336 20,,,,, RNB 11 Li 11 Be 14 Be 17 B ( GDR), 31 Na 32 Mg, N = 20 [1 3 ],,, RMF HFB, [4,5 ], RNB,,, Glauber, 10 % 20 %, 30 % 50 % [6 8 ], RNB,,,,, Ο,

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1 20 4 Vol. 20,No PRO GRESS IN PHYSICS Dec.,2000 :1000Ο0542 (2000) 04Ο0335Ο21 1 1,2 ( 1, ; ) :,,,, : ; ; ; : : A 0,,,,,, GAN IL MSU LBL,, Ο, (RNB),, 300, 6000 s, , ( T, T Z ) :2000Ο07Ο28 ; :2000Ο08Ο10 : ( G )

2 336 20,,,,, RNB 11 Li 11 Be 14 Be 17 B ( GDR), 31 Na 32 Mg, N = 20 [1 3 ],,, RMF HFB, [4,5 ], RNB,,, Glauber, 10 % 20 %, 30 % 50 % [6 8 ], RNB,,,,, Ο, Ο,, 1, 2, 3, 1,,,, Ο, [9 13 ],

3 4 : 337,,, 40 Ar,, 86 Kr [14 ],, 40 Ar 86 Kr [14 ] [15 ], Ο Ο,, 40 Ar, 86 Kr 129 Xe [16 ], 1. 1, Rudstam [17 ], Silberberg [18 ] Summerer, [19 ],,Summerer [20 ], ( A p, Z p ) ( A t, A Z [20 ] Z t ) ( A, Z) = Y A ( Z prob - Z) = Y A n exp ( - R Z prob - Z U n ( p) ) (1) Y A A, A Z prob R U n ( ) U p ( ), n = Y A Y A R/ = S P exp - P ( A p - A ) S = S 2 ( A 1/ 3 p + A 1/ 3 t In P = P 2 A p + P 1 S 1, S 2, P 1, P 2 + S 1 ) [ barn ] R, U Z prob,,, (2)

= Y A ( Z prob - Z) = Y A n exp ( - R Z prob - Z U n ( p) ) (1) Y A A, A Z prob R U n ( ) U p ( ), n = Y A Y A

4 U p = 2 Z p - Z < 0 U n = 1. 5 Z p - Z 0 Z prob (A) Z (A) ( A ) Z prob ( A ) = Z ( A ) + + m (4),, Z (A) Z = A / ( A 2/ 3 ) (5), m = m ( A ) = n 1 A A t 2 3 A 2 if A < 4 (6) 2 A + 1 if A 4 + n 2 A A t 4 ( A t ) = Z t - Z ( A t ) 1, 2, 3, 4, n 1, n MeV/ n 129 Xe + 27 Al, [19 ], [20 ] 1973 Bowman LBL (3) ( A t ) (7) Z prob, R, R R 1, R 2,, [ 20 ], ( Z prob - Z) = n exp ( - In R ( A ) = R 2 A + R 1 (8) R Z + + m - Z U n ( p) ) (9) 1,, [20 ],,, 1. 2

0155 A 2/ 3 ) (5), m = m ( A ) = n 1 A A t 2 3 A 2 if A < 4 (6) 2 A + 1 if A 4 + n 2 A A t 4 ( A t ) = Z t - Z ( A t ) 1,

5 4 : 339 [9 ], Ο, (projectile spectator), (target spectator) (participant zone) Ο ( participantοspectator model),,, (fireball),,, (1) ( ) b PL F ( TL F) ; (2) PL F ( TL F) ; (3) PL F ( TL F) ; (4) PL F ( TL F),, PL F ( TL F),,,,, b, A p ( R p ) A t ( R t ), a (, ) = A p F(, ) (10) = R p R p + R t, = b R p + R t (11) F(, ),, [21 ] F [11 ], [12 ] F [11 ] F = [1 - (1-2 ) 3/ 2 ][1 - ( / ) 2 ] 1/ 2 F = F = 3 4 F = (1 - ) 1/ 2 ( 1 - ) 2 - (1 - ) 1/ 2 ( 1 - ) (1 - ) 1/ 2 - [1 - (1-2 ) 3/ 2 ][1 - (1 - ) 2 ] 1/ 2 3 ( 1 - ) 3 1 [3(1-8 ) ]1/ 2-1]( 1 - ) 3 = 1/ - 1 = R t / R p F : A p > A t,0 b < R p - R t (12) : A p > A t, R p - R t b R p + R t : A p < A t, R p - R t b R p + R t (13) : A p < A t,0 b < R p - R t b a, PL F

(1-2 ) 3/ 2 ][1 - ( / ) 2 ] 1/ 2 F = F = 3 4 F = 1 3 4 (1 - ) 1/ 2 ( 1 - ) 2 - (1 - ) 1/ 2 ( 1 - ) 2-1 8 3(1 - ) 1/ 2 - [1 - (1-2 ) 3/ 2 ][1 - (1 - ) 2 ] 1/ 2 3 ( 1 - ) 3 1 [3(1-8 )

6 ( PL F) = ( p - ) = [ b ( a ) ] 2 - b ( a ) ] 2 (14), (1) PL F ( TL F) N / Z ( ) N / Z : ( ) a i (b) ( i p, t ) N / Z ( ), b, ( ) [21 ] Z i ( b) = Z i A i a i ( b), n i ( b) = N i A i a i ( b), ( i = p, t) (15), (2) : Z i / A i ( i = p, t), Z i, A i [12 ] ( Z i, A i ) = Z i z N i n A i a ( i ) (16) z = Z i - Z i, n = N i - N i ( ) (3) GDR : ( ) [12 ] ( ), ( ) V ( a) V ( a) 1 2 Ca2 (17) C = 2JA i 1 + u u = 3J QA 1/ 3 i A ( ), 0 = 8J m r A 1/ 3 i (18) (19) (1 + u) - 1/ 2 (20) J Q, MeV, r 0 = fm, m = MeV Myers GoldhaberΟTeller d [22 ] d = u 1 + u ar (21) R,

7 4 : 341 d ctp d ctp = u 1 + u R 2 E 0 C 2 = A 1/ 2 i u 2 (1 + u) 3 1/ 4 (22) E 0 = 1 2 g 0 disp = d ctp / 2 = Z = disp A 1/ 2 u 2 (1 + u) 3 da db 1/ 4 (23) Z i A i (24) ( da/ db) ( ), Z, ( Z, A ) = i p t 1 (2 2 Z) 1/ 2 exp [ Z - A ( Z i / A i ) ] Z ( A ) (25),,,, E surf [9 ] [11 ] E surf = 4 R 2 1 [1 + P - (1 - F) 2/ 3 ] (26), MeV/ fm 2 P P = [ 1 (1 - (1-2 ) 1/ 2-1][1 - ( / ) 2 ] 1/ 2 P = 1 8 P = 1 8 P = F [ (1/ ) - 2 ) 1/ 2-1][ (2 - ) ] 1/ / GeV 12 C Ag Au, GDR 2 [12 ] GeV 12 C + Cu Sc [12 ],, : Ο, (27)

surf [9 ] [11 ] E surf = 4 R 2 1 [1 + P - (1 - F) 2/ 3 ] (26), 0. 9-0.

8 GeV 12 C + Ag( ) GeV 12 C + Au( ),,,, 86 Kr fm [14 ],, [14 ] a n a z = a N p A p GeV 12 C + Cu a = a n + a z, R D Sc,,, Ο + a = a Z p A p - a z = disp da db 3 R 2 D ( R + D) 3 P( b) (28) 3 R 2 D ( R + D) 3 P( b) (29) Z p A p 1 + P( b) R 2 D ( R + D) 3 a (30), P( b), 3 R 2 D ( R + D) 3 Ο a P ( b),, P( b) = 0, b 1/ 2,,,, P ( b), b < b 1/ 2,,, P( b) 44 MeV/ n 86 Kr Au,

2 GeV 12 C + Cu a = a n + a z, R D Sc,,, Ο + a = a Z p A p - a z = disp da db 3 R 2 D ( R + D) 3 P( b)

9 4 : [14 ],,,, 1986 Dayras,,, [23 ] S = a E surf + (1 - a) S gg (31) 4 44 MeV/ n 86 Kr Au S gg, a, a n a z r 0 = fm J.J. Gaimard a n a z Ο [24 ] ( ), Fermi Fermi, MeV, WoodsΟSaxon MeV 1987 Bonasera [25 ],,, (windows formula) [25 ] E 3 = E surf E wind A PL E A PL F + A TL F (32) E wind, A PL F A TL F 5 44 MeV/ n 40 Ar + Ta (a) 44 MeV/ n 86 Kr + Au (b) [14 ],,, 6 [14 ] 44 MeV/ n 40 Ar + Ta [14 ], 44 MeV/ n 86 Kr + Au [26 ] 44 MeV/ n 129 Xe + Zr, [27 ]

3 MeV 1987 Bonasera [25 ],,, (windows formula) [25 ] E 3 = E surf + 1 2 E wind A PL E A PL F + A TL F (32) E wind, A PL F

10 MeV/ n 40 Ar + Ta (a) 44 MeV/ n 86 Kr + Au (b), Dayras, Bonesera 6 44 MeV/ n 40 Ar + Ta,,,,,, Brohm [15 ] 7,, i A i = N i + Z i,,, 7 a) ;b) k ( k = n, k = p ) j t j, k = exp - 1 F ( N j nk + Z j pk ) (33) F, k k ( k = n, p) Ο,

1. 3. 1 Brohm [15 ] 7,, i A i = N i + Z i,,, 7 a) ;b) k ( k =

11 4 : 345, A 10, A 10 N i Z i,, < i > = N i (1 - t j, n ) + Z i (1 - t j, p ) = < N i > + < Z i > (34) < > = N i (1 - t j, n ) + Z i (1 - t j, p ) = < N > + < Z > (35) i, j, b t k ( s - b) = exp - D T n ( s - b) nk + D T p ( s - b) pk (36), D T k ( r) ( k = n) ( k = p), d 2 sd n T = N T d 2 sd p T = Z T < A ( b) > = d2 sd n P ( s) [1 - t n ( s - b) ] + d2 sd p P ( s) [1 - t p ( s - b) ] (37) 8 1 GeV/ n 197 Au + Al [15 ] GDR, Pi (Z = 78) Ir ( Z = 77),, GDR Yb ( Z = 70),, 11312,,, 8 1 GeV/ n 197 Au + 27 AI [16 ],, GDR, Ο, Ο, [28,29 ] Ο lab 06 nn = ( E0. )

d2 sd n P ( s) [1 - t n ( s - b) ] + d2 sd p P ( s) [1 - t p ( s - b) ] (37) 8 1 GeV/ n 197 Au + Al [15 ] GDR, Pi (Z = 78) Ir ( Z = 77),, GDR Yb ( Z = 70),,

12 np = ( E ) (38) = , = E lab lab (39), nn Ο ( or Ο ), np Ο, fm - 3, E lab ( fm - 3 ) Ο 2. 4 fm,, Hartree [4 ], [30,31 ] t n = t 0 n + g 2 N m N m, g, ( MeV), t 0 n = 2. 4 fm (40) 9 44 MeV/ n 40 Ar + Ta,,, 44 MeV/ n 40 Ar, 86 Kr 129 Xe 9 11 [16 ] 40 Ar 86 Kr, 129 Xe,, 129 Xe, 86 Kr 2,, 60 MeV/ n 16 O 18 O, 36 Ar 40 Ar, 40 Ca 48 Ca 9 Be, 12 [32, 33 ],

13 4 : MeV/ n 86 Kr + Al,, MeV/ n 129 Xe + Zr,,,, O,Ar,Ca, A = A peak - A ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj 13 A peak Z, A Z = A / ( A 2/ 3 ) Z [20 ], ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj,, ( ) 13, A, ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj , A ; ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj 0. 5, A,,, ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj 0. 5, ( 1. 7)

0155 A 2/ 3 ) Z [20 ], ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj,, ( ) 13, A, ( Z proj - Z) / Z

14 MeV/ n 18 O ( ) 16 O ( ) (a), 40 Ar ( ) 36 Ar ( ) (b), 48 Ar ( ) 40 Ar ( ) (c) Be ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj, ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj 0. 5,,, Ο ;,, prak / A proj ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj, A proj Z, A peak, 14, ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj, A ptak / A proj, ;, ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj, A peak / A proj,, ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj,, Ο

15 4 : A peak - A (a) (b) ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj 18 O, 40 Ar, 48 Ca, 16 O, 36 Ar, 40 Ca, ;,, ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj,, Ο,,,,,,,,,,, Ar 40 Ar (a), 40 Ca 48 Ca (b) A peak / A proj ( Z proj - Z) / Z proj,

- Z) / Z proj,, Ο,,,,,,,,,,, 14 36 Ar 40 Ar (a), 40

16 350 20,,, 3 80,RNB GAN IL L ISE,MSU A1200,RI KEN RIPS GSI FRS, HIΟ (RIBLL),, 15 PE ISOL RNB ( Projectile Fragmentation) ( PF ) ( Isotope Separation On Line) ( ISOL ) 15 [34 ],PF ( MeV/ u) ( ) (RIB),, MeV/ n ISOL,, RIB,, MeV/ n ISOL,PF s, ISOL 500ms RNB ( pps) PF ISOL RNB,,,, (RIA) 16 [35 ] ISOL, 3, ( 2), ( 1),

15 [34 ],PF (25 1000 MeV/ u) ( ) (RIB),, 50 100 MeV/ n ISOL,, RIB,, 10 20 MeV/ n

17 4 : PF, 3 2 1, 2 3,,RIA PF ISOL 100 kw, 400 MeV,RIA PF 10, ISOL 3 4,RIA 16 (RIA) 17 (RIBLL) PF RIBLL PF RNB 17,RIBLL ( ) [36 ] Q 01 Q 02 D 0 ΟT 0 ΟQ 1 Q 2 D 1 Q 3 Q 4 ΟC 1 ΟQ 5 Q 6 D 2 Q 7 Q 8 ΟT 1 ΟQ 9 Q 10 D 3 Q 11 Q 12 ΟC 2 ΟQ 13 Q 14 D 4 Q 15 Q 16 ΟT 2 Q i, D i, T i, C i RIBLL B Ο EΟB ΟTOF RIB, HIRFL T 0, RIBLL D 1 ( B ) 1 A / Z,

3 Q 4 ΟC 1 ΟQ 5 Q 6 D 2 Q 7 Q 8 ΟT 1 ΟQ 9 Q 10 D 3 Q 11 Q 12 ΟC 2 ΟQ 13 Q 14 D 4 Q 15

18 B = A Z U c 2 (41) RIB A, Z,, U = ev, c, B A / Z D 1, C 1, d E d x Z2 2 (42), = / c, D 2 ( B ) 2 RIB,, RIB,,,, TOF, RIB,RIBLL : (a) :,RIB T 0 ΟT 1 RIBLL D 1, D 2 C 1, T 1 Ο T 2 D 3, D 4 C 2 RIB, T 1 T 2 RIB, T 1 ΟT 2 ( TOF),, RIB RIB T 2, T 2 (b) :,RIBLL T 0 ΟT 1 a,rib D 1, D 2 C 1 T 1 ΟT 2, T 0 ΟT 1 RIB, RIB, RIB TOF ( a),,,rib T 2, T 2 (c) RIB + :, T 0 ΟT 1 (a), (b) T 1, T 1 ΟT 2 B, RIB TOF T 0 ΟT 1 4,,, (1), -,,,

19 4 : 353, Z 8, Ο (2),,,,,, 2 ( 6 ), (3) RNB, 31 Na 32Mg, N = 20 ( GDR),RNB, (4),,,, RNB, RNB [1 ] Tanihata I, Hamagaki H, Hashimoto O, et al. Phys Rev Lett, 1985, 55 : [2 ] Tanihata I, Hamagaki H, Hashimoto O, et al. Phys Lett B, 1985, 160 : [3 ] Kobayashi T, Tanihata I, Katori K, et al. Phys Lett B, 1989, 232 : [4 ] Hirata D, Toki H, Watabe T, et al. Phys Rev C,1991, 44 : [5 ] Fukunishi N, Otsuka T, Tanihata I, Phys Rev C, 1993, 48 : [6 ] Ozawa A, Tanihata I, Kobayashi T, et al. Nucl Phys A, 1994, 608 : [7 ] Fang D Q, Shen W Q, Feng J, et al. Chinese Phys Lett, 2000,17 : [8 ] Fang D Q, Shen W Q, Feng J, et al. Phys Rev C, 2000, 61 : [9 ] Bowman J D, Swiatecki W J, Tang C F, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBLΟ2908, [10 ] Hufner J, Shafer K, Schurmann B, Phys Rev C, 1975, 12 : [11 ] Gosset J, Guthrod H H, Meyer W G, et al. Phys Rev C, 1977, 16 : [12 ] Morrissey D J, Marsh W R, Otto R J, et al. Phys Rev C, 1978, 18 : [13 ] Guerreau D. J. D. Phys. C, 1986, 4 :207. [14 ],,,., 1991, 15 :

Phys Rev C,1991, 44 :1467 1475. [5 ] Fukunishi N, Otsuka T, Tanihata I, Phys Rev C, 1993, 48 :1648 1655. [6 ] Ozawa A, Tanihata I, Kobayashi T, et al. Nucl Phys A, 1994, 608 :63 76.

20 [15 ] Brohm T, Schmidt K H. Nucl Phys A, 1994, 569 : [16 ],,,., 1999, 23 : [17 ] Rudstram G. Z. Naturforsch A, 1966, 21 :1027. [18 ] Silberberg R, Tsao C H. Astrophys J Suppl, 1973, 25 : 315 ; 1973, 25 :335. [19 ] Summerer K, Bruchle W, Morrissey D J, et al. Phys Rev C, 1990, 42 : [20 ] Summerer K, Blank B. Phys Rev C,2000, 61 : [21 ] Westfall D, Gosset J. Johnsen P J, et al. Phys Lett, 1976, 37 :1202. [22 ] Myers W D, Swiatecki W J, Kodama T, et al. Phys Rev C, 1977, 15 : [23 ] Dayras R, Pagano A, Barrette J, et al. Nucl Phys A, 1986, 460 : [24 ] Gaimard J J, Schmidt K H. Nucl Phys A, 1991, 531 : [25 ] Bonasera A, Toro M D, Gregoire C. Nucl Phys A, 1987, 463 : [26 ] Feng J, Shen W Q, Ma Y G, et al. Phys Rev C, 1994, 50 : [27 ] Feng J, Shen W Q, Ma Y G. Chinese Journal of Nucl Phys, 1993, 15 : [28 ] Cai X Z, Feng J, Shen W Q, et al. Phys Rev C, 1998, 58 : [29 ],,,., 1998, 22 : [30 ] Feng J, Shen W Q, Ma Y G, et al. Phys Lett B, 1993, 305 :9 12. [31 ],,,, 1994, 18 : [32 ],,,.,2000,24 : [33 ] Fang D Q, Shen W Q, Feng J, et al. Phys Rev C, 2000, 61 : [ 34 ] Scientific Opportunities with an Advanced ISOL Facility, the Report from the Department of Energy of the United States, [ 35 ] Scientific Opportunities with Fast Fragmentation From RIA, the Report from the Department of Energy of the United States, [36 ],,,., 1999, 23 : FRAGMENTATION REACTION AND PROD UCTION OF RADIOACTIVE NUCL EAR BEAMS Fang Deqing 1 Shen Wenqing 1,2 ( 1 S hanghai Instit ute of N uclear Research, Chi nese A cademy of Sciences 2 N i ngbo U niversity) Abstract : The calculation method and models for the isotopic distribution produced in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies which includes t he parameterization formula, t he abrasionοablation model and t he statistical abrasion Οablation model were reviewed. The physical foundation of t hese models and t heir calculation met hod were int roduced, and t he modification to t hese models were discussed. Then t he isospin effect of t he isotopic

[21 ] Westfall D, Gosset J. Johnsen P J, et al. Phys Lett, 1976, 37 :1202. [22 ] Myers W D, Swiatecki W J, Kodama T, et al. Phys Rev C, 1977, 15 :2032 2043.

21 4 : 355 dist ribution produced in t he f ragmentation reaction was investigated via t he modified statistical abrasionοablation model. At last t he production met hod of radioactive nuclear beams and it s perspective were int roduced briefly. Key words : f ragmentation, radioactive nuclear beams ( RNB ), abrasion Οablation model, isospin effect

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五花八门宝典（一）.doc BBS...5... 11...23...26...31...46...49...54...55...57...59...62... 110... 114... 126... 132... 149 I "108" 1 2 3 4 BBS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M ( ) Kg S ( ) A ( ) K (