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1 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4У ಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ ॳ ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ * Workers vs. Governmental Labor Union s Tax Policies in Asymmetric Information Games ߡἼᄎᗶञણ ᄎણ₇Ԟᄞ ᪗ᇜ ߡἼᄎᗶञણ ᄎણ₇ ᪗ʊℏ Jue-Shyan Wang Associate Professor Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University Shih-Kang Wang Master in Public Finance, National Chengchi University * ҐН੬րདᗃ ڎ ӫቸࢦ ȂпІ ᇅե ܒ ዑ ܛ ණ ޠٽ Ᏻᇅ ឋȄ

2 128 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟ Ϗ ใᗊ еහ፲ Ҵ ݾ τᏱଓ Ᏹ ق езᆫ Ҵ ݾ τᏱଓ Ᏹ ق ᆉς ϜНᄣ Ӷ౫ϭ ޠ ϜȂϏ ܛ ᅌ ޠ Ք ԄӤ ഽϏ ሏଊ ޠ Ϗ ڏ Ȃϛ ԄԫȂ ڐ ᄈ ഽϏ ޠ ኈ ηϋϸӵᡘ ȄҐНпKessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟϟዂ ձ ஆᙄȂпᗊ Ϝ ז ӗ ᒌȞsequential equilibriumȟ ޠ Р ݳ Ȃଇ Ӷၦଊϛᄈᆏ ޠ ם ίȃ ۻ ८ᄈђΤϏ ᇅ ޠ ഽϏȂ ܛ ϟ ใ၅ຯ Ȃ ٯ ლၑ ቷ Ґᄈ Ⴒᆘ ᒌ ޠ ४ ښ Ȃ яᄈ ۻ ٿ ᇴ Ҕԥւ ޠ Ⴒᆘ Ȅ ᜱᗥԆȈၦଊϛᄈᆏȃ ז ӗ ᒌȃϏ ȃഷᎍ ใȄ

3 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 129 ൧ȃࠊ Ӷ Κঐ ঢ় ޠ စᔽ ϜȂഽϏᖃ ᅌ ߩள२ ޠ ՔȂѫ ΚР८ȂഽϏη ኈ ژ စᔽԚߞ ޠ ᜱᗥӱષȄӱԫȂ ۻ ښܛ ॐ ޠ ഽ ᜱ ښ ȂпІᇅഽϏϟ ޠ Ϥ ᜱ Ȃη ߩளঅ ש উ ٿ ଇ ޠ Κ ឋᚡȄՅ ܛ ᒞ ޠ ȶϏ ȷȂ ۻ ᇅഽϏϟ ޠ ϜϮ ყᡞȂη ഽၦᚗРϟ ޠ २ ᐞዉȂ ڐ ѓ ҔԄ ש Ϗ ݳ ಒ1 ܛ ȈȶϏ пߴሬഽϗ ઊȂቩ ഽϏ ޤ Ȃ Ң ٲ Ȃ ഽϏ Ң ԠȄȷԄӤज ӫ စᔽᚖᇭ In These Times ޠ ၦ ጢᒯ Moberg ܛ ख़Ȉ ஆҐαഽϏሰ ڎ ӈ ٲ ȈΚ ኅτй ڏ ᏘᆺΩ ޠ সІᖓ ȂΡ Κঐఽ й ڏ ԥ ޠ ܓ ሊ ȄഽϏӕԪԚ Κᆎၽ ᐍঐ စᔽၦ ޠ ښ ᡘՅ ٲޠ ᄃȄկ٦ ٳ ሰ ᆎၽ ޠ Ȃ ϛѡᗘռ ܜ ᇰϏ ΚᆎಣᙒȂϏ Ϝ ޠ Ԛস ሰ ଡ଼ȃߴៗ ւઊі ᡞ ق Ȅ ٳ എ йϛሰ Ԛ ԥড়ϟ ٲ ȞMoberg, 1989Ȉ ȟȄ αख़ ޠ Κ Ҕ ᘉяΠϏ ᄈ ഽϏ ٿ ᇴȂ ޠ ጃԇӶ ϛѡ ຝ ޠޠ २ ܓ Ȃӱԫ ש উѠпᕤ ژ Ȃस ۻ Մኍᄃ ഽϏ ਣȂ٦ቅϏ ਞ ޠݏ ጃԇӶ ޠ ኈ โ Ȅ ᢏᄇ౫ᄃҢ Ϝ ޠ ם Ȃ ש উѠп ញ ژ ȂϏ ഽϏఋထ ޠ х ߓȂՅ ࠍۻ ᅌ яၦᆔ౪ ޠ ՔȂӱԫϏ ۻ ڸ ϟ ளள ҢяΚᆎഽၦᚗРᄈҴ ޠ ᜱ Ȃ Յ ౫яծоԥᜱ ٯ ϛ ژ ഽ Ϗ Ѕউ ޠ ᆎᆎЗᖑȂ ٻ уউ α ᓟȂ ڦ Κ ٳ ၷ ᐮ ޠ К ȂϘ ޠۻ २ຝȄ ڐ ᄃ τঢ়ኅ ޤܛ ȂϏ ڸ ഽϏউ ޠ л Ȃϛѵо ᄈ Ϗਣ ޠ Ӽᄁȃᖡၦ ޠ Ь піϗձᐡ ߴޠ ሬ ᜱጓᛠȂՅ ڐ ᄃ ܗۻ ԥᜱ ܛ ᜱ ޠݨ ȂηҔ Ӷ ٳ ҭȅѭ

4 Kessing Konrad 2006 Samaritan Kessing and Konrad, Kessing Konrad 2006 Kreps Wilson 1982 sequential equilibrium SE Kessing Konrad Kessing Konrad 2006 belief

5 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 131 Κ Մኍ ቷ ۻ Ⴒᆘ ᒌ ޠ ೪ Ȃ ѠпᙥҦႲᆘ Ԇ ܗ Ⴒᆘ ᎸȂՅ ᡑ ښޠ ٳ Ȃ ٻ ޠۻ ਞң ђӵණ ЁȄ ະȃНᝧӲ ҐН ޠ ف РӪȂл Ս ഷᎍ ใ ښޠ ȂпІϏ ڸ ഽϏϟ ޠ Ϥᜱ Ȅ Ӷഷᎍ ใ ޠ ഌϸȂഷԟ MirrleesȞ1971ȟ ޠ စ ڑ НᝧȄӶ Κ НതϜȂуጃϹӵ ഷᎍ ܛ ใ ޠ ୱᚡ ڏ ᡞϾȂ ٯ йηᘫ яᜱ ጤ ܛܓ ใ ܓޠ ፵Ȃ ڐ Ϝഷл ޠ ርใ౦ ϮӶ0 ژ 1ϟ ȄՅ AtkinsonȞ1973ȟւңѓւлဏί ޠ ਞңஆᙄȂ ٿ τͼ ϊ ޠ ౪Ȅαख़ ڎ എ ңκᄈ ጤ ޠܓ ਞң ړ ٿ ᐈձȂկ ϛӥ ࠔޠ AtkinsonȞ1973ȟ я ር ܛޠ ใ౦ ٯ ϛ ԄMirrleesȞ1971ȟ ܛ ᇴ ޠ ٦ኻմȂ ใ ޠ ฬηԥѠ नᚕጤ ܛܓ ใ ޠ ጓ ȄSternȞ1976ȟ ࠍ ೪ਞң ړ ԥ ޠ ڿ хኇ ܓ Ȃւңᄃ ޠ ف Ȃуզ Ӆ ڸ ຳ ޠ хኇ ܓ τङ 0.5ȂӤਣη ڴ ᔗ AtkinsonȞ1973ȟ ޠ ๗ ݏ Ȃ ౫ ٻ Ӷᎍ ޠ лဏᢏᘉίȃഷᎍใ౦ϭ Щ MirrleesȞ1971ȟ ౫ ޠ Π ӼȄՅҦ MirrleesȞ1971ȟ ܛ ᘫ я ܓޠ ፵Ȃᄈ ٳ α ޠ ཏ ٸ ด ژڨ โ ޠ ४ ښ ȂӤਣ௦ί ٿ ᄈ ԫ ᜱୱᚡձଇ ޠ Ᏹ ڸ Нത ߩளӵӼȂӱԫ TuomalaȞ1984ȟ Κ ӵщၷөр ޠ ف ๗ ݏ Ȃηђ Πө ᐄ ޠ ᆡጃ ܓ Ȅ ԥԅ SaezȞ2001ȟ ܛ ใ ޠ ၅ᓼІߩ၅ᓼኇ ܓ ίкȃᏳяഷᎍ ܛ ใ ޠ Κ ࠍȂ ٯ йւңኇ ܓ ޠ Р ٿݳ ᡘұяȂᄃርα ޠ ๗ ڸݏ MirrleesȞ1971ȟ ف ഥԥեϛӤȄ ഷᎍ ใ իվഽϗ ޠ ឋᚡਣȂӱ ഽϏԇӶ Ң Ω ޠ ϛӥȃ ӱԫτӽ ޠ Нതϲৡ Մኍ ژ ϛӥ ޠ Ϗձ ȄFeldstein Ȟ1973ȟ ޠ ዂ ഽϏϸ Ң ΩІմҢ Ω ڎ ᆎ ȂՅй ᖡ ၦ೪ ϲңᡑ Ȅ ڸ ٦ ٳ ᖡၦຝ ѵң ޠ ڿ ዂ ЩȂӶԫ ᖡ

6 Allen 1982 Stern 1982 Feldstein 1973 Seade, 1977 Anderson 1996 Konrad 2001 Batina 1991 Dillen Lundholm 1996 Freeman 1981

7 133 Asheim Strand 1991 Agell Lommerud 1992 Flam 1987 Robinson 1989 Hirsch 1993 Card 1996 Robinson 1989

8 134 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ Ԅե ђτϗ Ȃђп ޣ ௦ ޠ ଇ Ȅկ ҦѫΚР८ ٿ དྷȂ ೪ഽϏђΤϏ ጃᄃѠп ߴژ ሬȂ٦ ηԇӷ ϛђτϗ ࠔ ٸ ดѠп ڨٵ ᆎᆎԂ ޠ ں ȉߗԓ ٿ Ȃᄈ ᆎߩϏ সཧ ޠ ف η Ϋϸዦ੩ȄBudd ڸ NaȞ2000ȟւңᄃ ޠ Ȃߓұ ژڨٵ Ϗ ւઊ ޠ ϜȂߩ স ޠ ཧ ङќΠ 10ʦȄChaison ڸ Dhavale Ȟ1992ȟණяΠΚ ٳ ኈ ഽϏԚ Ϗ স ܗ ཧ ޠ ӱષȃє ᄈ Ϗ ၦଊ ޠ ᕤ ȃϗ ᄈ সԥ੬ր ޠ ଡ଼ ȄHundley Ȟ1993ȟη яӷ ଇϏ ޠ ӵ піᖡၦਞ ݏ ਣȂᔗ ױ ഽϏϸԚ ٵ ژڨ ւઊ ޠ সȃ ژڨٵ ւઊ ߩޠ সпІ ء ԥ ژڨٵ ւઊ ߩޠ স ήᆎ ȂϘ яҕጃ ޠ ف ȄSchumacherȞ1999ȟȃHildreth Ȟ2000ȟ ϸրӷнതϝᡘұя ژڨٵ ւઊ ߩޠ সпІ ء ԥ ژڨٵ ւઊ ߩޠ সϟ ᖡၦৰ ޠ โ Ȅ ڐ ϜȂHildrethȞ2000ȟ Ҫӵ яȃϗ স ߩڸ সϟ ङԇӶ10ʦ ޠ ᖡၦ ႎȂՅस Մኍ ژ ཧ ߩޠ সȂ Ԇ ණЁՎ30ʦ ژ 35ʦϟ Ȅ ᆤᢏαख़Ȃഷᎍ ܛ ใ ڸ Ϗ ਞ ݏ Ϋϸঅ ଇ ޠ ឋᚡȂᏱ উӶঐրጓᛠϜ ܛ ձ ޠ ᜱ ف η Ϋϸᙵ൳Ȃկ ծоၷ н ڎ Κ ڂ ଇ Ȃ ܗ ԥଇ կ ԇӷ ၷӼ४ ޠښ НᝧȄӱԫҐ ੬րп ז ӗ ᒌ ޠ Р ݳ Ȃ ٿ ϸ ݚ Ϗ ਞ ݏ ί ޠ ใ Ȃ ٯ й ቷΠ ڐ унᝧ Ϝᄈ Ⴒᆘ ޠ ४ ښ Ȃၑშ ޠف โϜȂ я ޠ ๗ ݏ ІР ӪȊ ȃዂ ೪ Ґ ዂ ೪ пkessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟ ޠ ᄻ ஆᙄȂՅւңᗊ ౪ Ϝ ז ӗ ᒌȞsequential equilibriumȃᙐᆏseȟ ޠ Р ݳ Ȃ ٿ ϸ ݚ Ӷ હ ί ޠۻ ഽ ใ Ȃ ٯ йηђτմኍϗ ਞ ݏ ІႲᆘѠп ᡑ ޠ ೪Ȅ ש উ ೪ӶԫΚᗊ ϜȂ ᗊ 1 ഽϏȂ ٸ ᐄ ڐ Ϗձ Ωϸ

9 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 135 Ȟsȟ ڸ ৶Ȟwȟ ڎ ᆎ ᄙȂs ᄙ ޠ Щ پ qȃw ᄙ ޠ Щ پ 1-qȂq Ȟ0,1ȟȄ ᗊ 2 ۻ Ȃ ڦ ڐ ใȞTȟІ၅ຯȞSȟ ڎ ᆎ ȂկӶӒᡜαϛ ޤ ၿ ᗊ 1 ޠ ጃᄃ ᄙȄӤਣ ש উ ೪स ᗊ 1 ґђτϗ Ȃࠍ ڐ s ᄙਣȂѠпስ ژ w 1 ޠ ᖡၦІ ᐋ a 11 ޠ Ԛ Ґȇ w ᄙਣȂࠍѠስ ژ w1 ޠ ᖡၦІ ᐋ a12 ޠ ԚҐȄҦ ש উՄኍ ژ Ϗ ᄈഽϏϏձߴሬ ޠ ᄈ ݸ ȂΚҎ ᗊ 1 ђτϗ Ȃࠍϛ ڐ s ܗ w ޠ ᄙȂഎѠпስ ژ w2 ޠ ᖡၦȂՅй Πϸ ݚ ଇ ޠ ւȃη ڎ ᆎ ᄙђΤ ޠ ϏձԚҐ ᙐϾ 0Ȅ2 ѫκр८ȃӱ Մኍ ژ Ϗ ਞ ޠݏ ᜱ Ȃ ܛ п ש উη ೪ђΤϏ ޠ ᖡၦȞw 2ȟ ϊ ء ԥђτϗ Ȟw1ȟȂέϏձ Ω ܛ ᐋ ޠ ϏձԚҐ a11 ϊ Ϗձ Ω ৶ ޠ ԚҐ a21 Ȃ a21 > a11ȇԫѵ Πϸ ޠݚ ւȃ ש উη Π w1ɯw2 Ȟa11, a21ȟȅ3 ᐄαख़ ޠ Ȃ ש উѠп ஆҐዂ ߓұԚίშ1 ܛ ұȉ შ1 2. Ҧ ҐН ೪ђΤϏ Ȃϛ Ϗձ Ω ܗ մ ޠ সϏȂ ϛሰ ряഽ Ԛ ҐȂ Ѡ ڦ Ӥ ޠ ϏၦȂԫ ᗵ ᄈђΤϏ ޠ সϏԥΚ โ ߴޠ ሬձңȄ 3. Kessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟΚНηᚈ ΠϏձ Ωմ ђτϗ ȂпІϛђΤϏ ޠ Ω সϏᖡၦၷ ޠ ݸ Ȃ ٿ ᇷӱ ৡ ޠ ᒌ ᜱϸ ݚ ȇյґн ܛ ೪ ޠ w1ɯw2 Ȟa11, a21ȟȃ ᗵ w1ɯa11ɵw2ȟϗձ Ω ȂӒЉαၷԥཏ ϛђτϗ ȟȃw1ɯa21ɴw2ȟϗձ Ωմ ȂӒЉαၷԥཏ ђτϗ ȟȃԅԫ ޠ ೪ ଷᇅ Kessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟ ޠ Ґཏ௦ߗѵȂηᗘռΠϸ ޠݚ ᖆፓᇅϛጃ ܓ Ȅ

10 136 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ Ӷԫ੬րпშ1Ϝ ޠ Ȟw1ɯa11ɯT,w1ɯa11ɯT btȟ ڸ Ȟw2ɯT,w2ɯT bt ȟ پ Ȃ ٿ Κ ޠ ఽ ᇴ ȄӶαख़ ܛ ᖟΡ پ Ϝ ޠ ಒΚ ᗊ 1 ޠ ႎȞpayoffȟȂՅಒΡ ࠍ ᗊ 2 ޠ ႎȞpayoffȟȄ ഇ ᢏᄇ ڸ ЩၷѠп ౫Ȃस ᗊ 1 ϛђτϗ Ȃࠍ ڐ Ґ ᐋϏձԚҐȇկस ڐ ᒶᐆђΤϏ Ȃ Ѡ ژڨ Ϗ ߴޠ ሬȂӤਣη ϛң ᐋӉե ޠ ϏձԚҐȂկ Ҧࠊ८ ޠ ೪Ѡп ޤ w1 τ w2ȃӱ ԫӶҐНϜ ޠ Ϗ ਞ ߩٯݏ ഽϏᖡၦ ޠ ቩђȂՅ २ ഽϏѠп ژ Ӽ ߴޠ ៗȄଷԫϟѵȂᢏᄇ ᗊ 2 ޠ ႎѠп ౫Ȃ ڐ ႎ є Π ڎ ঐഌϸȈ ᗊ 1 ޠ ႎȂпІᒶᐆ ڦ ใ ܗ ၅ຯ ޠ ਞ ݏ ȞԄ bt ܗ bsȟȃӱԫ ש উѠп ಒΚഌϸຝ ᗊ 2 Ґ ޠ ᕽȂ Ӥਣ ಒΡഌϸຝ ڐ ᄈ Ⴒᆘ ᒌ ޠ २ຝโ ȂՅ b ۻ २ ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ Ȅ ௦ί ٿ Ȃ ש উ ϸր b ȃτ Іϊ 1 ٿ ଇ ڐ હ ί זޠ ӗ ᒌȂ ڐ Ϝ θ ᗊ 1 ӶϛђΤϏ ίȃ ᗊ 2 ᇰ ᗊ 1 s ᄙ ޠ лᢏᐡ౦ȇ ᗊ 1 ӶђΤϏ ίȃ ᗊ 2 ᇰ ᗊ 1 s ᄙ ޠ лᢏᐡ౦ȅ4 နȃ ᒌϸ ݚ ࠊ ८ ޠ ϸ ݚ ȂҐ л Ӷଇ Ȃᓎ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b ޠ ϛӥίȃ ᗊ 1 ᇅ ᗊ 2 Ӷ હ ί זޠ ӗ ᒌϟ๗ ݏ Ȅ5 ᐄዂ ೪ Ѡп ޤ Ȃ ש উϑ ೪ഽϏѠпՍҦᒶᐆϛђΤ ܗ ђ ΤϏ ȂӶԫ ϸրп NȃJ ٿ хߓȃӥਣ ᐄϟࠊ ޠ ዂ ೪Ѡ ޤ ഽϏ ԇӷ Ȟsȟ ڸ ৶Ȟwȟ ڎ ᆎ ᄙȂӱԫ ژ ᗊ 1ԥпίѳᆎ Ȉ 4. ԫ ܛ ϟлᢏᐡ౦ӷ ᒌਣ ٲ ᐡ౦Ȃԫ ז ӗ ᒌ ޠ ӈϟκȅ 5. ԫ ϸ ݚ હ ί זޠ ӗ ᒌȂлӱ ҐНϟϸ ݚ ϜȂӶ SɮT Ҕᄃ ίȃ Κঐ Ϝ ԥ ڐ өսᄈᔗ זޠ ӗ ᒌȂӱԫ Ӭ ᒌϟଇ Ȃ ٯ ߩ २ ޠ ୱᚡȄ

11 137 1 N s N w 2 s w N s J w 3 s w J s N w 4 J s J w T S 6 1 Ω 1 2 Ω 2 3 Ω 3 4 Ω w 1 w 2 a 11,a 21 w 1 w 2 a 11,a 21 w 1 a 11 w 2 w 1 a 21 w 2 a 21 a 11 2 T S S T

12 138 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ ٸ b ϟ ӈ ޠ ϛӥȃӷпί ޠ ήঐϊ ձ Τ ޠ ଇȄ Κȃ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɶ1 ߓ1 ᗊ 1 ᗊ 2 ޠ ޠ s N N s N J s J N w w w J sj w Ԛ ᒌ ᒌ ᒌԚҴ ӈ ᒌጢ θ = q, φ [0,1] S + T (w1 w2 )+ a21 Ȟ1ȟ Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ω1 θ = 1, φ = 0 Ω2 θ = 1, φ = 0 S + T [0, w1 w2 a11 ] Ȟ3ȟ Ω3 θ = 1, φ = 0 S + T [0, (w1 w2 ) + a21 ] Ȟ4ȟ Ω4 θ = 1, φ = 0 Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 θ [0,1], φ = q Ȟ2ȟ Ȟ5ȟ S + T w1 w2 a11 Ȟ6ȟ

13 139 1 b s w =, φ [ 0,1] θ q 2 s w θ = 1, φ = 0 3 s w θ = 1, φ = 0 4 s w θ = 1, φ = 0 5 s w θ = 1, φ = 0 6 s w θ [ ] 0,1, φ = q 1 N s J w 1 N s J w 2 s w

14 N s J w S T S T S T

15 141 1 N s J w S T w 1 w 2 a 11 w 1 w 2 a 21 w 1 w 2 a 11 w 1 w 2 a 21 A 1 A 2 A 1 A 2 A 1 A 2 1 S T 8.

16 142 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ စ ᐍ౪ Ȃ ש উѠп ژ Ԅίϟ ڽ ᚡΚȄ ڽ ᚡΚȈ ȞΚȟ A1 > A2 ಥԇӶ ᒌȞ2ȟȃȞ5ȟȇѫѵ S + T [0, A2 ) ȂࠍԇӶ ᒌ Ȟ 3 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 4 ȟ ȇ S + T = A2 Ȃ ࠍ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ 1 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 3 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 4 ȟ ȇ S + T ( A2, A1 ) Ȃ ࠍ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ 1 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 3 ȟ ȇ S + T = A1 Ȃ ࠍ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ1ȟȃȞ3ȟȃȞ6ȟȇ S + T > A1 ȂࠍԇӶ ᒌȞ1ȟȃȞ6ȟȄ ȞΡȟ A1 < A2 ಥ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ 2 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 5 ȟ ȇ ѫ ѵ S + T [0, A1 ) Ȃ ࠍ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ 3 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 4 ȟ ȇ S + T = A1 Ȃ ࠍ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ 3 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 4 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 6 ȟ ȇ S + T ( A1, A2 ) Ȃ ࠍ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ 4 ȟ ȃ Ȟ 6 ȟ ȇ S + T = A2 Ȃ ࠍ ԇ Ӷ ᒌ Ȟ1ȟȃȞ4ȟȃȞ6ȟȇ S + T > A2 ȂࠍԇӶ ᒌȞ1ȟȃȞ6ȟȄ

17 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 143 Ρȃ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b > 1 ߓ2 ᗊ 1 ޠ ᗊ 2 ޠ NsNw NsJ w J snw J sj w Ԛ ᒌ Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 ᒌ ᒌԚҴ ӈ θ = 1, φ = 0 Ҧߓ 2 Ѡ ޤ ȂӶ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ϟ ݸ ίȃϛӥ b ɶ1 ԥၷӽಣ ᒌ ޠ ݸ ȂѬ я౫κಣ ᒌȂ9ҦԫѠп ژ пί ڽޠ ᚡȄ 9. ၐಡ ᆘᇴ Ȃ ߤᓄΡȄ

18 b 1 s w w 1 N s N 2 w 1 N s N 2 1 w 11 a 11 w 2 w 1 a 21 w 2 a 21 a 11 1 s w N J 2 1 w 1 a 11 w 2 w 1 a 21 w 2 a 21 a 11 2 θ

19 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 145 ήȃ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b < 1 ߓ3 ᗊ 1 ޠ ᗊ 2 ޠ NsNw Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 NsJ w J snw J sj w Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ω1 Ω2 Ω3 Ω4 Ԛ ᒌ ᒌ ᒌԚҴ ӈ ԄӤနȃΡ ϟ ݸ ȂҦߓ 3 Ѡ ޤ ȂӶ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b < 1 ϟ ӈίȃϛӥ b = 1 ԥၷӽಣ ᒌ ޠ ݸ ȂՅѬ я౫κಣ ᒌȂ10 ҦԫѠп ژ пί ڽޠ ᚡȄ ڽ ᚡήȈӶ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ϟίȃԇӷпίϟ ᒌȈ 10. ၐಡ ᆘᇴ Ȃ ߤᓄήȄ

20 146 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ s ޠ ഽϏᒶᐆϛђΤϏ Ȃw ޠ ഽϏᒶᐆђΤϏ ȂՅ ۻ ᄈᒶᐆϛ ђτϗ ІђΤϏ ޠ ഽϏ ᄃ ၅ຯȂ ᒌ Ȅ ᙥҦᢏᄇ b 1 І b 1 Ѡп ౫ ژ Ȃ ޠ ڎ ၐಡ ᆘϲৡ ڸ ๗ ݏ ծȃյ ۻ ڸ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɶ1 ਣ ܛ ޠژ Ӽಣ ᒌ๗ ݏ ЩၷίȂӶԫ ש উѬ Π୳ΚΚಣȂй ٯ ณӉե ४ ښ ί ޠ ᒌȄစҦߓ3Ѡ ޤ ᒌ๗ ݏ θɶ1 пі ɶ0Ȃ ש উ ٸ ดѠпഇ შ 1Ȃᕤ ژ хߓ Ϗձ Ω ޠ ഽϏϛ ђτϗ ȂՅϏձ Ω৶ ޠ ഽ Ϗࠍ ᒶᐆђΤϏ ȄѫѵȂηҦ ԫਣ ۻ ၷ२ຝഽϏਞң Ⴒᆘ ϟίȃ ۻ ᄈ ܛ ԥ ޠ ഽϏ ᄃ ၅ຯȄ ҦѫΚ८Ӫ ٿ Ȃӱ b ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ Ȃӱԫ ש উѠ п ױ b 1 ຝ ၷ२ຝႲᆘ ᎸȂՅ b 1 ຝ ၷϛ२ຝႲᆘ ᎸȄ ܛ пӷ b 1 ϜȂӱ २ຝ Ꮈ ޠ ᜱ Ȃ ۻ ϛ ᄈ ђτϗ ᇅ ޠ ഽ Ȃ ᒶᐆ ңπ ٻ ԞΤቩђ ޠ ใ ȂՅ ᄈӵӶ b 1Ȃ ࠍۻ ᒶ ᐆ ңπ ٻ ԞΤ Ў ޠ ၅ຯ ȄӤਣ ש উѠп Κ ӵᢏᄇ ژ Ȃӱ b 1 ڸ b 1 ᄈӵ Ң ծⴒᆘ Ꮈ ܗ Ⴒᆘᖬ ޠ Ȃӱ ԫस ۻ ᒶᐆ ڦ ᄈ ϛђτ ޠ ใІђΤ ޠ ၅ຯ ܗ ใ ޠ ਣȂഎณ ݳ Ңя ᒌȂ থԂη ڴ ᔗΠ ש উӶနȃΚ ᄈ bɶ1 ܛ ޠژ ๗ ݏ Ȃӱ ڦ ۻ ᄈΚ ใΚ ၅ຯ ޠ ਣȂ ծ ଢ Ⴒᆘ ᒌ ޠ ձ ݳ Ȃ ܛ п୳ԥ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɶ1ȃη ٯۻ ϛ ੬ր२ຝ ܗ ϛ२ຝⴒᆘ ᎸȂϘ Ңя ۻ ϛӥ ޠ ᒌ๗ ݏ ȄᆤӬпαө ޠ ଇ Ȃη Ѡп ఽ ӵᕤ ژ եӷ bɶ1 ਣѠп ҢяၷӼಣ ޠ ᒌȂпІөᆎ ӈί ᒌ๗ ݏ Ң ޠ ӱȅ Ӄȃ ᒌਞңϟଇ Ӷ๗ ΠαΚഌϸᄈ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b ޠ ଇ ϟ ȂҐ ത ࠍ ᄈ ᒌϟਞңӕձ Κ ޠ ᏏȄԄӤࠊख़ϲৡ ܛ ଇ ޠ Ȃ ၷ Kessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟ ޠ ೪ Ȃ ש উӶ ف ਣ Ⴒᆘ४ ޠښ

21 S T 1 2 S T S T S T 1 2 2

22 148 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ Κȃ ᒌႲᆘ ߓ4 ᒌ ጢ ᗊ 1 ޠ Ⴒ ਞң ᗊ 2 ޠ Ⴒ ਞң Ȟ1ȟ Ȟ2ȟ Ȟ3ȟ Ȟ4ȟ Ȟ5ȟ Ȟ6ȟ ॷӒ ש উӒ ٸ ඊ Kessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟ ޠ ೪ Ȃ ٿ ᄈ ᒌႲᆘί ޠ ᒌਞң ٿ ଇȂӱ ᗊ 1 ԥ ᄙпІᒶᐆα ޠ ϛӥȃյ ᗊ 2 ҼԥөᆎϛӤ ޠ Ѡ ӱᔗрԓȃӱԫӷ ၈ ש উ ڦ пⴒ ਞң ޠ Рԓ ߓٿ ႁȇӤਣ ࠊڸ ख़ത ޠ ϲৡ ҾȂ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b Ѡ ԥ 1ȃτ 1 піϊ 1 ޠ ϛӥȃ ܛ п ש উϬ ٸ ήᆎ Ȃϸր ٿ ᄈ ڐ Κଇ Ȅ ॷӒଇ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ਣ ޠ ם ȄҦߓ 4 Ѡ ޤ ȂӶ b=1 ޠ ݸ ί ԇӷ ϳಣ ᒌȄп ᒌ 1 پ Ȃ ڐ ᗊ 2 ޠ ᄈ ϛђτϗ ޠ ഽϏ၅ຯȂђΤϏ ޠ ഽϏ ใȇՅ ᗊ 1 ޠ ᒶᐆࠍ ϛ եᆎ ᄙ ޠ ഽϏ ϛђτϗ Ȃ Ҧࠊख़ ޠ ӈѡ ޤ Ӷ αख़ ޠ ಣӬϟίȂ ޠۻ Ⴒᆘ ᄈ ڎ ᆎ ޠ ഽϏ ϡ၅ ຯȂӱԫसమႁԚ ᒌႲᆘ ޠ ҭዀȃࠍκ ٻ Sɶ0Ȃ ܛ пӥኻӵ ٸ ԫР ٿݳ ଇ Ȃ ש উ Ѡпϸր ژ ӶՄኍ ᒌႲᆘίȂ ڐ уөಣ ᒌ ޠ ४ ښ ӈȃ ٸ ጢ ޠ ז Ȃϸր Ȉ T = 0 ȃ ȃ ȃ S = 0 ڸ S = 0 ȄѫΚР८ȂӤਣѠпϸր ᆘяӶ Κಣ ᒌϟί ޠ ᗊ 1 І ᗊ 2 ޠ Ⴒ ਞңȂӶԫ ࠍϸրп αi І βi ٿ

23 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 149 ߓұȂ Յ ژ αӗϟߓ 4Ȅ Ӷ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഌϸȂᙥҦᢏᄇߓ 4 Ѡп ౫ȂӶ α2 Վ α5 ѳಣ ޠ ᒌႲ ਞңϜȂഎє ΠΚঐ Ӥ ޠ Ȃӱԫ ש উӶЩၷ ѳಣ ᒌਣȂѬ Щၷ ڐ Ꮈϛ Ӥ ޠ Ԫ ѠȂ ܛ пԫ ש উ Ӓ Щၷ ᒌȞ2ȟՎ ᒌȞ5ȟȂ ٯ ڐ Ⴒ ਞңঅϸրᙾϾ ɯ Tȃ q( T S ) + S ȃ q( T S ) T І SȂစ Πпα ޠ ȂӕϸրхΤՄ ኍႲᆘ ᒌ ϟ४ ښ Ȃԫਣ α2ȃα3ȃα4 І α5 ѳಣⴒ ਞң ޠ অ Ӥ Ȃ ௦ί שٿ উ Ѡп α 2 хߓ ڸ α 1 ȃα 6 Щ ၷȄ ӤኻӵȂα1 ڸ α6 ӶхΤՄኍႲᆘ ᒌ ϟ४ ޠښ অϸր ڸ w 2Ȃࠍւңࠊख़ዂ ೪ Ϝ ޠ ೪ ӈѡп ޤ α 5ȃα 1 ڸ α 6 ϟঅϸր τ ȃ Іϊ w 2Ȃ ٯ ՅѠпցᘟя α 2ȃ α3ȃα4 І α5 ѳಣⴒ ਞң ޠ অ ഷτȇѫΚР८Ӷ ᗊ 2 ޠ ഌϸȂ ࠍӱ β1 Վ β6 ϳಣ ᒌ ޠ Ⴒ ਞңঅ ء ԥє S ڸ T ޠ ԪȂӱ ԫᡲ ש উ Ѡп ޣ ௦ ٿ ցᘟȃഷ ࠍѠп ژ пί ڽޠ ᚡȄ ڽ ᚡѳȈӶՄኍ ᒌႲᆘίȂ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ਣȂ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অӔԥѳಣȂϸր Ȉ Ȟ1ȟ Ȟ2ȟ Ȅ Ȅ Ȟ3ȟTɶ0Ȅ Ȟ4ȟSɶ0Ȅ ᗊ 2 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অࠍӔԥϳಣȂϸր Ȉ Ȟ1ȟSɶ0Ȅ Ȟ2ȟTɶ0Ȅ Ȟ3ȟqTɶȞ1ɯqȟSȄ Ȟ4ȟqSɶȞ1ɯqȟTȄ Ȟ5ȟSɶ0Ȅ

24 150 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ Ȟ6ȟSɶ0Ȅ स ۻ Ґ ౫я ٯ ϛ ੬ր२ຝ ܗ ϛ२ຝⴒᆘ ᎸਣȂ ࠍӶ ᒌႲᆘ ޠ ίȃ ڐ ٸ ϛӥ ޠ ഽϏ ᄙІᄃር ޠ စᔽ ݸ Ȃ ٿ ପӬ ᐍ S ڸ T ϟঅȅ ӕ ࠍٿ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɴ1 І b 1 ޠ ݸ ȂԄӤα ख़ ޠ ϸ ݚ Р ݳ Ȃഇ ಒန Ϝ ߓޠ 2 ߓڸ 3ȂѠпϸրᢏᄇ ژ bɴ1 І b 1 ޠ ᒌ๗ ݏ എө ѬԥΚಣȂӱԫ ᄈ b 1 ٿ ᇴ ၷ હȂ ש উ ٸ ดѠп Ӥ ޠ Рԓ ᆘяӶ ڎ ᆎ ݸ ί ᗊ 1 І ᗊ 2 ޠ Ⴒ ਞңȂ Յ япί ڽޠ ᚡϥȄ ڽ ᚡϥȈӶՄኍ ᒌႲᆘίȂ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b τ 1 ਣȂ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অ T 0Ȃй ᗊ 2 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অҼ T 0ȇ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b ϊ 1 ਣȂ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অ S 0Ȃй ᗊ 2 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অҼ S 0Ȅ ԫ ߓұᖄ ۻ ٻ Ґ ౫ ᄈ२ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ܗ ϛ२ຝⴒᆘ Ꮈ ޠ ם Ȃկ Ӷ ٸ ඊ ᒌႲᆘ ޠ τࠊණίȃ ڐ Ϭ Ӫϛџ ڦ Ӊե ޠ ၅ຯ ܗ ใ Ȅ Ρȃኇ ܓ Ⴒᆘ ၷ ӃȃΚϊ І Kessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟዂ Ϝ ܛ ଇ ޠޠ ᒌႲᆘȂӶ ၈ ש উ ԫΚ४ ښ ቷȂ ଇस ӶႲᆘϱ೩ኇ ܓ ᐍ ޠ ݸ ίȃ ᒌਞңпІ SȃT ϟഷᎍঅ ޠ ᡑϾȄ ॷӒ ש উϬ Ҧ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ਣ ޠ ٿם ଇ ȄԄӤࠊΚϊ ܛ ණ ޠژ ȂӶ b 1 ޠ ݸ ί ԥϳಣ ޠ ᒌȂկ ڸ ᒌႲᆘ ഷτ ޠ ϛӥϟ Ȃ Ӷ S ڸ T ޠ অ ءٯ ԥೞⴒӓ೪ Πጓ ܗ τϊȃӱԫӷ ၈ ש উ ٯ ϛң ᄈӵџՄኍϟࠊ ΠಓӬ ᒌႲᆘί ܛ ४ ښ ޠ SȃT অȄӶ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഌϸȂԄӤࠊΚϊ ޠ โȂᙥҦᢏᄇߓ 4 ש উѠпᙐϾ α2 Վ α5 ޠ অȂԫ ש উѠп ޣ ௦ցᘟ

25 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 151 я α5 τ α2ȃ Ӓ α2 փଷȇ௦ ӕ α5 ڸ α4ȃα3 ٿ ЩၷȂࠍѠп ίӗρԓȉ α 4 α 5 = q (T + S ) (T + S ) < 0 α 3 α 5 = q ( T S ) < 0 ᙥҦαӗΡԓѠ ޤ α4ȃα3 Ҽϊ α5ȃ Ѡ ޤ Ӷ ѳಣ ᒌϜп α5 ഷτȄ௦ί ٿ Κ Щၷ α5ȃα1 І α6ȃҧ ޣ ௦ցᘟѠ ޤ α5 τ α6ȃ ܛ пഷ Ѭ ί α1 ڸ α5ȃ ڎ Ѡп ژ Ȃւ ңಒ ዂ ೪ ڐ ϜϟΚ ޠ ೪ w1ɯa21ɴw2 Ѡп ޤ ϟঅ ϊ 0Ȃӱԫഷ Ѡпᘫ яӷ ϳಣ ᒌϜȂп α5 ޠ অ ഷτȄ ѫκр८ȃӷ ᗊ 2 ޠ ഌϸϜȂ ٸ ดη ԇӷ ϳಣ ᒌȂҦߓ 4 ϜѠпᢏᄇ ޤ β2 Վ β5 ޠ অ Ȃӱԫ ש উп β2 хߓȃ ڸ β1ȃβ6 Κ ЩၷȂӤኻҼѠ ژ ίӗρԓȉ β1 β 2 = (1 q )( w1 a21 w2 ) < 0 β 2 β 6 = q ( w1 a11 w2 ) > 0 Յ ޤ β 2 ޠ অ ഷτȂӱԫᙥҦαख़ ޠ ϲৡ ש উѠп ژ пί ڽޠ ᚡϳȄ ڽ ᚡϳȈӶՄኍኇ ܓ ႲᆘίȂ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ਣȂ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অ S ȇ ᗊ 2 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অࠍԥп ίήᆎѡ Ȉ Ȟ1ȟ S + T [0, w1 w2 a11 ] Ȅ Ȟ2ȟ S + T [0, ( w1 w2 ) + a21 ] Ȅ Ȟ3ȟ S, T 0 Ȅ स ӶႲᆘѠпኇ ܓ ᐍ ޠ ם ϟίȃй ۻ Ґ ౫я ٯ ϛ ੬ր२ຝႲᆘ ᎸਣȂࠍયӶഽϏ ޠ Ȃ ڐ ౪ ܛ ดӵ ו గ ᕖ Ӽ ޠ ၅ֆ Ԃȇկ п ޠۻ Ҵൠ ٿ Մ໕Ȃ ٸ ด ᄃር ޠ ᐍ ᡞစᔽ ٿݸޒ ଫ ٲ Ȅ ӤኻӵȂ௦ί ࠍٿ Մኍ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɵ1 І bɴ1

26 152 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ ޠ ݸ ȂԄӤαख़ ޠ ϸ ݚ Р ݳ Ȃഇ ಒန Ϝ ߓޠ 2 ߓڸ 3ȂѠпϸր ᢏᄇ ژ bɵ1 І bɴ1 ޠ ᒌ๗ ݏ എө ѬԥΚಣȂέӱ S ڸ T ϛ ڨ Ⴒ ᆘ ᒌ४ ښ ϟ Ȃ ש উѠп ޣ ௦Ҧ ᗊ 1 ڸ ᗊ 2 ޠ Ⴒ ਞңϜȂ ଇഷᎍ ޠ SȃT অȂ Յ ژ ίӗ ڽޠ ᚡΝȄ ڽ ᚡΝȈӶՄኍኇ ܓ ႲᆘίȂ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b τ 1 ਣȂ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অ Tʖ0Ȃ ᗊ 2 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অ Tʖ ɺȇՅ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b ϊ 1 ਣȂ ᗊ 1 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অ SʖɺȂ ᗊ 2 ޠ ഷᎍ SȃT অ SʖɺȄ स ۻ Ґ ౫ ᄈ२ຝႲᆘ ᎸਣȂࠍӶႲᆘѠпኇ ܓ ᐍϟίȂ ו ڐ గ Ӽ ޠ ใ ԂȂկЇϟഽϏ ด ו గใ፮ Ꮢ ໕ӵ ሇȇѫΚР८Ȃस ۻ Ґ ౫ ᄈϛ२ຝႲᆘ ᎸਣȂࠍ ۻ ཏ ϡ Ӽ ޠ ၅ֆ ڸ ᆌւȂп ପӬഽϏ ޠ Ȅ ήȃᄈ ۻ ԥւϟⴒᆘ ҔԄӤಒӃ ࠊ Ϝ ܛ ණ ޠژ ȂӶ౫ᄃ ݸ ϜȂ ܛۻ ᅌ ޠ Ք Ϙ ښ ॐႲᆘ ޠ ௱КȂӱԫᗷดӶࠊख़ ޠ ϲৡϝӥਣፚଇπഽϗі ޠۻ ם Ȃկ Ӷԫ Ϭ Ӳᘫ ޠۻ ژ ҴൠȂпၑშ яᄈ ۻ ԥւ ޠ Ⴒᆘ Ȅ Ӷࠊ८ ڎޠ ঐϊ ϜȂ ש উϑစϸր ଇΠ ᒌႲᆘ ڸ ኇ ܓ Ⴒᆘ ޠ ם Ȃ ٯ йηഇ ᆘ ڸ ϸ ݚ Ȃ Յ ژ ΠӶϛӤ ۻ ޠ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ίȃ ᗊ 2Ȟ ۻ ȟ ޠ ഷτႲ ਞңȄѫΚР८Ȃᗷดኇ ܓ Ⴒᆘ ί ۻ ѠпՍҦӵᒶᐆ၅ຯ ڸ ใ ޠ ໕Ȃկ Ӷ౫ᄃ ݸ ϜȂӱ ၦ ԥ४ ޠ ᜱ Ȃ S ڸ T ޠ অ Ԛ ณ४τ ޠ Ȃӱԫ ש উӶԫ ೪я ٸۻ ᄃር ޠ ם Մ໕ ܛ ᒶᐆϟ S ڸ T ޠ অȂϸրп S ڸ T ߓٿ ұȃй S ȃ T (0, )ȂԄԫΚ ٿ Ѡւңࠊ८ ܛ ޠژ ๗ ٿݏ ΚЩၷȂ п яե ԥւ ޠ Ⴒᆘ Ȃ ٯ ҦԫՅ яίӗ ڽޠ ᚡΥȄ ڽ ᚡΥȈ

27 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 153 Ȟ1ȟ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɶ1 ਣȂ ᒌႲᆘ ڸ ኇ ܓ Ⴒᆘᄈ ޠۻ ਞң ءٯ ԥӊեৰ Ȅ Ȟ2ȟ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ਣȂпኇ ܓ Ⴒᆘၷ ٺ Ȃ ڐ ਞ ңৰ Ȟbɯ1ȟ T Ȅ Ȟ3ȟ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ b 1 ਣȂпኇ ܓ Ⴒᆘၷ ٺ Ȃ ڐ ਞ ңৰ Ȟ1ɯbȟ S Ȅ Ҧ ڽ ᚡΥѠпᕤ ȂયӶ ޠۻ ҴൠȂኇ ܓ Ⴒᆘ ᄈ ڐ ၷ ԥ 11 ւȃ ӱ ӶႲᆘѠпՍҦᐈ І ᐍ ޠ ݸ ίȃ ۻ ၷѠп ٸ ਣ ޠ Іစᔽ ٿݸ ӱӵ ޠ ښ ᓎᐡЇᔗȂпѫΚ८Ӫ ٿ ᇴȂҼ ڐ ϛң ژڨ Ⴒᆘ ᒌ ޠ ښ ȂՅೞࠂ४Ӷ ঢ়ԞМ ಓ ޠ ਲ ၈Ȅ ഛȃ๗ ᇅ ի ҐНϜȂ ۻ ϛӥ ޠ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ȂԥѠ Ӥਣᄈ ڎ ᆎ ޠ ഽϏ ၅ຯ ڸ ใȂӱԫ ٯ ϛκ ആԚ Kessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟН Ϝ ۻ ϟ ᡲϏձ Ωմ ޠ ഽϏ ւȃյᡲϗձ Ω ޠ ഽϏ ڨ ড় ޠ ๗ ݏ Ȅ 12 ӤਣᙥҦҐН ޠ ϸ ݚ ᇅЩၷȂ ש উѠп ޤ ᄈ ٿۻ ᇴȂ Ӷ ۻ ੬ր२ຝ ܗ ϛ੬ր२ຝⴒᆘ ᎸਣȂኇ ޠܓ Ⴒᆘ ᓻ ᒌႲ ᆘ ޠ ๗ ݏ Ȅ ѫκр८ȃᗷดґн ڸ пࠊ ޠ Нᝧ ЩȂ ቷΠႲᆘ ᒌ ޠ ӈȃ կ ҭࠊ ޠ ف ४ ଇ ڎ ᆎ ᄙ ޠ ഽϏȂՅӶ౫ᄃϜഽϏ ޠ ᆎ ӼȂ ߩٯ ڐ ϸ ڎ Ѡ Ȃӱԫп ѠпӕђΤ ӼϛӤ ᄙ ޠ ഽϏଇ ϟȅӥਣȃґнϝ ೪ ۻ Ӷၦଊϛᄈᆏ ޠ ם ίȃϭѡҕ 11. ԫΚ๗ ݏ ᄈ ᗊ 1ȞഽϏȟ ٿ ᇴၷߩԄԫӵ ᡘȂӱ ᐄҐН ޠ ف Ȃस ڸ ޠۻ ם ЩၷȂ b = 1 ڸ b < 1 ਣϟ๗ ݏ ӤȂկӶ b > 1 ޠ ם ϜȂпഽϏ ޠ ᢏϟȂ ᒌႲᆘၷ ޠٺ ࠔם ϛ ԄӤ ۻ ӵ ᡘȄ 12. ԫѵӶ Kessing ڸ KonradȞ2006ȟΚНϜȂӱ Ϗ ਞ ޠݏ ϮΤȂ ٻ ۻ ใ ί ޠ ᆌւЬ ژڨ ኈ Յί७Ȃկ ӶҐН ޠ ଇ ϜȂ ۻ ѠᙥҦᒶᐆϛӤ ޠ Ⴒᆘ ښ Ȃ Յණ ᐍᡞ ޠ ᆌւЬ Ȅ

29 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 155 ߤᓄΚȈ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɶ1ਣ ᒌϟ ᆘ ᒌȞ1ȟȈ ᗊ 1 ϟ Ȃ ᗊ 2 ϟ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ၅ຯІђΤ ޠ ใȈ ᗊ 1Ȉ Ȉߓұ ᅗ Ȉߓұ ᅗ Ӭ ڂ ᐍ౪Ѡ Ȅ ᗊ 2 ϟ Ȉ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȞSȟȈߓ ұ ᅗ Ҧ αԓ ԚҴȂ Ѡ ޤ θɶqȅ ᄈђΤ ޠ ใȞTȟȈߓұ ᅗ Ҧ αԓ ԚҴȂ Ѡ Ȅ ᒌȞ3ȟȈ ᗊ 1 ϟ N s J w Ȃ ᗊ 2 ϟ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ใІђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȈ ᗊ 1Ȉ N s J s Ȉߓұ ᅗ N w J w Ȉߓұ ᅗ Ӭ ڂ ᐍ౪Ѡ ᗊ 2 ϟ Ȉ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ใȞTȟȈߓ ұ ᅗ Ȅ

30 156 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ Ҧ αԓ ԚҴȂ Ѡ ޤ θ 1Ȅ ᄈђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȞSȟȈߓұ ᅗ Ҧ αԓ ԚҴȂ Ѡ Ȅ ᒌȞ6ȟȈ ᗊ 1 ϟ J s J w Ȃ ᗊ 2 ϟ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ใІђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȈ ᗊ 1Ȉ J s N s Ȉߓұ ᅗ J w N w Ȉߓұ ᅗ Ӭ ڂ ᐍ౪Ѡ Ȅ ᗊ 2 ϟ Ȉ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȞSȟȈߓұ ᅗ Ҧ αԓ ԚҴȂ Ѡ ޤ Ȅ ᄈђΤ ޠ ใȞTȟȈߓұ ᅗ Ҧ αԓ ԚҴȂ Ѡ Ȅ

31 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 157 ߤᓄΡȈ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɵ1 ਣ ᒌϟ ᆘ ᗊ 1 ϟ ᗊ 1Ȉ Ȃ ᗊ 2 ϟ ᄈϛђΤІђΤ ޠ ใȈ Ȉߓұ ᅗ Ȉߓұ ᅗ αӗρԓ ಓӬ ϟ ೪ ӈȅ ᗊ 2 ϟ Ȉ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȞSȟȈߓұ ᅗ хτ αԓसమԛҵȃࠍѡ ޤ b 1 Ȅ ᄈђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȞSȟȈߓұ ᅗ хτ αԓसమԛҵȃࠍѡ ޤ b 1 Ȅ

32 158 ऌᏱ ᘏ 2007Ԓ 4УಒΚ ڣ ಒΚ ߤᓄήȈ ۻ २ຝႲᆘ Ꮈ ޠ bɴ1 ਣ ᒌϟ ᆘ ᗊ 1 ϟ ᗊ 1Ȉ Ȃ ᗊ 2 ϟ ᄈϛђΤІђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȈ Ȉߓұ ᅗ Ȉߓұ ᅗ αӗρԓ ಓӬ ϟ ೪ ӈȅ ᗊ 2 ϟ Ȉ ᄈϛђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȞSȟȈߓұ ᅗ хτ αԓसమԛҵȃࠍѡ ޤ b 1 Ȅ ᄈђΤ ޠ ၅ຯȞSȟȈߓұ ᅗ хτ αԓसమԛҵȃࠍѡ ޤ b 1 Ȅ

33 ၦଊϛᄈᆏίഽϏᇅ ۻ ϟϗ ใᗊ 159 ՄНᝧ Agell, Jonas., and Kjell E. Lommerud Union Egalitarianism as Income Insurance, Economica, vol. 59ȞAugustȟ, pp. 295~310. Allen, Franklin Optimal Linear Income Taxation with General Equilibrium Effects on Wages, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 17, no. 2 ȞMarchȟ, pp. 135~143. Anderson, Fredrik Income Taxation and Job Market Signaling, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 59, no. 2ȞFebruaryȟ, pp. 277~298. Asheim, Geir B., and Jon Strand Long-term Union-Firm Contracts, Journal of Economics, vol. 53, no. 2ȞJuneȟ, pp. 161~184. Atkinson, Anthony B Maximin and Optimal Income Taxation, Discussion paper no. 47, University of Essex, Department of Economics. Batina, Raymond G Eguity and the Time Consistent Taxation of Income, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 407~419. Budd, John W., and In-Gang. Na The Union Membership Wage Premium for Employees Covered by Collective Bargaining Agreements, Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 18, no. 4ȞOctoberȟ, pp. 783~807. Card, David The Effect of Unions on the Structure of Wages: A Logitudinal Analysis, Econometrica, 64ȞJulyȟ, pp. 957~979. Chaison, Gary N., and Dileep G. Dhavale The Choice between Union Membership and Free-Rider Status, Journal of Labor Research, vol. 13 ȞFallȟ, pp. 355~369. Dillen, Mats., and Michael Lundholm Dynamic Income Taxation, Redistribution, and the Ratchet Effect, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 59, no.1ȟjanuaryȟ, pp. 69~93. Feldstein, Martin S On the Optimal Progressivity of the Income Tax, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 2, no. 4ȞNovemberȟ, pp. 356~376. Flam, Harry Equal Pay for Unequal Work, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 89, no. 4ȞDecemberȟ, pp. 435~450. Freeman, Richard B The Effect of Unionism on Fringe benefits, Industrial

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36 Workers vs. Governmental Labor Union's Tax Policies in Asymmetric Information Games Jue-Shyan Wang Associate Professor Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University Shih-Kang Wang Master in Public Finance, National Chengchi University Abstract In nowadays society, labor unions act as a tool to pass on information on behalf of workers. This paper is based on Kessing and Konrad's model (2006). We used the game theory s sequential equilibrium (SE) method to discuss what kind of taxing or subsiding policy will be selected when a government faces workers s decision to join labor unions. Besides, we try to loosen the restriction of balanced budget and found a better budget policy which is really beneficial for government. Keywords: asymmetric information, sequential equilibrium, labor union, optimal taxation.

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<35A4EBB77CB054A4BAAE6528B0AAB8D1AA52292D312E706466> 5 1044 103.04.17() 1 2 104 104.04.24() () ()1 () 2(1 ) () 3() () 3 () () 2(1) () () () 16 () 1/10 () () () () () () () () () () 3 () 1 () (SOP)2 () () () () hann_long@yahoo.com.tw 0935-143-459 1 D30 2