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1 2015, Vol. 23, No. 3, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 研究构想 (Conceptual Framework) * 模糊决策的认知神经机制张凤华 1,2 张玉婷 1 向玲 1 胡竹菁 1 ( 1, ) ( 2, ) 摘要模糊决策是特殊复杂的风险决策, 还是一种独立的决策类型, 是当前认知神经科学争论的热点问题一系列的 fmri 研究分别得出了不同结论, 但大多数证据支持模糊决策和风险决策之间存在分离, 模糊决策有其独特的决策机制 ; 模糊决策的认知神经机制也是一个亟待解决的问题因此本研究拟应用事件相关电位技术生物反馈技术和基因技术, 采用 IGT 和 GDT 任务范式, 通过网络成瘾人群和正常人群的对比研究, 去探索模糊决策和风险决策之间的分离 ; 应用事件相关电位技术和磁共振技术, 采用 IGT 范式和选瓶任务范式, 研究模糊决策的认知神经机制 ; 并从临床角度进一步验证上述结果该项目的开展, 有助于拓广模糊决策的研究领域和视野, 对理解人类在模糊情境下的决策机制以及模糊决策和风险决策之间的关系, 具有重要的理论意义 ; 对临床上成瘾人群脑损伤患者的认知诊断和治疗以及现实中企业和个人的决策, 具有重要的参考价值关键词模糊决策 ; 风险决策 ; 认知神经科学 ; 爱荷华赌博任务 ; 元分析分类号 B842; B849:C91 Knight (1921) (decision-making under ambiguity) (Russian roulette),, ;,,, ;, 5 12,,,,, : * ( ) (13JY09) :, [email protected],,,, 1 文献综述 1.1 模糊决策的行为学研究模糊决策的研究范式 (2009), 艾尔斯伯格选瓶任务 ( Ellsberg, 1961), 100, 364

决策机制 ; 模糊决策的认知神经机制也是一个亟待解决的问题因此本研究拟应用事件相关电位技术生物反馈技术和基因技术, 采用 IGT 和 GDT 任务范式, 通过网络成瘾人群和正常人群的对比研究, 去探索模糊决策和风险决策之间的

2 3 : , + =100,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,, ; IGT (Iowa gambling task) 任务 Bechara, Damasio, Tranel Damasio (1997) (1) ( ); (2) ( ); (3), 2000, 4 ABCD, 100 A B (100 ),, A B,, A B, ; C D (50 ),, C D,, C D, ( ), (C D) (A B), IGT, 100 trial 5 block, (C1+D1) (A1+B1), (C5+D5) (A5+B5), t, ( ) 封堵器 (occlude) 任务 Levy, Snell, Nelson, Rustichini Glimcher (2010), 1,,,,, 1 ( Levy, et al., 2010) 模糊决策的影响因素 Becker Brownson (1964),, Einhorn Hogarth (1986) Roca, Hogarth Maule (2006), (endowment effect),,, Samuelso Zeckhauser (1988) (the status quo bias),,,, Roca, (willing to pay, WTP), (willing to accept, WTA), Roca Maule (2009) ( WTP WTA),,, (gain) (loss),, Liu (2011),

3 Webber Tan (2012),, IGT, (Crone & Ven der Molen, 2004; Bayard, Raffard, & Gely-Nargeot, 2011) Crone Ven der Molen (2004), IGT / ;, IGT (BAS) (BIS) (Bayard et al., 2011) Pulford (2009) Bayard (2011), IGT GDT (Game of Dice Task) ( ) GDT, IGT ; (2012),,, Buelow Suhr (2013) 91, IGT, B, D Heath Tversky (1991) (, competence effect), Schubert, Brown, Gysler Brachinger (1999),, Borghans, Duckworth, Heckman Baster (2008) Ellsberg, ;,,, Van den Bosa, Hombergb Vissera (2013) IGT, IGT, IGT (100 ),, (trial-block) ( ),, 60 (trial) ( ),,,,, (Cassotti, Houdé, & Moutier, 2011; Huizenga, Crone, & Jansen, 2007; Duijvenvoorde, Jansen, Visser, & Huizenga, 2010) Crone Molen (2004) 6~12, 13~17, Lin, Chiu Huang (2009) IGT IGT,,, Aite (2012),,,,, Tymula (2012), 33 (12~17 ) 32 (30~50 ),, ;,, ; 1.2 模糊决策的神经机制研究

Brachinger (1999),, Borghans, Duckworth, Heckman Baster (2008) Ellsberg, ;,,, Van den Bosa, Hombergb Vissera (2013) IGT, IGT, IGT (100 ),, (trial-block) ( ),, 60 (trial) ( ),,,,, (Cassotti, Houdé, &

4 3 : 367 (Brand, Fujiwar, Borsutzky, Kalbe, & Kessler, 2005; Brand, Labudda, & Markowitsch, 2006; Brand, Kalbe, Labudda, Fujiwara, Kessler, & Markowitsch, 2005; Brand, Grabenhorst, Starcke, Vandekerckhove, & Markowitsch, 2007; Fiorillo, Tobler, & Schultz, 2003; Levy et al., 2010);, (Hsu, Bhatt, Adolphs, Tranel, & Camerer, 2005; Krain, Arbuckle, Wilson, Castellanos, & Milham, 2006; Huettel, Song, & McCarthy, 2005; Huettel, Stowe, Gordon, Warner, & Platt, 2006; Sinz, Zamarian, Benke, Wenning, & Delazer, 2008; Bechara et al., 1997; Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 2005; Bach, Hulme, Penny, & Dolan, 2011) Brand (2005, 2006, 2007) IGT GDT (Korsakoff s syndrome) (Parkinson s disease, PD) (pathological gamblers, PG), - (fronto-striatal loop), (dopamine) (serotonin) (Fiorillo et al., 2003) Levy (2010) fmri, (striatum) (the medial prefrontal cortex) Hsu fmri, (amygdale) (orbitofrontal cortex, OFC) (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, DMPFC), (vigilance), fmrl, Huettel, (the posterior parietal cortex) Krain (2006), fmrl (frontal and parietal regions) (thalamus) (caudate) (rostral portions of the ACC) (the inferior parietal lobe), (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC) (caudal ACC) (OFC DLPFC ACC), Krain Zelazo Muller (, OFC ;, DLPFC), (1) (OFC ), / ;,, (2), BA (32) BA (8/9);, ( OFC ),,, (3), ( BA7),, ;,,, Li, Lu, D Argembeau, Ng Bechara (2010) fmri IGT ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Bach (2011),

, 2010);, (Hsu, Bhatt, Adolphs, Tranel, & Camerer, 2005; Krain, Arbuckle, Wilson, Castellanos, & Milham, 2006; Huettel, Song, & McCarthy, 2005; Huettel, Stowe, Gordon, Warner, & Platt, 2006; Sinz,

5 368 23, ;, 1.3 模糊决策的脑损伤研究 IGT, (obsessive compulsive disorder, OCD) (mesial temporal lobe epilepsy), (Frank et al., 2009; Starcke, Tuschen-Caffier, Markowitsch, & Brand, 2010; Delazer et al., 2009; Delazer et al., 2010; Brevers et al., 2012) Frank (2009) 21 PD 23, IGT GDT, PD, Starcke (2010) 23 OCD 22, IGT GDT OCD,, OCD,, Delazer (2010), Brevers (2012) 65 35, (2012) PD PD,, PD 1.4 模糊决策的遗传学研究 20%,, ( ) (Cesarini, Dawes, Johannesson, Lichtenstein, & Wallace, 2009; Jollant et al., 2007), 5-HTT (serotonin transporter length polymorphicregion, 5-HTTLPR) -2 (tryptophan hydroxylase-2, TPH2) D5 (DRD5) 148 a (ESR1) β (ESR2) (Stoltenberg & Vandever, 2010; He et al., 2010; Da Rocha, Malloy- Diniz, Lage, & Corrêa, 2011; Chew, Ebstein, & Zhong, 2012;,,,, 2012), He (2010) 572, IGT (LAT), 5-HTTLPR 5-HTTLPR IGT LAT, (S/S) IGT 40 (L/L), Stoltenberg Vandever (2010) 188, 5-HTT -2 IGT, 5-HTT IGT 20, 80, 5-HTT, (BDNF),, Da Rocha (2011) IGT (BDNF) (Val66Met), Met allele IGT, Met allele IGT, Chew (2012) 325, Ellsberg (1961), ;,,

4 模糊决策的遗传学研究 20%,, ( ) (Cesarini, Dawes, Johannesson, Lichtenstein, & Wallace, 2009; Jollant et al.

6 3 : %,, D5 2 问题提出,,, 2.1 以往研究存在的问题和争议, ( ) fmri PET,,,, fmri ( ) PET,,,, 2.2 存在问题和争议的原因, 1 IGT,, IGT, -, ; IGT IGT GDT IGT,, 100 5, ; 5, 20 trial, 40 trial 2 IGT, IGT, (Fernie & Tunney, 2006; Chiu & Lin, 2007; Chiu et al., 2008),, (C+D) (A+B),, B ( ) 3 IGT,, ( 100, 300),,,, IGT,, ( ), - ; IGT, ( - );, fmri ( ) PET, ERP ( ) 2.3 解决方案, 1,, -,, ;, , 10 block (C+D) (A+B) 2, 3 IGT, ;,, IGT, Ellsberg IGT, ERP fmri,, Ellsberg

Tunney, 2006; Chiu & Lin, 2007; Chiu et al.

7 370 23,, IGT,,, 3 研究构想, ; ; ( ), 3.1 模糊决策是一种独立的决策类型吗?( 模糊决策和风险决策的分离实验 ),, IGT,, IGT,,,, ( ), ( ), 1999, Young (pathological gambling, PG), (, 2008), (2010) ; (2010), ; Brevers (2012),,, 3 1 ERP ( ), ERP,,, ; 2, SCR 3, D5 ( ),, D5, 实验 1, IGT GDT, E-prime, ( ) (verbal storage and dual tasking) (a decision-making task, Starcke et al., 2010),, IGT GDT ;,, IGT ( ) GDT ( ) ;,, IGT, GDT 实验 2, IGT GDT,,, SCR; SCR ( ) IGT SCR GDT 实验 3, IGT GDT,,, D5

(2010), ; Brevers (2012),,, 3 1 ERP ( ), ERP,,, ; 2, SCR 3, D5 ( ),, D5, 实验 1, IGT GDT, E-prime, ( ) (verbal storage

8 3 : 371 IGT GDT, D5, 3.2 模糊决策的认知神经机制研究 fmri ( ) PET, ERP ( ), fmri ERP, Ellsberg ( ) IGT ( ),, 实验 4, Ellsberg, ERP,, P3 FRN (, 2011) 实验 5 4, fmri,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),, 实验 6, IGT, fmri, IGT, 5,, 3.3 脑损伤患者的验证性研究 ERP fmri,, ( ), 实验 7 (, ),, fmri EEG, IGT Ellsberg,,, 4 小结, IGT GDT,,,, IGT, ;, ERP fmri,,,, ;, 致谢 : 衷心感谢匿名审稿专家所提出的宝贵意见, 同时感谢蒋军对本文英文摘要提供的指导参考文献,,,. (2012). (IGT)., 20(9), ,. (2010).., 18(5), ,,,,. (2012)..,

9 (5), (2011). ( )... (2010).., 18(6), ,,,,. (2009).., 15(3), ,,,,. (2012).., 10(6), (2008). :., 40(8), Aite, A., Cassotti, M., Rossi, S., Poirel, N., Lubin, A., Houdé, O., & Moutier, S. (2012). Is human decision making under ambiguity guided by loss frequency regardless of the costs? A developmental study using the Soochow Gambling Task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113, Bach, D. R., Hulme, O., Penny, W. D., & Dolan, R. J. (2011). The known unknowns: Neural representation of Second-Order uncertainty, and ambiguity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(13), Bayard, S., Raffard, S., & Gely-Nargeot, M. C. (2011). Do facets of self-reported impulsivity predict decision-making under ambiguity and risk? Evidence from a community sample. Psychiatry Research, 190, Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (1997). Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: Some questions and answers. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, Becker, S. W., & Brownson, F. O. (1964). What price ambiguity? On the role of ambiguity in decision-making. Journal of Political Economy, 72, Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Baster, W. (2008). The economics and psychology of personality traits. Journal of Human Resources, 43, Buelow, M. T., & Suhr, J. A. (2013). Personality characteristics and state mood influence individual deck selections on the Iowa Gambling Task. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, Brand, M., Fujiwar, E., Borsutzky, S., Kalbe, E., & Kessler, J. (2005). Decision-Making deficits of korsakoff patients in a new gambling task with explicit rules: Associations with executive functions. Neuropsychology, 19, Brand, M., Labudda K., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2006). Neuropsychological correlates of decision-making in ambiguous and risky situations. Neural Networks, 19, Brand, M., Kalbe, E., Labudda, K., Fujiwara, E., Kessler, J., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2005). Decision-making impairments in patients with pathological gambling. Psychiatry Research, 133, Brand, M., Grabenhorst, F., Starcke, K., Vandekerckhove, M. M. P., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2007). Role of the amygdala indecisions under ambiguity and decisions under risk: Evidence from patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease. Neuropsychologia, 45, Brevers, D., Cleeremans, A., Goudriaan, A. E., Bechara, A., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., & Noël, X. (2012). Decision making under ambiguity but not under risk is related to problem gambling severity. Psychiatry Research, 200(2), Cassotti, M., Houdé, O., & Moutier, S. (2011). Developmental changes of win stay and loss shift strategies in decision making. Child Neuropsychology, 17, Cesarini, D., Dawes, C. T., Johannesson, M., Lichtenstein, P., & Wallace, B. (2009). Genetic variation in preferences for giving and risk taking. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124, Chew, S. H., Ebstein, R. P., & Zhong, S. (2012). Ambiguity aversion and familiarity bias: Evidence from behavioral and gene association studies. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 44, Chiu, Y. C., & Lin, C. H. (2007). Is deck C an advantageous deck in the Iowa gambling task? Behavioral and Brain Functions, 3, 37. Chiu, Y. C., Lin, C. H., Huang, J. T., Lin, S., Lee, P. L., & Hsieh, J. C. (2008). Immediate gain is long-term loss: Are there foresighted decision makers in the Iowa gambling task? Behavioral and Brain Functions, 4, 13. Crone, E. A., & Van der Molen, M. W. (2004). Developmental changes in real-life decision-making: Performance on a gambling task previously shown to depend on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25(3), Da Rocha, F. F., Malloy-Diniz, L., Lage, N. V., & Corrêa, H. (2011). The relationship between the Met allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and impairments in decision making under ambiguity in patients with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 10, Delazer, M., Sinz, H., Zamarian, L., Stockner, H., Seppi, K., Wenning, G. K., Poewe, W. (2009). Decision making under risk and under ambiguity in Parkinson s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47, Delazer, M., Zamariana, L., Bonattia, E., Kuchukhidzea, G., Koppelstatter, F., Bodner, T., Trinka, E. (2010). Decision making under ambiguity and under risk in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neuropsychologia, 48, Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1985). Ambiguity and

A developmental study using the Soochow Gambling Task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113, 286 294. Bach, D. R., Hulme, O., Penny, W. D., & Dolan, R. J. (2011).

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, Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2003). Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Science, 299, 1898 1902. Frank, E., Florian, S., Ralf, S., Wolfram, B., Lars, T.

11 , Weber, B. J., & Tan, W. P. (2012). Ambiguity aversion in a delay analogue of the Ellsberg Paradox. Judgment and Decision Making, 7(4), The Cognitive and Neural Mechanism of Ambiguity Decision-making ZHANG Fenghua; ZHANG Yuting; XIANG Ling; HU Zhujing (School of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang , China) ( 2 Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou , China) Abstract: So far, numerous studies have focused on the exploration of cognitive and neural mechanism of risk decision-making, but less attention have been paid to that of decision-making under ambiguity. In reality, however, the circumstances of decision-making what we faced are usually ambiguity. Moreover, it still does not reach an agreement on whether decision-making under ambiguity is a kind of special and complicated risk decision-making or a kind of independent decision-making. Hence, it is necessary to reveal the underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms of decision-making under ambiguity. To solve this problem, firstly, using modified IGT task and GDT task, and applying ERP, biofeedback and genetic measures, we will examine the dissociation of decision-making under ambiguity and risk decision-making among Internet addicts and normal populations; Secondly, by modified IGT task and urn drawing task, and employing ERP and fmri techniques, we plan to investigate the cognitive and neural mechanism of decision-making under ambiguity; Finally, we will validate the above results from a developmental and clinical perspective. Overall, the findings will help to expand research areas of decision-making under ambiguity, and will provide important theoretical guidance to understand human beings decision-making mechanism under ambiguous conditions and clarify the relationship between the decision-making under ambiguity and risk decisionmaking. At last, the findings have great theoretical and practical values on guiding cognitive diagnosis and therapy for clinical populations such as the addicts and the brain-impaired patients, and on giving insights to the enterprises and the individuals in real decision-making situations. Key words: decision-making under ambiguity; risk decision-making; cognitive neuroscience; Iowa Gambling Task; meta analysis.

Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China) ( 2 Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou 310015, China) Abstract: So far, numerous studies

何秋琳张立春视觉学习研究进展视觉注意视觉感知

何秋琳张立春视觉学习研究进展视觉注意视觉感知第卷第期年月开放教育研究何秋琳张立春华南师范大学未来教育研究中心广东广州随着图像化技术和电子媒体的发展视觉学习也逐步发展为学习科学的一个研究分支得到研究人员和教育工作者的广泛关注基于此作者试图对视觉学习