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1 : :, ;, () () 60,,, :,, ( ) 2008, 30, 1988,, , 1012 %,,, ,,,,, : 20,,, %,,, :,, ;,,,, Jack A. Goldstone, The Coming Chinese Collapse," Forei gn Policy, no. 99 (Summer 1995), pp ; Gordon G. Chang, The Coming Colla pse of China, New York : Random House, Shang2Jin Wei, Gradualism versus Big Bang : Speed and Sustainability of Refo rms," T he Cana di an 111 ' China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.

2 ,,, 919 % 30,,,, :,,, 30,,,, :, ;, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, J ournal of Economics, vol. 30, no. 4b (Nov. 1997), pp ; Vladimir Popov, Shock Therapy,, : : asp?newsid = 8292, :,, , http :/ / www. ccer. pku. edu. cn/ download/ doc, Sebastian Heilmann, Policy Experimentation in Chinaπs Economic Rise," S tudies of Com parative and Carl Folke, Johan Colding and Fikret Berkes, Synthesis : Building Resilience and Adaptive Capacity in Herbert Simo n, A d m i nist rati ve B ehavior : A S tud y of D ecision2m aking P rocesses i n A d m i nist rati ve 112 versus Gradualism : The End of the Debate ( Explaining the Magnitude of the Transformational Recession)," Com parative Economic S tudies, vol. 42, no. 1 ( Spring 2000), pp Joshua Cooper Ramo, The B ei j ing Consensus : N otes on the N ew Physics of Chinese Power, London : Foreign Policy Centre, 2004., , http :/ / www. ccer. edu. cn/ cn/ ReadNews. I nternational Development, vol. 43, no. 1 ( Mar ), pp ; From Local Experiment s to National Policy : The Origins of Chinaπs Distinctive Policy Process," 2008), pp The China J ournal, no. 59 (J an. Social2ecological Systems," in Fikret Berkes, Johan Colding and Carl Folke, eds., N avi gating S ocial2 ecological S ystems : B uil ding Resilience f or Com plex ity and Change, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp ' China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.

3 :,,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1) ,,?,,?,,,,,,,, ;, Organiz ations, New York : Free Press, Douglass North, I nstitutions, I nstitutional Change and Economic Perf ormance, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 81. Hugh Heclo, Modern S ocial Politics in B ritain and in S weden, New Haven : Yale University Press, 1974 ; Richard Rose, What is Lesson2drawing?" J ournal of Public Policy, vol. 2, no. 1 (Jan.2Mar. 1991), pp ; Peter J. May, Policy Learning and Failure," J ournal of Public Policy, vol. 12, no. 4 (Oct.2Dec. 1992), pp ; Harold Wolman, Understanding Cross2national Policy Transfers : The Case of Britain and the United States," Governance, vol. 5, no. 1 (Jan. 1992), pp ; Peter A. Hall, Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State : The Case of Economic Policy Making in Britain," Com parative Politics, vol. 25, no. 3 (Apr. 1993), pp Hugh Heclo, Modern S ocial Politics in B ritain and in S weden, p D. Dolowitz and D. Marsh, Who Learns What from Whom : A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature," Political S tudies, vol. 44, 1996, p

4 2008 6,,,,,,,,,, (),,,, ; 1 ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,?, 2 ( 1), 25,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, /,,,, (1954 ), Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. J enkins2smith, Policy Change and L earning : A n A dvocacy Coalition Douglass North, I nstitutions, I nstitutional Change and Economic Perf ormance, p. 81. Everett Rogers, Di f f usion of I nnovations, New York : Free Press, A p p roach, Boulder, CO : Westview Press, 1993.

5 : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) 60,, /, 60,,,, 20, 85 %1928,,,, 1936, 017 % 1947, ;,, 4,,,, 250, 35, :,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, Ka2Che Yip, Health and Nationalist Reconstruction : Rural Health in Nationalist China, ," Modern A sian S tudies, vol. 26, no. 2 (May 1992), p :, () ; :( ), Leonard S. Hsu, Rural Reconstruction in China," Paci f ic A f f ai rs, vol. 10, no. 3 (Sep. 1937), pp Ka2Che Yip, Health and Nationalist Reconstruction : Rural Health in Nationalist China, ," p Harry E. Seifert, Life Tables for Chinese Farmers," The M ilbank Memorial Fund Quarterl y, vol. 13, no. 3 (J ul. 1935), pp :, 3, :, 1991, 1078 :, 3, 932 : (), ; :,

6 2008 6, 1952, , 90 %,,,,,,, 1955, ;,, 1955, 5, (), : :, ;, 1955,, 1955, gλυ gλϖ,,,,,, :(), ::, 2007, http :/ / iccs. cass. cn/ detail _ cg. aspx?sid = 267, :, :, :, , 5 :, :, :, :, gλυ gλϖ : 30, :( ) :,2007 5

7 : , 3 10,, ,,,, ( ) 5,,,,,, 1957, 1,,, 1958 ( ) 18 :,,,,,,,, 9 13,, :,,,,,, 9, 963, 7111 %, , 2,, , :,, :, :(), :, ; : 30, ( ) , 8 17, : 9 1, 7 ( ), :, http :/ / www. booktide. com/ News/ / Html, ( ) http :/ / hi. baidu. com/ yh909106/ blog/ item/ 4861c32b4b3420f8e6cd40cb. html, :, () :, :( ) :,

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8 ;,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, ( ), %, %, % (1) 1 ( ) : :( ) ; :: (2007, http :/ / iccs. cass. cn/ detail _ cg. aspx?sid = 267, ) ; ; : ( ) ; 1997 : : ( ) ; : 300 ( , http :/ / www. china. com. cn/ news/ / 10/ content _ ht m), ) ; 2004 : 2004 ( ) ; 2005 : ( , http :/ / www. 93. gov. cn/ partic/ confer/ questi/ sht ml, ) ; 2006 :( , http :/ / www. gov. cn/ gzdt/ / 12/ content _ ht m, ) ; , 31 ( , http :/ / www. china. com. cn/ news/ / 10/ content _ ht m, ) 118 :,

9 : 1962,, , ( ),,,,,,,, 1964, 30 % , ,, 15 %, 15 %,,,,, 1962,, , ;,,,,, 1968, 20 %(), 1964 (1) ,,,, :(), :, :, , http :/ / forum. zgangel. com/ showtopic2112. html, ; :, 11, :, 1996 ; : :, http :/ / cpc. people. com. cn/ BIG5/ 64162/ 64165/ 66004/ html, :, :, :, http :/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ ziliao/ / 02/ content _ htm,

10 2008 6,,, , 9 14,,,, 1966,, 5,, 5, 1967, 1967,, ,,, 10, 20,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,, ,, 5,, 8 107,, 1969,, ::, , http :/ / www. cddc. net/ shownews. asp?newsid = 9603, :, 12, :, 1998 :, , 3 :, :,

11 : 1976, () 93 %, 85 % (1),, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, () (),,, 30 % 90 %,,, 1 3,,,, ,,, %, % (1),,, % 70,,,,, , ,,,, ,,, ::, ; :, :, Kenneth W. Newell, Health by the People, Geneva : World Health Orgnization, 1975 ; World Health Orgnization and United Nations Childrenπs Fund, Meeting B asic Health N eeds in Developing Count ries : A lternative A p p roaches, Geneva : World Health Organization, 1975 ; Matthias Stiefel and W. F. Wertheim, Production, Equality and Partici pation in R ural China, London : Zed Press, 1983 ; Dean T. Jamison, et al., China : The Health Sector, Washington D. C. : World Bank, 1984 ; World Bank, W orl d Development Report 1993 : I nvesting in Health, Washington D. C. : World Bank, 1993, p World Health Organisation, Primary Health Care : Re port of the I nternational Conf erence on Primary Health Care, Geneva : World Health Orgnization,

12 , 12,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 1978, 6 23, 37,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1980,,, % %, 6 40 % (),, ,,, 11 % (1) 80,,,, (),?,, : ( 6 10 :, , 4 ::, :, :, :: 122 ), , http :/ / www. bsyc. gov. cn/ SQJ S/ ShowArticle. asp?articleid = 427, 2008,

13 :,,,,, , 80, 85 %, 90,,, 1979 ( ) :,,,,,,,,, 1985, :, 1980,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1981,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,, ;, :, , 5 :, () , :, ;, :, :,,

14 ,,,,,,,, 80,,, ;, ; ,,,,,,,,,,, 1985,,,,,,,,, 26,, 4 ;, 26, 7,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :,, :, :, ::, :, , http :/ / www. Shan Cretin, Albert P. 124 zhongweiwang. org/ health/ html/ 2nd _ page/ zcfg/ ncwswjhb/ php, Williams and Jeffrey Sine, China Rural Health Insurance Experiment : Final Report," RAND Health Working Papers, WR2411, August 2006.

15 :, 4 80,,,,,, 1988 l, ,,, 4,,,,,, 90 %,,,,,,, 80,, 1987,, ; ( ),, 19, ,, 16 20, gλυ, ( ) : () gλϖ () ; :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, :, gλυ, :, : gλϖ,

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21 :, : :, ; :,, ;,, : ;, :, ;,, :,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, , 2008, ,,, 80, , 31 (1), 60,, 60, / ( 3), :, , http :/ / www. 28issa2china. org. cn/ gb/ chinese/ / 01/ content _ htm, : 2005, , http :/ / www. gov. cn/ ztzl/ / 18/ content _ htm, : 2008, , http :/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ newscenter/ / 15/ content _ htm, : 31, , http :/ / cn. chinagate. com. cn/ health/ / 10/ content _ htm,

22 2008 6,,,,, 3 / < (1955) < < ( ) (1958) < < (1959) < (1968) ( ) < ( ) < ( ) < < (1987) < ( ) ( ) < < ( 1998 ( ) 2005) < ( ) < ( ) 3 :, 60, 50,,,,, /,,,,,,,,, 80, 132 :, ; :,

23 :, 80,, 80, ( ), /,, 80,,,,,,,, ( / ),,, 4 2 (1),, 3,,,,,, ;,,, /,,,,, ;, 60,,,, : Sebastian Heilmann, Policy Experimentation in Chinaπs Economic Rise. " 133

24 ABSTRACTS stitutional innovation. (9) Thirty Years of Rural Reform in China : an Analysis from the Perspective of Institutional Eco2 nomics Cai Fan g 99 Bot h in time and in logic, rural reform was the starting point for Chinaπs overall economic re2 form. The incrementalism, inherent logical evolutio n and interest co mpetitio n of reform in China all have t heir origins in rural reform. The t hirty years of rural reform can be viewed as a stage in t he adjust ment of urban2rural relations. This study adopt s t he analytical f ramework of institu2 tional economics to clearly demonstrate t he sound logic of t his process of instit utional transition, t hen provides an international comparative perspective on some f undamental experiences in Chi2 naπs rural reform and t he lessons t hey offer for developing and transition countries. On the basis of determining the changing stages of economic develop ment, t his paper also sums up t he new challenges faced by rural reform and discusses it s p rospect s. (10) Learning and Adapting : The Case of Rural Healthcare Financing in China W ang S haog uan g 111 Adaptive capacity is essential for any human social system, because human societies are f ull of unique circumstances, genuine uncertaint y, novel co mplexit y, co nflict s of values and inter2 est s, and struct ural instabilities ; and, more importantly, t he environment s under which the sys2 tems exist are always changing, while everyone, including policy makers and policy expert s, op2 erates under conditions of bounded rationality. " Learning is t he base of adaptive capacity. This paper distinguishes four learning models by t heir location along two dimensions : t he promoters of learning (policy makers or policy advocates) and t he so urces of learning (p ractical experiences or controlled experiment s). By st udying t he evolution of healthcare financing in rural China in t he last sixty years, t his paper illustrates how policy makers react to newly emerging problems, im2 balances, and difficulties by fine2t uning," altering policy inst rument s, or adop ting a new goal hierarchy according to lessons drawn f rom past and present experiences as well as deliberate poli2 cy experimentations. The st udy reveals t hat the resilience of the Chinese system lies in it s deep2 seated o ne2size2does2not2fit2all p ragmatism. (11) Chinaπs Civil La w since Ref orm and Opening2up in 1978 W ang L i mi ng and Yi J un 134 Since reform and opening up was launched in 1978, Chinaπs civil law has made progress in terms of bot h values and systems. Specifically, t he status of t he individual as t he subject of pri2 vate law has been gradually recognized, t he autonomy of private law as t he cornerstone of civil law has been established, private interest s and right s have been accepted and genuinely guaran2 teed, and the scientific nat ure of civil law has developed rapidly. However, current civil law still has some way to go in developing it s formal rationality. Up holding the autonomy and formal de2 velop ment of civil law is of great significance for Chinese society. At the same time, it is necessa2 ry to preserve a certain degree of openness in civil law to overcome some inherent defect s in for2 mal rational law. 207

<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D20D1A7CFB0D3EBCACAD3A62DD6D0B9FAC5A9B4E5BACFD7F7D2BDC1C6CCE5D6C6B1E4C7A8B5C4C6F4CABE2E646F63>

<4D6963726F736F667420576F7264202D20D1A7CFB0D3EBCACAD3A62DD6D0B9FAC5A9B4E5BACFD7F7D2BDC1C6CCE5D6C6B1E4C7A8B5C4C6F4CABE2E646F63> 学习与适应 : 中国农村合作医疗体制变迁的启示 Learning and Adapting: The Case of Rural Healthcare Financing 王绍光香港中文大学政治与公共行政系清华大学公共管理学院 Wang Shaoguang Department of Government & Public