VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA pp figs ) ( ) : : Palaeoscaptor cf. P. acridens Palaeoscaptor sp. Oligosciurus dangheens

Transcription

1 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA pp figs ) ( ) : : Palaeoscaptor cf. P. acridens Palaeoscaptor sp. Oligosciurus dangheensis gen. et sp. nov. Tataromys cf. T. sigmodon Karakoromys decessus Coelodontomys asiaticus Parasminthus spp. Cricetidae gen. et sp. indet. Desmatolagus gobiensis D. pusillus Allacerops sp. Schizotherium ordo2 sium Parabrachyodus sp. ( ), m2 ;, m2,,,, :,, : Q : A : (2004) , Bohlin, Bohlin (1942, 1946) Taben2buluk (, ), Taben2buluk, Bohlin (1942, 1946) Taben2buluk, 3 Taben2buluk Bohlin,,, (Bohlin, 1942, 1945, 1946, 1960 ;Li and Ting, 1983 ;,1995 ;,1997a) ,,, (,2003 ;Wang et al., 2003),,, 1) ( : ) ( : ) :

2 2 : 131, Rich (1981), (1996), Wang (1997b) L,W,AW, PW : IVPP,IVPP V ; IVPP Loc. DH (,2003, 1) 1 Order Erinaceomorpha Gregory, 1910 Erinaceidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 ( ) Palaeoscaptor cf. P. acridens Matthe w et Granger, 1924 ( 1,A) M1 ( IVPP V ), P3 P4 1 (V ) IVPP Loc. DH ; M1 ( V ) M1,,, V, V, V, 1 Fig. 1 Occlusal view of cheek teeth of Palaeoscaptor, P3 A. ( ) ( P. cf. P. acridens) left P4, M1(V ) ;B. ( ) Palaeoscaptor sp. P3, P4 left P4(V 13555) M1 Palaeoscaptor acridens, Amphechinus (L AW PW : ) P. acridens, P. acridens ( ) Palaeoscaptor sp. ( 1,B) P4 ( IVPP V 13555) IVPP Loc. DH ; P4 (V 13555) Palaeoscaptor acridens,

3 132 42,,,,, V P. acridens P4 P4 (L W) : (mm) Rodentia Bowdich, 1821 Sciuridae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 ( ) Oligosciurus dangheensis gen. et sp. nov. ( 2) m1 2 ( IVPP V 13556), 2 ( ) m1 2 (V 13556, ) IVPP Loc. DH ; m2 ;, m2 ; p4 ;,,,,, Oligos,,,, ;sciurus, skiouros, Danghe,,,, m2, Fig. 2 Right lower jaw with m1 2 (V 13556, holotype) m2, of Oligosciurus dangheensis gen. et sp. nov. p4 A. right m1 2 occlusal view ;B. lateral view of right lower jaw m1 m2,, p4 m m1 m2,,, 2 m2 m1, m2,,,,,,,, 1/ 3,,,, m1 m2,

4 2 : 133 m1, (L AW PW) m1, ; m2, V 13556,, 4 ;,,,, Sciuridae,V Douglassia Cedromus ( Emry and Korth, 1996 ; Korth and Emry, 1991), Douglassia Cedromus V 13556,,V 13556, m2,,v 13556, ( Oligosciurus dangheensis), Oligosciurus dangheensis,,, 2 m2 Douglassia Cedromus Oligosciurus, Sciuridae, Ctenodactylidae Gervais, 1853 ( ) Tataromys cf. T. sigmodon Matthe w et Granger, 1923 ( 3, A,B) M1/ 2 (V ), M1/ 2 (V ) m1 2 (V ) IVPP Loc. DH ; 3 Fig. 3 Occlusal view of cheek teeth of ctenodactylids and Coelodontomys A B. ( ) ( Tataromys cf. T. sigmodon), A. left M1/ 2(V ) ; B. left m1 2 (V ) ;C. ( Karakoromys decessus) left p4 m3 (V 13558) ; D. ( Coelodontomys asiaticus), left P4(V 13559)

5 134 42, M1 M2, M1/ 2 M1/ 2,L II I,,,, Tataromys sigmodon, T. sigmodon T. sigmodon, T. sigmodon, T. sig2 modon (L W) M1/ 2, ; m1, ; m2, Karakoromys decessus Matthe w et Granger, 1923 ( 3, C) p4 m2 m3 (V 13558) IVPP Loc. DH ; P4, X II, Karakoromys decessus, K. decessus (L W) p4, 1. 3e 0. 9e ; m1, ; m2, ; m3, (AW) Tsaganomyidae Matthe w et Granger, 1923 Coelodontomys asiaticus Wang, 2001 ( 3,D) P4 (V 13559) (V 13560) IVPP Locs. DH (V 13559) DH (V 13560) ; P4,, P4, 4,,, S, 3 Coelodontomys, C. asiaticus (L W) : , DH (V 13560),, Tsaganomys Coelodontomys, Dipodidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 ( ) Parasminthus spp. P4 (V ),M1 (V ) M1/ 2 (V ) 1 IVPP Loc. DH ; P4, P. asiae2centralis P. tangingoli P. tangingoli V M1,V M1/ 2

6 2 : 135 M1/ 2, P. parvulus, P. parvulus ( ) Cricetidae gen. et sp. indet. IVPP Loc. DH , 1 m1 (V 13563) m1,, (PW) :m1, 1. 1 Lagomorpha Brandt, 1855 Ochotonidae Thomas, 1897 Desmatolagus gobiensis Matthe w et Granger, 1923 ( 4,A,B) p4 m1 (V 13564), 1 p4 (V ), 2 m1 (V ), m3 (V ) p3 (V 13566) 1 IVPP Locs. DH (V 13565),DH (V 13564) (V 13566) ;, p3, p4 p4, m1 m3 D. gobiensis, (L W) p3, ; p4, ; m1, , , ; m3, Desmatolagus pusillus Teilhard de Chardin, 1926 ( 4, C,D) P4 M3 (V ) m1 (V ) IVPP Loc. DH ; D. gobiensis, 4 Fig. 4 Occlusal view of Desmatolagus, A B. ( Desmatolagus gobiensis),a. right, p3 (V 13566) ; B. left p4 m1 (V 13564) ;, C D. ( Desmatolagus pusillus),c. left D. pusillus P4 M3 (V ) ;D. left m1(v )

7 136 42, M1 3 (L), 3. 3 ; (L W) :P4, ; M1, ; M2, ; M3, ; m1, Perissodactyla Owen, 1848 Hyracodontidae Cope, 1879 ( ) Allacerops sp. ( 5, B) Aprotodon? sp.,2003,pp. 70, 74 m1 (V 13568) IVPP Loc. DH ; 5 Fig. 5 Allacerops, Schizotherium and Parabrachyops A. ( ) ( Parabrachyodus sp. ) left M1/ 2 (V 13570), occlusal view ; B. ( ) ( Allacerops sp. ) left m1 (V 13568), B1. occlusal view ; B2. lingual view ;C. ( Schizotherium ordosium) m2 3 m1 a segment of left lower jaw with m2 3 and posterior part of m1 (V ), C1. occlusal view ;C2. occlusal view, scale = 2 mm

8 2 : 137 V 13568,m1 U,,,,, (L AW PW) V Allacerops Allacerops,, A. turgaica, ( A. cf. A. turgaica) m mm(beliajeva, 1954 ; Reshetov et al., 1993 ;,1999), m1,,,, Chalicotheriidae Gill, 1872 Schizotherium ordosium Hu, 1959 ( 5,C) Phyllotillon sp., 2003, pp. 70, 74 m2 3 m1 (V ) (V ) IVPP Loc. DH ; V ,m3 m2, W,, m3, 2 W,, ( ) m2 (V ), 40,,, (L AW PW) m2, ; m3, ,, ,, Schizotherium Schizotherium 6, S. ordosium 5 (Coombs, 1978) V S. ordosium, Schizotherium 5, GVL 8710 ( Teilhard de Chardin, 1926 ;,1998) ( GVL 8713) V S. or2 dosium Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 Anthracotheriidae Leidy, 1869 ( ) Parabrachyodus sp. ( 5,A)

9 Cf. Sivameryx sp., 2003, pp. 70, 74 M1/ 2 (V ) IVPP Loc. DH ; V 13570, M1 M2, M1/ 2 M1/ 2, 5,,,,,,, M1/ 2 : mm V Parabrachyodus Parabrachyodus 1, Bugti P. hyopotamoides (Lydekker, 1883) Chitarwata Bugti - ( Welcomme et al., 2001), V,, V M1, M2,,V P. hyopotamoides, , 5 10 : Palaeo2 scaptor cf. P. acridens Palaeoscaptor sp. Oligosciurus dangheensis gen. et sp. nov. Tataromys cf. T. sigmodon Karakoromys decessus Coelodontomys asiaticus Parasminthus spp. Cricetidae gen. et sp. indet. Desmatolagus gobiensis D. pusillus Allacerops sp. Schizotherium ordosium Parabrachyodus sp. (, 2003) Karakoromys decessus Coelodontomys asi2 aticus Desmatolagus gobiensis Allacerops Tataromys sigmod2 on Desmatolagus pusillus Schizotherium ordosium Parabrachyodus Palaeoscaptor Parasminthus,, ( ),,,, W. Downs,,!

10 2 : 139 DISCOVERY OF EARLY OL IGOCENE MAMMAL IAN FOSSILS FROM DANGHE AREA, GANSU, CHINA Wang Ban2Yue QIU Zhan2Xiang ( Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing ) Key words Danghe area, Gansu Province, Oligocene, mammals Summary The lower reach of the Danghe River [ = Taben2buluk area of Bohlin (1942) ] is one of the classic areas of late Oligocene in the Asian Paleogene biostratigraphy (Bohlin, 1942, 1946). In 1999 and 2001 a joint team of Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ( IVPP), Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Gansu, and Provincial Museum of Gansu made a geologic survey of the Danghe area. During the survey some new mam2 malian fossils of early Oligocene were found. The new find indicates that the Danghe Basin received its Cenozoic deposits from early Oligocene rather than late Oligocene as previously thought. All of the specimens described here are collected from the lower part of the Paoniuquan Formation in the Tiejianggou valley, Aksay Kazak Autonomous County, Gansu Province. 1 Systematics Erinaceomorpha Gregory, 1910 Erinaceidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Palaeoscaptor cf. P. acridens Matthe w et Granger, 1924 (Fig. 1, A) Specimens A left M1 (V ), a right P3 and a left P4 (V ) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks M1 is rather short and wide and has a distinct paraconule, which are similar to Palaeoscaptor acridens rather than Amphechinus. However, V is smaller than the type of Palaeoscaptor acridens in size. Palaeoscaptor sp. (Fig. 1, B) Specimen A left P4 ( IVPP V 13555) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The P4 is similar to that of Palaeoscaptor acridens in having concave anterior and posterior margins and narrow waist. However, it is much larger than P. acridens in size. Rodentia Bowdich, 1821 Sciuridae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Oligosciurus dangheensis gen. et sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Holotype A segment of right lower jaw with m1 2 ( IVPP V 13556) from IVPP Loc. DH Diagnosis Small2sized and primitive sciurid ; anterior margin of masseteric fossa below m2, near vertical anterior margin of coronoid process rising from posterior part of m2 ; mental foramen lo2

11 cated anterior to posterior root of p4 ; cheek teeth very low crowned ; lower molars with narrower an2 terior side than the posterior side, extending anterobuccally hypoconid more protrusive than proto2 conid, distinct entoconid, hypolophid and mesostylid, more lingually located ectolophid, and with2 out mesoconid. Etymology Oligos, Greek, few, scanty ; sciurus, Latin, squirrel from Greek skiourus. Danghe valley is the area where the fossils were collected. Description The horizontal branch of the lower jaw is high. The anterior margin of the dis2 tinct masseteric fossa is located below m2. The rather steep anterior margin of the coronoid process rises from posterior part of m2. The mental foramen is located anterior to the posterior root of p4. The lower dental fomula : The cheek teeth are very low crowned. The m1 and m2 are trape2 zoid in occlusal view, wider than length and anterior margin narrower than posterior one, and have similar occlusal pattern. The m2 is less worn than m1 and shows short trigonid, high metaconid and large protoconid. The anterolophid is complete. The metalophid meets the metaconid to close the small trigonid basin. The transversely extending mesostylid is separated from the metaconid and en2 toconid. The extending anterobuccally hypoconid is more protrusive than the protoconid. The well2 developed entoconid is separated from the posterolophid. The hypolophid is present. The complete ectolophid is located rather lingually and without mesoconid. The talonid basin is broad and smooth. The buccal valley extends postero2lingually. Dimensions( see Chinese text) Comparison and discussion The cheek teeth of V are brachydont, of simple occlusal pattern, with four main cuspids. The lower molars are wider than long, with narrow and short trigo2 nid, complete metalophid, and distinct cuspids around the wide and shallow talonid. All these fea2 tures are identical with those of the Sciuridae. The lower molars of V has a hypolophid, simi2 lar to Douglassia from late Eocene and Cedromus from Oligocene in North America, rather than oth2 er sciurids. However, V is different from Douglassia and Cedromus in being much smaller in size, and in lacking mesoconid. In addition, V differs from all known sciurids, including Douglassia and Cedromus, in having a nearly vertical anterior margin of the coronoid process, more posteriorly located mental foramen and masseteric fossa. It seems that V represents a new genus and species distinct from all known sciurids, named here as Oligosciurus dangheensis. The above mentioned features of Oligosciurus danheensis are primitive in nature. Probably O. dan2 gheensis represents a primitive species of the Sciuridae. Ctenodactylidae Gervais, 1853 Tataromys cf. T. sigmodon Matthe w et Granger, 1923 (Fig. 3, A, B) Specimens 2 M1/ 2 (V ) and a segment of left lower jaw with m1 2 (V ) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The M1/ 2 is more lophodont. The metaloph bends posteriorly to meet the postero2 loph. The mesosinus is L2shaped. The lower molars have short trigonid. The lingual parts of the metalophiod I and II are fused and the trigonid is closed. The ectolophid is lingually located. All the features are identical with those of Tataromys sigmodon. But V is smaller than those of T. sigmodon. Karakoromys decessus Matthe w et Granger, 1923 (Fig. 3, C) Specimen A segment of left lower jaw with p4 m2 and anterior part of m3 (V 13558) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The cheek teeth are brachydont. The rather posteriorly extending metalophid II has no lingual part on the lower molars. The arm of the entolophid is transverse. The features are identi2 cal with those of K. decessus. The cheek teeth are within the range of the species in size.

12 2 : 141 Tsaganomyidae Matthe w et Granger, 1923 Coelodontomys asiaticus Wang, 2001 (Fig. 3, D) Specimens Left P4 (V 13559) from DH and a segment of incisor (V 13560) from DH Remarks The P4 is strongly unilateral hypsodont with open root, very short dentine part and well2developed cylindrical pulp cavity. The enamel on the occlusal surface is slightly thick. The young P4 shows four transverse lophs and protoloph and metaloph convergent to protocone. They are the features of Coelodontomys asiaticus. The P4 is within the range of this species in size. Dipodidae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 Parasminthus spp. Specimens 2 P4 (V ), 1 M1 (V ) and 1 M1/ 2 (V ) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The P4 is composed of a main cusp and posterior cingulum. It is similar to that of Parasminthus asiae2centralis and P. tangingoli. Its size is within the range of P. tangingoli. The M1/ 2 are similar to Parasminthus parvulus in lacking concavity between the hypocone and postero2 loph on the posterior wall, and being small sized. Cricetidae gen. et sp. indet. From IVPP Loc. DH a part of a left m1 (V 13563) is similar to Cricetidae in having short mesolophid and distinct ectomesolophid. Lagomorpha Brandt, 1855 Ochotonidae Thomas, 1897 Desmatolagus gobiensis Matthe w et Granger, 1923 (Fig. 4, A, B) Specimens A segment of left lower jaw with p4 m1 (V 13564) from IVPP Loc. DH ; 1 left p4 (V ), 2 left m1 (V ), 1 right m3 (V ) from DH ; and a right p3 (V 13566) from middle part of the Tiejianggou. Remarks The cheek teeth have high crown and distinct roots. The triangular p3 has a deep external reentrant. The talonid is narrower and lower than the trigonid on p4 m1. The occlusal features and the size of the cheek teeth are identical with those of Desmatolagus gobiensis. Desmatolagus pusillus Teilhard de Chardin, 1926 (Fig. 4, C, D) Specimens A segment of left upper jaw with P4 M3 (V ) and one left m1 (V ) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The cheek teeth have higher crown and smaller size than D. gobiensis. The upper cheek teeth are strong unilateral hypsodont, with buccal roots, but without lingual root. Having been strongly worn the occlusal surface of the upper cheek teeth became much wide and has a vestige of crescent valley, but has no distinct hypostria or enamel lake. The lower molar has very short root. All of these are identical with D. pusillus. In addition, they are within the range of those of the species in size. Perissodactyla Owen, 1848 Hyracodontidae Cope, 1879 Allacerops sp. (Fig. 5, B)

13 Aprotodon? sp. Wang et al., 2003,pp. 70, 74 Specimen A segment of left lower jaw with m1 (V 13568) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The m1 is rather high2crowned. The trigonid, higher than the talonid, is U2 shaped, with a short transverse anterior part of the paralophid. The anterior end of the hypolophid descends apparently before reaching the posterior wall of the metalophid, leaving a distinct cleft be2 tween the trigonid and talonid. The talonid basin is deeper than the trigonid one. These features are similar to those of Allacerops. Allacerops is known to include A. turgaica and A. cf. A. turgaica from Central Asia. However, the m1 of the present specimen is larger than that of the two other species in size. Chalicotheriidae Gill, 1872 Schizotherium ordosium Hu, 1959 (Fig. 5, C) Phyllotillon sp. Wang et al., 2003, pp. 70, 74 Specimens A segment of left lower jaw with m2 3 and posterior part of m1 (V ) and a phalange I (V ) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The m3 is similar to that of Schizotherium in having separated metastylid and meta2 conid and a well2developed hypoconulid. Among the 6 known species of Schizotherium, S. ordo2 sium is the largest one. The size of the specimens from Danghe area falls within the variation range of S. ordosium and larger than all the others. The phalange I is also similar to that of S. ordosium in having a strongly anteriorly inclined proximal articular surface. Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 Anthracotheriidae Leidy, 1869 Parabrachyodus sp. (Fig. 5, A) Cf. Sivameryx sp. Wang et al., 2003, pp. 70, 74 Specimen A left M1/ 2 (V ) from IVPP Loc. DH Remarks The M1/ 2 is brachydont and has five main cusps. The paracone and metacone are V2shaped with deeply concave external surfaces and distinct paracone rib and metacone rib. The well2developed mesostyle is arched externally. The prominent parastyle is smaller than the mesostyle but larger than the metastyle. The conic protoconule is distinct. The middle transverse valley is broad and covered with distinct wrinkles. These features are very similar to those of Parabrachyo2 dus. Parabrachyodus is known to be represented only by the type species, P. hyopotamoides from Bugti of Pakistan. V is different from P. hyopotamoides in having lower crown, more deeply concave external walls of paracone and metacone, and smaller paracone and metacone ribs. All these features are primitive. Probably V may represent a species more primitive than P. hy2 opotamoides. However, the specimen is too poor to be established as a new species. 2 Discussion The lower part of the Paoniuquan Formation of the Danghe area yielded 14 species of 11 ge2 nera, representing 10 families of 5 orders : Palaeoscaptor cf. P. acridens, Palaeoscaptor sp., Oligosciurus dangheensis gen. et sp. nov., Tataromys cf. T. sigmodon, Karakoromys decessus, Coelodontomys asiaticus, Parasminthus spp., Cricetidae gen. et sp. indet., Desmatolagus gobi2 ensis, D. pusillus, Allacerops sp., Schizotherium ordosium, and Parabrachyodus sp. This fauna was called as Dingdanggou Mammalian Fauna (Wang et al., 2003). Most of the taxa often occur in the early Oligocene in Asia. Karakoromys decessus, Coelodontomys asiaticus, Desmatolagus gobien2

14 2 : 143 sis and Allacerops are known to occur only in the early Oligocene. Tataromys sigmodon, Desmatola2 gus pusillus, Schizotherium ordosium and Parabrachyodus are known to range from late early Oligocene through late Oligocene. Palaeoscaptor and Parasminthus occur mainly in Oligocene and may survive in the early Miocene. It seems that the mammalian fauna from the lower part of the Pao2 niuquan Formation is of early Oligocene in age, probably late early Oligocene, based on the fauna mentioned above. References Beliajeva E I, Some data on Oligocene Rhinocerotoidea of Mongolia. Tr Paleont Inst, 55 : (in Russian) Bohlin B, The fossil mammals from the Tertiary deposits of Taben2buluk, Western Kansu, Part I : Insectivora and Lagomorpha. Palaeont Sin, New Ser C, (8a) : Bohlin B, Palaeontological and geological researches in Mongolia and Kansu Sino2Swedish Expedition Publication, 26 : Bohlin B, The fossil mammals from the Tertiary deposit of Taben2buluk, Western Kansu, Part II : Simplicidentata, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, and Primates. Palaeont Sin, New Ser C, (8b) : Bohlin B, Geological reconnaissances in Western Kansu and Kokonor. Sino2Swedish Expedition Publication, 44 : 1 79 Coombs M C, Additional Schizotherium material from China, and a review of Schizotherium dentitions (Perissodactyla, Chali2 cotheriidae). Am Mus Novit, (2647) : 1 18 Emry R J, Korth W W, The Chadronian squirrel Sciurus jeffersoni Douglass, 1901 : a new generic name, new material, and its bearing on the early evolution of Sciuridae (Rodentia). J Vert Paleont, 16(4) : Korth W W, Emry R J, The skull of Cedromus and a review of the Cedromurinae (Rodentia, Sciuridae). J Paleont, 65 (6) : Li C K, Ting S Y, The Paleogene mammals of China. Bull Carnegie Mus Nat Hist, 21 : 1 93 Lydekker R, Indian Tertiary and post2tertiary vertebrata. Part 5. Siwalik selenodont suina, etc. Palaeont India, Ser 10 : 1 36 Qiu Z D( ), Middle Miocene micromammalian fauna from Tunggur, Nei Mongol. Beijing : Science Press (in Chinese with English summary) Qiu Z X( ), Wang B Y( ), Allacerops (Rhinocerotoidea, Perissodactyla), its discovery in China and its sys2 tematic position. Vert PalAsiat ( ), 37(1) : (in Chinese with English summary) Qiu Z X( ), Wang B Y( ), Xie J Y( ), Mid2Tertiary chalicothere ( Perissodactyla) fossils from Lanzhou, Gansu, China. Vert PalAsiat ( ), 36 (4) : (in Chinese with English summary) Reshetov V, Spassov N, Baishashov B, Tenisia gen. nov. : Taxonomic revaluation of the Asian Oligocene rhinocerotoid Eggysodon turgacum (Borissiak, 1915) (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Hyracodontidae). Geobios, 26(6) : Rich T H V, Origin and history of the erinaceinae and brachyericinae (Mammalia, Insectivora) in North America. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist, 171(1) : Teilhard de Chardin P, Description de Mammif res Tertiaires de Chine et de Mongolie. Ann Pal ont, 15 : 1 52 Tong Y S( ), Zheng S H( ), Qiu Z D( ), Cenozoic mammal ages of China. Vert PalAsiat ( ), 33(4) : (in Chinese with English summary) Wang B Y ( ), 1997a. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Oligocene mammalian faunas. J Stratigr ( ), 21 (3) : (in Chinese with English abstract) Wang B Y, 1997b. The mid2tertiary Ctenodactylidae (Rodentia, Mammalia) of eastern and central Asia. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist, 234 : 1 88 Wang B Y( ), Qiu Z X ( ), Wang X M ( ), et al., Cenozoic stratigraphy in Danghe area, Gansu Province, and uplift of Tibetan Plateau. Vert PalAsiat ( ), 41(1) : (in Chinese with English summa2 ry) Wang X M, Wang B Y, Qiu Z X, et al., Danghe area (western Gansu, China) biostratigraphy and implications for deposi2 tional history and tectonics of northern Tibetan Plateau. Earth Planetary Sci Letters, 208 : Welcomme J 2L, Benammi M, Crochet J 2Y et al., Himalayan forelands : palaeontological evidence for Oligocene detrital de2 posits in the Bugti Hills (Balochistan, Pakistan). Geol Mag, 138(4) :