1 ( ) 1.0 in parallel 0.1 in series 0. R1R 0.1 R = R1 + R 0. R = R 1 + R R1 R R1 R 0.1 0. 4
open 0.3 0 0 short 0.4 0 A R1 A R1 B R R 0.3 A B B 0.4 A B power P = VI R V I V P = VI = I R = R 1/4 W 1/ W 1/ W 5 10 W 0.5 0.6 1MΩ 5
6 0 1-0 0.7 0.8 1.1 Volts +88.8 9V 10k 0k 0.5 9V 10k 0k Amps +88.8 0.6 9V 10k 0 k Amp s +88.8 0.7 10k 0k 9V Amps +88.8 0.8
1-1 (single pole single throw, SPST) (single pole double throw, SPTD) (DPST) (DPDT) SPST SPDT DPST DPDT 1-1 1- NO (normal open) NC (normal closed) (limit switch) ( 1-3) (a)no (b)nc (a)no (b)nc 1-1-3 1 3 4 8 7 6 5 (a)(b) 1-4 1-4 (rotary switch) (dip switch) 1 8 1-4b 4 8 ( ) 7
1-5 SPST + dc motor - DPDT 1-5 1-1 1-6 LAMP 110V SPDT (a) SPDT LAMP 110V SW1 sw sw3 (b) 1-6 8
(a) (b) (c) 1-7 1. 110V ideal voltage source ( 1-7) 1.5 V Ω 1.5 A 0.1 Ω 15 Α 15 0~30 V 3 A 15 V 5 Ω (3 Α) (stiffness) ( ) 9
1-8 1-8 R S 1 (equivalent circuit) A R S V S R L B 1-8 1- ( 0) ( ) 1-3 1-8 V S =1.5 V R S = 0. Ω (R L ) Ω ( R L (AB ) A R L I S R S R L B 1-9 1-10 1 1-7 10
(ideal current source) ( 1-9) 1-a R S 1-4 1-10 I S = 1 A R S = 1 kω R L 0 100 Ω AB 1.3 (resistor) ( ) (damping) V = RI V R 1-11 ( ) 11
R 1 A + R 1 V S R V A - R V S A (a) (b) 1-1 1-1 (voltage divider) a b ( KVL KCL ) V A R = VS (1-1) R 1 + R (1-1) (voltage-divider theorem) 3 ( ) ( ) A R TH A R L V TH R L B B (a) (b) 1-13 3 (theorem) (law) 1
A A B B (a)v TH = V AB (b)r TH = R AB 1-14 1-1 (Thevenin s theorem) 1-1 ( ) ( ) 1-13 1-13b 1-13a (Thevenin s equivalent circuit) V TH R TH V TH R TH A B ( 1-14a) A B V TH 0( 1-14b) A B ( ) R TH 1-15a A B 7.5 V( ) A B 500 Ω( ) 1-15b 1 kω A 500 Ω A 15 V 1 kω R L 7.5 V R L B B (a) (b) 1-15 13
1-5 1-15 R L = 500 Ω 1-15a 1-15b A B 1-16 1-16 1-6 4 V 110 V 5 100 Ω 400 Ω 110 4 = 19.36 W 500 5 (1/4 W 1/ W) 4 W 5 14
1-7 1-8 1-17 ( ) R 1 R R 1 R 6 R 1 R V OUT 1-17 1-18 1.4 (capacitor) 7 ( 1-18) 6 7 ( ) 15
q V = (1-) C V q C ( F ) ( ) ( ) X V 1 = = C I j (1-3) π f C f (1-3) j 90 (1-3) 0 0 8 ( ) ( ) ( 1-6) 110 V 60 Hz 1-19 ( ) 8 AC short, DC open "AC" "DC" 16
1-9 1-19 0.5 W 1 kω ( 1-3 ) ( ) ( ) 1-0 (high-pass filter) ( ) ( ) In Out 0 0 1-0 In Out 0 0 1-1 1-1 1-0 ( 0) (low-pass filter) (noise) 17
(1-) 9 1-a (closed) A 1-b A 63 τ = RC τ (time constant) SW I R A I C V A switch closed (a) (b) 1- (dc open) 1-b 0 dc open 1- RC 0 ( ) 0 0 R 1 1000 µf 1 Ω 1 kω 1-3 9 18
1-10 1-3 ( R 1 ) 1.5 (inductors) IC (switching power supply) di V = L (1-4) dt V I L X L = jπ f L (1-5) f (1-3) (1-5) (1-4) 1-4 (close) (open) ( 0) (1-4) A (inductive kick) ( ) ( ) (water hammer) 19
SW A SW (a) (b) 1-4 1-11 1-5 (sw) A ( 1. b c. ( ) ( ) 3. (a) 0 (b) 6V (c) -1V ) 100 Ω SW A 100 Ω SW A 1 V 100 Ω 1 V 100 Ω (a) (b) 100 Ω SW A 1 V 100 Ω (c) 1-5 0
1.6 ( ) 1-1 (charge) 1-1 (force) (torque) (pressure) (velocity) (angular (flow rate) velocity) (displacement) ( ) ( ) 1-6 ( ) 1
10 1-7 1-7 RLC (step response) I (or v) q (or x) V (or F) V (or F) ( ) ( ) di dt dv dt V (or F) I ( ) v ( ) V ( ) F ( ) q ( ) x ( ) ( ) 1-6 10
F ( ) I V S ( ) v ( ) ( ) 1 0 1 Time response -1 0 10 0 30 40 50 0 0 10 0 30 40 50 1-7 RLC - - (1) () (flywheel) 1-8 (3) (1.4 ) ( 1-3 ) (4) ( ) (5) (6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3
V IN IN OUT V OUT 0 0 1-8 (1) 1.3 () (F = ma) (3) LC ( ) 11 (4) ( ) (Coriolis force) (flexibility) ( ) (ODE) (5) 11 (parasitic) 4
(6) (IC) 5
(diode) ( ) (rectifier diode).1-1 (anode) (cathode) + - -1 - (reverse biased) (forward biased) (short) (open) 6
(a) (b) - -3 0.7 V 1 ( ) -3 I = V S 0.7 R L I 0.7 V V S R L V S R L -3 ( ) 1 0.6 V 0.5~0.8 V 7
100 Ω 1 V 100 Ω V 1 (9 V) V -4 9 V -5-1 -4 V 1 V V 5 V - -5 ( ) -3 I D 1 A + V D - -50 V -1 µa 0.7 V V D I D -6. -6 0.7 V 8
0.7 13 ( -6 ) (breakdown) 14-4 50 V 10 V ( ) + V S V S V L - V L -7.3 ( ) (rectification, rectify) (half-wave rectifier) (full-wave) 13 0.7 V V 14 9
-7 ( 0.7 V) 0( ) -5-7 (V S ) -0V V S V S - + VL V L -8 ( ) V S D 1 D - + D 3 D 4 - V L + -9-8 (bridge rectifier) -8-9 D D 3 D 1 D 4 (V L ) (V S ) 1.4 V 30
-6-8( -9) ( ( 0 ) -7-9 0 V D 1 D 4 110 V 15 ( ) ( ) -10 5 : 1 - + -10-11 -8-11 15 110 V (RMS) ( peak value) 1.414 155 V 31
V C I L V C V S C R L V R (Ripple) -1.4-1 ( 1.4 ) (charge) ( 0.7 V) ( (=V C )) ( ) (discharge) 1.4 V L = q C q C ( ) (C) ( ) ( -1 3
(R L ) ) ( (ripple) -1) IL V R = f C (-1) V R I L f ( ) -1 V S 30 V 60 Hz 1000 µf R L = 1 kω V C V C(peak) = 30-0.7 = 9.3 V 16 9.3 I L = = 1000 0.093 (A) (-1) 0.093 60 1000 10 V = R = 6 0.488 (V) 0.488 V L(dc) = 9.3 = 9.06 (V) ( ) (power on ) (surge current) ( ) ( ) 16 33
30 V (peak) 60 Hz - + 1000 µf 00 Ω -13-9 -13 ( 1.19 V ) ( ) -1-13.5 ( -1) A -13 0.7 V A V S + 0.7 V ( ) (relief valve) 34
V S V A 1000 V V S A V S A switch Switch open -1 V S V S V A V s +0.7 V A V S switch Switch open -13.6 1N4001 1 A 50 V ( -1) 110 V -10 110 V 0 V 1N4007 1 A 1000 V 35
( ) - (3A) -1 1 (1N4001~1N4007) 1N4001 1N400 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 50 100 00 400 600 800 1000 V 1.0 A - 3 (1N5400 ) 1N5400 1N5401 1N540 1N5403 1N5404 1N5407 1N5408 50 100 00 300 400 800 1000 V 3.0 A 36
3 ( ) ( ) I + V - -V Z 0 V I (a) (b) ( ) 3-1 3.1 (zener diode) ( ) (reference voltage) (ideal zener) 37
3-1 V-I ( V Z ) 0 3-5 V V S 3 V I = 0 V S 9 V 17 5 V 9 5 I = - = 0.0 (A) 00 I 00 Ω V S VZ = 5 V (V Z ) 3-3-1 3- V S 15 V 3-3 V S 3 V 3 I L = = 0.01(A) 100 + 00 V S 6V AB V Z AB V Z AB V Z V S 6 V AB ( ) 00 V AB = 6 = 4 (V) 100 + 00 17 38
100 Ω A V S V Z = 5 V I L 00 Ω B 3-3 V AB V Z ( ) 6 I L = = 0.0 (A) 100 + 00 V S 1 V V AB = 8 V AB V Z 3-3-3 V S = 1 V I L AB 3-4 V TH V Z A R TH A V TH B B (a) (b) (c) 3-4 3-3 3-3 V S = 1 V ( ) 39
3. 3-5 3-5a ( ) ( 3-5b) V C V Z ( ) V C V Z ( ) ( ) 110 V 5:1 - + V C 30V V C Time (a) 5:1 30V V C - + V C V L 15V V L V Z = 15V (b) Time 3-5 40
I V 3-6 3.3 3-6 3-5 ( 3-7) t 3-7 3-5 V C V Z 41
( ) ( 3-8) V S ( ) V Z 3-8 IC 3-9 7805 IC(three-terminal voltage regulator) IC 5 V 7805 18 4 %(5 ± 0. V) 1A ( ) 19 5 V IC 78xx xx 05,06,08,09,1,15,18,4 8 IC V 7805 ( 1) 7 V~35 V 7815 17 V~35 V IC IC ( ) IC 7805 7 V~5 V 50 mv( line regulation ) 5 ma 1.5 A 0.1 V( load regulation ) 0 7800 IC 18 78xxCT 4 % 78xxACT % 19 78xx 1 A 78Lxx 100 ma( IC ) 78Txx 3 A 0 78xxCT 78xx A CT 4
3-9 1000 µf IC IC (0.33 µf IC ) 10 µf ( 0.33µF) 1000 10 µf 0 V 10 V 110V 10:1 7805 3 5V 7805 1000µF 10µF 1 3 - + 1 3-9 IC 7815 +15V - + 7915-15V 3-10 79xx IC 3-10 7815 7915 ± 15 V 7915 7815 IC ( 3-11) 43
7815 1. Input. Ground 3. Output 7915 1. Ground. Input 3. Output 3-11 78xx 79xx 3-4 3-10 110 V(rms) ( ) + - (a) - + (b) 3-1 LED 44
3.4 (Light Emitting Diode) LED( 3-1) 00 1 LED LED LED 1. LED. LED V(1.5V~.5V ) 3. LED LED 5 V LED (incandescent lamp) ( ) LED LED LED (Electron/Photon) LED 9~17 lumens/w LED 0.04~6 lumens/w( LED 0 lumens/w) LED ( 0.4 µm~0.7µm) 0.7µm~µm (infrared) LED 90 LED LED LED 3 LED 3-5 LED LED LED LED LED LED ( ) LED 1 Optoelectronic device Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (fluorescent lamp) 30 lumens/w (halogen lamp) 18~5 lumens/w 3 (RGB) 45
( LED ) LED 5~30 ma +5 V 00 Ω 3-13 3-6 3-13 LED 0.33 µf 0.33 µf 110 V 110 V (a) (b) LED 3-14 LED LED 4 LED 40 ma ( ) 3-14a LED LED ( 0.7 V) LED ( 1/10 ) LED ( 3-14b) LED 90 0 ( ) ( 1.3 ) 4 power on 46
3-7 3-14 LED ( ) ( 110V LED 1 ) π f C 3-8 3-14 LED 3-9 LED 5 V ( LED ) LED LCD LED LCD LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) 5 LCD LED (seven-segment display) LED LCD (1) LED LCD ( ) 6 () LCD LED (3) LED (4) LCD LED ( )LCD LED 5 6 LCD 47
3.5 0 (b) (a) 10µA (c) 3-15 (photo diode) LED ( 3-15) LED LED 7 ( ) LED LED (opto-interrupter 3-16) 7 48
3-16 3-17 3-17 LED (opto-coupler) (opto-isolator) 3-18 ( ) ( ) (On-Off) 5 V 1000 V 3-18 (photo transistor 3-19) ( ) IC 49
3-19 3.6 (Schottky diode 3-0) ( ) 0.5 V 3-0 (constant-current diode, or current-limiting diode) 3-1 V S I ( ) 50
V S I 3-1 3-10 ( ) (varactor diode 3-) 8 LC 3- +V 3- ( ) LC 8 51
(radio frequency) LC (varistor 9 transient suppressor) (10 V~1000 V) 3-3b ( ) 00 V 00 V ( ) FUSE 110V V Z =00V (a) (b) 3-3 3-11 3-3b (fuse) ( ) ( ) 3-4 ( -13 ) 9 5
3-4 ( ) (tunnel diode) 3-5 V-I ( ) ( I V (a) (b) 3-5 ) LC LC ( ) 53
(Laser diode) (semiconductor laser) LED (optoelectronic devices) LED ( ) (coherent light) (in phase) ( ) ( ) 54
4 (transistors) ( ) 30 (active device) (vacuum tubes) 31 (1000 MHz ) IC 3 IC 30 (passive device) 31 ( ) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 1946 ( "electronics" Encyclopedia Britannica Online.) 3 1947 (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley) (1956 ) 1958 Jack Kilby 000 Robert Noyce Kilby Noyce Kilby IC Noyce Intel 55
4.1 ( 4-1) (collector, C ) (emitter, E ) (base, B ) 4- (1) V CE 0 ( V C V E ) I C = β dc I B β dc 30 300 R C C R B B C I C B I B E V CC E V BB I E 4-1 npn 4- () V C V E ( ) (3) B E 0.7 V (V BE 0.7 V) (4) I E = I B + I C (1) I C I B E C (I C I E ) (1) B (I B 0 (I C ) C 4- V BB 0.7 V ( (3)) I B VBB 0.7 = R B (1) I C = β dc I B V C = V CC -R C I C V E =0 V CE = V C -V E = V C 56
4-1 4- V CC = 0 V V BB = 5 V R C = 00 Ω R B =1 kω β dc =100 I C V CE 4-4- V BB = 0 V CE 4-3 4- V BB V CE 4. β dc ( ) (current gain) (data sheet) β dc h FE (small signal transistor) (power transistor) C E 33 0.5 W 0.5 W β dc 100 300 β dc 30 100 4-3 (Darlington) (Darlington transistor) β dc (Q 1 ) (Q ) C I C1 I C B Q 1 Q I B E I C Q 1 Q 4-3 4-4 4-4 4-4 Q 1 β dc 00 Q β dc 50 I C1 I B I C I B 33 (power dissipated) I C V CE 57
β dc β dc β dc (V CE ) (I C ) ( β dc ) β dc (I C I E ) 00 Ω 1 kω I B B C E I C β dc =100 15 V V BB 4-5 4.3 4-5 V BB 3 V 3 0.7 I B = = 0.46 (ma) 5000 I C = 0.46 100 = 46 (ma) = 0.046 (A) V CE = 15 0.046 00 = 5.8 (V) V BB = 4 V I B = 0.66 ma I C = 66 ma V CE = 1.8 V I B I C V CE I B I C I C V CE 4.1 (1) () V CE 0 I C I B V CE 0 I B I C (saturated) I C C E 34 34 V CE 0 ( 0.4 V) V CE 0 58
(1) I C V CE 0 4-5 V BB = 5 V 5 0.7 I B = = 0.86 (ma) 5000 (1) I C = 0.86 100 = 86 (ma) = 0.086(A) V CE = 15 0.086 00 =. (V) (4-1) (4-1) V CE = 0 15 0 I C = = 75(mA) 00 β dc β dc I C β dc ( ) β dc 4-5 4-5 (A) V BB = 10 V V CE I C (B) β dc = 00 (V BB = 10 V)V CE I C ( ) 4-5 (base biased) ( ) ( ) V BB 0 I B = 0 I C = 0 ( 4-6a) V BB ( 59
4-6b) 4-6 (switch) ( ) ( ) V CC V CC V CC V CC V BB (0) C E C E V BB ( ) C E C E (a)open (b)closed 4-6 4-6 ( ) 4.4 (On-Off) (digital switch) 60
5 V 5 V 00 Ω I LED 00 Ω LED LED 100 kω N3904 V IN 1 kω N3904 110 V 4-7 LED 4-8 LED 4-7 V IN V ( β dc 0) LED 5 I LED = = 0.015 ( A) 00 V LED V IN 0.7 V LED 0 ( ) IC LED( ) ( N3904) LED 4-7 V IN 0 V LED 15 ma LED B 110 V 4-8 B E ( LED 3-14 ) 4-7 4-8 (relay) IC 4-9 61
4-9 ( 1.4 ) (flyback diode) ( ) (flywheel) (flywheel diode) 35 ( AC ) 110 V +1 V IC 4-9 (solenoid) 4-9 4-9 IC 1 ma β dc 50 ma ( ) IC. ( ) 000 35 6
1.4 V 4-10 4-10 4 V ( ) + V IN W flywheel dc motor diode - 5V 0 V IN T D (duty cycle) = W T 4-11 4-1 (PWM) 36 PWM (time constant) 4-11 ( ) ( ) ( ) On-Off 4-1 (W ) W T (duty cycle) 50% 100% (On) (pulse width modulation, PWM) PWM 36 63 +V
PWM 10 khz 0 khz ( V CC I C R C V BB I E R E 4-13 4.5 4-13 0.7 V I E V 0.7 R BB = (4-) E (4) I C I E V C = V CC I C R C C E V CE = V C V E = V C (V BB 0.7) (4-) (emitter biased) (V CE > 0) (active region) I E I C β dc ( β dc ) β dc β dc (I C I E ) β dc 64
4-8 4-13 V CC = 0 V V BB = 5 V R E = 00 Ω R C =300 Ω I C V CE 4-9 β dc =100 I B I C I E I LED V CC (10 V) V IN (5 V) I E 00 Ω 4-14 LED LED 4-14 5 0.7 I LED I E = = 00 1.5 (ma) VCE = VC VE = (10 ) (5 0.7) = 3.7 (V) V CE 0 ( ) Pd = VCEIC = 3.7 0.015 = 79.6 (mw) 4-10 4-14 V CC 15 V LED V CE 65
V CC V CC (0 V) V IN V IN (10 V) I IN V L β dc =100 R L V L I L R L (0 Ω) 4-15 4-16 4-15 V L = V IN 0.7V ( 0.7 V) (emitter follower) ( β dc ) (current boosting) (power amplification) 4-16 V L = 9.3 V I L = 465 ma IL I = β IN = dc 4.65(mA) POUT VL IL 9.3 0.465 = = = 93 P V I 10 0.00465 IN IN IN 93 β dc ( ) 4-16 ( 66
V CE 0 V BE I E ) V CC R L I L VIN 0.7 = R E V CC V IN V IN R E R L V L = V IN 0.7 (a) (b) 4-16 4.6 PWM 4-14 LED 4-7 4-14 V CE 0 V CE 0 I C 0 0 4.4 PWM On-Off (fatigue) ( 4-11 ) 67
37 ( ) PWM 5 V E I B E I E I LED 00 Ω B B C C I C (a) (b) V IN 4-17 pnp 4-18 LED 4.7 pnp pnp npn pnp npn pnp 4-17b V BE -0.7 V (V B <V E ) V C V E ( ) 4-18 LED V IN 0 V E = 0.7 V LED 5 0.7 I LED I E = = 3 (ma) 100 V IN 5 V ( E B ) 3 V V IN 4-11 4-18 LED 37 PWM V CE 0 0.4V I C (V CE 0) on-off 68
V CC 9 V 10 kω B + V IN R L npn 9 V dc motor -V EE - pnp 4-19 4-0 pnp npn 4-19 V B 0.7 V npn V B -0.7 V pnp V B -0.7 V 0.7 V 4-19 ( ) npn pnp (push-pull emitter follower) 4-0 4.5 4-19 4-0 (analog amplifier) 69
9 V 10 kω 9 V 10 Ω 9 V + dc motor 9 V + dc motor - - (a) (b) 4-1 4-1 4-19 4-1 4-1 ( 4-1a) ( 4-1b) ( ) 38 4-1 ( ) (buffer) 39 4.5 PWM 4-1b 4-19 4-1b 1.8 4-19 1.8 4.8 IC ( ) IC IC 38 39 70
IC 40 ( ) 803 (transistor array)( 4-) 8 ( ) ( ) 1000 TTL 41 CMOS 4 IC 803 ( 4.4 1.5 ) LED ULN803 NT0 8 11 8 11 10 8 10 11 9 4- ULN803 803 500 ma( 350 ma) 50 V (IC 85 ) IC 500 ma 8 1. A( 4 A ) (duty cycle) 0 8 4 A 803 IC Allegro Microsystems, On 40 IC 7-4 41 TTL(transistor-transitor logic) IC CMOS 4 CMOS IC 71
Semiconductor, Texas Instruments Semiconductor IC 803 1~8 11~18 9 10 ( 50 V) IC (open collector) 4-3 IC (sink) In Out R L V+ IC 4-3 803 5 V IC (6~15V CMOS PMOS ) 804 50 V 83 IC 95 V 800 UDN597 8 1 A ( 750 ma ) IC 803 ( ) IC 4-4 UDN98x (981~984)IC ( 4-5) IC 803 8 803 981 IC (source) 43 IC 43 (current source) ( ) 7
V+ In Out IC R L 4-4 Input Output V S Input Output GND 4-5 ULN98x(981~984) ( ) (bridge) IC (source and sink) 4-6 Q 1 Q 4 Q 1 Q 4 Q Q 3 Q IC L93B ( Q 3 IC ( ) 73
4-7) L93B (sink) (source) 1A( A) 36V IC ( ) ( 44 ) L93D 0.6A( 1.A) L93B (93B ) V+ Q 1 Q R L Q 3 Q 4 4-6 4-7 L93B 44 Bipolar driver (Unipolar) 803 74
IC 1A (power 45 ) IC (Power Darlington) N3055 MJ955 npn pnp N3055( MJE955) 15 V CE 60 (I C V CE ) 115W ( 5 1 0.65W) N3055 MJ955 NT5 N3055 MJ955 www.onsemi.com www.st.com MJ15015(npn) MJ15016(pnp) N3055 MJ955 15 N3055 V CE 10V 180W( ) N3055 (β dc ) 0 70 46 N3904( ) 100 300 47 TIP10 TIP107 npn pnp TIP10( 107) 1000 0000 48 8 C E 100V 80W 49 www.fairchildsemi.com www.onsemi.com 45 Power 46 I C = 4.0 A, V CE =.0 V 47 I C = 10 ma, V CE = 1.0 V 48 I C = 3A, V CE = 4 V 49 5 75
TO-3 TO-0 4-8 4-9 TO-9 N3904 (npn) N3906 (pnp) N (npn) 1 1. Base,. Emitter, CASE: Collector. 1. Base,. Collector, 3. Emitter. 4-8 TO-3 TO-0 4-9 TO-9 76
5 (field effect transistor, FET) (npn pnp) BJT(bipolar junction transistor, or bipolar transistor) 50 FET BJT FET BJT JFET MOSFET n-channel p-channel ( npn pnp ) MOSFET(enhancement mode MOSFET, E-MOS) MOSFET MOSFET BJT JFET BJT MOSFET IGBT 5.1 MOSFET MOSFET( MOSFET) 5-1 (drain, D ) (source, S ) (gate, G ) MOSFET D S G BJT C E B 50 npn pnp ( ) BJT 77
D G MOSFET BJT MOSFET ( ) ( ) G S (I G = 0) 51 BJT MOSFET MOSFET (V GS ) MOSFET BJT I C I B 5 N-channel MOSFET (1) V D V S () V GS (threshold voltage) S 5-1 MOSFET ( n-channel) R D I D D I D V GS S V DD 0 V TH V GS(ON) V GS (a) (b) - 5-5-a MOSFET I D V GS 5-b V GS V GS(TH) ( ) I D 51 5 BJT ( ) V BE 78
V GS I D V D ( ) V D 0 I D ( (1)) MOSFET BJT I D V GS ( V D V S ) MOSFET (active region) V D V S MOSFET (Ohmic region) BJT I D V GS 5-a npn MOSFET V GS < V GS(TH) ( 5-3) V GS ( )V GS(ON) (V DS 0) D S (R DS(ON) ) 5-4 V DD V DD R D R D D D V G (0) S (a)v GS =0 S (b) 5-3 MOSFET V DD V DD V DD R D R D R D V G (=V GS(ON) ) I D I D I D D D S S D R DS(ON) S (a)v GS (b) (c) 5-4 MOSFET 79
5-5 V G = 0 ( V S = 0 V GS = V G ) I D = 0 V D = V DD V DS = V D = 0 V V G = 5 V MOSFET Ω 0 I D = = 0.196 (A) 100 + V DS = 0 = 0.39 (V) 100 + V G D S I D R D 100 Ω V GS(ON) = 5V I D(ON) = 1A R DS(ON) = Ω V GS(TH) = 1V V DD (0 V) 5-5 5-5 I D(ON) V GS = V GS(ON) ( ) R D I D I D(ON) I D(ON) D S 5-1 5-5 V G = 5 V R D = 50 Ω I D V DS 5-5 BJT ( 5-6) (1) MOSFET ( ) () BJT C E MOSFET D S (V CE 0 V DS 0) V CE V DS 0 V CE V DS I C I D MOSFET V DS I D ( V DS 0 )D S 80
BJT MOSFET (V DS I D ) (3) MOSFET I G = 0 I S = I D BJT I B 0 I E I C V DD V CC I D D R D I C C R C V IN ( ) S V IN ( ) E (a)mosfet (b)bjt 5-6 5-5 MOSFET (V GS =V GS(ON) ) I D R D R D I D I D I D(ON) D S ( BJT ) 5-5 R D =10 Ω 0 I D = = 1.96 (A) (5-1) 10 + (5-1) I D(ON) (5-1) ( I D(ON) ) V GS 5-5-5 (V GS =V GS(ON) ) I D(ON) R D 81
5. MOSFET (floating) 5-7 (source follower) 5-7 V G = 0 V G =V DD MOSFET V GS =V DS I S (R L ) V GS ( MOSFET V GS 53 ) MOSFET (active region) (V G ) ( ) ( ) 5-8 V IN = 0 Q 1 I 1 = 0 V A =V DD Q V IN ( 5 V) Q 1 V A 0 Q (V IN ) IC V DD V DD D I 1 V G G S A Q I S R L V IN Q 1 R L 5-7 5-8 5-3 5-7 BJT 53 I D I S V GS BJT 8
5-9 Q G S V S V DD ( ) V DD G Q 1 S Q R L Q 4 Q 6 V A Q 3 Q 5 V B 5-9 5-4 5-9 V A = 0 V B IC HIP4080( HIP4081) 54 (full bridge)fet IC 1MHz 80V.5A PWM (UPS) 5.3 BJT vs. MOSFET MOSFET BJT BJT MOSFET 54 7.4 83
(1) I G = 0 IC MOSFET 55 BJT () BJT MOSFET ( V D V S ) V DS I D I D V DS 0 MOSFET (=V DS I D ) (V D CMOS IC( ) V DD 0 MOSFET (, rail-to-rail) ( BJT IC TTL IC V CC 0 ) (3) MOSFET BJT ( PWM 4.4 4.6 ) (4) BJT (thermal runaway) 5-10 BJT (β dc ) β dc ( ) MOSFET ( ) MOSFET C C B = B E E 5-10 0 MOSFET I G = 0 55 (input impedance) 84
G S 5-11 (V G ) ( ) D G S 5-11 MOSFET BJT MOSFET MOSFET BJT MOSFET BJT V BE I C I V C BE >> 1 (5-) MOSFET BJT I V D GS < I V C BE I D V GS ( 5-) I C V BE ( ) (5-) V I BE << C 1 85
I C V BE 56 V GS / I D I D V GS BJT MOSFET ( 5-1) R L I L V L V IN 0.7 V( V BE V L ) R L I L V GS V L (= V IN V GS ) V GS V BE ( 57 ) V CC V DD V IN B E V IN G S I L R L V L I L R L V L (a) (b) 5-1 V CC V DD V IN V IN R L R L (a) (b) 5-13 56 V BE ( )V BE 0.7 V 57 (output impedance) 86
MOSFET 5-13 (V IN ) 0 V IN (R L ) V IN MOSFET BJT V IN 5-5 5-13a R L V IN ( ) BJT MOSFET MOSFET BJT MOSFET 5-14 IC MOSFET ( R 1 ) V DD V CC R L R 1 logic circuit 5-14 MOSFET 87
5.4 NMOS PMOS CMOS MOSFET n-channel MOSFET NMOS NMOS p-channel MOSFET PMOS PMOS NMOS PMOS 5-15 D I D G S (a) I S (b) 5-15 p-channel MOSFET 5-16 V G (V DD ) PMOS S D 0 V G (0) PMOS S D 0( R DS(ON) ) V DD (idle) IC pnp MOSFET PMOS V G V DD S D IN V DD S PMOS D D OUT NMOS S 5-16 5-17 CMOS 88
PMOS NMOS IC 5-17 PMOS NMOS (inverter) MOSFET(complementary MOS CMOS) IC CMOS CMOS IC CMOS IC( ) ( ) CMOS IC BJT IC 58 CMOS CMOS CMOS IC V DD 0(rail-to-rail) 5-6 5-17 (0) (V DD ) 5-7 CMOS ( 4-0 5-14) ( 1. MOSFET BJT. 3. ) 5.5 MOSFET BJT BJT ( ) MOSFET ( ) (analog switch) 59 -- 5-18 58 BJT IC TTL(transistor-transistor logic) 59 CMOS ( MOSFET V DD ) 89
(linear switch) 60 61 IC 6 IC ( ) IC ( ) 5-19 (multiplexer, MUX) IC IN OUT V G (Low) (a) V G ( ) IN OUT V G (High) (b) V G ( ) 5-18 60 61 BJT MOSFET D S 6 90
5.6 JFET 5-0 JFET ( ) 5-19 5.1 ( BJT ) MOSFET JFET(Junction FET) I D D D G G S S (a)n-channel (b)p-channel 5-0 JFET V GS 5-1 JFET (N-channel) 0 91
JFET ( )MOSFET (1) JFET (depletion mode) (I D I S ) V GS = 0 5-1 () JFET ( ) MOSFET JFET 0 (µa ) BJT IC MOSFET JFET JFET IC( ) 5.7 IGBT BJT MOSFET MOSFET 0( ) BJT ( 5.3 ) 63 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor) 5- ( ) IGBT BJT IGBT 0 MOSFET BJT (current-to-voltage gain) IGBT 5- IGBT 63 (sensitive) 9
6 (operational amplifier, OP-AMP) IC 741C 4 OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP ( 741C 5 ) (magic box) OP-AMP ( ) ( ) ( ) OP-AMP IC +V CC Input 3 + - 7 4 6 Output 3 + - 6 -V EE (a) (b) (c) 6-1 OP-AMP (PDIP ) 93
6.1 (+) (-) 6-1 6-1b 6- OP-AMP OP-AMP ( ) (input impedance)( R IN ) (voltage gain)( A o ) (output impedance)( R OUT ) V error V error V OUT = A V (6-1) o error + V error R IN + R OUT V OUT - - A o V error 6- OP-AMP 6- OP-AMP ( ) 741C MΩ 100,000 75Ω OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP (β dc ) OP-AMP 94
( ) OP-AMP (V CC -V EE ) ( ± 15 V) OP-AMP 6-6-1 741C 5.0001 V 5 5 V 5.0001 V V IN V OUT R S V S R IN + - + - R OUT R L 6-3 6-4 6. ( ) ( R S ) 6-3 ( ) 6-4 95
( ) (loading effect) OP-AMP 0( ) OP-AMP ( OP-AMP ) 6- ( ) ( 6-3 ) 6-3 6-4 ( ) 6.3 OP-AMP (negative feedback) OP-AMP ( ) 64 ( ) OP-AMP (open loop) (closed OP-AMP ( V CC ) ( V EE ) ( ) OP-AMP 64 OP-AMP ( OP-AMP ) OP-AMP 96
V error I in 3 + - R 1 R 6 V error I in V IN 3 + 6 - A R I 1 I R 1 V OUT 6-5 6-5 OP-AMP OP-AMP (1) A o V error = 0 (6-) () R IN OP-AMP I in = 0 (6-3) 65 6-5 (6-) ( 6-5b) V A = V IN I = 1 V R IN 1 65 97
(6-3) I = I 1 VIN OUT = II(R1 + R ) = (R1 + R R V 1 ) A CL = V V OUT IN = R1 + R R 1 CL ( closed-loop) R 1 =1 kω R = 99 kω Α CL = 100 R 1 R (6-) V IN = 10 mv V OUT = 1 V (6-1) V error = V OUT /A o =10-5 V ( 741C) V error V IN 6-5 (6-) 66 V IN 3 + - 6 V OUT 6-6 6.4 (non-inverting 66 OP-AMP 6.7 98
amplifier 67 ) 6-6 A CL A o A o (β dc ) (A CL ) R IN(CL) R OUT(CL) ( 6-7) V IN + R OUT(CL) V OUT R IN(CL) - ACL V IN 6-7 R1 1 B = ( = ) R + R A 1 CL R IN(CL) = 1+ A B)R (6-4) ( o IN 1 R OUT(CL) = ( )R OUT (6-5) 1+ A B o 741C A CL =100 B=0.01 A o =100,000 R IN = MΩ R OUT = 75 Ω R IN(CL) = 001 MΩ R OUT(CL) = 0.0749 Ω 0 67 99
V IN 3 + - 6 V OUT 6-8 (6-4) (6-5) (B ) 6-8 1 B = 1/A CL = 1 R IN(CL) = ( 1+ Ao)R IN AoR IN R OUT(CL) 1 = ( 1+ A o )R OUT R A OUT o 0( ) (voltage follower) ( 6. ) 6-9a ( 6-9b) ( 6-9c) (buffer) 15 V 15 V 15 V kω kω kω 5 V 1 kω.14 V 5 V 1 kω 500 Ω 1 kω 3 + - 6 5 V 500 Ω (a)(b) (c) 6-9 4 OP-AMP ( 6.7 ) 100
6-5 741C 5 ma 6-9c 6-6 6-9b ( ) 6-9c I F R F V IN R S I S 3 + - 6 V OUT 3 (virtual ground) - + 6 (a) (b) 6-10 6.5 6-10 (6-) 0 I V 0 IN S = (6-5) RS I F = I S ( ) V OUT = 0 I R = ( R F S F R V = 0 ( R IN S F )V )R IN F ( ) ( 6-5)) -R F /R S V IN V OUT (inverting amplifier) 0 ( ) (virtual 101
ground 68 )( 6-10b) R OUT(CL) 0 ( ) 6-11 R S (6-5) V V IN IN R IN (CL) = = IIN IS R S V IN R S + - R OUT(CL) ( 0) -(R F /R S )V IN V OUT R 3 100R - + 6 6-11 6-1 6-7 6-1 100 mv( ) 100 500 mv ( ) ( ) 1.. OP-AMP 0 OP-AMP 68 virtual (real, reality) 10
3. ( ) R S 6-13 ( MΩ ) 00 kω 00 kω 00 kω 3 + - 6 1 kω 3 + - 6 6-13 6.6 OP-AMP (6-) (6-3) V 1 R A R V I 1 I R 3 - + 741 I 3 6 V OUT 6-14 (summing amplifier) 6-14 (6-) 103
A 0( ) I 1 I V1 1 =, I = R V R I I 3 = I 1 + I ( (6-3)) V OUT = 0 I R = (I + I )R 1 = (V + V ) 1 3 ( ) V 1 1 V V 1 V V OUT ( )-1 V 1 V 6-8 6-14 (V OUT = V 1 + V ) 6-9 6-15 ( ) 6-10 3 (V OUT = V 1 + V + V 3 ) 6-11 V OUT = -10(V 1 + V ) 100 Ω 100 Ω 10 kω 10 kω 100 Ω 3 - + 741 6 10 kω 3 - + 741 6 (a) (b) 6-15 104
R V R V 1 R 1 R 1 3 - + 741 6 V OUT 6-16 (differential amplifier) ( 6-16) (6-) (6-3) ( ) (superposition principle) V 0 V OUT V 1 V 1 0 V OUT V (1) V 0 6-16 6-17a 1 V A = V 1 ( ) 1 V A V OUT = V A V = V 1 OUT 1 () V 1 0 6-16 6-17b 1 V OUT = V (3) (1) () 105
V OUT = V 1 OUT + V OUT = V V 1 (floating point ) V 1 R 1 R 1 A 3 + 741-6 1 V OUT V R 3 R - + 741 6 V OUT R R 1 R 1 R V = 0 V 1 = 0 (a) (b) 6-17 6-1 6-16 V 1 V V 300 mv (current-to-voltage converter) 6-18 V = R OUT F I S 6-19 (photo diode) 1µA V OUT = 100 kω 1µ A = 100 mv 106
R F 100 kω I S 3 - + 741 6 V OUT 1 µa 3 6 V OUT - + 6-18 6-19 (voltage-controlled current source) 6-0 ( ) I L = V R IN (6-6) (R L ) OP-AMP (6-6) V IN 3 + 741-6 I 1 V CC R I L R L R V IN 3 - + 6 I L E PNP C R L 6-0 6-1 6-13 (6-6) 6-1 OP-AMP 107
69 (6-) (6-3) (6-) V E = V IN I 1 = V CC V R IN (6-3) I E = I 1 I C I E I L I C V CC V R IN 6-0 6-1 OP-AMP ( ) 6.7 OP-AMP OP-AMP (6-) (6-3) OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP ± 1V 11-11 V( OP-AMP 1~ V ) 741C 36 V ( ± 18 V) ± 5 V OP-AMP 44 V 100 V 69 OP-AMP 108
OP-AMP ( ) 70 OP-AMP LM34 ( 3V 3V) IC 4 OP-AMP( ) OP-AMP 741C 5 ma OP-AMP ( ) 71 6-6-1 OP-AMP 500 kω +15 V 0.1 V 10 kω 3 500 kω + - 741 6 V L 0.1 V 10 kω 3-15 V - 4 +741 6 I o N3055 V L I L I L R L 7 +15 V MJE955-15 V R L 6-6-3 70 OP-AMP OP-AMP 71 OP-AMP 0 (6-) 109
6-1 ( 6-) R L V L kω -5 V -.5 ma 1 kω -5 V -5 ma 500 Ω -5 V -10 ma 00 Ω -4.6 V -3 ma 100 Ω -.4 V -4 ma 0 Ω -0.494 V -4.7 ma I L OP-AMP -- 6-3 (current booster) OP-AMP 7 OP-AMP B 6- ( β dc = 50) 6-1 6- OP-AMP 7 110
6- ( 6-3) R L V L I L OP-AMP I o kω -5 V -.5 ma -50 µa 1 kω -5 V -5 ma -100 µa 500 Ω -5 V -10 ma -00 µa 00 Ω -5 V -5 ma -500 µa 100 Ω -5 V -50 ma -1 ma 0 Ω -5 V -50 ma -5 ma 6-14 6-3 β dc 50 OP-AMP 5 ma 10A (power OP-AMP) LM1 10 A ( 80 W) OP-AMP OP-AMP 6-3 V IN 3 + 741-6 V OUT 10 kω 6-4 111
( ) (6-) OP-AMP OP-AMP 1 ( 6-4) 6 khz ( 10 V) 6-5a (voltage follower ) 6-5b OP-AMP ( ) V IN, V OUT 6000 Hz V IN 60000 Hz V OUT (a) (b) 6-5 (slew rate) ( S R ) 741C S R = 0.5 V/µs 741C 0.5 V ( ) 0.5 V/µs 6-6 11
f a V S = asin πft V S (t) dv S = πfa cosπft dt (t = 0) π fa π fa < S R (slew-rate distortion) 6-4 10 V 6 f SR 0.5 10 < = = 7958 (Hz) π a π 10 (6-7) 7958 Hz (bandwidth) 6-6 6-15 6-4 1 V 6-16 LM318 S R = 70 V/µs LM318 741C 113
OP-AMP ( ) 73 ( ) ( ) (6-7) OP-AMP 6-0 6- OP-AMP ( ) OP-AMP ( ) 74 ( 1~ V) ( 1~ V) 0 6-7 I B1 I B + - + - + - (a) (b) 6-7 73 OP-AMP 74 114
00 kω 0 kω I B 3 I B1 00 kω + - 741 6 0 kω 3 + - 741 18. kω 6 (a) (b) 6-8 (1) OP-AMP ( 6-7a) 75 (input bias current) OP-AMP 741C 0.5 µa FET OP-AMP 1 na (10-3 µa) 6-8a 0 ( R S R F ) 6-8b 76 (V error ) 0 () (input offset voltage) 741C mv OP-AMP ( ) ( 6-7b) 100 mv ± 0. V 0 0 +0. V -0. V OP-AMP ( ) OP-AMP 1 5 ( ) 6-9 75 (input offset current) 76 I B1 I B 115
0( 0 ) 3 + 741-6 V OUT 5 1 10 kω -V EE 6-9 OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-07 OP-77 OP-AMP 741C 100 ( 741C 3 4 ) 741C 6.8 OP-AMP OP-AMP ( ) IC OP-AMP ( 7 4) ( ) OP-AMP OP-AMP ± 5V IC 0 6-30 116
± 0.7 V 3 - + 6 6-30 117
7 IC IC IC(78xx ) (803) IC OP-AMP IC IC ( ) 7.1 OP-AMP OP-AMP OP-AMP (Integrators) 7-1 1 VOUT = VIN dt (7-1) RC OP-AMP (V = 0) 77 (7-1) 118
10R ~ 100R C V IN -1 V time V OUT V IN R 3 - + 4 741 6 V OUT -1V 7 +1 V 7-1 (Differentiators) 7-78 V OUT dvin = RC (7-) dt R -1 V V IN 0.01R ~ 0.1R C 3 - + 4 741 6 V OUT 7 +1 V 7-7-1 + + (Proportional-Integral-Derivative, PID) 78 (7-) 119
dvin VOUT = 10 VIN + + 0. 1 VINdt dt ( ) (Square-wave generators) (oscillators) OP-AMP 7-3 OP-AMP 3 79 R -1 V 3 + - 7 V OUT W C 4 741 6 V OUT 1V -1V +1 V 10 kω 10 kω T T =. RC W duty cycle = = T 50% 7-3 (Triangular-wave generators) 7-4 79 8 10
10R ~100 R R 1 C -1 V -1 V C 1 3 + - 4 7 741 6 A R 3 - + 4 741 6 B 7 10kΩ +1 V 10kΩ 1V A +1 V B -1V 7-4 7- (PWM) PWM PWM 7-5 (duty cycle) (V IN ) V IN ( ) ON-OFF ( 4 PWM ) 11
-1 V -1 V -1 V 3 + - 4 7 741 6 3 - + 4 741 6 A 3 - + 4 741 6 V OUT 7 +1 V +1 V V IN 7 +1 V A V IN V OUT 7-5 PWM 7-3 7-5 (A ) +8V -8V PWM (V IN ) ( ) 7. IC 555 OP-AMP IC 1
IC 555 OP-AMP IC 741 ( 5~10 ) (one shot) (voltage-controlled oscillators) 7-6 1 741 5 (left open) R A R B 7-6 50 R B 50 7-7 8 4 V CC (+5 ~ +15V) Output W R A R VCC V CC R B C 7 6 DIS THR TR LM555 GND 1 Q 3 CV 5 Output 0.01µF (optional) 0 T W = 0.693( R + R A B ) C T = 0.693( RA + RB ) C W RA + RB Duty cycle= = 100% T R + R A B 7-6 555 13
4 8 V CC (+5 ~ +15V) R A R VCC 7 DIS Q 3 Output R B 6 THR LM555 C TR GND CV 5 0.01µF 1 RA 7-7 50% duty cycle = 100% R R A + B (one shot) V CC Trigger R 7 DIS 4 R 8 VCC Q 3 Output V CC 0 V CC Output C 6 THR LM555 0 W Trigger TR GND CV 5 0.01µF W = 1.1 RC 1 7-8 (monostable) ( ) ( ) (trigger) trigger 80 80 trigger 14
555 7-8 555 (trigger) +5V 8 4 470 kω R VCC 7 DIS Q 3 0Ω 10 µf 6 THR LM555 +5V 3.3kΩ TR GND CV 5 0.01µF 1 7-9 5 7-9 ( ) LED 5 7-10 555 4 (enable) (V CC ) (0) 0 4 555 555 ( ) 7-4 7-10 LED ( ) 7-11 ( ) 555 15
+5V +5V 470kΩ 4 R 8 VCC 1kΩ 4 R 8 VCC 7 DIS Q 3 7 DIS Q 3 0Ω 10µF 6 THR LM555 100kΩ 6 THR LM555 +5V 3.3kΩ TR GND 1 CV 5 1µF TR GND 1 CV 5 7-10 + V CC 50k 300k 1kΩ 7 6 4 R 8 VCC DIS Q 3 LM555 THR 10kΩ 1µ 7 6 4 R 8 VCC DIS Q 3 LM555 THR 10kΩ 1kΩ 7 6 4 R 8 VCC DIS Q 3 LM555 THR 10µ TR GND 1 CV 5 TR GND 1 CV 5 0.1µF TR GND 1 CV 5 SPEAKER 7-11 16
7.3 (Comparators) OP-AMP 7-1 OP-AMP 7-5 PWM V + 8 Input 3 + - LM311 7 Output 1 4 V - Gnd 7-1 LM311 LM339 7-13 IC LM311 LM339 ( LM311 LM339 7-13) OP-AMP 741 311 1. 741 311. 311 741 3. 741 311 ( 7-14) 5 TTL CMOS IC IC 4. 311 (open collector, 803 ) 17
pull-up resistor 7-14 (741 ) +1V +5V V + 3 8 LM311 + 7 - Pull-up resistor 3 + - 8 LM311 7 3.3kΩ 1 4 1 4-1V 7-14 7-15 LM311 LM311 81 V + V - (741 ) V + +5V ~ +30V V - 0 ~ -30V V - 0 pull-up ( 40V V + 7-15) LM339 IC 8 ( 7-13) LM339 (Gnd) (Schmitt trigger) 7-16.5V 0.5V 5V 7-17 7-18.86V.14V.86V.14V 5V.86V 0.14V Schmitt trigger 7-19 81 LT1016 V + V - V CC Gnd 8 Quad-comparator IC 18
+5V VIN V IN 10kΩ 10kΩ 6 7 - + 3 1 1 1/4 LM339 1kΩ V OUT VOUT 5V.5V 0 7-16 ( =.5V) 7-17 +5V +5V 1kΩ.86V V IN 6 1 V OUT.14V 7 1/4 LM339 5V 10kΩ V OUT 30kΩ 10kΩ 0 - + 3 1 V IN 7-18 7-19 Schmitt trigger 7-5 7-18 ( ) 19
7.4 IC ( )IC IC IC (data sheet) IC data sheets data book data books IC data sheet IC IC data sheet IC data sheet 79xx IC IC data sheet IC data sheet IC IC LM311, LM339 (zero crossing detector) data sheet www.national.com IC ICL8038 IC 0.001Hz~300kHz Intersil Corporation www.intersil.com OP-AMP OP07, OP77 OP07 741 ( ) 741 OP07 741 OP77 OP07 IC OP07 OP77 Analog Device Inc. www.analog.com OP07 www.linear-tech.com www.ti.com www.maxim-ic.com www.st.com 130
OP-AMP -- LF356 LF356 slew rate = 10V/µs 741 0 741 OP-AMP JFET 741(50 ) 741 LF356 741 OP-AMP www.linear-tech.com www.national.com IC 78xx, 79xx, LM340, LM317 78xx 79xx IC IC IC www.ti.com Fairchild semiconductor www.fairchildsemi.com LM340 7800 IC www.national.com LM317 IC 1.V~37V (TO-0 ) data sheet www.national.com -- ULN803 Allegro Microsystems, Inc. www.allegromicro.com UDN981 803 pull-up IC UDN98x (981~984)IC pull-down IC UDN981 803 8 803 IC www.allegromicro.com L93 L93 L93B 1A( A) 36V L93D 0.6A( 1.A) IC 131
(L93B ) STMicroelectronics, www.st.com Texas Instruments, www.ti.com FET IC HIP4080, HIP4081 HIP4080( HIP4081) N-channel MOSFET IC 803 L93 1Mhz PWM Intersil Corp. www.intersil.com -- DAC0800 ( or DAC08) DAC0800 8 (digital-to-analog (D/A) converters) www.national.com www.analog.com -- ADC0804 ADC0804 8 (analog-to-digital (A/D) converters) www.national.com www.intersil.com ( microcontroller) A/D 10 (Digitally controlled potentiometers) 3 64 18 56 51 104 Xicor Inc. www.xicor.com data sheet PDF Acrobat reader Ghostscript www.questlink.com www.digikey.com www.arrow.com ( NT1000 ) 13
8 FAQ. 8.1 (power source V CC V DD V EE V SS Gnd ) (input signals) IC 1. ( ) ( 8-1). ( 83 ) 3. IC IC (enable) ( ) IC ( IC) ( ) 83 FET IC( HIP4080) ( charge pump 133
VCC Input VEE 8-1 100kΩ -1 V Input 10kΩ 3 - + 4 741 6 Output 7 +1 V 8-8. (input) IC (output) 8-134
( ) ( ) 84 sourcing( ) sinking( ) IC ( 803) current sink IC current source IC( UDN981) current source( ) ( ) source ( ) ( ) IC OP-AMP 555 (can be current sourcing or sinking) V CC V CC Input Output + Input - Output 8-3 8.3 (differential) (single-ended) ( 8-3) ( ) (floating) 8-4 84 output=f(input) 135
A B O 8-4 (AO BO AB ) 0 (V COM ) 0 V COM ( ) (common mode gain) (CMRR, common mode rejection ratio) 85 CMRR ( ) 1. ( ) (channels) ( ). ( 6-16) (voltage follower) 3. IC 86 ( AD5, AD64) CMRR 4. CMRR ( ) 5. ( ) RS3( MODEM PC ) USB( 85 86 (Instrumentation amplifiers) 136
PC RS3 ) 87 8.4 ( ) ( ) ( ) MΩ 0 ( ) ( ) (impedance matching) A R S I A V S R IN 8-5 8-5 A R IN ( ) A R IN 0 R IN V A I A 88 R IN R S 87 (twisted wires) 88 (V A I A ) 0 137
V S 89 P A = V A I A = V R S IN ( RS + RIN P A R IN ) dp dr A IN = V S ( R S 1 + R IN ) ( R S R IN + R IN ) 3 = V S R ( R S S R + R IN IN ) 3 P A 0 R IN = R S 8-1 ( ) 90 8-1 (Voltage amplifiers and voltage to current converters) (Current amplifiers and current to voltage converters) 91 89 90 (characteristic impedance) ( ) 91 138
8.5 9 ( ) / (0/1) ( ) (microprocessors) (digital signal processors, DSP) 1. (A/D converters). 93 94 1. 8-6 A/D Schmitt trigger 0 1 D/A ON/OFF 9 (3 state) ( 93 DSP (programmable logic device) 94 139
PWM. 8-7 8-7(a) ( 7-4 ) 8-7(b) 3. ( ) Flip-flop) 555 140
A/D Schmitt triggers Analog signals Digital processing D/A ( Analog world ) ON/OFF PWM 8-6 ( ) 141
Input 3 + - 741 6 Output (a) Channel 1 Channel Channel 3 Channel 4 Output ( ) (b) 8-7 ( ) (a) (b) 14