Microsoft PowerPoint - 01-ch01-1.ppt

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1 Chapter 01-1 Communications and Transmission Media WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Picture source: 新知識 - 通訊, 錦繡,2001

2 Picture source: 新知識 - 通訊, 錦繡,2001 Picture source: 新知識 - 通訊, 錦繡,2001

3 Telecommunication Telegraph Telephone Facsimile Figure 1-1 Data Communication System Components WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

4 Protocol: 通訊協定, 網路上的電腦在進行溝通時, 所使用的語言 1. 工作站 5. 印表機通訊傳輸媒介 4. 工作站 2. 工作站 3. 工作站 TCP/IP: 傳輸控制協定 / 網際網路協定, 欲連上 Internet 所必需使用的兩種通訊協定 TCP/IP 網際網路 TCP/IP 4. 工作站 2. 工作站

5 Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model-- Seven Layers 應用層 (Application Layer) 表達層 (Presentation Layer) 會議層 (Session Layer) 傳輸層 (Transport Layer) 網路層 (Network Layer) 鏈結層 (Data Link Layer) 實體層 (Physical Layer) Figure 2-14 Summary of layers

6 OSI Model Internet Model OSI Model Application layer: http, telnet, snmp, smtp, nfs, ftp TCP, UDP IPv4, IPv6 Data Link Layer Physical layer Layering Protocols 系統 A 系統 B 應用軟體 X 應用軟體 Y 應用層表達層會議層傳輸層網路層鏈結層實體層應用層通訊協定表達層通訊協定會議層通訊協定傳輸層通訊協定網路層通訊協定鏈結層通訊協定實體層通訊協定傳輸媒介應用層表達層會議層傳輸層網路層鏈結層實體層

7 Figure 2-2 OSI layers Figure 2-6 Node-to-node delivery (Point-to-point)

8 Figure 2-8 End-to-end delivery Figure 2-10 Reliable end-to-end delivery of a message Application layer Process-to to-process delivery

9 Figure 7-2 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Review Review Picture source: 新知識 - 電和磁, 錦繡,2001

10 Picture source: 新知識 - 電和磁, 錦繡,2001 Ampere s Law Picture source: 行動通訊網路, 金禾,2003

11 Picture source: 新知識 - 電和磁, 錦繡,2001 Electromagnetic Experiment Picture source: 行動通訊網路, 金禾,2003

12 Picture source: 新知識 - 電和磁, 錦繡,2001 Picture source: 高中物理課本

13 Picture source: 新知識 - 電和磁, 錦繡,2001 Electromagnetic Wave Picture source: 行動通訊網路, 金禾,2003

14 波的性質 (cont.) Wave Length( 波長 ) Peak( 波峰 ) Amplitude( 振幅 ) Phase( 相位 ) 0 0 Period( 週期 ) Valley( 波谷 ) 週期 = 1/5 = 0.2 秒 Frequency( 頻率 ) = 5 次 / 秒 = 5 Hz 頻率 = 1/ 週期波速 = 波長 / 週期 = 波長 * 頻率 1 second 波的性質 (cont.) 頻率 : 每單位時間內的振動次數常用單位 : 赫茲 (Hz) = 次 / 秒例子 : 鐘擺 1Hz, 市電 60Hz 電磁波 : 電磁場的一種運動形態,這種運動以有限速度 ( 即光速 ) 在空間行進具有波之一般性質頻帶 (band): 一段連續之頻率範圍 CATV: 54MHz ~ 750 MHz 1000MHz (102 CH.s)

15 Electromagnetic Wave (cont.) Picture source: 行動通訊網路, 金禾,2003 Figure 7-1 Electromagnetic Spectrum WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

16 Picture source: 新知識 - 電和磁, 錦繡,2001 1K 1M 100M 1G 1T v = λf

17 Figure 7-2-continued Guided Media WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Figure 7-2-continued Unguided Media WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

18 Figure 7-3 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Figure 7-4 and 7-5 Twisted-Pair Cable WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

19 Figure 7-6 Effect of Noise on Parallel Lines WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Figure 7-7 Noise on Twisted-Pair Lines WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

20 1K 1M 100M 1G 1T Voice Call over Twisted-Pair Cable

21 Figure 7-8 Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

22 UTP with RJ-45 Connectors Picture source: Cisco Academy Figure 7-9 UTP Connectors WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

23 Figure 7-10 Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 網路常用線材 ( 傳輸媒體 ) 遮蔽式雙絞線 STP 無遮蔽式雙絞線 UTP

24 無遮蔽式雙絞線的標準從外觀識別雙絞線觀察雙絞線的外皮, 一定可以看到該條雙絞線所遵循的標準與製造商名稱, 有時候 "Category" 會被簡寫成 "Cat", 所以我們可能會看到外皮標著 "Category 5" 或 "Cat 5" 的雙絞線 :

25 無遮蔽式雙絞線的標準雙絞線的顏色 EIA/TIA 568B 的標準雙絞線編號顏色白橙橙白綠藍白藍綠白棕棕 3 白綠 2 橙 1 白橙 4 藍 5 白藍 6 綠 7 白棕 8 棕

26 100 BaseTX 中 RJ-45 的腳位功能 100 BaseTX 腳位功能表腳位功用簡稱 1 傳輸資料正極 (Transmit Data+) Tx+ 2 傳輸資料負極 (Transmit Data-) Tx- 3 接收資料正極 (Transmit Data+) Rx+ 4 未使用 5 未使用 6 接收資料負極 (Transmit Data-) Rx- 7 未使用 8 未使用 100BaseTX 網路卡腳位功能 Tx+ Tx- Rx+ Rx- 交換器 / 集線器 RJ-45 插槽腳位功能 Rx+ Rx- Tx+ Tx- Tx: 傳送 Rx: 接收

27 直通連接線 (Straight-Through) 白橙橙白綠藍白藍綠白棕棕白橙橙白綠藍白藍綠白棕棕直通連接線使用時機 1. 從網路卡連接到集線器 / 交換器 2. 從網路卡到連接面板 ( 資訊插座 ) 3. 從連接面板到集線器 / 交換器 Tx+ Tx- Rx+ Rx- ( 網路卡 ) 白橙橙白綠藍白藍綠白棕棕 Rx+ Rx- Tx+ Tx- ( 交換器 / 集線器 )

28 Crossover Tx+ 1 Tx- 2 Rx+ 3 Rx- 6 1 Tx+ 2 Tx- 3 Rx+ 6 Rx- 傳送端對上傳送端, 接收端對上接收端, 當然無法傳輸 Tx+ 1 Tx- 2 Rx+ 3 Rx- 6 1 Tx+ 2 Tx- 3 Rx+ 6 Rx- 傳送端對接收端, 網路就順利成章地接通了交叉連接線 (Crossover) 白橙橙白綠藍白藍綠白棕棕白綠綠白橙藍白藍橙白棕棕

29 例外之情況 : 使用直通連接線即可從集線器 / 交換器到集線器 / 交換器 Normal/Cascade Switch 1 2 MDI port 1 2 MDI 3 Normal MDI Normal MDI Normal MDI

30 主控台纜線 (Rollover) 這條纜線是用來連接電腦到路由器 (router) 或交換器, 用以管理及設定另一端接頭反接即可白橙橙白綠藍白藍綠白棕棕棕白棕綠白藍藍白綠橙白橙 Figure 7-11 and 7-12 Coaxial Cable WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

31 Coax Layers outer jacket (polyethylene) shield (braided wire) insulating material copper or aluminum conductor CATV Bands (RG-59)

32 Coaxial Cable (cont.) 10Base2 Thinnet (RG-58; Radio Government-58) 10Base5 Thicknet (RG-8, 9, 11) Figure 7-20 Fiber-optic Cable Glass or plastic cladding core WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

$Refraction$

33 Fiber Optic Layers consists of three concentric sections plastic jacket glass or plastic cladding fiber core Figure 7-13 Refraction WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

34 Figure 7-14 Critical Angle WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Figure 7-15 Reflection WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

35 Accepted Angles of Incidence C Angles of Incidence A θ A B B C Figure 7-16 WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

36 Figure 7-17 Multimode Step-Index WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Figure 7-18 Multimode Graded-Index WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

37 Figure 7-19 Single Mode WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., K 1M 100M 1G 1T

38 Fiber (cont.) Patch Cord Connector Types Fiber (cont.) SC Connector ST Connector Picture source: PCDIY 網路自己裝, 旗標,2005

39 Fiber (cont.) Fiber Optic Advantages greater capacity (bandwidth up to 2 Gbps) smaller size and lighter weight lower attenuation immunity to environmental interference highly secure due to tap difficulty and lack of signal radiation

40 Fiber Optic Disadvantages expensive over short distance requires highly skilled installers adding additional nodes is difficult Unguided Media Terrestrial microwave transmission Satellite transmission Broadcast radio Infrared rays

41 Figure 7-21 Radio Communication Band WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Figure 7-22 Propagation Types WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

42 頻譜為什麼需要分配? 水波有反射折射干擾電磁波? 電台基地台之頻率分配及功率規定 Power Power Power Freq. Freq. f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 國際頻率登記委員會 (IFRB): 在日內瓦, 宗旨是幫助所有成員合理地使用無線電通信頻道 Terrestrial Microwave Uses the radio frequency spectrum, commonly from 2 to 40 GHz Parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high as possible Used by common carriers as well as private networks Requires unobstructed line of sight between source and receiver Curvature of the earth requires stations (called repeaters) to be ~30 miles apart WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

43 Figure 7-32 Parabolic Dish Antenna WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Figure 7-31 Terrestrial Microwave (cont.) WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002

44 Figure 7-34 Satellite Communication WCB/McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Satellite Transmission Process satellite transponder dish 35,784 km dish uplink station downlink station

45 Satellite Transmission Picture source: Internet, 2006 Dish at Sunset

46 Picture source: 新知識 - 通訊, 錦繡,2001 Satellite Receiver

47 Satellite Orbits Direct-beam Infrared Rays (DB/IR)

48 Thank you!

Microsoft PowerPoint - ch2-stallings.ppt

Microsoft PowerPoint - ch2-stallings.ppt Transmission Fundamentals Chapter 2 (Stallings Book) 1 Electromagnetic Signal is a function of time can also be expressed as a function of frequency Signal consists of components of different frequencies