The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e(Chinese Simplified)

Transcription

1 L A TEX 2ε 106 L A TEX 2ε Tobias Oetiker Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Version 6.2, Februrary 28, 2018 CTEX 6.0

2 Copyright 2018 Chinese TEX Society. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

3 5.05 lshort-zh-cn ChinaTEX QQ ( ) ID hello ε 4.20 TEX lshort-zh-cn CTEX ID zpxing & 3 Frogge liwenjun lijian605 gprsnl haginile Frogge blackold zpxing CTEX CTEX ID overview.tex things.tex controlong typeset.tex cxterm math.tex, lssym.tex aloft spec.tex ganzhi custom.tex i

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5 Much of the material used in this introduction comes from an Austrian introduction to L A TEX 2.09 written in German by: Hubert Partl <partl@mail.boku.ac.at> Zentraler Informatikdienst der Universität für Bodenkultur Wien Irene Hyna <Irene.Hyna@bmwf.ac.at> Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung Wien Elisabeth Schlegl <no > in Graz If you are interested in the German document, you can find a version updated for L A TEX 2ε by Jörg Knappen at CTAN://info/lshort/german iii

6 iv The following individuals helped with corrections, suggestions and material to improve this paper. They put in a big effort to help me get this document into its present shape. I would like to sincerely thank all of them. Naturally, all the mistakes you ll find in this book are mine. If you ever find a word that is spelled correctly, it must have been one of the people below dropping me a line. Eric Abrahamsen, Lenimar Nunes de Andrade, Eilinger August, Rosemary Bailey, Barbara Beeton, Marc Bevand, Connor Blakey, Salvatore Bonaccorso, Pietro Braione, Friedemann Brauer, Markus Brühwiler, Jan Busa, David Carlisle, Neil Carter, Carl Cerecke, Mike Chapman, Pierre Chardaire, Xingyou Chen, Christopher Chin, Diego Clavadetscher, Wim van Dam, Benjamin Deschwanden Jan Dittberner, Michael John Downes, Matthias Dreier, David Dureisseix, Hans Ehrbar, Elliot, Rockrush Engch, William Faulk, Robin Fairbairns, Johan Falk, Jörg Fischer, Frank Fischli, Daniel Flipo, Frank, Mic Milic Frederickx, David Frey, Erik Frisk, Hans Fugal, Robert Funnell, Greg Gamble, Andy Goth, Cyril Goutte, Kasper B. Graversen, Arlo Griffiths, Alexandre Guimond, Neil Hammond, Christoph Hamburger, Rasmus Borup Hansen, Joseph Hilferty, Daniel Hirsbrunner, Martien Hulsen, Björn Hvittfeldt, Morten Høgholm, Werner Icking, Eric Jacoboni, Jakob, Alan Jeffrey, Martin Jenkins, Byron Jones, David Jones, Johannes-Maria Kaltenbach, Nils Kanning, Andrzej Kawalec, Christian Kern, Alain Kessi, Axel Kielhorn, Sander de Kievit, Kjetil Kjernsmo, Tobias Klauser, Jörg Knappen, Michael Koundouros, Matt Kraai, Tobias Krewer, Flori Lambrechts, Mike Lee, Maik Lehradt, Rémi Letot, Axel Liljencrantz, Jasper Loy, Johan Lundberg, Martin Maechler, Alexander Mai, Claus Malten, Kevin Van Maren, Pablo Markin, I. J. Vera Marún, Hendrik Maryns, Chris McCormack, Aleksandar S. Milosevic, Henrik Mitsch, Stefan M. Moser, Philipp Nagele, Richard Nagy, Manuel Oetiker, Urs Oswald, Hubert Partl, Marcelo Pasin, Martin Pfister, Lan Thuy Pham, Breno Pietracci, Demerson Andre Polli, Maksym Polyakov, Nikos Pothitos, John Refling, Mike Ressler, Brian Ripley, Kurt Rosenfeld, Bernd Rosenlecher, Chris Rowley, Young U. Ryu, Risto Saarelma, András Salamon, José Carlos Santos, Christopher Sawtell, Gilles Schintgen, Craig Schlenter, Hanspeter Schmid, Baron Schwartz, Jordi Serra i Solanich, Miles Spielberg, Susan Stewart, Matthieu Stigler, Geoffrey Swindale, Laszlo Szathmary, Boris Tobotras, Josef Tkadlec, Scott Veirs, Didier Verna, Carl-Gustav Werner, Fabian Wernli, Matthew Widmann, David Woodhouse, Chris York, Rick Zaccone, Fritz Zaucker, and Mikhail Zotov.

7 L A TEX [1] (Document Preparing System) L A TEX TEX [6] L A TEX 2ε L A TEX [1, 2] L A TEX lshort L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX TikZ L A TEX A TEX B L A TEX L A TEX Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN) mirrors.ctan.org CTAN CTAN:// CTAN TEX A TEX CTAN://systems v

8 vi L A TEX CTEX lshort CTAN://info/lshort/chinese CTAN://info/lshort

9 i iii v vii L A TEX TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX ASCII UTF xecjk ctex L A TEX L A TEX vii

10 viii AMS L A TEX amsthm L A TEX AMS fontspec (xelatex) xecjk geometry fancyhdr BIBTEX BIBTEX BIBTEX BIBTEX natbib makeindex makeindex hyperref PDF PDF TikZ TikZ TikZ TikZ TikZ... 90

11 ix L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX. 95 A TEX 97 A.1 TEX A A A B 101 B.1 L A TEX B B B B B B GNU Free Documentation License L A TEX book L A TEX fancyhdr books.bib demo.tex TikZ

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13 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX TEX TEX (Donald E.Knuth) [6] 1977 TEX TEX bit TEX Bug TEX π TEX Tech ch h TEX τεχνική (technique ) ASCII TEX TeX L A TEX L A TEX TEX L A TEX Leslie Lamport [1] L A TEX TEX L A TEX L A TEX3 1 L A TEX Lah-tech Lay-tech L A TEX ASCII LaTeX L A TEX L A TEX 2ε ASCII LaTeX2e L A TEX L A TEX What You See Is What You Get L A TEX 1 1

14 2 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX B.3 The L A TEX companion[2] L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX TEX Windows macos OS X GNU/Linux FreeBSD L A TEX 106 L A TEX 2ε 106 L A TEX C++ Python L A TEX L A TEX 1.2 L A TEX L A TEX 1.1 \documentclass{article} \begin{document} Hello world! from \LaTeX. \end{document} 1.1: L A TEX 1.1 helloworld.txt TEXworks TEXstudio XeLaTeX helloworld.pdf Windows Linux / macos OS X xelatex helloworld helloworld.pdf

15 1.3 L A TEX pdftex X TEX E L A TEX plain TEX \documentclass \section xelatex X L A TEX 1.1 TEX E 1.1: TEX plain TEX L A TEX TEX DVI tex N/A pdftex DVI etex latex PDF pdftex pdflatex X TEX PDF xetex xelatex E LuaTEX PDF luatex lualatex latex L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX latex latex latex pdftex dvi Device Independent dvipdfmx pdf pdflatex pdftex pdf xelatex X TEX UTF-8 TrueType / OpenType E xelatex 2.2 lualatex LuaTEX pdftex UTF-8 TrueType / OpenType Lua TEX lualatex luatex-ja 1.3 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX \ \LaTeX

16 4 L A TEX \$ L A TEX \LaTeX L A TEX \Latex \LaTex L A TEX 2 Shall we call ourselves \TeX users or \TeX{} users? Shall we call ourselves TEXusers or TEX users? L A TEX { } [ ] * L A TEX L A TEX \begin \end \begin{ environment name }{ arguments }... \end{ environment name } environment name \begin \end arguments L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX \documentclass \documentclass{...} \usepackage \usepackage{...} document \begin{document} \section{...} \end{document} \documentclass \begin{document} \usepackage 1.4 L A TEX \ \TeX\ user TEX user

17 1.4 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX \documentclass \documentclass[ options ]{ class-name } class-name L A TEX article, book, report ctexart / ctexbook / ctexrep moderncv / beamer L A TEX : L A TEX article report book proc slides minimal article Minimal Working Example options article A4 11pt \documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article} L A TEX 10pt, 11pt, 12pt 10pt a4paper, letterpaper,... letterpaper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper twoside, oneside / article report oneside book twoside onecolumn, twocolumn / onecolumn openright, openany \chapter report openany book openright article landscape titlepage, notitlepage \maketitle article notitlepage report book titlepage fleqn leqno draft, final final /

18 6 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX \usepackage[ options ]{ package-name } \usepackage package-name 3 % \usepackage{tabularx,makecell,multirow} B.3 \usepackage A.2 L A TEX Windows Linux texdoc pkg-name pkg-name B L A TEX.tex L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX.sty.cls.bib BIBTEX.bst BIBTEX L A TEX.dvi.pdf L A TEX.log.aux L A TEX.toc L A TEX.lof L A TEX 3

19 1.6 7.lot L A TEX.bbl BIBTEX.blg BIBTEX.idx L A TEX makeindex.ind makeindex.idx.ilg makeindex.out hyperref PDF 1.6 L A TEX 3.1 L A TEX \include \include{ filename } filename \include{chapters/a.tex} % \include{/home/bob/file.tex} % Linux/macOS \include{d:/file.tex} % Windows filename.tex \include filename \input \input{ filename } L A TEX \includeonly \includeonly{ filename1, filename2,...} \includeonly \include syntonly \syntaxonly L A TEX DVI PDF \usepackage{syntonly} \syntaxonly % \syntaxonly

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21 L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX TEX CCT CJK xelatex xecjk ctex 2.1 L A TEX ASCII byte 8-bit 0x00-0xFF ASCII 0x00-0x7F 7-bit QWERTY TEX ASCII TEX 7-bit ASCII Möbius M\"obius ASCII Latin-1 Shift- JIS GB GBK ASCII TEX L A TEX TEX bit 0x80-0xFF 0x80-0xFF latex pdflatex inputenc Latin-1 \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} Möbius Möbius GBK ASCII ASCII CJK CJK 9

22 10 L A TEX UTF-8 Unicode UTF-8 Unicode ASCII latex pdflatex inputenc UTF-8 \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} xelatex lualatex UTF-8 inputenc.tex UTF-8 fontspec babel polyglossia xecjk L A TEX TEX 256 CJK 1 xelatex TrueType (.ttf) / OpenType (.otf) UTF-8 xecjk xecjk Windows xecjk UTF-8 xelatex \documentclass{article} \usepackage{xecjk} \setcjkmainfont{simsun} \begin{document} \LaTeX{} \end{document} ctex ctex CJK xecjk ctex ctexart / ctexrep / ctexbook L A TEX L A TEX ctex / \documentclass{ctexart} \begin{document} \LaTeX{} \end{document} 1 pdflatex latex + dvipdfmx

23 2.3 L A TEX 11 ctex GBK latex + dvipdfmx pdflatex ctex UTF-8 xelatex 2.3 L A TEX L A TEX Tab \par Several spaces equal one. Front spaces are ignored. An empty line starts a new paragraph.\par A \verb \par command also starts a new line. Several spaces equal one. Front spaces are ignored. An empty line starts a new paragraph. A \par command also starts a new line L A TEX % This is an % short comment % --- % Long and organized % comments % --- example: Comments do not bre% ak a word. This is an example: break a word. Comments do not L A TEX % $ ^ _ & # $ % & { } _ ^ ~ \ \# \$ \% \& \{ \} \_ \^{} \~{} \textbackslash # $ % & { } _ ˆ \ L A TEX \^ \~ \\ \textbackslash

24 12 L A TEX Ligatures ff / fi / fl / ffi / ffl It s difficult to find \ldots.\\ It s dif{}f{}icult to f{}ind \ldots. It s difficult to find.... It s difficult to find ASCII L A TEX " Please press the x key. Please press the x key. L A TEX en-dash em-dash - daughter-in-law, X-rated\\ pages \\ yes---or no? daughter-in-law, X-rated pages yes or no? L A TEX \ldots \ldots \dots one, two, three, \ldots one hundred. one, two, three,... one hundred \~ \~ \sim 1\~{}3 \qquad 1$\sim$ L A TEX H\^otel, na\"\i ve, \ el\ eve,\\ sm\o rrebr\o d,! Se\ norita!,\\ Sch\"onbrunner Schlo\ss{} Stra\ss e Hôtel, naïve, élève, smørrebrød, Se norita!, Schönbrunner Schloß Straße

25 : L A TEX ò \ o ó \ o ô \^o õ \~o ō \=o ȯ \.o ö \"o o \r o ŏ \u o ǒ \v o ő \H o o \c o ọ \d o ō \b o oo \t{oo} œ \oe Œ \OE æ \ae Æ \AE å \aa Å \AA ß \ss ø \o Ø \O ł \l Ł \L ı \i ȷ \j!? \^o \^{o} L A TEX 4.4 \P{} \S{} \dag{} \ddag{} \copyright{} \pounds{} \textasteriskcentered \textperiodcentered \textbullet \textregistered{} \texttrademark [15] TEX L A TEX L A TEX TEX L A TEX L A TEX 2ε \TeX \LaTeX \LaTeXe 2.4 L A TEX \underline An \underline{underlined} text. An underlined text. \underline ulem \uline

26 14 L A TEX An example of \uline{some long and underlined words.} An example of some long and underlined words. \emph \emph \emph Some \emph{emphasized words, including \emph{double-emphasized} words}, are shown here. Some emphasized words, including doubleemphasized words, are shown here L A TEX ~ tie Fig.~2a \\ Donale~E. Knuth Fig. 2a Donale E. Knuth \\[ length ] \newline \\ length \newline \\ \newline \newpage or \clearpage \newpage L A TEX L A TEX \linebreak[ n ] \pagebreak[ n ] \nolinebreak[ n ] \nopagebreak[ n ]

27 n / \linebreak[3] \nopagebreak \nopagebreak[4] / \newline \newpage L A TEX L A TEX - \- I think this is: su\-per\-cal\-% i\-frag\-i\-lis\-tic\-ex\-pi\-% al\-i\-do\-cious. I think this is: supercalifragilisticexpialidocious. 2 \newline \newpage / \linebreak \pagebreak / LATEX Underfull \hbox

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29 article report book 1 \chapter{ title } \section{ title } \subsection{ title } \subsubsection{ title } \paragraph{ title } \subparagraph{ title } \chapter book report \part \chapter \section \part{ title } 5.4 \section[ short title ]{ title } title short title \section*{ title } \paragraph \subparagraph \part article \section / \subsection / \subsubsection report/book \chapter / \section / \subsection L A TEX \section titlesec 1 beamer moderncv 17

30 L A TEX \tableofcontents Contents 8.4 \chapter* \section* \addcontentsline{toc}{ level }{ title } level chapter section title \appendix 2 \appendix A book \frontmatter \chapter \mainmatter 1 \backmatter \chapter \appendix \include 3.2 L A TEX \title{ title } \author{ author } \date{ date } \title \author \date L A TEX \today \date \today \title \author \thanks \and \maketitle \maketitle 3.2 article report book \documentclass titlepage / notitlepage L A TEX titlepage \maketitle titlepage \maketitle 2 \begin {appendix}... \end {appendix} \appendix

31 \documentclass[...]{book} % \usepackage{...} \usepackage{makeidx} \makeindex \bibliographystyle{...} \begin{document} \frontmatter \maketitle % \include{preface} % preface.tex \tableofcontents \mainmatter \include{chapter1} % chapter1.tex \include{chapter2} % chapter2.tex... \appendix \include{appendixa} % A appendixa.tex... \backmatter \include{prologue} % prologue.tex \bibliography{...} % BibTeX \printindex % makeindex \end{document} 3.1: book \title{test title} \author{ Mary\thanks{ *****@***.com} \and Ted\thanks{Corresponding author} \and Louis} \date{\today} Test title *****@***.com Corresponding author Mary Ted Louis September 10, : L A TEX

32 20 \renewcommand{\maketitle}{\begin{titlepage}... % \end{titlepage}} titlepage \maketitle titlepage L A TEX \title \author titlepage 3.3 L A TEX \label \label{ label-name } \ref \pageref \ref{ label-name } \pageref{ label-name } A reference to this subsection \label{sec:this} looks like: see section~\ref{sec:this} on page~\pageref{sec:this}. A reference to this subsection looks like: see section 3.3 on page 20. \label \section enumerate \item \item \caption \section* \caption* \item \label 3.4 \footnote \footnote{ footnote } \footnote{ }

33 \footnote \footnotemark \footnotetext \begin{tabular}{l} \hline \footnotemark \\ \hline \end{tabular} \footnotetext{ } 4 \marginpar \marginpar[ left-margin ]{ right-margin } right-margin left-margin left-margin \marginpar{\footnotesize } L A TEX enumerate itemize \item enumerate \begin{enumerate} \item... \end{enumerate} \item \begin{enumerate} \item An item. \begin{enumerate} \item A nested item.\label{itref} \item[*] A starred item. \end{enumerate} \item Reference(\ref{itref}). \end{enumerate} 1. An item. (a) A nested item. * A starred item. 2. Reference(1a). 3 4

34 22 \begin{itemize} \item An item. \begin{itemize} \item A nested item. \item[+] A plus item. \item Another item. \end{itemize} \item Go back to upper level. \end{itemize} An item. A nested item. + A plus item. Another item. Go back to upper level. description \item \begin{description} \item[ item title ]... \end{description} \begin{description} \item[enumerate] Numbered list. \item[itemize] Non-numbered list. \end{description} Enumerate Numbered list. Itemize Non-numbered list. \labelitemi \labelitemiv \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{\ddag} \renewcommand{\labelitemii}{\dag} \begin{itemize} \item First item \begin{itemize} \item Subitem \item Subitem \end{itemize} \item Second item \end{itemize} First item Subitem Subitem Second item \labelenumi \labelenumiv 8.3 \renewcommand{\labelenumi}% {\Alph{enumi}>} \begin{enumerate} \item First item \item Second item \end{enumerate} A> First item B> Second item L A TEX enumitem enumitem

35 center flushleft flushright \begin{center}... \end{center} \begin{flushleft}... \end{flushleft} \begin{flushright}... \end{flushright} \begin{center} Centered text using a \verb center environment. \end{center} \begin{flushleft} Left-aligned text using a \verb flushleft environment. \end{flushleft} \begin{flushright} Right-aligned text using a \verb flushright environment. \end{flushright} Centered text using a center environment. Left-aligned text using a flushleft environment. Right-aligned text using a flushright environment. \centering \raggedright \raggedleft \centering Centered text paragraph. \raggedright Left-aligned text paragraph. \raggedleft Right-aligned text paragraph. Centered text paragraph. Left-aligned text paragraph. Right-aligned text paragraph. \flushleft raggedright center \centering table figure \centering center L A TEX quote quotation Francis Bacon says: \begin{quote} Knowledge is power. \end{quote} Francis Bacon says: Knowledge is power.

36 24 \begin{quotation} \end{quotation} verse quotation verse Rabindranath Tagore s short poem: \begin{verse} Beauty is truth s smile when she beholds her own face in a perfect mirror. \end{verse} Rabindranath Tagore s short poem: Beauty is truth s smile when she beholds her own face in a perfect mirror abstract article report \maketitle titlepage quotation \section* verbatim \begin{verbatim} #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello, world!" << std::endl; return 0; } \end{verbatim} #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << "Hello, world!" << std::endl; return 0; } \begin{verbatim*} for (int i=0; i<4; ++i) printf("number %d\n",i); \end{verbatim*} for (int i=0; i<4; ++i) printf("number %d\n",i); \verb \verb delim code delim

37 delim verbatim \verb \verb \LaTeX \\ \verb+(a b)+ \verb*+(a b)+ \LaTeX (a b) (a b) \verb verbatim verbatim \verbatiminput fancyvrb Verbatim listings 3.6 L A TEX Word tabular \begin{tabular}{ column-spec } item1 & item2 &... \\ \hline item1 & item2 &... \\ \end{tabular} column-spec & \\ \hline tabular tabular \begin{tabular}{ c } center-\\ aligned \\ \end{tabular}, \begin{tabular}[t]{ c } top-\\ aligned \\ \end{tabular}, \begin{tabular}[b]{ c } bottom-\\ aligned\\ \end{tabular} tabulars. centeraligned,, topaligned bottomaligned tabulars. tabular table \caption tabular column-spec

38 26 3.1: L A TEX l/c/r / / p{ width } string } string \begin{tabular}{lcr p{6em}} \hline left & center & right & par box with fixed width\\ L & C & R & P \\ \hline \end{tabular} left center right par box with L C R P fixed @{} \begin{tabular}{@{} \hline 1 & 1 & one \\ 11 & 3 & eleven \\ \hline \end{tabular} 1:1 one 11:3 eleven L A TEX *{ n }{ column-spec } \begin{tabular}{ c c c c c p{4em} p{4em} } \begin{tabular}{ *{5}{c }*{2}{p{4em} }} \bfseries array > < \begin{tabular}{>{\itshape}r<{*}l} \hline italic & normal \\ column & column \\ \hline \end{tabular} italic* column* normal column \centering p \arraybackslash 5 5 \centering \\ \arraybackslash \arraybackslash \tabularnewline \\

39 \begin{tabular} {>{\centering\arraybackslash}p{9em}} \hline Some center-aligned long text. \\ \hline \end{tabular} Some center-aligned long text. array p m b \newcommand\txt {a b c d e f g h i} \begin{tabular}{cp{2em}m{2em}b{2em}} \hline pos & \txt & \txt & \txt \\ \hline \end{tabular} pos a b c d e f g h i a b c d e f g h i a b c d e f g h i L A TEX l/c/r p array L A TEX \fill \begin{tabular*}{14em}% {@{\extracolsep{\fill}} c c c c } \hline A & B & C & D \\ \hline a & b & c & d \\ \hline \end{tabular*} A B C D a b c d tabularx X p X X array \begin{tabularx}{14em}% { *{4}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X }} \hline A & B & C & D \\ \hline a & b & c & d \\ \hline \end{tabularx} A B C D a b c d \hline \cline{ i - j }

40 28 \begin{tabular}{ c c c } \hline 4 & 9 & 2 \\ \cline{2-3} 3 & 5 & 7 \\ \cline{1-1} 8 & 1 & 6 \\ \hline \end{tabular} booktabs \toprule \midrule \bottomrule \cline \cmidrule \begin{tabular}{cccc} \toprule & \multicolumn{3}{c}{numbers} \\ \cmidrule{2-4} & 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \midrule Alphabet & A & B & C \\ Roman & I & II& III \\ \bottomrule \end{tabular} Numbers Alphabet A B C Roman I II III L A TEX \multicolumn \multicolumn{ n }{ column-spec }{ item } n column-spec l/c/r p \begin{tabular}{ c c c } \hline 1 & 2 & Center \\ \hline \multicolumn{2}{ c }{3} & \multicolumn{1}{r }{Right} \\ \hline 4 & \multicolumn{2}{c }{C} \\ \hline \end{tabular} 1 2 Center 3 Right 4 C \multicolumn{1}{ column-spec }{ item } multirow \multirow \multirow{ n }{ width }{ item } width * \cline \multicolumn \multirow

41 \begin{tabular}{ccc} \hline \multirow{2}{*}{item} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{value} \\ \cline{2-3} & First & Second \\ \hline A & 1 & 2 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Value Item First Second A L A TEX \begin{tabular}{ c c c } \hline a & b & c \\ \hline a & \multicolumn{1}{@{}c@{} } {\begin{tabular}{c c} e & f \\ \hline e & f \\ \end{tabular}} & c \\ \hline a & b & c \\ \hline \end{tabular} a b c e f a c e f a b c makecell \makecell \begin{tabular}{ c c } \hline a & \makecell{d1 \\ d2} \\ \hline b & c \\ \hline \end{tabular} a b d1 d2 c L A TEX \arraystretch \renewcommand\arraystretch{1.8} \begin{tabular}{ c } \hline Really loose \\ \hline tabular rows.\\ \hline \end{tabular} Really loose tabular rows.

42 30 \\ \begin{tabular}{c} \hline Head lines \\[6pt] tabular lines \\ tabular lines \\ \hline \end{tabular} Head lines tabular lines tabular lines [] \\ {} \\[0pt] 3.7 L A TEX graphicx latex + dvipdfmx graphicx dvipdfmx 6 pdflatex xelatex L A TEX.eps.jpg.eps L A TEX 3.2.eps pdflatex xelatex 3.2: latex + dvipdfmx.eps n/a bmpsize.eps.pdf.jpg.png.bmp pdflatex.pdf.jpg.png epstopdf.pdf.eps.jpg.png xelatex.pdf.eps.jpg.png.bmp TEX latex + dvipdfmx pdflatex pdflatex.jpg.png graphicx \includegraphics \includegraphics[ options ]{ filename } filename \include 1.6 graphicx \graphicspath 6 latex + dvips.dvi.ps PostScript ps2pdf PDF dvips dvipdfmx LATEX dvips dvipdfmx dvips 6.4 hyperref

43 % figures logo \graphicspath{{figures/}{logo/}} \includegraphics options key = value 3.3: \includegraphics width= width height= height scale= scale angle= angle width height scale angle 3.8 L A TEX L A TEX \mbox{...} \makebox[ width ][ align ]{...} \mbox \mbox \makebox width align c l r s 7 \mbox{test some words.} \\ \makebox[10em]{test some words.} \\ \makebox[10em][l]{test some words.} \\ \makebox[10em][r]{test some words.} \\ \makebox[10em][s]{test some words.} Test some words. Test some words. Test some words. Test some words. Test some words \fbox \framebox \mbox \makebox 7 Underfull \hbox

44 32 \fbox{...} \framebox[ width ][ align ]{...} \fbox{test some words.}\\ \framebox[10em][r]{test some words.} Test some words. Test some words. \setlength \fboxrule \fboxsep \framebox[10em][r]{test box}\\[1ex] \setlength{\fboxrule}{1.6pt} \setlength{\fboxsep}{1em} \framebox[10em][r]{test box} Test box Test box L A TEX \parbox[ align ][ height ][ inner-align ]{ width }{...} \begin{minipage}[ align ][ height ][ inner-align ]{ width }... \end{minipage} align tabular height inner-align \makebox inner-align t b c s \parbox[t]{3em}% { } \quad \begin{minipage}[b][8ex][t]{4em} \end{minipage} minipage \footnote minipage Mini-page \parbox \footnote \footnotemark \footnotetext \fbox{\begin{minipage}{15em}% \footnote{ minipage } \end{minipage}} a a minipage \rule \rule[ raise ]{ width }{ height }

45 Black \rule{12pt}{4pt} box. Upper \rule[4pt]{6pt}{8pt} and lower \rule[-4pt]{6pt}{8pt} box. A \rule[-.4pt]{3em}{.4pt} line. Black box. Upper and lower box. A line. 3.9 L A TEX L A TEX figure table figure table table figure \begin{table}[ placement ]... \end{table} placement hbp table figure tbp 3.4: h t b p! 1 LATEX h-t-b-p [!htp] [ph!t] % 30% L A TEX table* figure* table figure placement tp \clearpage htbp float H htbp! H multicol \caption

46 34 \caption{...} \caption \section \caption* \caption[...]{...} \caption \label \caption Figure 1:... figure Table 1:... table \figurename \tablename 8.4 caption table figure \listoftables \listoffigures \\ 3.1 \begin{figure}[htbp] \centering \includegraphics[width=...]{...} \qquad \includegraphics[width=...]{...} \\[..pt] \includegraphics[width=...]{...} \caption{...} \end{figure} 3.1: \caption \parbox minipage \begin{figure}[htbp] \centering \begin{minipage}{...} \centering \includegraphics[width=...]{...} \caption{...}

47 \end{minipage} \qquad \begin{minipage}{...} \centering \includegraphics[width=...]{...} \caption{...} \end{minipage} \end{figure} 3.2: 1 3.3: 2 subfig 3.4 subfig \begin{figure}[htbp] \centering \subfloat[...]{\label{sub-fig-1}% \begin{minipage}{...} \centering \includegraphics[width=...]{...} \end{minipage} } \qquad \subfloat[...]{% \begin{minipage}{...} \centering \includegraphics[width=...]{...} \end{minipage} } \caption{...} \end{figure} (a) 1 (b) 2 3.4: subfig \subfloat

48

49 L A TEX 4.1 AMS AMS AMS (American Mathematical Society) L A TEX amsmath amsfonts amssymb amsthm L A TEX amsmath $ The Pythagorean theorem is $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$. The Pythagorean theorem is a 2 + b 2 = c 2. L A TEX equation equation \label \ref amsmath \eqref \tag \notag \nonumber The Pythagorean theorem is: \begin{equation} a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \label{pythagorean} \end{equation} Equation \eqref{pythagorean} is called Gougu theorem in Chinese. The Pythagorean theorem is: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 (4.1) Equation (4.1) is called Gougu theorem in Chinese. 37

50 38 It s wrong to say \begin{equation} = 3 \tag{dumb} \end{equation} or \begin{equation} = 4 \notag \end{equation} It s wrong to say = 3 (dumb) or = 4 \[ \] 1 displaymath equation* \begin{equation*} a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \end{equation*} For short: \[ a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \] Or if you like the long one: \begin{displaymath} a^2 + b^2 = c^2 \end{displaymath} a 2 + b 2 = c 2 For short: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 Or if you like the long one: a 2 + b 2 = c 2 In text: $\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6}$. In display: \[ \lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{1}{k^2} = \frac{\pi^2}{6} \] n In text: lim n k=1 1 k = π In display: lim n n k=1 1 k 2 = π2 6 fleqn leqno $ \[ equation L A TEX 1. \quad \qquad TEX $$ fleqn

51 \\ \mathrm amsmath \text 2 $x^{2} \geq 0 \qquad \text{for \textbf{all} } x\in\mathbb{r}$ x 2 0 for all x R 4.3 L A TEX L A TEX amssymb 4.9 [15] α (\alpha) β (\beta) Γ (\Gamma) (\Delta) (\infty) (\dots) (\cdots) $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ \\ $a_1 + a_2 + \cdots + a_n$ a 1, a 2,..., a n a 1 + a a n \ldots \dots (\vdots)... (\ddots) L A TEX ^ _ $p^3_{ij} \qquad m_\mathrm{knuth}\qquad \sum_{k=1}^3 k $\\[5pt] $a^x+y \neq a^{x+y}\qquad e^{x^2} \neq {e^x}^2$ p 3 ij m Knuth 3 k=1 k a x + y = a x+y e x2 e x2 ( ) $f(x) = x^2 \quad f (x) = 2x \quad f ^{2}(x) = 4$ f(x) = x 2 f (x) = 2x f 2 (x) = 4 2 \text \text

52 \frac{ }{ } amsmath \dfrac \tfrac In display style: \[ 3/8 \qquad \frac{3}{8} \qquad \tfrac{3}{8} \] In text style: $1\frac{1}{2}$~hours \qquad $1\dfrac{1}{2}$~hours In display style: 3/8 3 8 In text style: hours hours \sqrt{...} n \sqrt[n ]{...} $\sqrt{x} \Leftrightarrow x^{1/2} \quad \sqrt[3]{2} \quad \sqrt{x^{2} + \sqrt{y}}$ x x 1/2 3 2 x2 + y amsmath \binom Pascal s rule is \[ \binom{n}{k} =\binom{n-1}{k} + \binom{n-1}{k-1} \] Pascal s rule is ( ) ( n n 1 = k k ) + ( ) n 1 k L A TEX = > < = (\ne) (\ge) (\le) 3 (\approx) (\equiv) (\propto) (\sim) L A TEX \stackrel \[ f_n(x) \stackrel{*}{\approx} 1 \] f n (x) L A TEX + / (\times) (\div) (\cdot) ± (\pm) / (\mp) (\nabla) (\partial) L A TEX 3 (\leqslant) (\geqslant) amssymb 4.16

53 : L A TEX \sin \arcsin \sinh \exp \dim \cos \arccos \cosh \log \ker \tan \arctan \tanh \lg \hom \cot \arg \coth \ln \deg \sec \csc \lim \limsup \liminf \sup \inf \min \max \det \Pr \gcd \[ \lim_{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin x}{x}=1 \] sin x lim x 0 x = 1 L A TEX \pmod \bmod $a\bmod b \\ x\equiv a \pmod{b}$ a mod b x a (mod b) 4.1 amsmath \DeclareMathOperator \DeclareMathOperator{\argh}{argh} \DeclareMathOperator*{\nut}{Nut} \[\argh 3 = \nut_{x=1} 4x\] argh 3 = Nut x=1 4x (\int) (\sum) In text: $\sum_{i=1}^n \quad \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad \oint_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad \prod_\epsilon $ \\ In display: \[\sum_{i=1}^n \quad \int_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad \oint_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad \prod_\epsilon \] In text: n i=1 In display: n i=1 π 2 0 π 2 0 π 2 0 π 2 0 ϵ ϵ

54 42 \limits \nolimits lim In text: $\sum\limits_{i=1}^n \quad \int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad \prod\limits_\epsilon $ \\ In display: \[\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^n \quad \int\limits_0^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \quad \prod\nolimits_\epsilon \] In text: n i=1 In display: π 2 0 n i=1 ϵ π 2 0 ϵ amsmath \substack subarray (c) (l) \[ \sum_{\substack{0\le i\le n \\ j\in \mathbb{r}}} P(i,j) = Q(n) \] \[ \sum_{\begin{subarray}{l} 0\le i\le n \\ j\in \mathbb{r} \end{subarray}} P(i,j) = Q(n) \] 0 i n j R 0 i n j R P (i, j) = Q(n) P (i, j) = Q(n) ṙ (\dot{r}) r (\ddot{r}) r (\vec{r}) ê (\hat{\mathbf{e}}) 4.9 $\bar{x_0} \quad \bar{x}_0$\\[5pt] $\vec{x_0} \quad \vec{x}_0$\\[5pt] $\hat{\mathbf{e}_x} \quad \hat{\mathbf{e}}_x$ x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 eˆ x ê x L A TEX \overline \underline \widehat \overrightarrow $0.\overline{3} = \underline{\underline{1/3}}$ \\[5pt] $\hat{xy} \qquad \widehat{xy}$\\[5pt] $\vec{ab} \qquad \overrightarrow{ab}$ 0.3 = 1/3 ˆ XY AB XY AB \overbrace \underbrace / /

55 $\underbrace{\overbrace{a+b+c}^6 \cdot \overbrace{d+e+f}^7} _\text{meaning of life} = 42$ 6 7 {}}{{}}{ a + b + c d + e + f }{{} meaning of life = \rightarrow ( \to) \leftarrow \gets 4.10 amsmath \xleftarrow \xrightarrow \[ a\xleftarrow{x+y+z} b \] \[ c\xrightarrow[x<y]{a*b*c}d \] a x+y+z b c a b c d x<y L A TEX () [] {} \{ \} \langle \rangle / ${a,b,c} \neq \{a,b,c\}$ a, b, c {a, b, c} \left \right L A TEX \left \right \left. \right. \[1 + \left(\frac{1}{1-x^{2}} \right)^3 \qquad \left.\frac{\partial f}{\partial t} \right _{t=0}\] ( ) 3 1 f x 2 t t=0 L A TEX \big \bigg \left \bigl \biggl \right \bigr \biggr \bigl \bigr $\Bigl((x+1)(x-1)\Bigr)^{2}$\\ $\bigl( \Bigl( \biggl( \Biggl( \quad \bigr\} \Bigr\} \biggr\} \Biggr\} \quad \big\ \Big\ \bigg\ \Bigg\ \quad \big\downarrow \Big\Downarrow \bigg\downarrow \Bigg\Downarrow$ ( ) 2 (x + 1)(x 1) ( ((( } }}} \big \bigg \left \right array aligned \big \bigg

56 amsmath multline \\ \begin{multline} a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i \\ = j + k + l + m + n\\ = o + p + q + r + s\\ = t + u + v + x + z \end{multline} a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i = j + k + l + m + n = o + p + q + r + s = t + u + v + x + z (4.2) \\ equation* multline* L A TEX eqnarray bug 4 align & \begin{align} a & = b + c \\ & = d + e \end{align} a = b + c (4.3) = d + e (4.4) align \notag {} \begin{align} a ={} & b + c \\ ={} & d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l \notag \\ & + m + n + o \\ ={} & p + q + r + s \end{align} a = b + c (4.5) = d + e + f + g + h + i + j + k + l + m + n + o (4.6) = p + q + r + s (4.7) align & & \begin{align} a &=1 & b &=2 & c &=3 \\ d &=-1 & e &=-2 & f &=-5 \end{align} a = 1 b = 2 c = 3 (4.8) d = 1 e = 2 f = 5 (4.9) 4

57 gather \begin{gather} a = b + c \\ d = e + f + g \\ h + i = j + k \notag \\ l + m = n \end{gather} a = b + c (4.10) d = e + f + g (4.11) h + i = j + k l + m = n (4.12) align gather align* gather* amsmath aligned gathered equation -ed -ed aligned \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} a &= b + c \\ d &= e + f + g \\ h + i &= j + k \\ l + m &= n \end{aligned} \end{equation} a = b + c d = e + f + g h + i = j + k l + m = n (4.13) split aligned equation split aligned 4.5 L A TEX array tabular \\ \left \right \[ \mathbf{x} = \left( \begin{array}{cccc} x_{11} & x_{12} & \ldots & x_{1n}\\ x_{21} & x_{22} & \ldots & x_{2n}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ x_{n1} & x_{n2} & \ldots & x_{nn}\\ \end{array} \right) \] X = x 11 x x 1n x 21 x x 2n x n1 x n2... x nn aligned \[ x = \left\{ \begin{array}{rl} -x & \text{if } x < 0,\\ 0 & \text{if } x = 0,\\ x & \text{if } x > 0. \end{array} \right. \] x if x < 0, x = 0 if x = 0, x if x > 0.

58 46 amsmath cases \[ x = \begin{cases} -x & \text{if } x < 0,\\ 0 & \text{if } x = 0,\\ x & \text{if } x > 0. \end{cases} \] x if x < 0, x = 0 if x = 0, x if x > 0. array amsmath matrix pmatrix ( bmatrix [ Bmatrix { vmatrix Vmatrix 5 \[ \begin{matrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{matrix} \qquad \begin{bmatrix} x_{11} & x_{12} & \ldots & x_{1n}\\ x_{21} & x_{22} & \ldots & x_{2n}\\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots\\ x_{n1} & x_{n2} & \ldots & x_{nn}\\ \end{bmatrix} \] x 11 x x 1n x 21 x x 2n x n1 x n2... x nn \dfrac \[ \mathbf{h}= \begin{bmatrix} \dfrac{\partial^2 f}{\partial x^2} & \dfrac{\partial^2 f} {\partial x \partial y} \\[8pt] \dfrac{\partial^2 f} {\partial x \partial y} & \dfrac{\partial^2 f}{\partial y^2} \end{bmatrix} \] 2 f H = x 2 2 f x y 2 f x y 2 f y \quad \qquad \, \: \; \! \quad \qquad \, \ 5 array *{ n }{c} n 10 array

59 aa \, a a \quad a a \: a a \qquad a a \; a a \ a a \! aa f(x) dx d \[ \int_a^b f(x)\mathrm{d}x \qquad \int_a^b f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x \] b a f(x)dx b a f(x) dx \int \! amsmath \iint \iiint \newcommand\diff{\,\mathrm{d}} \begin{gather*} \int\int f(x)g(y) \diff x \diff y \\ \int\!\!\!\int f(x)g(y) \diff x \diff y \\ \iint f(x)g(y) \diff x \diff y \\ \iint\quad \iiint\quad \idotsint \end{gather*} f(x)g(y) dx dy f(x)g(y) dx dy f(x)g(y) dx dy L A TEX 4.2 $\mathcal{r} \quad \mathfrak{r} \quad \mathbb{r}$ \[\mathcal{l} = -\frac{1}{4}f_{\mu\nu}f^{\mu\nu}\] $\mathfrak{su}(2)$ and $\mathfrak{so}(3)$ Lie algebra R R R L = 1 4 F µνf µν su(2) and so(3) Lie algebra L A TEX 4.3 \displaystyle

60 48 4.2: ABCDEabcde1234 \mathnormal{...} ABCDEabcde1234 \mathrm{...} ABCDEabcde1234 \mathit{...} ABCDEabcde1234 \mathbf{...} ABCDEabcde1234 \mathsf{...} ABCDEabcde1234 \mathtt{...} ABCDE \mathcal{...} ABCDE \mathcal{...} eucal A BC DE \mathscr{...} mathrsfs ABCDEabcde1234 \mathfrak{...} amssymb eufrak ABCDE \mathbb{...} amssymb 4.3: \displaystyle a \textstyle a \scriptstyle a \scriptscriptstyle a \[ P = \frac {\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i- x)(y_i- y)} {\displaystyle \left[ \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-x)^2 \sum_{i=1}^n (y_i-y)^2 \right]^{1/2} } \] n i=1 P = (x i x)(y i y) [ n ] n 1/2 (x i x) 2 (y i y) 2 i=1 i= L A TEX \mathbf 6 \mathbf L A TEX \boldmath $\mu, M \qquad \mathbf{\mu}, \mathbf{m}$ \qquad {\boldmath$\mu, M$} µ, M µ, M µ, M 6 GB

61 amsmath \boldsymbol amsbsy \boldmath $\mu, M \qquad \boldsymbol{\mu}, \boldsymbol{m}$ µ, M µ, M \boldsymbol L A TEX bm \bm bm L A TEX L A TEX L A TEX \newtheorem \newtheorem{ theorem environment }{ title }[ section-level ] \newtheorem{ theorem environment }[ counter ]{ title } theorem environment L A TEX title section level chapter section counter \newcounter 8.3 mythm section mythm \label \newtheorem{mythm}{my Theorem}[section] \begin{mythm}\label{thm:light} The light speed in vaccum is $299,792,458\,\mathrm{m/s}$. \end{mythm} \begin{mythm}[energy momentum relation] The relationship of energy, momentum and mass is \[E^2 = m_0^2 c^4 + p^2 c^2\] where $c$ is the light speed described in theorem \ref{thm:light}. \end{mythm} My Theorem The light speed in vaccum is 299, 792, 458 m/s. My Theorem (Energy momentum relation). The relationship of energy, momentum and mass is E 2 = m 2 0c 4 + p 2 c 2 where c is the light speed described in theorem amsthm L A TEX amsthm ntheorem amsthm

62 50 amsthm \theoremstyle \newtheorem amsthm \theoremstyle plain L A TEX definition remark amsthm \newtheorem* \theoremstyle{definition} \newtheorem{law}{law} \theoremstyle{plain} \newtheorem{jury}[law]{jury} \theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem*{mar}{margaret} jury law mar \begin{law}\label{law:box} Don t hide in the witness box. \end{law} \begin{jury}[the Twelve] It could be you! So beware and see law~\ref{law:box}.\end{jury} \begin{jury} You will disregard the last statement.\end{jury} \begin{mar}no, No, No\end{mar} \begin{mar}denis!\end{mar} Law 1. Don t hide in the witness box. Jury 2 (The Twelve). It could be you! So beware and see law 1. Jury 3. You will disregard the last statement. Margaret. No, No, No Margaret. Denis! amsthm \newtheoremstyle ntheorem amsthm proof proof \begin{proof} For simplicity, we use \[ E=mc^2 \] That s it. \end{proof} Proof. For simplicity, we use That s it. E = mc 2 \qedhere \begin{proof} For simplicity, we use \[ E=mc^2 \qedhere \] \end{proof} Proof. For simplicity, we use E = mc 2 \qedhere align*

63 \begin{proof} Assuming $\gamma = 1/\sqrt{1-v^2/c^2}$, then \begin{align*} E &= \gamma m_0 c^2 \\ p &= \gamma m_0v \qedhere \end{align*} \end{proof} Proof. Assuming γ = 1/ 1 v 2 /c 2, then E = γm 0 c 2 p = γm 0 v \qedhere \qedhere \begin{proof} For simplicity, we use \begin{equation} E=mc^2.\qedhere \end{equation} \end{proof} Proof. For simplicity, we use E = mc 2. (4.14) align \qedhere equation aligned \qedhere \qedsymbol \renewcommand \renewcommand{\qedsymbol}% {\rule{1ex}{1.5ex}} \begin{proof} For simplicity, we use \[ E=mc^2 \qedhere \] \end{proof} Proof. For simplicity, we use E = mc 2 7 amsthm ntheorem

64 amsmath amssymb 2. l latexsym L A TEX 4.4: / { \{ } \} $ \$ % \% \dag \S \copyright... \dots \ddag \P \pounds 4.5: \Alpha \Beta A,B \omicron o α \alpha θ \theta o o υ \upsilon β \beta ϑ \vartheta π \pi ϕ \phi γ \gamma ι \iota ϖ \varpi φ \varphi δ \delta κ \kappa ρ \rho χ \chi ϵ \epsilon λ \lambda ϱ \varrho ψ \psi ε \varepsilon µ \mu σ \sigma ω \omega ζ \zeta ν \nu ς \varsigma η \eta ξ \xi τ \tau Γ \Gamma Λ \Lambda Σ \Sigma Ψ \Psi \Delta Ξ \Xi Υ \Upsilon Ω \Omega Θ \Theta Π \Pi Φ \Phi Γ \vargamma Λ \varlambda Σ \varsigma Ψ \varpsi \vardelta Ξ \varxi Υ \varupsilon Ω \varomega Θ \vartheta Π \varpi Φ \varphi

65 : \not \not= \ne < < > > = = \leq or \le \geq or \ge \equiv \ll \gg. = \doteq \prec \succ \sim \preceq \succeq \simeq \subset \supset \approx \subseteq \supseteq = \cong \sqsubset l \sqsupset l \Join l \sqsubseteq \sqsupseteq \bowtie \in \ni, \owns \propto \vdash \dashv = \models \mid \parallel \perp \smile \frown \asymp : : / \notin \neq or \ne 4.7: ± \pm \mp \triangleleft \cdot \div \triangleright \times \ \setminus \star \cup \cap \ast \sqcup \sqcap \circ \vee, \lor \wedge,\land \bullet \oplus \ominus \diamond \odot \oslash \uplus \otimes \bigcirc \amalg \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \dagger \lhd l \rhd l \ddagger \unlhd l \unrhd l \wr

66 54 4.8: \sum \prod \coprod \int \bigoplus \iint \idotsint \bigcup \bigcap \bigsqcup \oint \bigotimes \iiint \bigvee \bigwedge \biguplus \bigodot \iiiint 4.9: \wideparen yhmath â \hat{a} ǎ \check{a} ã \tilde{a} á \acute{a} à \grave{a} ă \breve{a} ā \bar{a} a \vec{a} å \mathring{a} ȧ \dot{a} ä \ddot{a}... a \dddot{a}... a \ddddot{a} AAA \widehat{aaa} fi AAA \widetilde{aaa} ĀAA \wideparen{aaa} 4.10: \leftarrow or \gets \longleftarrow \rightarrow or \to \longrightarrow \leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \Leftarrow = \Longleftarrow \Rightarrow = \Longrightarrow \Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \mapsto \longmapsto \hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow \leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup \leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown \rightleftharpoons \iff \uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \leadsto l

67 : AB \overrightarrow{ab} AB AB \overleftarrow{ab} AB AB \overleftrightarrow{ab} AB \underrightarrow{ab} \underleftarrow{ab} \underleftrightarrow{ab} 4.12: ( ( ) ) \uparrow [ [ or \lbrack ] ] or \rbrack \downarrow { \{ or \lbrace } \} or \rbrace \updownarrow \langle \rangle \Uparrow or \vert \ or \Vert \Downarrow / / \ \backslash \Updownarrow \lfloor \rfloor \rceil \lceil 4.13: \lgroup \rgroup \lmoustache \arrowvert \Arrowvert \bracevert \rmoustache... \dots \cdots 4.14:. \vdots... \ddots ħ \hbar ı \imath ȷ \jmath l \ell R \Re I \Im ℵ \aleph \wp \forall \exists \mho l \partial \prime \emptyset \infty \nabla \triangle \Box l \Diamond l \bot \top \angle \surd \diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \neg or \lnot \flat \natural \sharp

68 AMS amssymb 4.15: AMS ϝ \digamma κ \varkappa ℶ \beth ג \gimel ℸ \daleth 4.16: AMS \lessdot \gtrdot \doteqdot \leqslant \geqslant \risingdotseq \eqslantless \eqslantgtr \fallingdotseq \leqq \geqq \eqcirc \lll or \llless \ggg \circeq \lesssim \gtrsim \triangleq \lessapprox \gtrapprox \bumpeq \lessgtr \gtrless \Bumpeq \lesseqgtr \gtreqless \thicksim \lesseqqgtr \gtreqqless \thickapprox \preccurlyeq \succcurlyeq \approxeq \curlyeqprec \curlyeqsucc \backsim \precsim \succsim \backsimeq \precapprox \succapprox \vdash \subseteqq \supseteqq \Vdash \shortparallel \Supset \Vvdash \blacktriangleleft \sqsupset \backepsilon \vartriangleright \because \varpropto \blacktriangleright \Subset \between \trianglerighteq \smallfrown \pitchfork \vartriangleleft \shortmid \smallsmile \trianglelefteq \therefore \sqsubset

69 : AMS \dotplus \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \divideontimes \doublecup \doublecap \smallsetminus \veebar \barwedge \doublebarwedge \boxplus \boxminus \circleddash \boxtimes \boxdot \circledcirc \intercal \circledast \rightthreetimes \curlyvee \curlywedge \leftthreetimes 4.18: AMS \dashleftarrow \dashrightarrow \leftleftarrows \rightrightarrows \leftrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Lleftarrow \Rrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow \leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail \leftrightharpoons \rightleftharpoons \Lsh \Rsh \looparrowleft \looparrowright \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright \circlearrowleft \circlearrowright \multimap \upuparrows \downdownarrows \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonright \rightsquigarrow \leftrightsquigarrow

70 : AMS \nless \ngtr \varsubsetneqq \lneq \gneq \varsupsetneqq \nleq \ngeq \nsubseteqq \nleqslant \ngeqslant \nsupseteqq \lneqq \gneqq \nmid \lvertneqq \gvertneqq \nparallel \nleqq \ngeqq \nshortmid \lnsim \gnsim \nshortparallel \lnapprox \gnapprox \nsim \nprec \nsucc \ncong \npreceq \nsucceq \nvdash \precneqq \succneqq \nvdash \precnsim \succnsim \nvdash \precnapprox \succnapprox \nvdash \subsetneq \supsetneq \ntriangleleft \varsubsetneq \varsupsetneq \ntriangleright \nsubseteq \nsupseteq \ntrianglelefteq \subsetneqq \supsetneqq \ntrianglerighteq \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \nleftrightarrow 4.20: AMS \ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner \lvert \rvert \lvert \rvert 4.21: AMS ħ \hbar ħ \hslash k \Bbbk \square \blacksquare S \circleds \vartriangle \blacktriangle \complement \triangledown \blacktriangledown \Game \lozenge \blacklozenge \bigstar \angle \measuredangle \diagup \diagdown \backprime \nexists Ⅎ \Finv \varnothing ð \eth \sphericalangle \mho

71 L A TEX L A TEX 5.1 L A TEX {\small The small and \textbf{bold} Romans ruled} {\Large all of great big {\itshape Italy}.} The small and bold Romans ruled all of great big Italy. L A TEX 2ε L A TEX L A TEX 5.1 \bfseries {\bfseries some text } \textbf \textbf L A TEX pt \rmfamily He likes {\LARGE large and {\small small} letters}. He likes large and small letters. L A TEX \fontsize \fontsize{ size }{ base line-skip } 59

72 60 5.1: \rmfamily \textrm{...} roman \sffamily \textsf{...} sans serif \ttfamily \texttt{...} typewriter \mdseries \textmd{...} medium \bfseries \textbf{...} bold face \upshape \textup{...} upright \itshape \textit{...} italic \slshape \textsl{...} slanted \scshape \textsc{...} Small Caps \em \emph{...} emphasized \normalfont \textnormal{...} normal font 5.2: \tiny \scriptsize \footnotesize \small \normalsize \large tiny font very small font quite small font small font normal font large font \Large \LARGE \huge \Huge larger font very large font huge largest 5.3: 10pt 11pt 12pt \tiny 5pt 6pt 6pt \scriptsize 7pt 8pt 8pt \footnotesize 8pt 9pt 10pt \small 9pt 10pt 10.95pt \normalsize 10pt 10.95pt 12pt \large 12pt 12pt 14.4pt \Large 14.4pt 14.4pt 17.28pt \LARGE 17.28pt 17.28pt 20.74pt \huge 20.74pt 20.74pt 24.88pt \Huge 24.88pt 24.88pt 24.88pt

73 \fontsize size base line-skip \fontsize \selectfont L A TEX Computer Modern Times Palatino L A TEX \bfseries \ttfamily 5.4 [18, 19] L A TEX L A TEX ASCII OT1 T1 L A TEX plain TEX OT1 Computer Modern \rmfamily \sffamily OT1 < > \textgreater \textless \ttfamily T1 ASCII T1 txfonts lmodern \textasciitilde ~24 $\sim$ fontenc \usepackage[t1]{fontenc} fontenc L A TEX 5.4 xelatex fontspec ttf otf fontenc fontspec (xelatex) xelatex.ttf.otf 1 xelatex fontspec \rmfamily 2 \setmainfont[ font features ]{ font name } \setsansfont[ font features ]{ font name } \setmonofont[ font features ]{ font name } 1 Linux TEX Live A 2 fontspec font name font features

74 62 5.4: L A TEX / lmodern Latin Modern Computer Modern cmbright Computer Modern euler Euler ccfonts Concrete txfonts Times pxfonts Palatino stix Times newtxtext,newtxmath txfonts newpxtext,newpxmath pxfonts mathptmx psnfss Times mathpazo psnfss Palatino fourier fourier Utopia fouriernc fourier New Century Schoolbook arev Arev Vera Sans mathdesign Charter / Garamond / Utopia LATEX TrueType / OpenType cm-unicode Computer Modern Unicode dejavu DejaVu droid Droid inconsolata Inconsolata libertine Linux Libertine / Linux Biolium roboto Roboto sourcesanspro Source Sans Pro sourcecodepro Source Code Pro mathabx MnSymbol Minion Pro fdsymbol pifont Zapf Dingbats

75 font name font features Windows Arial \setsansfont[boldfont={arial Bold}, ItalicFont={Arial Italic}]{Arial} font features fontspec fontspec 5.4 fontspec no-math fontspec xecjk ctex \documentclass no-math xecjk xecjk fontspec \setcjkmainfont[ font features ]{ font name } \setcjksansfont[ font features ]{ font name } \setcjkmonofont[ font features ]{ font name } font features BoldFont ItalicFont length : TEX / L A TEX pt bp in cm mm em ex 1/72.27in 1/72in M x 12pt plus 2pt minus 3pt 12pt 14pt 9pt plus minus 0pt plus 5pt 2.5\parindent L A TEX

76 64 \newlength{\ length command } \setlength \addtolength \setlength{\ length command }{ length } \addtolength{\ length command }{ length } \fontsize \linespread \linespread{ factor } factor 1.2 \fontsize \linespread{1.5} 1.8 \selectfont \linespread {\linespread{2.0}\selectfont The baseline skip is set to be twice the normal baseline skip. Pay attention to the \verb \par command at the end. \par} In comparison, after the curly brace has been closed, everything is back to normal. The baseline skip is set to be twice the normal baseline skip. Pay attention to the \par command at the end. In comparison, after the curly brace has been closed, everything is back to normal. \par \par {\Large Don t read this! It is not true. You can believe me!\par} {\Large This is not true either. But remember I am a liar.}\par Don t read this! It is not true. You can believe me! This is not true either. But remember I am a liar \setlength{\leftskip}{ length } \setlength{\rightskip}{ length } \setlength{\parindent}{ length } \indent \noindent