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1 Linux TC Dormitory Network Bandwidth Management based on Linux Traffic Control

2 Linux TC Dormitory Network Bandwidth Management based on Linux Traffic Control i

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4 91 Linux TC ( ) ( ) ( ) M m @ 2.stut.edu.tw iii

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6 best-effort (Quality of ServicesQoS) Linux Traffic Control (Link-sharing) HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) U32 Filter Intel Pentium4 2.26GHz Ethernet Bridge v

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8 ABSTRACT The rising development of the Internet and the application of Multi-median lead the increasing demand of bandwidth. However, the only best-effort service mode in the present network architecture can t guarantee the communicative quality; the busy network often reduces the effect of the whole network performance. Therefore, the bandwidth management techniques can make effective management and allocation for the resources of bandwidth, and promote Quality of Services (QoS) properly. Further more, it can control unusual traffic of bandwidth and allocate proper bandwidth. When there is a surplus bandwidth, it also can offer the other users to utilize. In this thesis, we use Linux Traffic Control tool to manage the network bandwidth in campus. First we proceeds with HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) and U32 Filter to figure out what the main function of the bandwidth management is, and plans the bandwidth management in dormitories which is tested in practice. The experiment result shows that Intel Pentium4 2.26GHz PC par computer with Ethernet Bridge mode could be built on the campus dormitory network that we want to manage. Each user s IP address is one managing class with highest 512Kbit/sec bandwidth or each dorm is a logical class unit with highest 6Mbit/sec bandwidth. Now this way is run-able and summary design classifications reach up to This design way can reduce the abnormal network traffic effectively and then guarantees each user s basic bandwidth requirement. So our design model is efficient, low cost and easy vii

9 to build on campus dormitory network which bandwidth needed to be allocated fairly. The result of the research maybe offers schools or companies how to plan properly, to allocate and share effectively, and to set a management strategy on their own bandwidth management in network. viii

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11 v ix x xii Linux QoS support Linux Traffic Control Queueing discipline Classes Filter/classifier Hierarchical Token Bucket HTB CBQ HTB HTB tc command x

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13 Linux kernel Linux Network OSI reference model Queueing discipline TBF U tc command TC IP xx IP IP xii

14 IP class IP class IP class xiii

15 1.1 Linux Bridge mode 1

16 (Linksharing) 1.2 Linux QoS Traffic Control (inbound) (outbound) IP Linux Traffic Control 2

17 LinuxQoS 1. 3 Linux Traffic Control 3

19 LAN Internet 2.1 [1] wwwftp 3. / 4. 5

20 2.2 (link-sharing)[2] (policy) % 10% 40% 2.2 (Link-sharing) [2] 1. (multiple organizations or agenc ies) IP address 2. (different protocol families) (IPSNA) 6

21 3. (different traffic types or service classes) link ( telnetftp wwwreal-time audio video) telnetftpwww real-time audio video [2] root class (branch) class (sibling)class NIC 7

22 ( Link- sharing) 1. interior leaf class class 2. class class 2.3 A FTP WWW 2.3 Linux QoS support Linux QoS (Quality of Services) Linux ipruote2 [3]Traffic Control (bandwidth sharing) (packet scheduling) (output traffic shaping) Linux kernel configurationnetworking Options [4] 1. Netlink device emulation netlink socket tc kernel 2. QOS and /or fair queueing CBQ packet scheduler HTB packet scheduler SFQ queue TBF queue U32 classifier traffic control 2.4 [5]Linux kernel input de- multiplexing (TCP/UDP) forwarding forwarding 8

23 routing table output queue output queue Linux traffic control 2.4 Linux kernel Linux kernel (built in )QoS queue NIC Traffic Control Linux kernel QoS Linux Traffic Control Traffic Control (TC) (bandwidth-sharing) (packet scheduling)linux kernel 2.3 tc [6]Kernel TC Integrated Services RSVP Differentiated Services Linux TC (output traffic shaping) (ingress traffic policing) 9

24 2.5 Linux Network OSI reference model 2.5 [6]TC packet scheduling traffic control code network layer link layer IP, IPX and Appletalk Linux TC quality of services link-sharing Linux TC [7] Queueing Disciplines Classes ( queueing discipline ) qdisc traffic class qdisc priorityrate packet class A packet class B class B rate class A rate Filter / classifier traffic class tc command network socket [7] ( netlink socket) QoS kernel 10

25 (eth0eth1) queueing discipline 2.6 [8] queueing discipline filter classes class queueing discipline queueing discipline filter class ( filter class) class queueing discipline 2.6 Queueing discipline Queueing discipline Queue ing Discipline(qdisc) enqueue dequeue (packet) enqueue dequeue qdisc filters classes Linux kernel First In First Out (FIFO)Class CBQPriorityStochastic Fair Queueing (STF) Random Early Detection (RED) queueing disciplines Queueing disciplines [9] 1. classless qdisc (traffic shape) 11

26 PFIFO_FAST FIFO queue( band) FIFO queue (band0) band1band2 queue SFQ (Stochastic Fair Queueing discipline) fair queue cpu TBF (Token Bucket Filter ) (burst) RED ( Random Early Detection ) TCP/IP (hard limit) RED TCP/IP INGRESS 2. classful qdisc qdisc class class qdisc CBQ (Class Based Queueing ) (Link sharing) HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) CBQ WRR ( Weighted Round Robin ) weighted round robin 12

27 ( eth0 eth1) queueing discipline Queueing discipline handle <major numberminor number> [10] qdisc handle major number minor number handle 10:0 major number 1~0x7fff handle number class qdisc Classes Class qdisc class qdisc root class root class subclass class [8] 1. Class ID <major numberminor number> class id major number Queueing discipline handle major number minor number Queueing discipline class classid 10:1 2. Internal ID queueing discipline kernel class id minor number 1~0xffff class queue pfifo_fast 13

28 2.3.4 Filter/classifier Filter class ( IP header TOS byteip addressport number ) Filter Queueing DisciplineClass fwroutersvpu32 prio 2.4 HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) HTB CBQ HTB CBQ[2] round robin estimator

29 HTB CBQ [11] HTB CBQ [12] 1. CBQ packet size real link bandwidthdelay isolated 2. HTB TBF estimator CBQ EWMA (Exponential Weighted Moving Average ) idle time TBF (estimating rate) 3. HTB class (ceil ) 15

30 2.4.2 HTB HTB [11] 1. CBQ 2. traffic sharing 3. scheduling HTB CBQ idle time (shape) classful Token Bucket Filter[13] Token Bucket Filter Token Bucket Filter qdisc 2.8 token burst rate burst bucket size Token buffer 2.8 TBF TBF token rate data rate 1. data rate = token rate 2. data rate < token ratetoken bucket token bucket rate burst 3. data rate > token rate token (shape) 16

31 HTB class token bucket token ctoken rate = token/second ceil = ctoken/second HTB( HTB3) WRR HTB class class class class Link sharing HTB class A( 50%) class B( 20%)class C( 30%) class C 5/7 class A 2/7 class B HTB HTB [14] rate class child classrate parent classrate ceil class class rate = ceil default class filter default class prio class prio prio 0~7 0 class prio ( ) HTB [15] rate <= ceil ceil of child <= ceil of parent 17

32 (rate of children) <= rate of parent 2.5 Linux Traffic Control TC bandwidth management TC bandwidth management Ethernet Bridge[16] 2.9 IP addressport numberprotocol type (queue) interface

33 3.1 Linux Traffic Control utility HTB U32 SFQ Hierarchical Token Bucket HTB classful shaping HTB CBQ [11] link-sharing real-time realtime Stochastic Fairness Queueing (SFQ) SFQ[9] FIFO queue TCP UDP round-robin SFQ queue Stochastic 19

34 qdisc U32 filter filter source/destination IP address source/destination TCP/UDP port numbertos byte protocol U32 filter records record selector action U selector IP action u32u16u8 32bits16bits8bits 3.1 U32 [9] source/destination address match ip src /24 match ip dst /16 ( IP address xx) ( IP address 10.1.xx.xx) 20

35 source/destination port number match ip sport 80 0xffff match ip dport 20 0xffff ( IP port number 80 http traffic) ( IP port number 20 ftp traffic) ip protocol match ip protocol 6 0xff match ip protocol 17 0xff (TCP protocol) (UDP protocol) TOS(type of service) match ip tos 0x10 0xff (minimum delay traffic) match match ip src match ip dport 80 0xffff 3.2 tc command tc command netlink socket kernel tc command 3.2 [17] (eth0eth1) qdisc root class root interior class leaf class leaf class 21

36 tc command

37 TC Bridge mode [16] TC (outbound) (inbound) eth0 eth1 client Aclient Bclie nt C client FTP server client FTP server Tele Traffic Trapper[18] 3.3 TC INTEL Pentium4-1.8Ghz 512MB Intel Linux HTB3 kernel patch kernelpatch iproute2 23

38 Linux iproute2 packet traffic control 3-1 HTB Queueing Discipline class U32 Filter/Classifier class Class Queueing Discipline SFQ TC [19] (intra-class) port number 24

39 3.5 eth0 eth1 2Mbit (1Mbit) (0.2Mbit) (0.8Mbit) HTB HTB 3.6a 3.6b HTB 3.6a 3.6b HTB HTB 25

40 HTB 2. eth0 eth1 3.7a 3.7b eth1 eth0 HTB client FTP server file 3.7 a client FTP server HTB eth1 HTB 0.8Mbit 0.8Mbit 3.7 b eth0 HTB 1Mbit client FTP server 1Mbit HTB HTB 3. 26

41 3.5 client A( )client B( )client C( ) class1:10class1:11 class1:12 1Mbit 0.2Mbit 0.8Mbit (rate =ceil ) client FTP server 3.8a 3.8b 3.8a 3.8b ceil rate class class 4-1. () 3.1 class 2Mbit 3.9a class1:12 ( 0.8Mbit) (2Mbit) class1:11 ( 0.2Mbit) class1:12 class1:11 class1:10 1MbitHTB 27

42 class1:12 class1:11 3.9b class 1:12 class1:10 class1:11 HTB 3.1 class class class1:10 ( ) class1:11 ( ) class1:12( ) rate ( ) 1Mbit 0.2Mbit 0.8Mbit ceil ( ) 2Mbit 2Mbit 2Mbit 3.9a 3.9b class class 3.10a 3.10b class1:10class1:11 class1:12 1mbit0.2mbit 0.8mbit 28

43 class class 3.10a 3.10b 4-2. () 3.2 class 3.11a 3.11b class1:11 class1:12 ceil 0.5Mbit 1Mbit 0.5Mbit class 3.2 class class class1:10 ( ) class1:11 ( ) class1:12( ) rate ( ) 1Mbit 0.2Mbit 0.8Mbit ceil ( ) 2Mbit 0.5Mbit 1Mbit 29

44 (ceil) 3.11a 3.11b 4-3 () class priority 0 class HTB priority 0~7 0 class prio 3.3 class class class1:10 ( ) class1:11 ( ) class1:12( ) rate ( ) 1Mbit 0.2Mbit 0.8Mbit ceil ( ) 2Mbit 2Mbit 2Mbit prio ( ) class 3.12a class1:11 class1:10 class1:10( ) class1:11 30

45 3.12b class1:12 class1:13 ( prio 1) Priority Priority Priority a 3.12b 5. (intra-class) class starvation 3.13a class 3.13b class 3.13c class class queue algorithm SFQ class / starvation 31

46 a 3.13b c 6. port number source /destination ip address port number HTTP(port number 80)FTP(port number 20) SMTP(port number 25) 3.4 class port number 3.14a http 3.14b ftp 32

47 http port number 3.4 class class class1:10 ( ) class1:11 ( ) class1:12( ) sport 20 sport 80 sport a 3.14b port number 1. well-know port number 2.http protocol proxy server port number ftp protocol (passive mode) port number port number 20 port number 33

48 leaf class 3.16a 3.16b class1:10class1:11 class1:12 1Mbit0.2Mbit 0.8Mmbit a 3.16b 34

49 (3.15 class1:2) (class1:10class1:11 class1:12) 3.5 class 2Mbit 3.17a class1:10 (1Mbit) class1:10 sibling class1:11 class1:11 1.2Mbit class1:11 class1: b class1:12 class1:10 class1:11 class class 3.5 class class class1:2 class1:10 class1:11 class1:12 rate ( ) 1.2Mbit 1Mbit 0.2Mbit 0.8Mbit ceil ( ) 2Mbit 2Mbit 2Mbit 2Mbit class1:11 class1:2 3.17a 3.17b 35

50 3.6 class1:11 0.5Mbit 3.18 class1:11 0.5Mbit class1: class class class1:2 class1:10 class1:11 class1:12 rate ( ) 1.2Mbit 1Mbit 0.2Mbit 0.8Mbit ceil ( ) 2Mbit 2Mbit 0.5Mbit 2Mbit class1:12 class1:1 (ceil) (ceil) class 3.19 class1:2 1.2Mbit ceil class 36

51 3.7 class class class1:2 class1:10 class1:11 class1:12 rate ( ) 1.2Mbit 1Mbit 0.2Mbit 0.8Mbit ceil ( ) 1.2Mbit 1.2Mbit 1.2Mbit 2Mbit 3.4 TC HTB Linux TC TC Ethernet Bridge [20] TC ip address ~ Mbit (5120Kbpsbytes per second) IP address class 20 37

52 classes (rate ceil ) 2Mbit(256Kbps) class 2Mbit TC eth1 qdisc source ip address eth0 qdisc destination ip address eth

53 5. tc filter IP class filter source ip address ~7 class 1:11 destination ip address ~79 class 1:19 TC 3.22 TC (BigIron8000) TC Intel Pentium 4 CPU 2.26GHz PC 512MB Intel Ethernet Pro 100 Intel i82557/i /100 Ethernet ( 3.3 PC )Linux kernel (HTB kernel patch iproute2 )

54 TC eth IP TC ( IP xx ) IP class 256Kbit 512Kbit class 3Mbit 10Mbit IP address ~80 40

55 3.24 IP address 41

56 3.25 IP xx IP 42

57 3.26 IP kbit/sec 2000Kbit/sec TC Kbit / sec 3.26 IP

58 IP (Destination IP ) Source IP 3.28 dst IP src IP src IP (src ip XX~ XX XX ~ XX src IP ) IP proxy server network cache cache client proxy source IP address IP dst IP src IP IP 44

59 3.28 filter IP filter 3.29 IP (default class) IP class xx IP class 45

60 46 (ceil 100Mbit) 3.30 filter 3.29

61 class class IP FlashGetGetRight IP class IP IP IP class( IP class) TC cpu load 80% 1,973 class ( IP address xx~ xx IP subnet class ) IP class 47

62 IP class 3.8 IP class

63 TC IP class ( IP class) IP class class IP 30 ( 2.5 ) 3.32 IP class IP ( 600Kbit/sec) TC TC 600Kbit/sec IP class 49

64 Kbit/sec Kbit/sec Kbit/sec Kbit/sec 3.32 IP class 50

65 3.33 IP class IP class IP class Kbit/sec 3.33 IP class 3.34 class ( 7000Kbit/sec) TC TC 7000Kbit/sec class Kbit/sec

66 Linux Traffic Control HTB TC ( 50Mbit 60Mbit) IP class 512Kbit/sec(524,288bit/sec) 622,000bit/sec class 6Mbit/sec(6,291,456bit/sec) 6,915,500bit/sec IP 8Mbit/sec IP 52

67 1. (packet classifier) ( ) 2. class ( class ) Mbit Gigabit ADSLT1/T3 53

68 (delay jitter) (inbound) (outbound) 4.3 class1class2 LAN 54

69 ip address ip src/dst address IP header Source IP address Destination IP address Protocol type Source port number Destination port number TOS (Type of Service) Host IP address ( IP address ip src or ip dst ) 55

70 Subnet IP address (subnet IP address ip src /24 or ip dst /24) HTTP (TCP port number 80) FTP (TCP port number 20) (TCP port number 25) TOS (No delayhigh throughputhigh reliability) TCP( protocol 6 ) Linux TC 1973 IP 2773 IP class class 3.22 IP address ( ) TC 4.4 IP class

71 2. Linux TC 4.5 Linux TC 512Kbit/sec 512Kbit/sec 1024Kbit/sec 4.6 eth0 eth

72 class 3. TC 4.7 Router BigIron 8000 ServerIron BigIron BigIron destination address ServerIron ServerIron Layer 4 switch http (port number 80) proxy sever ADSL NAT(Network Address Translation) IP address IPaddress IP address TC BigIron 58

73 BigIron 8000 TC 4.8 ( )21 IP subnet address

74 5.1 Linux Traffic Control HTB hierarchical link-sharing Intel Pentium4 2.26GHz 512MB Intel Ethernet Pro 100 Intel i82557/i /100 Ethernet Ethernet Bridge 60

75 Traffic Control HTB U Linux Traffic Control 61

76 source/destination IP address port numberprotocol Traffic Control Queueing Discipline classifier Queueing Discipline classifier Queueing Discipline classifier 62

77 [1] [2]Floyd,S., and Jacobson,V., Link-sharing and Resource Management Models for Packet Networks IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking Vol. 3 No. 4, August 1995 [3] iproute2+tc notes, [4]Jason Boxman, Traffic Shaping with Linux v2.4 and HTB qdisc, May 2002 [5]Saravanan Radhakrishnan, Linux-Advanced Networking Overview Version 1, August 1999 [6]Lars Wischhof and John W. Lockwood Packet Scheduling for Link-Sharing and Quality of Service Support in Wireless Local Area Networks, Nov 2001 [7] Jamal Hadi Salim, A look at the new traffic code in the kernel and how it aids in the bandwidth management Linux Journal, June 01, 1999 [8]Almesberger,W., Linux Traffic Control- Implementation Overview, EPFL ICA, Nov 1998 [9]Netherlabs BV, Gregory Maxwell, Remco van Mook, Martijn van Oosterhout, Paul B Schroeder and Jasper Spaans, Linux Advanced Routing & Traffic Control HOWTO, January 2002 [10] QoS in linux, [11]Martin Devera aka devik, HTB Linux queuing discipline manual user guide, May 2002 [12]Martin Devera aka devik, May 2002 [13] Implementing Real Time Packet Forwarding Policies using HTB [14] [15] [16]Layer 2 ethernet bridging with Linux, [17] Packet-Shaping-HOWTO, [18] TTT : Tele Traffic Tapper (version 1.7), /person/kjc/programs.html 63

78 [19] Linux [20] Linux BRIDGE-STP-HOWTO, /BRIDGE-STP-HOWTO 64

IP505SM_manual_cn.doc

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