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1 行行金金年度年度流量理理

2 行金年度流量類流量流量流流量量流量量參數流量 ( ) 流量流量量流量量流量度度流 * * * * 不 * * * 度 * * * * * 領不來泥離流精度流量度量

3 行行金金年度年度流

4 行行金金年度年度 Open Channel Flow Measurement 流量量

5 行行金金年度年度流量量 Timed Gravimetric( 量 ) Dilution( ) Hydraulic structures( 力量 ) Slope-hydraulic radius( 力率 ) Area Velocity( 流 )

6 行行金金年度年度 No single technology is suitable for all open channel flow measurement applications

7 行行金金年度年度 Timed Gravimetric

8 行行金金年度年度 Dilution

9 行行金金年度年度 Primary Devices (Hydraulic Structures) weirs ( ) flumes ( )

10 行行金金年度年度 Secondary Measuring Devices(Open Channel Flow Meters) measure level convert level to flow rate

11 行行金金年度年度 Sharp-crested Weir

12 行行金金年度年度 Sharp-crested Weir

13 行行金金年度年度 Weirs V-notch rectangular with or without end contractions Cipolletti

14 行行金金年度年度 Weirs

15 行行金金年度年度 Compound Weir

16 行行金金年度年度 V-Notch Weir (improperly installed)

17 行行金金年度年度 Advantages of Weirs low cost easy to install

18 行行金金年度年度 Rectangular Weir

19 行行金金年度年度 Disadvantages of Weirs high head loss periodic cleaning not suitable for flows with solids accuracy affected by excessive approach velocities

20 行行金金年度年度 Rectangular Weir as Architectural ornament

21 行行金金年度年度 Compound Weir

22 行行金金年度年度 Flow Metering Inserts

23 行行金金年度年度 Street Level Flow Metering Inserts and Flowpoke

24 行行金金年度年度

25 行行金金年度年度 Measuring Flow with Metering Insert and 4230 Flow Meter

26 行行金金年度年度 Flumes converging section throat section diverging section

27 行行金金年度年度 Advantages of Flumes self cleaning lower head loss accuracy less affected by approach velocity

28 行行金金年度年度 Disadvantages of Flumes higy cost difficult to install

29 行行金金年度年度 What type of Flume?

30 行行金金年度年度 Types of Flumes Parshall Palmer-Bowlus H Series trapezoidal

31 行行金金年度年度 Parshall Flumes

32 行行金金年度年度 Parshall Flumes

33 行行金金年度年度 Parshall Flumes

34 行行金金年度年度 Parshall Flumes

35 行行金金年度年度 Parshall Flume

36 行行金金年度年度 Palmer-Bowlus Flumes

37 行行金金年度年度 Palmer-Bowlus Flumes

38 行行金金年度年度 Palmer-Bowlus Flumes

39 行行金金年度年度 Palmer-Bowlus insert Flume

40 行行金金年度年度 H Flumes

41 行行金金年度年度 H Flumes

42 行行金金年度年度 Typical H-Flume Application

43 行行金金年度年度 Trapezoidal Flumes

44 行行金金年度年度 Trapezoidal Flumes

45 行行金金年度年度 Selecting a Primary Device channel size and shape minimum and maximum flow rate mounting considerations debris in the flow stream upstream conditions maintenance cost

46 行行金金年度年度 Secondary Measuring Devices (Open Channel Flow Meters) measure level convert level to flow rate

47 行行金金年度年度 Measure Level ultrasonics submerged probe bubbler

48 行行金金年度年度 Ultrasonics

49 行行金金年度年度 Advantages of Ultrasonics non-contact sensing easy to install maintenance-free

50 行行金金年度年度 Using a built-in stilling well

51 行行金金年度年度 Installing ultrasonic sensor

52 行行金金年度年度 Disadvantages of Ultrasonics deadband beam angle wind steam foam turbulence air temperature gradients

53 行行金金年度年度 Excessive turbulence

54 行行金金年度年度 Excessive Foam

55 行行金金年度年度 Submerged Probe (Pressure Transducer)

56 行行金金年度年度 Installing Sensor Carrier

57 行行金金年度年度 Flume installation with cavity for submerged probe

58 行行金金年度年度 Advantages of Submerged Probe suitable for small channels not affected by wind, steam, foam, turbulence senses pressure through silt and sand

59 行行金金年度年度 Disadvantages of Submerged Probe flow stream chemicals flowing debris changing flow stream temperature lightning

60 行行金金年度年度 Bubbler air pump air tank bubble rate adjust valve bubble tube differential pressure measurement automatic drift compensation valve

61 行行金金年度年度 Bubbler

62 行行金金年度年度 Typical bubbler installation

63 行行金金年度年度 Advantages of Bubbler suitable for small channels not affected by wind, steam, foam, turbulence, temperature, lightning only bubble tube contacts flow accuracy maintains level calibration

64 行行金金年度年度 Disadvantages of Bubblers plugging greater power consumption desiccant maintenance

65 行行金金年度年度 Installation Errors faulty fabrication or construction of theprimary device improper gauge or head measuring location incorrect zero setting improper head measurement

66 行行金金年度年度 Installation Errors (cont.) use of primary device outside its roper range improper installation or aintenance of weirs turbulence and surges in the approach channel

67 行行金金年度年度 Measurement Accuracy primary device construction primary device installation flow meter accuracy water quality

68 行行金金年度年度 Flow Rate Measurement timed gravimetric dilution hydraulic structures slope-hydraulic radius area velocity

69 行行金金年度年度 Manning Formula

70 行行金金年度年度 Roughness Coefficient n

71 行行金金年度年度 Typical Manning Formula Application

72 行行金金年度年度 Another Manning Formula channel

73 行行金金年度年度 Channel with low roughness coefficient

74 行行金金年度年度 Area Velocity Q = A x V continuity equation

75 行行金金年度年度 Area Velocity accurately measures open channel submerged full pipe surcharged reverse

76 行行金金年度年度 Area Velocity no weir or flume no need to estimate channel slope and roughness

77 行行金金年度年度 Area Velocity manual depth and velocity measurement area velocity flow meter

78 行行金金年度年度 Isco Flow Measurement Laboratory

79 行行金金年度年度 Doppler Velocity Measurement 都勒流量

80 行行金金年度年度 The Doppler Effect the pitch or frequency of a sound is changed by the relative motion of the source of sound and the listener

81 行行金金年度年度 The Doppler Effect transmitter and receiver moving toward each other

82 行行金金年度年度 The Doppler Effect transmitter and receiver moving away from each other

83 行行金金年度年度 Velocity Profiles

84 行行金金年度年度 Doppler Ultrasonic weighted average of received frequencies

85 行行金金年度年度 Doppler Ultrasonic reverse flows

86 行行金金年度年度 Area Velocity Sensors

87 行行金金年度年度 Low Profile Area Velocity Sensor senses velocity in flows typically down to 1 (25 mm) in depth minimizes flow stream obstruction more chemically resistant less affected by surface turbulence

88 行行金金年度年度 Standard Area Velocity Sensor less susceptible to silting more suitable for larger pipes more suitable for turbid flows

89 行行金金年度年度 Doppler Velocity Measurement the higher the frequency the cleaner the flow streamn which velocity can be measured the lower the frequency the farther the distance the sound wave travels into the flow stream

90 行行金金年度年度 Doppler Ultrasonic directly measures average velocity maximum accuracy eliminates profiling and calibration sealed sensor with no exposed electrical contacts long-term, dependable operation

91 行行金金年度年度 Selecting the Right Flow Measurement Technology hydraulic structures maximum accuracy under free flow conditions requires installation of weir or flume requires measurement of flow depth only

92 行行金金年度年度 Selecting the Right Flow Measurement Technology area velocity measures open channel, submerged, full pipe, surcharged and reverse flows no weir or flume no need to estimate channel slope and roughness requires measurements of both flow depth and velocity

93 行行金金年度年度 Selecting the Right Flow Measurement Technology Manning formula inexpensive estimate of flow rate under free flow conditions no weir or flume must estimate channel slope and roughness requires measurement of flow depth only

94 行行金金年度年度 No single technology is suitable for all open channel flow measurement applications

95 行行金金年度年度流量量精度 : 流量精度 4. (ex: 流 ; ;. )

96 行行金金年度年度不來量流

97 行行金金年度年度流量 Electromagnetic Flow Measurement

98 行行金金年度年度 Faraday s Law of Electromagnetic Induction V GEN = generated voltage B = magnetic field strength v = mean liquid velocity d = distance between electrodes

99 行行金金年度年度 Electromagnetic Flow Meter

100 行行金金年度年度 Magnetic Flow Meters obstructionless design no additional pressure drop no moving parts corrosion-resistant wetted parts linear output proportional to mean velocity measures forward and reverse flows high accuracy over a wide range

101 行行金金年度年度 Magnetic Flow Meters disadvantages reliability serviceability cost

102 行行金金年度年度流量 Primary) spool piece flow tube 1 to 80 (25 to 2000 mm) diameter

103 行行金金年度年度

104 行行金金年度年度

105 行行金金年度年度量

106 行行金金年度年度 Full Pipe vertical pipe with upward flow

107 行行金金年度年度 Full Pipe horizontal pipe that is totally full downstream head of media

108 行行金金年度年度 Full Pipe avoid highest location in piping

109 行行金金年度年度 Accuracy Specifications

110 行行金金年度年度 Flow Rate vs. Velocity V = Q / D 2 where V = velocity in ft/s Q = flow rate in GPM D = pipe ID in inches

111 行行金金年度年度 Flow Rate vs. Velocity V = 354 Q / D 2 where V = velocity in m/s Q = flow rate in m 3 /hr D = pipe ID in mm

112 行行金金年度年度 Piping Configuration 90 bend or tee 5D upstream minimum 2D downstream minimum

113 行行金金年度年度 Piping Configuration flow tube diameter smaller than piping to obtain minimum velocity of 1 ft/s (0.3 m/s)

114 行行金金年度年度 Piping Configuration locate partially closed valve downstream of primary tube

115 行行金金年度年度 Piping Configuration vacuum conditions Primary tube cannot include liner downstream pump 3D downstream minimum

116 行行金金年度年度 Piping Configuration to avoid vacuum conditions upstream pump 20D upstream minimum flow straighteners recommended upstream

117 行行金金年度年度 Piping Configuration to avoid vacuum conditions limit vertically falling pipes downstream to maximum 16 ft (5 m) water column of vacuum

118 行行金金年度年度料金行金

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