ,,, 18 4, ;,,, 5 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,

333 ,,,,, :1 ;2 ;3,, ;4, ;5, 1 Langer,R,AdvDrugDelivRev2004,56 (5):557~558 2 Prausnitz,M R ;Mitragotri,S ;Langer,R,NatRevDrugDiscov2004,3 (2):115~124 3 Edwards,D A ;Ben Jebria,A ;Langer,R,JApplPhysiol1998,85 (2):379~385 4 Edwards,D A ;Hanes,J ;Caponeti,G ;Hrkach,J ;Ben Jebria,A ;Eskew, M L ;Mintzes,J ; Deaver,D ;Lotan,N ;Langer,R,Science1997,276 (5320):1868~ Yang,J Y ;Gu,Z W,ChineseJPolymSci2001,(19):509 6, :, Aulenta,F ;Hayes,W ;Rannard,S,EurPolymJ2003,(39):1741~ ~1986 犚犜犐 1991~ ~2004 犉犲犾狅狑 ~

334 犛犆犐 ~ ~2005 犛犆犐 17 3

335 PTCA, 1700,,, 110,, (percutaneouscoronaryinterven tion,pci), PCI,,PCI, :1 (percutaneoustransluminal coronaryangioplasty,ptca) ;2 (coronaryarterystent ing,cas) ;3 (coronarydrugelutingstent,des) (1) (PTCA) PTCA ,AndreasGruentzig PTCA, PTCA PTCA, Myles Sterter 1978 PT CA, 10, 1990 PTCA20 ; , (CABG) ; , CABG,PTCA, PTCA 200,

336 (2) (CAS) PTCA,, ( 35%~45%) PTCA, : PTCA ; (SMC), 20 80, PTCA PTCA,, PTCA, PTCA 35%~ 45% 13%~18% [1] 1986 Jucques, Cook Gianturco Roubin (G R ) (Johnson &Johnson,Cordis) Palmaz Schatz (P S ), FDA,,, ; (3) (DES), SMC, SMC,, SMC, (drugeluting stent,des) (cel seeding stent) (radioactive stent) (biodegradablepolymerstent) (pol ymercoatingstent), DES DES (sirolimus) (cypher) (paclitaxel) (taxus) FDA, SMC, PTCA 13%~18% 8% ,,

337 332,,, [2], 8%, , PTCA (1),,,, Duralyn,,,,,, 15%,, (2) 1987, G R P S AVE Wiktor Cordis ACS Multi link 316L ; ( Wiktor Cordis ), ; 20 90, PTCA, SMC DES,DES DES (platform) (drug) (polymer), DES,, Cypher Taxus,2003 Cypher FDA, DES 70% [3]

338 (1), PTCA Cypher Taxus FDA, , %, (2) SMC ( ),, (3) 20,, 20 90,, (4), 2%~3%,,, PTCA,, PTCA, 1993 FDA

339 334, 2001 PTCA 200, 100, PTCA 270, 150, 19 1 [2] 19 1 PTCA,,,, 40% ; 60%, (Medtronic) (Guidant), ~130, ~220, 10%, Bern MarioTogni 1992~2001 PTCA 19 1 [4],2001, PTCA , 80%, (1) ( ) ,

340 19 335, ~2001 PTCA DES PTCA / / DES / PTCA / / DES / /% ~ ,,, 19 2,2004, 47 8% %~80%, Taxus 2400, ,, 2007, 80 (2) PTCA PTCA 8%,,, PTCA,,, CypherSelect,,, (Guidant) (Medtronic), ChampionTM (everolimuseluting stent) FUTURE Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ,,SorinGroup ( ), JANUS, tacrolimus,

341 336, FK506,, CarbofilmTM ( ),, JANUS JUPITERⅡ,,, ConorMedsystem MedstentTM Abbot,, ,1984 PTCA,, 1997, 19 2 [5] 19 2 PTCA 19 2, 1997~2003, PTCA , , PTCA 5, ~6 5,, 40, 4%~7%, 400, , PTCA,, 20 90,

342 , 4, 2 7, , (SFDA), 1 3 ~ ~0 7 ; ~1 4, , SFDA,, 1,,,, PTCA,, 2004 Firebird, SFDA,, 70%~80%,, Firebird 1 3 ~1 4, Cypher ( 3 ~3 5 ) Taxus ( 1 6 ~1 7 ),,, 20%,, (1), 1997~ PTCA 10, , ~6 5, 30% 1997~2003 ( 52%), (2), FDA 1987, FDA 1993 ; SFDA 2002, 9 FDA 2003 ; SFDA 2004, 1, 13%~18% 8% ; PTCA

343 338, ,,,,, 10, 20%,,,,,,, 30 1/ (1) 19 2,,,2001, PTCA 1 6 ; 61 7, 100, 38 63,,, 400 ; , 1% ~6 5, 6 6%, (2), 1997, 1997~ 2003, 10, 52%,

344 (4 ), 40%, 2010, 42,2004 5, , 6 5,2004~ %, 2010, 30 1 ( ) 2 ( ), (1), 10, ; ( PTCA ),, 20%,,,, WTO,, (2),,,,,, (3),,,,,,,, (4), PTCA

345 340,,, 1 : [ ] : ~20 ( ), (2):47 4 MarioTogni 2004,7 5 :

346 :, : (IPD) (CAPD) (HD) (HF) (HDF) (DHA) (PE) (HAD HFA),,,,, : ;,,, ; ;, ;, : ; ; ;,, (dialysis),

347 342,, ( ) Gibbs Donnan, ( ),,,,,,, ( 500Da),,, ,,, ( ) 200~300mL/min, 60~90mL/min 20L,,,,,,,,,,,, /,, 2003~2004,2004~2005,,,,, (PE),,

348 PE : ; (,Wenge ner ); ; ; ;,, PE, 0 2~10 6μm,,,,, 1000Da (sievingcoeficient,sc) SC 1 0, SC 1 0 SC 0, mL/min, 5 3kPa (40mmHg) 20 1 IgG IgA IgM C3 C4 0 9 >0 95 > > SC :1 :,,SC ;2 ;3 :, SC ; ,,,,, 1 5h, 3~4h,,,,,

349 344,,,,, ( 40~50mL/min ),, ( ) (1),, (2),,,, : CL= CB1-CB0 Q b CB 1,CL (ml/min);cb 1 (mg/ml); CB 0 (mg/ml);q b (ml/min),,,,,, 5000Da, γ,

350 20 345,,,, NK 110 ;NK 11 ;NK 107, TNF α IL β IL 6 2h,,, 2h,,, 2h 4~6h,, 1, 2~3,, Immunosorba Excorim C1 4B A Prosorba Imre A Ig Therasorb Baxter C1 4B IgG TR 350 Asashi PH 350 Asashi,, /g e/ml AsashiMedical HomosorbaPlasorba PHEMA (Tokyo,Japan) N Gambro (Tokyo,Japan) JMS (Hiroshima,Japan) Kuraray (Osaka,Japan) Teijin (Osaka,Japan) Terumo (Tokyo,Japan) Adsorba Bespore DHP 1 Hemax HemocelsHC TC 10 PHEMA PHEMA Hemokalum

351 346, ( ) 10, :,,, ( : 40, 10 ), : ( ) A,,,, 1995,10 4~5 :,,,,,, (1), (2), ( ), (3),, 1, 1996,16 (2):71~80 2, 1999,19 (6):52~55 3, :,2000 4, 2003,12 (1):81~84 5, 1997,18 (7):1212~1218

352 ,25 (6):355~357 7, 1999,10 (3):4~ ,22 (6):389~391 9, 2003,43 (22):61~ ,11 (1):1~6 11, 1996,(3):165~ ,3 (5): 犐犖犉犃犐犛犃犗 犉犈犔犔犗犠 ~ 犛犆犐犈犐 20 犛犆犐 10 5

353 , Langer Vacanti (tissue engineering),1988 :,,,,,,, :,,, 21 2 : (extracel lularmatrix,ecm) ECM,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,

354 21 349,,,,,,,,,,, ECM : 1, ; 2, ; 3,, ; 4 ; 5 1,,,,,, ECM,, ECM, (SIS), (BAMG),,, 2 (PLA) (PGA) (PLGA) ρ (PHB); (PLC) :,,,,,

355 350 3,, PLA, PCA,, ;,,,,, ,, (NIH), ~28, 380, 1400, 300, 3500, ,, 45% ,, , , 20

356 21 351,, 2001,, 10% 5,,,,, 5, 25%~30%, 10,, ,,65 20%, 8%, FDA, ,AdvancedTissueSciences ~ / / % / / / % ,,,,,

357 (1999~2010) 1999 / / % / / % / ,,,,,,, 20, Ernst & Young, , 1466, , 417, 601 ; , , 82 62, 14 66, ; , , (BIO), 1982~ , , 370,, ,,, , 10%, AdvancedTissueSciences GenzymeTissueRepair 204 LifeCel 119 / ; 137( 228) ; ; Diacrin ; ;

358 / IntegraLifesciences 74 ; Organogenesis 18 ; ; ; ;,,, ,,, 21,, 5, 230, 40, , 1995, 2004, ( 973 ) 863 ;, 3, 2004,,,

359 ,,, 973, 863,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :, SFDA,, 2000,,,,,,, SF DA ;,, 863,, FDA,,,,

360 ;, ;,, ,,,,,,, : 1, ; 2, ; 3, ; 4,, ; 5,,,,, ; 6,, : ; 21 5,,,,,

361 356, 21 1 StockU AandVacantiJP Annu Rev Med 2001,52:443~451 2 NaotoKoike,DaiFukumura,OliverGrala Nature 2004,428 (6979):138~139 3 ScotJHolister,NatureMaterials 2005,4 (7):518~524 4 PatriciaY Dankers,MartinC Harmsen,LindaABrouwer NatureMaterials 2005,4 (7):568~574 5 PorterBruce OlympusEstablishesBiomaterials,TissueEngineeringSubsidiary JCNN NewsSummaries Japan CorporateNewsNetwork Tokyo:Sep22,2004 p , 2005,10 (1):40~ ,14 (2):134~135 9,,, 2005,15 (5):519~ (17): ~1989 犉犗犕 犛犉犇犃 犑 犕犪狋犲狉犻犪犾狊犛犮犻犲狀犮犲犕犪 狋犲狉犻犪犾狊犻狀犕犲犱犻犮犻狀犲 1984

362 , 2020 : (renewableenergy) (sustainable),,,, 2 53 ; (15m ), , ,, kw h, 12000,

363 358 2/3 2000h,,,,,,,, 10%,, 90%, (73%~76%), 80%,,,,, 400,,, 1800, 70, 52,,, 1, 300MW,, 2001 : ( ), ( ), ( ) 30%~50% , 2t, 2

364 %, 50%, ,, 2002, (, 3537 ), 3108, 1200, 1/3, ; 285, 2010, 13 4% 22% 20 90,, 30%, 1%, 2% ,, 1500MW; 15% ~18%; 0 15~ 0 25 / MWp, 35, % 8 Shap, 22%,PV,,,,, 30% 2003, 3200, 32, , 12 3, 12%, , 4 7% 2003

365 360, , 60% 80%,, 60% 18%,,, :,,,,, Tino, Insight, Precept1 3, Prodigy, ESX3 1 5, Prius 2000 Insight 8000, HEV, DE40LF ORION ,, 10 40% 2010, 180,,, 22 3, 2002, 70 7% 66 1%, 17 2% 23 4%, 8 9% 7 8% 2002 : 81 8%, 16 6%, 1 6%,, 2005~2007,

366 22 361, : 1 5MW 1 2MW 1 5MW ;1 2MW 72,,, 600kW, 7800 /, 0 45~0 5 /, 6 29,, 30%, 16%~20%, 10%~ 15%, 11 9,,, kW, 21000kW,,,, 2010, 2300, 100W ( 3MW), 3MW 48MW, SarasinBasicReport PhotonInternational, , MW, 60MW 16%,, %, MW

367 , 100MW 24 7% 19 8% cm 2 8%, 9 1%, 85 85% 2000h,-40 40h,,,5MW, 6MW, 30MW, 2~3MWp 1,, 70%,, 10MWp,,,, MWp, 3MW, 6MWp,, 2MWp, 1 5MWp,,, 1MW 17t, 35 / 60 / 200t 2005,,, 1700mm 104mm, 450kg, 200t / ( )

368 MW, 610 6, 20MW, 5368, ( ) 0 53,,, 100% 1~4 3, 5311, 31 2%, 50 4, 31 6% 2004,, , 31 96% 4 42, 37 6% , 78 73% 16 84, 69%, 2004, :,,,,, 15A h, 1500W/kg, UL, 2 LiMn 2O 4, 9000,, 10 3, 3, ;,

369 364, LiFePO 4,, 10 4, 2, 150, ,, 200t JA,JA, 2001, 45,,, 6000, 20,,, 3 863, 50cm 1 17V, V 28W, 10, 0 6%, 2% 863, ,, Prius, 6, %, %

370 , %,,, ( ), Insight Civic 2002, 2012, ( ) HEV,, DodgeRam,,BEV 1044kg,, 192kW, 4 2s, 480km, 6 ~7 BEV BEV, ,,,, 10, ( ) ( ),,,,,

371

372 , (biomass) (organicmaterthatisavailableonarenewableor recurringbasis), (residues) [1], (non food plant) [2], ( ) ( ) ( ), 20,, [3],,2010, [4],,,,, [5] 2000, 1500 [6] ( 35%~50% 20% ~35% 12% ~20%) [7],, kcal ( : Plant/Crop BasedRenewableResources,2020),, 7%,,,,,,

373 368,, 17 5%, 20 4%, 23 4%,,, 23 2 [8] 20 70,,,,, 2000 (BiomassR & D Actof2000); 2002 (OficeoftheBiomassProgram), (BiomassTechnicalAdvisoryCommitee) 2002, : 2020, 10%, 25%, , 200 :,, [9] % ; %;,, / ;, :,,, ( 5%~15%), 90%, 1990~2003, 2010

374 [10] ( 837 ) 2% ; ( 1016 ), 3250, 1 4 ( 42 ) ( 1500 ) [11], 55%, %, 100%,, 10%~15% (gasohol), CO 25%~ 30% NO x 20%, MTBE,, 80 ~150 (2392 ~4485 )/, 1000 (3 )/,, IogenCorporation Petro Canada ( ) ,2004,, 40t, 300L, 0 34, ;, , 5% ( ), Iogen ; 2002 Iogen 3000 ( ),, [12] 15 10, [11] (NationalResource Defense Council, NRDC), (30 )/ ;, 2050 [13],,, CO, 2% ~20%, 100%, 27,, , ~2005

375 370 (2006~2007 ), 5 ~10 /, 25 / ;, 2000 /,,, 2%~20%, 100%,, ( ) TDP (thermaldepoly merization), (thermaldepolymerization,tdp), Carthage 2000 TDP 200t 274, TDP 10, 30 / [11],, 99, 10 ~3, 3~6 /, 61,, 340MW,, ( ), 2003, 9799MW, 370 [11],,,, IGCC (IntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle), (BIGCC),, [11], 50mm 50mm 10mm, 20 70,, 80 /, ;, 25, ;, , 20% ;600 70,

376 23 371!,,,, (65%) (35%),,,, 5300~6300MW, 5000~6000MW, 315MW UASB ( ) EGSB ( ), Lund, Purac, CO 2, 40, ( ),, 23 3,,, 2004 [14], 5 426, / /

377 372, ,, 82 /, /,, 102 / % 300, 20%,80%, 45%, 70%, /( / ) /( / ) /( / ) /( / ) 30 / (95%) /( / ) 60 20% % 30 10%, 78 26%, ( ), ( ) (, ) ( ), 1 / 2004, , 1142, , 15 2,, , 970 ; 600, 200, 300, /( / ) /( / ) % % 40

378 23 373,, : = 2004 [14], ,, , 23 6, 200,,, 8 ~10, , 15, 3500~4800kcal/ kg,,, / / / / : 23 6 / / / / / / / / / / ~ ~20 1~2(2 ) : 2~3 1~ ~3 5 3~ ~25 1~1 5( ) 400 6~8 0 5~1( ) 9~12 0 4~0 6( ) ~16 0 5~1( ) 200 8~10, 15%~20%, 300, 800MW,,

379 MW 25MW, , 20,, , 1289, 43 42, , 45 80, 300,, 600, 1530 ( ) 2003, 2355, 88 29, 1 84, 5801, 63, 13 09, 92 COD ( ) 23 4, 15, 22 ( 2 2 ) 18, 7 39, 1 53 ( :,1999); 7, 0 67 ( :,2003),, 18 ;, 15, ;,, %,, 5000,,, 6, 20% 197, 14, 19%~29% 57, 30%~58% 131, 3 1,

380 : 23 5, :, ;,, ;,,,,, ;, ; ;, 3~5, 1 BiomassResearchandDevelopmentTechnicalAdvisoryCommitee,RecommendationstotheU S Departmentof EnergyandtheU SDepartmentofAgriculture Dec 2001,2~16 2 Mielenz,J R,Ethanolproductionfrom biomass:technologyandcommercializationstatus CurrentOpinionin microbiology,2001,4,324~329 3 KerrR A Thenextoilcrisisloomslarge andpossiblyclose Science1998,281,1128~ CampbelCJ,LaherrereJH,Theendofcheapoil ScientificAmerican,Mar 1998,78~83 5 Simon,J Mùler, H P, Koch,R, Mùler, V, Thermoplastic and biodegradable polymers of celu lose PolymerDegradationandStability,1998,59 107,115 6 Wyman,C E,Biomassethanol:technicalprogress,opportunities,andcommercialchalenges AnnualRe viewofenergyandtheenvironment,1999,24,189~226 7 Lynd,L R,Weimer,P J,vanZyl, W H,Pretorius,I S,Microbialceluloseutilization:fundamentals andbiotechnology Microbiologyand MolecularBiologyReviews,2002,66 (3):505~577 8 Sun,Y,Cheng,J,Hydrolysisoflignocelulosicmaterialsforethanolproduction:areview BioresourceTech nology,2002,83,1~11 9 Greenpaper TowardsanEuropeanstrategyforthesecurityofenergysupply Luxemburg:OficeforOficialPub

381 376 licationsoftheeuropeancommunities ISBN , InternationalEnergyAgency,BiofuelsforTransport:AnInternationalPerspective(Paris:OrganizationforEco nomiccooperationanddevelopment/internationalenergyagency,2004),28, NationalCommissionon Energy Policy,Non Petrolum Transportation Fuels,in Endingthe Energy Stale mate Dec 2004,66~83 12 Scot,A,Wood,A,Bioprocessing StrugglingtoGrowProfits ChemicalWeek,Feb 9,2005,15~17 13 Wiliams,J,Bryan,T,Countdowntocommercialization unlockingthepotentialofcelulosicethanol.etha nol.apr 2005,31~39 14, 2004,, ,86,135~

382 ~2020, ( 24 1) [1],, 2004, 1 2,, 1~4, 617, 9 0% [2],,,, 24 1 [1] 1900~2020, /,,,, 2003,,,

383 378 [3],, PHB ChemieLinzAG ( Btf ) PHBV ICI,, PHB PHBV [4~6],,,, 20,,,, 2008, ,,,, 10,,, [3] 24 2, Nature Work PLA, 14 BASF Ecoflex 5, ADM Metabolix PHA, 5 P&G Kaneka PHA Nodax TM : PLA ; PLA ;, Unitika,AsaiKasai PLA 2000 Novomont

384 NatureWork PLA 1990~2003, , [1] ~2003, : PLA, 24 1 [7] 24 1 /(t/a) /(t/a) Sinola PLA PHA PLA, [8]

385 380 PLA,, NatureWork, 14 PLA NatureWork, : :, PHA,, 24 2 [9], PHA [10] 24 2 PHA /(t/a) /(t/a) PHA btfag 1980~ PHB Biomers ChemieLinz 1000 PHB ICI 1981~ PHBV Monsanto ICI Metabolix 1980 P(3HB 4HB) ADM Metabolix ADM P(3HB 4HB) P&G 5000 PHBHHx Kaneka PHBHHx Biocycle PHB 1996~ PHB 1998~ PHB PHBHHx PHB PHBHHx PHBV PHB P(3HB 4HB) 2004 :PHB ;PHBV ;PHBHHx ;P (3HB 4HB) 3 4 PHA,, :PHA 80%, PHA 50%,PHA 90%, 150g/L, 48h PHA PHA, [11], PHA PHA,

386 [12] PHA, 20, PHA [11,13],, PLA PCL,, PHA PHA PHA, PHA,,, PHA,,, PLA, PLA, PLA, PLA,,, 23 3,, :,,, PLA PHA ( ) :, ; PLA,, PHA,, ;,,, [15], PHA,,

387 382 [14] PHB PHBHHx,, PLA,,,,, 24 4,,, GDP, PHA PLA,,,,,,,,,,,,, 24 5,,,,,,,,

388 24 383,,,,,,,, GDP,,,,,,,, 1 ChieliniE State of the ArtandFuturePerspectivesofEDPs:A GlobalVision ICS UNIDOSeminaron Useof EcoplasticsinChina,DevelopmentandPromotionoftheJointGREENOLYMPProject,TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing,China,2004 2, ( ) :htp://www stats gov cn/was40/detail record= 2&channelid=9401&presearchword=%CB%DC%C1%CF+ 3 DoiY ProceedingofInternationalConferenceforBio BasedPolymers (ICBP2003)November11 15Tokyo/Ja pan, HanggiUJ PilotscaleproductionofPHB withalcaligeneslatus In:NovelBiodegradable MicrobialPolymers (E D Dawesed),KluwerAcademicPublishers,Netherlands,1990,65 5 HrabakO 1ndustrialproductionofpoly 3 hydroxybutyrate FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992,103:251 6 Byrom D Productionofpoly (D) 3 hydroxybutyrateandpoly D 3 hydroxyvaleratecopolymers FEMS Microbi ol Rev 1992,103:247~ ~25 8, ~25 10,WuQ PolyhydroxyalkanoatesasTissueEngineering Materials Biomaterials2005,(26): ProductionandApplicationofMicrobialPolyhydroxyalkanoates inbiodegradablepolymersandplastics (Ed ChieliniEandSolaroR) WkapPublisher 2003, ,75

389 QiuYZ,OuyangSP,WuQ, MetabolicEngineeringforProductionofCopolyestersConsistingof3 Hydroxybutyrateand3 HydroxyhexanoatebyRecombinantAeromonashydrophila HarboringphbAandphbB Genes MacromolecularBiosci2004,4:255~261 14, NodaI ProceedingoftheInternationalSymposiumonBiologicalPolyesters(ISBP2004) TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing,China, ~ 犃狆狆犾犻犲犱犕犻犮狉狅犫犻狅犾狅犵狔犪狀犱犅犻狅狋犲犮犺狀狅犾 狅犵狔 犃狊犻犪犘犪犮犻犳犻犮犅犻狅狋犲犮犺犖犲狑狊

390 25! 25 1,,, 21, 1999,21, :, 2050, ( 23 ) 2000, 2003, 2 8,, 2200t, 1/4, 109, , 110,,,21 70%,, WTO,, 11, 15%, , 40%, 60%,, 500t, 200t,,, ,, , , 6200 ~6500, 1000,

391 , 85%, 15%, 5,,,,,, 13 6, 97 2%, 0 65%,, 97 2%,,,,,, 5,, ( ), (, ),, ,, 1952,1974,, (SWRO) 1953 ;1973,, 50, 70, RO,, 90%, SWRO 3kW h/m 3, SWRO,,SWRO SWRO,

392 ( ),,,, (CA) (a PA),, Loeb Sourirajan 1960,, ( 0 1mm ),,, ( 0 2μm ),, 3, 1963,, ( 0 2μm ),,, CA Loeb Sourirajan 1963 CA Manjikion 1968 CT CTA Saltonstal 1968 a PA Monsanto,DuPont RO 1969 S PPO GeneralElectric 1970 B 9(a PA) DuPont 1970 CTA DowChemical 1970 PI RO 1971 PBI CelaneseResearch PSA RO 1972 S PS Phone poulence,s A 1972 Credali 1973 B 10(a PA) DuPont, ;, ;, ;, ;,,,

393 NS 100 PS 1972 NS 200, PS 1975 PA NS FT PEC NTR 7200 PVA NTR 7400 S PES NF UTC 20 NS 300 UTC 70 TMC IPC UTC 80 TMC IPC 1985 NF 40 NS 300 NF 70 FT 30, 1986 FT 30SW FT 30, 1995 ESPA, FT 30, 1998 LF, FT 30,,,, ,,,, 1970 DuPont B 9, ~12,,,,,,,, 1964, 20 70,,, ( ),, ;,,

394 ,7 ;2,9,12 O ;3 ;4 ;5 ; 6 ;8 ;10 ;11 ( ), , 40 60, ;2 ;3,4 ;5,9 ; 6,8 ;7 ;10,11 ;12 :1 (Dow Chemical), FT 30, ;2 (Koch), ( 18,60 );3 (Hydronautics) ;4GE (Osmonics) ;5Trisep :DuPont ( ) :1, ;2,, ;3, CTA

395 390 :, ( ) 25 3 Dow(Film Tec) BW 30, SW 30HR/NF 70, BW 30HR/SW 30,TW ,TW30HP 4040,BW ,BW ES20 D,NTR 1698,NTR 769STR,NTR 7450,ES20 U,NTR 7250,NTR 759,NTR 728HF UHY ESPA, LHY CPA3, LHY CPA4, HSY SWC2, Hdronautics HHY SWC1,ESPA FREE3500 Fluidsystem/Anglian Water TFCL,TFCL HP,TFC3,TFCS ROGA SU 700,SU 800,SU 900 SC 100,SC 3000 DuPont PermasepB 9,B 10 HR8355,HA8130,HA /[L/(m 2 h)] /% CA UOP DDS Toray Film Tec FluidSystems Hydranautics Toray Trisep PA 300( UOP ) PEC 1000( Toray ) NaCl 1500mg/L,1 5MPa, mg/L,1 5MPa, mg/L,1 7MPa, mg/L,1 7MPa, mg/L,1 5MPa, NaCl 35000mg/L,5 5MPa,25,R=10% NaCl 2000mg/L,1 6MPa,25,R=15% 2000mg/L,1 6MPa,25,R=15% 1500mg/L,1 6MPa,25,R=15% > mg/L,1 6MPa, mg/L,1 6MPa, mg/L,1 6MPa, mg /L,2 1MPa,pH=7 4,R=83% 85mg/L,2 1MPa,pH=11 4,R=39% NaCl 35000mg/L,6 9MPa mg/L,6 9MPa, mg/L,6 9MPa, ~85 100mg /L,6 9MPa,25,pH= mg/L,6 9MPa,25,pH=12 : >99 NaCl 35000mg/L,25,5 5MPa mg/L,25,5 5MPa mg/L,25,5 5MPa mg/L,25,5 5MPa mg/L,25,5 5MPa

396 HR5155 HR8355 HM9255 HA5230 HA8130 HA3110 HA /cm /cm /kg PT 1/2 PT 3/4 PT1 PT 1/2 PT 3/4 PT 3/8 PT 1/2 PT 1/2 PT 3/4 2 PT 3/4 PT 1/2 PT 3/4 PT 3/8 PT 1/2 PT 3/8 PT 3/4 PT1 PT 3/8 PT 3/4 PT 1/4 PT 3/8 /(mg/l) /MPa / /% /(m 3 /d) /% /MPa <6 0 <6 0 <7 0 <4 0 <1 5 <1 5 / 5~40 3~8 5~35 /(m 3 /d) 2~10 15~150 50~ ~60 25~150 1~4 3~12 SDI ph 3~8 3~8 3~8 /(mg/l) 0 2~ ~ ~1 0 : 1 ; /(m 3 /d) /% CTA (HRC 220) NaCl 100mg /L,1 5MPa,25, R=60% CA CTA > (BDX 4040S) 32000mg/L,5 5MPa, 5 5~7 0 NaCl ,R=8% 20~32 (BDX 8040S) > ~ ~ C8040FF NaCl 1000mg /L,2 8MPa,25 23~28 95 C8040GF NaCl 1000mg/L,1 8MPa,25 25~ ( ) NaCl 1000mg/L,1 4MPa, (SW ) 32800mg/L,5 5MPa, NaCl ,R=8% (SW ) :

397 392 1 (Dow Chemical), 35%;2 (Hydronautics), 35%;3, 10%;4 (Koch), 10%;5GE (Osmonics), ;6, ; 7Trisep,, ,,,,,, 60%;,,, 60% ;,, 90%, 3kW h/m 3 (hydraulic turbocharger), PumpEngineeringCompany ; (pressureex changer), EnergyRecoveryIncorporation ; Osmonics Groundfus DP Pump UnionPump, ,SWRO, (1) %~98%,, ( 2000mg/L),, 10kW h/ m 3 (2) 20 70, 80, 99 2%, SWRO, (300~ 400mg/L), 30%~35% (3), SWRO 5 5MPa, 8 4MPa, 60%,

398 25 393, (4),,, 60% SWRO, SWRO, ( ) /(t/d) / UAT 1000 Prominent Prominent Prominent H&W ( ) :1 ( ~ / );2 ( / ) ,,,, (MSF) (SWRO) (MED) (VC),

399 394 SWRO MSF MED, MSF 30 /, SWRO 17 / 3300,MSF RO 43 5%, 1 ( 1/40) 30 2/3, 0 5 / 50~100 21,, ~ ~2001 ;, 2001, , 3240m 3 /d, , :, 2000,, 20, 2025, 1 19 / 20, 700, 1, 1t : 8~10 6~8 3 5~4 5

400 , 33 ;, ,, ,1958 (ED),1965 (RO),1967,20 70,, (800mm 1600mm)ED, ED,, (EDR), ED, m 3 /d ED, 18kW h/m 3,1967~1969,70 RO,80 ;,, m 3 /d RO, 10 SWRO, 4kW h/m 3, 30000m 3 /d 25 8

401 ( : / ) ~15 40~50 70~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~300,,, 20, 50000m 3 /d ( / ) , ;,, 40 25

402 ,, ( ),

403 , ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 5 (1),, 5000m 3 /d, ,

404 25 399, 10000m 3 /d, 10 35, (2),,,,, ( ),,,, (3),,,, 50% ,,,,,,,, 5, ,,,,, , 1 /, 30%, 20% ~100 /, 50, ~280 /, , 2, 3 5, 1 /

405 ( / ) 9 10 瑏瑡 , :, ",, :,2004 3,, ", :, Ho Winston W S,SirkarKamaleshK MembraneHandbook New York:VanNostrandReinhold, SourirajanS,MatsuaT ReverseOsmosis/Ultrafiltration,Principals Otawa:NRCCPress, RautenbachR,AlbrechtR MembraneProcesses New YorkJohnwileySons, BakerR W,CusslerEL MembraneSeparationSystems NJ:NoyesDataCorporation, ParekhB ReverseOsmosisTechnology New York:MarcelDekker, ShumwaySA Desalination & WaterReuse1999,9 (4):27 10 LeitherGF Desalination WaterReuse,1998,8 (1):14 11 LeitherGF Desalination WaterReuse,1998,7 (4):50 12 KanalI SimsG V Desalination & WaterReuse,1998,8 (2):22 13 YuanZhou RichardSJTol Desalination,2004,164:225~ ",, : 犛犆犐 犈犐

406 25 401! 犇犲狊犪犾犻狀犪狋犻狅狀

407 (, ),, 40, ( ) 60%, 3775,,, 1/4,, 500m 3 200m 3, (1),,, (2) 5~7,,,,, (3),,,

408 (4),, 90 20, 30%,,,,, , 10350, 17348, m 3 /d, 1,,,, ;, (1), 20 60,,,,, Shuwaihat 75850m 3 /d,, 90000m 3 /d 1000~1800 /( / ), 26 1

409 [1] /[ /( / )] 1450 ( / ) 8 ( )/bar 2 5~3 /(kw h/m 3 ) 4 /( / ) 0 03 :1bar=10 5 Pa (2) 70, 20 80,,,,, 15,, Sharjah, 22700m 3 /d, 30000m 3 [1] /d 1000~ 1600 /( / ), [1] /[ /( / )] 1200 ( / ) 12 ( )/bar 2 5~3 /(kw h/m 3 ) 1 8 /( / ) 0 03 (3), :,, 750m 3 /d, 2880m 3 /d 1600~3200/[ /( / )], 26 3

410 [2] /[ /( / )] 2200 /(kw h/m 3 ) 8 /( / ) (1),,,, , (MSF) (MED) [3] 26 1 MSF MED MSF; MED 26 1,MSF 20 60~70, MED 80, MSF m 3 /d [4], (2), 3

411 m 3 /d 5 12 /(m 3 /d) /(t/h) /bar /MW m 385m 110m 250m / ,,,,,, 20, ( 100 ), 2,,,, 40% 3,,, (3),,,,,,,,,,, (4),,,,,

412 26 407,,,, 10%~30%, (5) ;,, 75850m 3 /d, 22700m m 3 /d (6),, (7),,,, (8),,, ,,,,,, 316L, CPVC,, (1) 1,,, 316L, 2,

413 408, 3 4, (IDE) (A5052), 20, 5,,,, (2) 1, 316L 304 2,, 316L 3, 316L 317L 304 4, L 5, (MED), SIDEM WEIR IDE, FISIAITALIMPLANTI, SIDEM, 20 80,, MED, A & Laval 26 3,,,

414 (1960~1990) , 5t/d 20 70~80,, 20 80, 30m 3 / d, 30t/d 30t/d ( 72 ) 30t/dOTE/VC, 4, ;,,,,, (1990~2002) 1987 ESCO 3000m 3 /d MSF,,,, ; 1994,, 1200t 1998,, 12, 3000t (30 ) 12, 168h 2 7~7μS/cm, 45t/h, 1995~1997,,,, m 3 /d LT MED,,,

415 410,, 60t/d, ,, (2003 ),,, 3000m 3 /d, ,, 99% 50%, 3000m 3 /d 67m, 4m, 11m, 2480, m 3 /d /(m 3 /h) 275 /(m 3 /h) 583 /(mg/l) / 20 / 152 /(t/h) 12 5 / 40 /(m 3 /h) / ,380V,50Hz /(mg/l) / 120t THD 2 5t 316L HAL t 110t 17t CPVC 30m 2 15mm 316L 400 :ZL L 3t 6t

416 / 12 :ZL m :ZL L 1 2t 316L 0 9t DN50~500, L CPVC mm 4500mm 20mm 316L t TH t 316L,, 40000t/d 2004, 2007, 3000t/d 10%,,,, t/d, Sidem IDE, Sidem,Sidem 4, 8 3, 1 2kW h, 61 9, 316L, 6 7m, 57m;,, ,, 20000t/d,, (1500 ) t/d, WEIR 6, 9 6, 0 7kW h, 67, 316L, 5 5m/4 5m ( ), 50m (U );,,

417 412, 2005,,,,,,, ,,,, (1) 200 /( ), 100, 20, (2), MW, 50 /,, /,,,,,, 90%,,,,, 10, 5 ~6

418 26 413, 35% 65%, (3),, 1000, , 110 / 2,,, 200 /, 20, 10%~30% 30%,, 20%~ 30%, 15%, 10%~20%, 2 ~5 WTO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2010, 100 /, 70 ~80 ( ),,,, 2020, 20 ~50 /, 300 /, 120,, 26 7

419 ( ) /(m 3 /d) 1 / (MED/RO) (MED) (RO) / (MED/RO) / (MED/RO) (RO) ~ ,,,, Muscat (Middle [5] EastDesalinationResearchCenter),,, ( ) :, 200t,, IDE,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,

420 26 415,, 1 1, 2 5,,,, 3, 1,, ; ;, 2 3,, ;, 4,, 5,, (1), (2),, (3),, / 5 10 /,, ;, ; ;

421 416,,,,,,,, ;, (4), (5), 1, ; 2, ( ) ( ),,,, ; 3,,,, 1 AwerbuchLeon,Desalinationinthe World GeneralOverviewIntegrationofPower WaterandSecurity,2004, ( ), LeonAwerbuch,New TechnologiesinHybrids,MSF,MED,Nanofiltration,2004, ( ), WANGNICKCONSULTING,2004IDA WorldwideDesaltingPlantsInventoryReportNo 18,IDA, PankratzTom,ThermalDesalinationTrendsAReviewofthestate of the Art,2004, ( ), R & DProjects:RequestforProposal,MiddleEastDesalinationResearchCenter, 狋犱

422 ,, 21,,,,,, 49%,, ;, ;,, , 1, 200, , 2006, 580, 360, 250, 180, , 6,,,,

423 418,,2005 5,,, IT,,,, :, ;, ;,,, 200nm, ;,, ; ; ,,,,, 50, 90,,,, 2000~2002,, (Delwent),,

424 27 419, , 100, 7 ~8, 2004, 300,,, 85% 2004,,,, , 72%, 6%, 6%, 4%, 3%, 1%, 3%, 5%, :,,, IT IC,,,,,,,,, % ;, ;, ;,,,,, 27 3,

425 420,, (1),,,,,,, :,,,,,,α,,,,,,,,, (2) 10, 2001 NNI ( ),,,,,, 2003~2004,,, , ,

426 27 421, 2004, ,, 2005 IngridBeck Speier,, 5~ 10nm,,, DM Brown PS,,,,,,,,, (3),,,,,,,,,,, :,

427 422,,,, ;, ;, ;,,,,,, :,,, 27 4, (1), ;, (2),,, (3),,, (4),,, (5), (6),,,,,,,,

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429 ,, [1] 2004, 342, 38 6% ( ), 20 2% ( ) 2004,, , , , ,Ⅰ~Ⅲ Ⅳ~Ⅴ Ⅴ :41 8% 30 3% 27 9% 482 4, 4 9% 221 1, 45 8%, 4 1%; 261 3, 54 2%, 5 5% [2] 2004, %; , 7 7% 6 8, 55 7%, 963 0, [3], 28 2

430 28 425, [4] [5] ;, , : (450 ),, 1971 Libby science, (ABO 3 ) ABO 3 A, B, t=(r A +r O )/ 槡 2(r B +r O ) 0 8~1 0, r A >0 090nm,r B >0 051nm (r A r B r O, nm ) A ( Ce Sr ),B,, B [6],, Zr 4+ CeO 2, Y 3+ Ga 3+ La 3+ CeO 2 ZrO 2,Y nm, Y 3+ Ce 0 6Zr 0 4O 2,, Y 3+ Ce 0 6Zr 0 4O 2, Ga 3+ (0 062nm) La 3+ (0 118nm) J Kaspar [7], Ce xzr 1-xO 2, Ce xzr 1-xO 2 ; 2 5%~5 0% ( ) Ce xzr 1-xO 2 ;, OSC 30%, 1273 OSC 2002, CeO 2 ZrO 2 70% CeO 2 ZrO 2, CeO 2 ZrO 2, 1

431 426, CeO 2 ZrO 2, 100m 2 /g, 900 6h 40m 2 /g, Ce 0 75Zr 0 25O 2 100~130m 2 /g, 900 6h 10m 2 /g 1200, 10000t, 2000t, NO x, Y Nishihata [8] Nature LaFe 0 57Co 0 38Pd 0 05O 3,,,Pd, Pd,, CATARC,, , , ( ) 150,,,,, Ⅲ Ⅳ NO x, 2005, 800 ~1000, , ,,,,,,,,

432 ZrO 2 TiO 2,,,, 95%, ( ),,,,,,,, ( 28 1) [9],,, 28 1 /cm /mm /cm 2 100/ /cm 2 100/ /cm 2 100/ /% 100/ /[W/(m K)] 0 8~1 14~22 /[kj/(kg K)] /(kg/l) 2 2~ /(kj/l) /% /(m 2 /L) /(g/l) X [10],,,,, US [11] 40μm ( 10~35μm), : 1100~ ~ Pa 30~ 90min, Al 3%~10% Al 3%, 40μm,,,

433 ~0 3μm,,, 5,,, 1 96~ 14 71N/cm ( ), Al, Xiaodong Wu [12] Al 5 (Fe,Cr) 2 200nm,, h,,, γ Al 2O 3 FeCrAl Yang [13] (316L) Al/Al 2O 3, Pt/TiO 2 120,, Al/Al 2O 3, 2h, 0 46%, Emitec, Nippon Emitec 1986 GKN, 50%, 2000, 5100,Emitec S SM, Emitec KruppVDM Fraun hofer Wuppertal Aluchrom 7Al YHF, 5%, Al 2, 30μm ( 50μm),, 1 6,,

434 (Fe Cr Al RE),,, , 3739, ,,,, (1), (ph ),, ph,,, ;, VlyssidesA [14], 10g/L,pH 7, 80% 82%,,,,,, ChengZJ,,, [15],, (2),,

435 430,,, (PAM),, YijiuLi [16], PFS+PAM,,,, PFS 8mg/L ( DDTC=110mg/L PAM=5mg/ L) PAM 0 4mg/L ( DDTC=110mg/L PFS=25mg/L),,, Mathew M [17] BDETK 2, 15min,Pb 3 61mg/L 0 02mg/L, 99 4%, Cu Sb Ni, 30, BDET Pb, SDTC, S (3), ; SO 2 Na 2SO 3 Na 2S 2O 5 NH 2NH 2 NaBH 4 ;,,, E g = 3 2eV, 385nm ( ),, O 2 OH - H 2O - O 2 HO 2 OH, ( OH 1 9~2 7V),,,

436 28 431,, JunshuiChen [18],, OH, :1H 2O 2, OH ;2H 2O 2 OH, ( 28 1) 0 5h,R 6G 90%,COD BOD % 88 7%, COD/ BOD , 28 1 OH ,,,, DHV,,,,, ;,,,,,,DHV, :, :? (CARROUSEL? ) Crystalactor??,Dwars?,DHV

437 432, DHV, GB B,COD 60mg/L, ~90,,,,, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,, 28 4,,,,,, :1 ;2 ;3,, ;4,,,, , VCD :,, Del HP IBM Sony

438 28 433, (productstewardship),,, EPR, ,2002 7, 400, , 41, 2010, 4~5,,, 4 : (OEM), [19] (UNICOR),, ;,,, ;, 1996,,,,, 200 1/20,,,,, ,,,, ( ),

439 434,, PPT, PP HEPE ; PP [20], [21],,,,,, , 1%; , 28%;2002, %,, 49%, JEF,,,,,, ( ), (, ) JEF,,, 15%,, 21,,,, ,,,,,

440 , 39%, 76%, 59%,,, GB ( ),, 75%,, [22], GB ,,,, 20%,,,,,,,,, 2005,, 3, 1200, 2 5 ~2 8,, 6200, [23],,,,,,,, 225, : 10 45% 9 3% 12 1%,,,,,,,,

441 436,,, , 2004:26 (3):47~55 4,,,,2003, (4): 10~13 5,,,2004,18 (12):1~3 6 HirohisaTanakaetal CatalyticactivityandstructuralstabilityofLa0 9Ce0 1Co1-xFexO3 perovskitecatalystsfor automotiveemissionscontrol AppliedCatalysisA:General,2003,(244):371~382 7 KasparJ,Fornasiero P,Graziani M UseofCeO2 basedoxidesinthethree waycatalysis Catalysis Today, 1999,(50):285~298 8 Y Nishihataetal Self regenerationofa Pd perovskitecatalystforautomotiveemissions Nature,2002,418 (6894):164~167 9 Ferrandon M;Berg M,Bj rnbom E Thermalstabilityofmetal supportedcatalystsforreductionofcold starte missionsinawood fireddomesticboiler CatalysisToday,1999,(53):647~ X, Otani;Tadayuki;Imai,etal Metalhoneycombbodyforexhaustgaspurificationcatalystandmethodforpro ducingthesame USPatent6,689,328, Xiaodong Wu,Duan Weng,SuZhao,WeiChen Influenceofanaluminizedintermediatelayerontheadhesion ofaγ Al2O3 washcoatonfecral SurfaceandCoatingsTechnology,2004,190 (2~3):437~ KyungShik Yang;JinSeongChoi;JongShikChung Evaluationofwire meshhoneycombcontainingporous Al/Al2O3layerforcatalyticcombustionofethylacetateinair CatalysisToday,2004,(97):159~ Vlyssides A Limeefectonsulphatesandironremovalfrom wastewaterofasulphuricacidiron pickling process FreseniusEnvironmentalBuletin,2003,12 (10):1276~ ChengZJ Efectandmechanismofcokingresidualammoniawatertreatingbyfluegas JournalofEnvironmental Science China,2001,13 (2):237~ Yijiu Li Study on thetreatment ofcopper electroplating wastewater by chemicaltrapping and floccula tion SeparationandPurificationTechnology,2003,31 (1):91~95 17 Mthew M ChemicalPrecipitationofLeadfromLeadBateryRecyclingPlantWastewater Industrial&engineer ingchemistryresearch,2002,41 (6):1579~ JunshuiChen PhotocatalyticdegradationoforganicwastesbyelectrochemicalyassistedTiO2photocatalyticsys tem JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,2004,70 (1):43~47 19,,,2003,22 (12):1034~ ,,,2003,4 (10):15~17 21 LeeKHetal Thermalandcatalyticdegradationofwastehigh densitypolyethylene (HDPE)usingspentFCC catalyst KoreanJournalofChemicalEngineering,2003,20 (4):693~697 22,,2005,24 (2):295~298 23,,2004,16 (4):21~23

442

443 ,,, , 34 14%, 29%, 5%, % 200,, 23%, 70%, ;, ;, ;, ,

444 29 439, 40%, (1) 400,,,,, 2004, 5000 (2), , 1 6 ; 25000t 2000t,, (3) 28540, 15670,, 16,, 30000t, (4), 3, (5) ( ) 2000t,, 600t 1500, 10, 3000t,, 100t, 400t (6) 500t 1000t 1000t, t (7), 5~100A h

445 440, ( ) ( ), 9000, 10 (8) 1000t, 1 9, 4000t (9) 1 6 3,, (10) 1000t, t (11),,, ; ( 225W/kg) (40~50W h/kg), (12) ( ),, 30 ( ), (13) 10,2003,, (14), ( ) 4, 2 2, 9

446 (1), 863,,, ; ; ; ;,,,, (2) 60%,, Saft, 60%,,, Inco ; ( ) ( ) 90%, /, ( ),,50%, 29 3 (1),, 80%,,

447 442 20, ,,,,, (2),,,,,, BYD, 70%, Saft, BYD,, ( ),,,, (3), ,,,,,, ;,, ;, ;, 25% ; (4),

448 29 443, 50km, :,, :,,, 40km,,,,, 21, 12, 2,, 29 4, (1), 25%, 25% ~50%, (2), 2010, 6000t,, (3), 50%,

449 444 (4), (5) 5000t/a, 2000t, t/a, t/a, t/a, (6), 1000t (7),,,,, (8) T,, (1) 1 863, 2, (2),

450 (3), ; 10, (4) ( ) 3 5, 30 ( ),, ,, ;,,, (1) : 50A h/kg, 80A h/kg, 120A h/kg,, (2), (3),,, 2005, (1), BYD,,

451 446,,, (2), (3),, TCL,, , 18, ;,,, ; 20 ;, :, ;,, ;, ;,, (1),, (2), (3),

452 ,,,, ;, (1),,,,,, (2),,,,,, : (3),,, (4),,, ( )

453 , 2001~2005 ;, ; (2004),,,,