/ V 0.9 V V Page 2 of 101

Transcription

1 C++/C [ ] 1.0 [ ] [ ]

2 / V 0.9 V V Page 2 of 101

3 WINDOWS UNIX IF FOR SWITCH GOTO CONST #DEFINE Page 3 of 101

4 FREE DELETE MALLOC/FREE NEW/DELETE MALLOC/FREE NEW/DELETE C STRING STRING Page 4 of 101

5 CONST A C++/C...8 B C++/C...8 C C++/C Page 5 of 101

6 C++/C N-1 Internet (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 30 (10) 9:00 5:00 9:00 C++/C CAD 3D 2001 Page 6 of 101

7 C++ 3D 3D strcpy IT IT 2001 Page 7 of 101

8 if 14 C++/C IT Page 8 of 101

9 B C++/C C++/C 4 C++/C Bug CMMI CMMI 2001 Page 9 of 101

10 C++/C CMMI Page 10 of 101

11 1 C++/C declaration implementation definition C++/C.h C.c C++.cpp.cc.cxx / 4 /* * Copyright (c) 2001, * All rights reserved. * * filename.h * * * * 1.1 * * * * 1.0 * * */ Page 11 of 101

12 graphics.h ifndef/define/endif #include <filename.h> #include filename.h C extern int value // 1-1 #ifndef #define GRAPHICS_H // graphics.h GRAPHICS_H #include <math.h> // #include myheader.h // void Function1( ); // class Box // ; #endif 1-2 C++/C 2001 Page 12 of 101

13 graphics.cpp 1-3 // 1-1 #include graphics.h // // void Function1( ) // void Box::Draw( ) 1-3 C++/C 1.4 Basic Fortran C++/C Page 13 of 101

14 1.5 include source 2001 Page 14 of 101

15 a b // void Function1( ) // void Function2( ) // void Function3( ) // while (condition) statement1; // if (condition) statement2; else statement3; // statement4; 2-1(a) 2-1(b) 2001 Page 15 of 101

16 if for while do 2-2 a 2-2 b int width; // int height; // int depth; // x = a + b; y = c + d; z = e + f; if (width < height) dosomething(); for (initialization; condition; update) dosomething(); // other(); int width, height, depth; // X a + b; y = c + d; z = e + f; if (width < height) dosomething(); for (initialization; condition; update) dosomething(); other(); 2-2(a) 2-2(b) int width = 10; // width int height = 10; // height int depth = 10; // depth 2001 Page 16 of 101

17 const virtual inline case if for while ; Function(x, y, z) ; for (initialization; condition; update) = +=>= <= + * % && <<, ^ 2-3-6! ~ & > for if for (i=0; i<10; i++) if ((a<=b) && (c<=d)) void Func1(int x, int y, int z); void Func1 (int x,int y,int z); if (year >= 2000) if(year>=2000) if ((a>=b) && (c<=d)) if(a>=b&&c<=d) for (i=0; i<10; i++) for(i=0;i<10;i++) for (i = 0; I < 10; i ++) x = a < b? a : b; x=a<b?a:b; int *x = &y; int * x = & y; array[5] = 0; a.function(); b->function(); // // // // // // // // // // // // // // array [ 5 ] = 0; // a. Function(); // b -> Function(); Page 17 of 101

18 a 2-4 b void Function(int x) // program code if (condition) // program code else // program code for (initialization; condition; update) // program code While (condition) // program code void Function(int x) // program code if (condition) // program code else // program code for (initialization; condition; update) // program code while (condition) // program code 2-4(a) 2-4(b) 2001 Page 18 of 101

19 if ((very_longer_variable1 >= very_longer_variable12) && (very_longer_variable3 <= very_longer_variable14) && (very_longer_variable5 <= very_longer_variable16)) dosomething(); virtual CMatrix CMultiplyMatrix (CMatrix leftmatrix, CMatrix rightmatrix); for (very_longer_initialization; very_longer_condition; very_longer_update) dosomething(); * * int* x; x int int* x, y; y x y * char *name; int *x, y; // y 2001 Page 19 of 101

20 2.7 C /* */C++ /* */ // i++; // i /* * * * * */ void Function(float x, float y, float z) if ( ) while ( ) // end of while // end of if Page 20 of 101

21 2.8 public protected private 1 private public 8-3 a 2 public private 8.3 b C++ Biarne Stroustrup class A private: int i, j; float x, y; public: void Func1(void); void Func2(void); class A public: void Func1(void); void Func2(void); private: int i, j; float x, y; 8.3(a) 8.3(b) 2001 Page 21 of 101

22 3 Microsoft ch p ppch int i, j, k; float x, y, z; int ii, ij, ik; // i int float fx, fy, fz; // f float CurrentValue NowValue min-length && max-information ANSI C 6 C++/C! maxval maxvalueuntiloverflow i,j,k,m,n,x,y,z Windows AddChild Unix add_child 2001 Page 22 of 101

23 3-1-4 int x, X; // x X void foo(int x); // foo FOO void FOO(float x); float value; float oldvalue; float newvalue; DrawBox(); // box->draw(); // int minvalue; int maxvalue; int SetValue( ); int GetValue( ); Value1,Value2 3.2 Windows Windows 2001 Page 23 of 101

24 3-2-1 class Node; // class LeafNode; // void Draw(void); // void SetValue(int value); // BOOL flag; int drawmode; const int MAX = 100; const int MAX_LENGTH = 100; s_ static void Init( ) static int s_initvalue; // g_ global int g_howmanypeople; // int g_howmuchmoney; // m_ member void Object::SetValue(int width, int height) m_width = width; m_height = height; 2001 Page 24 of 101

25 3-2-7 OpenGL gl GL 3.3 Unix 2001 Page 25 of 101

26 4 if for while goto switch C++/C 4.1 C++/C * ( ) [ ] ->.! ~ sizeof + - * & * / % + - << >> < <= > >= ==!= & ^ &&?: = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= = <<= >>= word = (high << 8) low 2001 Page 26 of 101

27 if ((a b) && (a & c)) 4.2 a = b = c = i = a >= b && c < d && c + f <= g + h ; // d = (a = b + c) + r ; a d a = b + c; d = a + r; if (a < b < c) // a < b < c if ((a<b) && (b<c)) if ( (a<b)<c ) 4.3 if if C++/C if TRUE FALSE 1 0 FALSE TRUETRUE Visual C++ TRUE 1 Visual Basic TRUE -1 flag if if (flag) // flag 2001 Page 27 of 101

28 if (!flag) // flag if (flag == TRUE) if (flag == 1 ) if (flag == FALSE) if (flag == 0) == = 0 value if if (value == 0) if (value!= 0) if (value) // value if (!value) == = float double == = >= <= x if (x == 0.0) // if ((x>=-epsinon) && (x<=epsinon)) EPSINON == = NULL NULL 0 p if if (p == NULL) // p NULL p if (p!= NULL) if (p == 0) // p if (p!= 0) if (p) if (!p) // p if 2001 Page 28 of 101

29 if (NULL == p) if (p == NULL) if (p = NULL) p NULL if (p = NULL) if (NULL = p) NULL if/else/return if (condition) return x; return y; if (condition) return x; else return y; return (condition? x : y); 4.4 C++/C for while do CPU 4-4(b) 4-4(a) for (row=0; row<100; row++) for (col=0; col<5; col++ ) for ( col=0; col<5; col++ ) for (row=0; row<100; row++) sum = sum + a[row][col]; sum = sum + a[row][col]; 4-4(a) 4-4(b) Page 29 of 101

30 4-4(c) 4-4(d) N-1 N 4-4(d) N 4-4(c) for (i=0; i<n; i++) if (condition) if (condition) for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoSomething(); DoSomething(); else DoOtherthing(); else for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoOtherthing(); 4-4(c) 4-4(d) 4.5 for for for for 4-5(a) x 0 =< x < N N 4-5(b) x 0 =< x <= N-1 N 4-5(a) for (int x=0; x<n; x++) for (int x=0; x<=n-1; x++) 4-5(a) 4-5(b) 4.6 switch if switch 2001 Page 30 of 101

31 switch if if switch switch switch (variable) case value1 : break; case value2 : break; default : break; case break default default default : break; default 4.7 goto goto goto goto goto state; String s1, s2; // goto int sum = 0; // goto state: goto C++/C goto goto goto break ; goto error; 2001 Page 31 of 101

32 error: goto 2001 Page 32 of 101

33 5 C #define C++ #define const const #define MAX 100 /* C */ const int MAX = 100; // C++ const const float PI = ; // C++ const 5.2 const #define C++ const #define 1 const 2 const C++ const const Page 33 of 101

34 5-3-2 const float RADIUS = 100; const float DIAMETER = RADIUS * 2; 5.4 #define const const const const const SIZE class A const int SIZE = 100; // const int array[size]; // SIZE ; const class A A(int size); // const int SIZE ; ; A::A(int size) : SIZE(size) // A a(100); // a SIZE 100 A b(200); // b SIZE 200 const class A enum SIZE1 = 100, SIZE2 = 200; // 2001 Page 34 of 101

35 ; int array1[size1]; int array2[size2]; PI= Page 35 of 101

36 6 C++/C C pass by value pass by pointerc++ pass by reference void void SetValue(int width, int height); // void SetValue(int, int); // float GetValue(void); // float GetValue(); // StringCopy str1 str2 void StringCopy(char *str1, char *str2); str1 str2 strsource strdestination strsource strdestination void StringCopy(char *strsource, char *strdestination); char str[20]; StringCopy(str, Hello World ); // const 2001 Page 36 of 101

37 void StringCopy(char *strdestination const char *strsource); const & C printf int printf(const chat *format[, argument] ); C void C++ C C++/ C void C getchar char c; c = getchar(); if (c == EOF) getchar c char getchar char int int getchar(void); c char [ ] EOF char if getchar return C getchar int 2001 Page 37 of 101

38 getchar getchar EOF 1 getchar int return getchar BOOL GetChar(char *c); gechar GetChar putchar(getchar()); getchar strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdest const char *strsrc); strcpy strsrc strdest strdest char str[20]; int length = strlen( strcpy(str, Hello World ) ); class String // String & operate=(const String &other); // friend friend String operate+( const String &s1, const String &s2); private: char *m_data; String operate = String & String::operate=(const String &other) if (this == &other) return *this; delete m_data; 2001 Page 38 of 101

39 m_data = new char[strlen(other.data)+1]; strcpy(m_data, other.data); return *this; // *this String return *this String a,b,c; a = b; // *this a = b = c; // *this String operate + String operate+(const String &s1, const String &s2) String temp; delete temp.data; // temp.data 0 temp.data = new char[strlen(s1.data) + strlen(s2.data) +1]; strcpy(temp.data, s1.data); strcat(temp.data, s2.data); return temp; String temp temp c = a + b; a + b c assert Page 39 of 101

40 6-3-2 return return return return 1 return char * Func(void) char str[] = hello world ; // str return str; // 2 3 return return String(s1 + s2); temp String temp(s1 + s2); return temp; temp temp temp return int(x + y); // int temp = x + y; return temp; int,float,double Page 40 of 101

41 C/C++ static static Debug Release Debug Release assert Debug 6-5 assert assert void *memcpy(void *pvto, const void *pvfrom, size_t size) assert((pvto!= NULL) && (pvfrom!= NULL)); // byte *pbto = (byte *) pvto; // pvto byte *pbfrom = (byte *) pvfrom; // pvfrom while(size -- > 0 ) *pbto ++ = *pbfrom ++ ; return pvto; 6-5 assert Debug Release assert assert assert assert assert assert [Maguire, p8-p30] 2001 Page 41 of 101

42 C++ n m referencem referent int m; int &n = m; n m n m n m m n m 1 2 NULL NULL 3 k i k = j k j k 6 k i i 6 int i = 5; int j = 6; int &k = i; k = j; // k i 6; C++ Func1 x n x n, n 0 void Func1(int x) x = x + 10; 2001 Page 42 of 101

43 int n = 0; Func1(n); cout << n = << n << endl; // n = 0 Func2 x n n n 10 void Func2(int *x) (* x) = (* x) + 10; int n = 0; Func2(&n); cout << n = << n << endl; // n = 10 Func3 x n x n x n n 10 void Func3(int &x) x = x + 10; int n = 0; Func3(n); cout << n = << n << endl; // n = Page 43 of 101

44 7 Bill Gates 640K ought to be enough for everybody Bill Gates static 2 3 malloc new free delete 7.2 NULL p assert(p!=null) malloc new if(p==null) if(p!=null) 2001 Page 44 of 101

45 1 1 for malloc free new/delete 1 2 return 3free delete NULL malloc new NULL NULL free delete NULL 7.3 C++/C 2001 Page 45 of 101

46 a 6 hello\0 a a[0]= X p world world\0 p[0]= X char a[] = hello ; a[0] = X ; cout << a << endl; char *p = world ; p[0] = X ; cout << p << endl; // p // a b b = a strcpy b a if(b==a) strcmp p = a a p a p a malloc p strlen(a)+1 strcpy if(p==a) strcmp // char a[] = "hello"; char b[10]; strcpy(b, a); // b = a; if(strcmp(b, a) == 0) // if (b == a) // int len = strlen(a); char *p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char)*(len+1)); strcpy(p,a); // p = a; if(strcmp(p, a) == 0) // if (p == a) Page 46 of 101

47 7.3.3 sizeof a sizeof(a) 12 0 p a sizeof(p) 4 sizeof(p) sizeof(char*) p C++/C b a sizeof(a) sizeof(char *) char a[] = "hello world"; char *p = a; cout<< sizeof(a) << endl; // 12 cout<< sizeof(p) << endl; // a void Func(char a[100]) cout<< sizeof(a) << endl; // b Test GetMemory(str, 200) str str NULL void GetMemory(char *p, int num) p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * num); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(str, 100); // str NULL strcpy(str, "hello"); // Page 47 of 101

48 GetMemory p _p = p _p p _p _p p GetMemory GetMemory free void GetMemory2(char **p, int num) *p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * num); void Test2(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory2(&str, 100); // &str strcpy(str, "hello"); cout<< str << endl; free(str); char *GetMemory3(int num) char *p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * num); return p; void Test3(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetMemory3(100); strcpy(str, "hello"); cout<< str << endl; free(str); Page 48 of 101

49 return return char *GetString(void) char p[] = "hello world"; return p; // void Test4(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetString(); // str cout<< str << endl; return Test4 str = GetString str NULL str hello world char *GetString2(void) char *p = "hello world"; return p; void Test5(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetString2(); cout<< str << endl; return Test5 GetString2 GetString2 hello world GetString Page 49 of 101

50 7.5 free delete free delete delete 7-5 p free NULL p p NULL p p p if (p!= NULL) if p NULL char *p = (char *) malloc(100); strcpy(p, hello ); free(p); // p p if(p!= NULL) // strcpy(p, world ); // 7-5 p p void Func(void) char *p = (char *) malloc(100); // NULL 2001 Page 50 of 101

51 NULL 7.7 NULL NULL if if 1 NULL NULL char *p = NULL; char *str = (char *) malloc(100); 2 p free delete NULL p class A public: void Func(void) cout << Func of class A << endl; ; void Test(void) A *p; A a; p = &a; // a p->func(); // p Test p->func() a p a p 2001 Page 51 of 101

52 7.8 malloc/free new/delete malloc free C++/C new/delete C++ maloc/free malloc/free malloc/free C++ new delete new/delete malloc/free new/delete 7-8 class Obj public : Obj(void) cout << Initialization << endl; ~Obj(void) cout << Destroy << endl; void Initialize(void) cout << Initialization << endl; void Destroy(void) cout << Destroy << endl; ; void UseMallocFree(void) Obj *a = (obj *)malloc(sizeof(obj)); // a->initialize(); // // a->destroy(); // free(a); // void UseNewDelete(void) Obj *a = new Obj; // // delete a; // 7-8 malloc/free new/delete Obj Initialize Destroy UseMallocFree malloc/free Initialize Destroy UseNewDelete 2001 Page 52 of 101

53 malloc/free new/delete malloc/free new/delete new/delete malloc/free C++ malloc/free C++ C C malloc/free free new delete malloc new/delete malloc/free 7.9 malloc new NULL 1 NULL return void Func(void) A *a = new A; if(a == NULL) return; 2 NULL exit(1) void Func(void) A *a = new A; if(a == NULL) cout << Memory Exhausted << endl; exit(1); 3 new malloc Visual C++ _set_new_hander 2001 Page 53 of 101

54 new malloc new C exit(1) exit(1) 32 malloc new Windows 98 Visual C Window Unix Windows void main(void) float *p = NULL; while(true) p = new float[ ]; cout << eat memory << endl; if(p==null) exit(1); malloc/free malloc void * malloc(size_t size); malloc length 2001 Page 54 of 101

55 int *p = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * length); sizeof malloc void * malloc void * malloc int, float int float cout << sizeof(char) << endl; cout << sizeof(int) << endl; cout << sizeof(unsigned int) << endl; cout << sizeof(long) << endl; cout << sizeof(unsigned long) << endl; cout << sizeof(float) << endl; cout << sizeof(double) << endl; cout << sizeof(void *) << endl; malloc () sizeof p = malloc(sizeof(p)) free void free( void * memblock ); free malloc p free(p) p NULL free p p NULL free p 7.11 new/delete new malloc int *p1 = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int) * length); int *p2 = new int[length]; new sizeof new new class Obj public : Obj(void); // 2001 Page 55 of 101

56 Obj(int x); // void Test(void) Obj *a = new Obj; Obj *b = new Obj(1); // 1 delete a; delete b; new Obj *objects = new Obj[100]; // 100 Obj *objects = new Obj[100](1);// delete [] delete []objects; // delete objects; // delete objects[0] C++/C C 1 C Page 56 of 101

57 8 C++ C C++ overloaded inline const virtual const virtual C C++ C EatBeef,EatFish,EatChicken Eat void EatBeef( ); void EatFish( ); void EatChicken( ); // void Eat(Beef ); // void Eat(Fish ); // void Eat(Chicken ); Eat C Page 57 of 101

58 void Function(void); int Function (void); int int x = Function (); Function C++/C Function Eat _eat_beef _eat_fish _eat_chicken C++ C C void foo(int x, int y); C _foo C++ _foo_int_int C++ C C++ C extern C extern C void foo(int x, int y); // extern C #include myheader.h // C C++ foo C _foo _foo_int_int C++ C extern C include void Print( ); // class A void Print( ); // 2001 Page 58 of 101

59 Print Print :: ::Print( ); // Print output int output float output(0.5) int float # include <iostream.h> void output( int x); // void output( float x); // void output( int x) cout << " output int " << x << endl ; void output( float x) cout << " output float " << x << endl ; void main(void) int x = 1; float y = 1.0; output(x); // output int 1 output(y); // output float 1 output(1); // output int 1 // output(0.5); // error! ambiguous call, output(int(0.5)); // output int 0 output(float(0.5)); // output float Page 59 of 101

60 8.2 override C virtual virtual Base::f(int) Base::f(float) Base::g(void) Derived::g(void) #include <iostream.h> class Base public: void f(int x) cout << "Base::f(int) " << x << endl; void f(float x) cout << "Base::f(float) " << x << endl; virtual void g(void) cout << "Base::g(void)" << endl; ; class Derived : public Base public: virtual void g(void) cout << "Derived::g(void)" << endl; ; void main(void) Derived d; Base *pb = &d; pb->f(42); // Base::f(int) Page 60 of 101

61 pb->f(3.14f); // Base::f(float) 3.14 pb->g(); // Derived::g(void) C++ 1 virtual 2 virtual a 1 Derived::f(float) Base::f(float) 2 Derived::g(int) Base::g(float) 3 Derived::h(float) Base::h(float) #include <iostream.h> class Base public: virtual void f(float x) cout << "Base::f(float) " << x << endl; void g(float x) cout << "Base::g(float) " << x << endl; void h(float x) cout << "Base::h(float) " << x << endl; ; class Derived : public Base public: virtual void f(float x) cout << "Derived::f(float) " << x << endl; void g(int x) cout << "Derived::g(int) " << x << endl; void h(float x) cout << "Derived::h(float) " << x << endl; ; a C b bp dp 2001 Page 61 of 101

62 void main(void) Derived d; Base *pb = &d; Derived *pd = &d; // Good : behavior depends solely on type of the object pb->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14 pd->f(3.14f); // Derived::f(float) 3.14 // Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer pb->g(3.14f); // Base::g(float) 3.14 pd->g(3.14f); // Derived::g(int) 3 (surprise!) // Bad : behavior depends on type of the pointer pb->h(3.14f); // Base::h(float) 3.14 (surprise!) pd->h(3.14f); // Derived::h(float) b pd->f(10) Base::f(int) Base::f(int) Derived::f(char *) 10 class Base public: void f(int x); ; class Derived : public Base public: void f(char *str); ; void Test(void) Derived *pd = new Derived; pd->f(10); // error Page 62 of 101

63 8-2-3 pd->f(10) Derived::f(char *) Derived f pd->f(10) f pd->f(10) Base::f(int) Derived class Derived : public Base public: void f(char *str); void f(int x) Base::f(x); ; 8.3 C void Foo(int x=0, int y=0); // void Foo(int x=0, int y=0) // void Foo(int x, int y=0, int z=0); 2001 Page 63 of 101

64 void Foo(int x=0, int y, int z=0); output #include <iostream.h> void output( int x); void output( int x, float y=0.0); void output( int x) cout << " output int " << x << endl ; void output( int x, float y) cout << " output int " << x << " and float " << y << endl ; void main(void) int x=1; float y=0.5; // output(x); // error! ambiguous call output(x,y); // output int 1 and float C++ operator Complex Add(const Complex &a, const Complex &b); 2001 Page 64 of 101

65 Complex operator +(const Complex &a, const Complex &b); Complex a, b, c; c = Add(a, b); // c = a + b; // + [Murray, p44-p47] = () [] -> += -= /= *= &= = ~= %= >>= <<= C++ C C++ 1 C++ int,float C++ #,@,$ Page 65 of 101

66 C++ C CALL return #define MAX(a, b) (a) > (b)? (a) : (b) result = MAX(i, j) + 2 ; result = (i) > (j)? (i) : (j) + 2 ; + : result = ( (i) > (j)? (i) : (j) ) + 2 ; #define MAX(a, b) ( (a) > (b)? (a) : (b) ) result = MAX(i++, j); result = (i++) > (j)? (i++) : (j); C++ C++ this C++ C++ assert assert Debug Debug Release assert assert Debug Release assert inline inline Foo inline void Foo(int x, int y); // inline 2001 Page 66 of 101

67 void Foo(int x, int y) Foo void Foo(int x, int y); inline void Foo(int x, int y) // inline inline inline inline C++/C class A public: void Foo(int x, int y) // // class A public: void Foo(int x, int y) // inline void A::Foo(int x, int y) Page 67 of 101

68 1 2 inline 8.6 C++ C Page 68 of 101

69 9 A C++ A A(void); // A(const A &a); // ~A(void); // A & operate =(const A &a);// 1 C++ Stroustrup 2 C++ String String class String public: String(const char *str = NULL); // String(const String &other); // ~ String(void); // String & operate =(const String &other); // private: char *m_data; // ; 9.1 C C Page 69 of 101

70 Stroustrup C++ Stroustrup ~ void [Eekel, p55-p56] 9.2 class A A(int x); // A ; class B : public A B(int x, int y);// B ; B::B(int x, int y) : A(x) // A const Page 70 of 101

71 class A A(void); // A(const A &other); // A & operate =( const A &other); // class B public: B(const A &a); // B private: A m_a; // ; 9-2(a) B A m_a 9-2 (b) B m_a B m_a A A a m_a B::B(const A &a) B::B(const A &a) : m_a(a) m_a = a; 9-2(a) 9-2(b) F class F public: F(int x, int y); // private: int m_x, m_y; int m_i, m_j; 2001 Page 71 of 101

72 9-2(c) F 9-2(d) F F::F(int x, int y) F::F(int x, int y) : m_x(x), m_y(y) m_x = x; m_i = 0; m_y = y; m_j = 0; m_i = 0; m_j = 0; 9-2(c) 9-2(d) 9.3 [Eckel, p ] 9.4 String // String String::String(const char *str) if(str==null) m_data = new char[1]; *m_data = 0 ; else int length = strlen(str); m_data = new char[length+1]; strcpy(m_data, str); 2001 Page 72 of 101

73 // String String::~String(void) delete [] m_data; // m_data delete m_data; 9.5 String a,b a.m_data hello b.m_data world a b b.m_data = a.m_data b.m_data b.m_data a.m_data a b m_data String a( hello ); String b( world ); String c = a; // c(a); c = b; // String c(a) 9.6 String // String::String(const String &other) 2001 Page 73 of 101

74 // other m_data int length = strlen(other.m_data); m_data = new char[length+1]; strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // String & String::operate =(const String &other) // (1) if(this == &other) return *this; // (2) delete [] m_data; // 3 int length = strlen(other.m_data); m_data = new char[length+1]; strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // 4 return *this; String 9.4 NULL NULL String 1 a = a // b = a; c = b; a = c; // b = &a; a = *b; 2001 Page 74 of 101

75 delete if if(this == &other) if( *this == other) 2 delete 3 strlen 0 strcpy 0 4 a = b = c return *this return this return other other other return other 9.7 class A private: A(const A &a); // A & operate =(const A &a);// ; A b(a); // b = a; // A Page 75 of 101

76 virtual #include <iostream.h> class Base public: virtual ~Base() cout<< "~Base" << endl ; ; class Derived : public Base public: virtual ~Derived() cout<< "~Derived" << endl ; ; void main(void) Base * pb = new Derived; // upcast delete pb; ~Derived ~Base ~Base class Base public: Base & operate =(const Base &other); // Base private: int m_i, m_j, m_k; ; class Derived : public Base public: 2001 Page 76 of 101

77 Derived & operate =(const Derived &other); private: int m_x, m_y, m_z; ; // Derived Derived & Derived::operate =(const Derived &other) // 1 if(this == &other) return *this; // 2 Base::operate =(other); // // 3 m_x = other.m_x; m_y = other.m_y; m_z = other.m_z; // 4 return *this; 9.9 C++ Big-Three Big-Three [Cline] [Meyers] [Murry] 2001 Page 77 of 101

78 10 Object Class Instance C++ Inheritance Composition COM CORBA C++ COM CORBA 10.1 A B A B A class A public: void Func1(void); void Func2(void); ; class B : public A public: void Func3(void); void Func4(void); ; main() B b; b.func1(); b.func2(); b.func3(); b.func4(); // B A Func1 // B A Func2 C Page 78 of 101

79 A B B B A B A a kind of B A Man Human Boy Man Human Boy Man class Human ; class Man : public Human ; class Boy : public Man ; Ostrich Bird Ostrich Bird Ostrich::Fly class Bird public: virtual void Fly(void); ; class Ostrich : public Bird ; Circle Ellipse Circle Ellipse 2001 Page 79 of 101

80 B A A B B A A B a part of B A A B Eye Nose Mouth Ear Head Head Eye Nose Mouth Ear class Eye public: void Look(void); ; class Nose public: void Smell(void); ; class Mouth public: void Eat(void); ; class Ear public: void Listen(void); ; // class Head public: void Look(void) m_eye.look(); void Smell(void) m_nose.smell(); void Eat(void) m_mouth.eat(); void Listen(void) m_ear.listen(); private: Eye m_eye; Nose m_nose; Mouth m_mouth; Ear m_ear; ; Head Eye Nose Mouth Ear Head Eye Nose Mouth Ear Head Look 2001 Page 80 of 101

81 Smell Eat Listen // class Head : public Eye, public Nose, public Mouth, public Ear ; Head Eye Nose Mouth Ear 2001 Page 81 of 101

82 const const C++ const const const const constant const C++ Use const whenever you need const const const const StringCopy void StringCopy(char *strdestination, const char *strsource); strsource strdestination strsource const strsource const void Func1(int x) void Func1(const int x) void Func2(A a) void Func2(const A a) A void Func(A a) A a void Func(A &a) void Func(A &a) a const void Func(const A &a) void Func(int x) void Func(const int &x) const & Page 82 of 101

83 const void Func(A a) void Func(const A &a) const void Func(int x) void Func(const int &x) const & const const const const char * GetString(void); char *str = GetString(); const char *str = GetString(); const int GetInt(void) const int GetInt(void) A GetA(void) const A GetA(void) A A GetA(void) const A & GetA(void) 6.2 class A A & operate = (const A &other); // ; A a, b, c; // a, b, c A a = b = c; // 2001 Page 83 of 101

84 (a = b) = c; // const a = b = c (a = b) = c const const const const stack GetCount GetCount const GetCount class Stack public: void Push(int elem); int Pop(void); int GetCount(void) const; // const private: int m_num; int m_data[100]; ; int Stack::GetCount(void) const ++ m_num; // m_num Pop(); // const return m_num; const const Page 84 of 101

85 && <= >= I/O Page 85 of 101

86 PC-Lint LogiScope 2001 Page 86 of 101

87 [Cline] Marshall P. Cline and Greg A. Lomow, C++ FAQs, Addison-Wesley, 1995 [Eckel] Bruce Eckel, Thinking in C++ C [Maguire] Steve Maguire, Writing Clean Code 1993 [Meyers] Scott Meyers, Effective C++, Addison-Wesley, 1992 [Murry] Robert B. Murry, C++ Strategies and Tactics, Addison-Wesley, 1993 [Summit] Steve Summit, C Programming FAQs, Addison-Wesley, Page 87 of 101

88 A C++/C ifndef/define/endif? If for while do * public, protected, private min-length && max-information 2001 Page 88 of 101

89 if? 1 TRUE FALSE == = 3 == = NULL Case break switch default goto? C++ const const const 2001 Page 89 of 101

90 return assert assert return const const Use const whenever you need malloc new NULL 1 2 free delete NULL malloc/free new/delete malloc new/delete C Page 90 of 101

91 C *this virtual 4 1 B A A B B A 2 A B a part of B A A B 2001 Page 91 of 101

92 I/O 2001 Page 92 of 101

93 B C++/C C++/C C++/C C++/C 90 BOOL, float, if 10 0, 0.0, FALSE int n if if ( n == 0 ) if ( n!= 0 ) BOOL flag if float x if char *p if Windows NT 32 C++ sizeof 10 char str[] = Hello ; char *p = str ; int n = 10; sizeof (str ) = void Func ( char str[100]) sizeof( str ) = sizeof ( p ) = sizeof ( n ) = void *p = malloc( 100 ); sizeof ( p ) = 2001 Page 93 of 101

94 25 1 ifndef/define/endif 2 #include <filename.h> #include filename.h 3 const 4 C++ C extern C 5 for // for (i=0; i<n; i++) if (condition) DoSomething(); else DoOtherthing(); // if (condition) for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoSomething(); else for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoOtherthing(); 2001 Page 94 of 101

95 20 void GetMemory(char *p) p = (char *)malloc(100); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(str); strcpy(str, "hello world"); printf(str); char *GetMemory(void) char p[] = "hello world"; return p; void Test(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetMemory(); printf(str); Test Test Void GetMemory2(char **p, int num) void Test(void) *p = (char *)malloc(num); char *str = (char *) malloc(100); strcpy(str, hello ); void Test(void) free(str); if(str!= NULL) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(&str, 100); strcpy(str, world ); strcpy(str, "hello"); printf(str); printf(str); Test Test 2001 Page 95 of 101

96 strcpy 10 strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdest, const char *strsrc); strdest strsrc 1 C++/C strcpy 2 strcpy strsrc strdest char * String 25 String class String public: String(const char *str = NULL); // String(const String &other); // ~ String(void); // String & operate =(const String &other); // private: char *m_data; // ; String Page 96 of 101

97 C C++/C BOOL, float, if 10 BOOL flag if 3 if ( flag ) if (!flag ) float x if 4 if (flag == TRUE) if (flag == 1 ) if (flag == FALSE) if (flag == 0) const float EPSINON = ; if ((x >= - EPSINON) && (x <= EPSINON) if (x == 0.0) == = if (x!= 0.0) >= <= char *p if 3 if (p == NULL) if (p == 0) if (p!= NULL) if (p!= 0) if (p) if (!) Windows NT 32 C++ sizeof 10 char str[] = Hello ; char *p = str ; int n = 10; sizeof (str ) = 6 void Func ( char str[100]) sizeof( str ) = sizeof ( p ) = 4 2 void *p = malloc( 100 ); sizeof ( n ) = 4 2 sizeof ( p ) = Page 97 of 101

98 25 1 ifndef/define/endif 5 2 #include <filename.h> #include filename.h 5 #include <filename.h> filename.h #include filename.h filename.h 3 const 5 1 const 2 const const 4 C++ C extern C 5 C++ C C++ C void foo(int x, int y); C _foo C++ _foo_int_int C++ C extern C 5 for 5 for (i=0; i<n; i++) if (condition) DoSomething(); else DoOtherthing(); if (condition) for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoSomething(); else for (i=0; i<n; i++) DoOtherthing(); N Page 98 of 101

99 5 20 void GetMemory(char *p) p = (char *)malloc(100); void Test(void) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(str); strcpy(str, "hello world"); printf(str); char *GetMemory(void) char p[] = "hello world"; return p; void Test(void) char *str = NULL; str = GetMemory(); printf(str); Test Test GetMemory GetMemory Test str NULL NULL strcpy(str, "hello world"); void GetMemory2(char **p, int num) void Test(void) *p = (char *)malloc(num); char *str = (char *) malloc(100); strcpy(str, hello ); void Test(void) free(str); if(str!= NULL) char *str = NULL; GetMemory(&str, 100); strcpy(str, world ); strcpy(str, "hello"); printf(str); printf(str); Test Test 1 hello 2 free(str); if(str!= NULL) 2001 Page 99 of 101

100 strcpy 10 strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdest, const char *strsrc); strdest strsrc 1 C++/C strcpy char *strcpy(char *strdest, const char *strsrc); assert((strdest!=null) && (strsrc!=null)); // 2 char *address = strdest; // 2 while( (*strdest++ = * strsrc++)!= 0 ) // 2 NULL ; return address ; // 2 2 strcpy strsrc strdest char * // 2 int length = strlen( strcpy( strdest, hello world ) ); String 25 String class String public: String(const char *str = NULL); // String(const String &other); // ~ String(void); // String & operate =(const String &other); // private: char *m_data; // ; String 4 // String String::~String(void) // 3 delete [] m_data; // m_data delete m_data; 2001 Page 100 of 101

101 // String String::String(const char *str) // 6 if(str==null) m_data = new char[1]; // NULL *m_data = 0 ; else int length = strlen(str); m_data = new char[length+1]; // NULL strcpy(m_data, str); // String::String(const String &other) // 3 int length = strlen(other.m_data); m_data = new char[length+1]; // NULL strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // String & String::operate =(const String &other) // 13 // (1) // 4 if(this == &other) return *this; // (2) // 3 delete [] m_data; // 3 // 3 int length = strlen(other.m_data); m_data = new char[length+1]; // NULL strcpy(m_data, other.m_data); // 4 // 3 return *this; 2001Flyincloud