26 1 2006 1 QUATERNARY SC IENCES Vol. 26, No. 1 January, 2006 1001-7410 (2006) 01-20 - 12 3 K. H. W yrwoll B. Krapez (, 100029; School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of W estern Australia, Nedlands 6907, Australia) -,,, 4Ma, 3155Ma 3Ma, 260m /Ma 170m /Ma, 112Ma - 718km /Ma - 3 4,, P539. 3, P542. 2 A 1, ( ) [ 1 5 ],,,, [ 1, 3, 6 14 ], [ 8 12, 15 17 ],,, ( growth strata ) [ 18 ], ( syntectonic strata) [ 19 ],, [ 18, 20 22 ],,, 2 SWW -NEE : 39 E2mail: chenjie@eq2igl1ac1cn 3 ( : 40072058, 49602036, 49732090 40472112) DAAD 2005-11 - 02, 2005-11 - 26
1期 陈 杰等 : 祁连山北缘玉门砾岩的磁性地层年代与褶皱过程 21 图 1 祁连山北缘老君庙逆断裂 - 褶皱带地形及构造横剖面 ( a) 祁连山北缘酒西盆地 DEM 地形及磁性地层剖面位置 据野外填图 霍永录等 [ 23 ] 霍永录等 ATF 阿尔金走滑断裂 ( 1) 青草湾背斜 Q Gb 戈壁组 ( 2) 鸭儿峡背斜 QJq 酒泉组 等资料编绘 ) [ 24 ] ( b) 石油河西老君庙背斜构造横剖面 (剖面位置见图 1a, ( c) 老君庙背斜北翼牛胳套沟实测地质剖面示生长地层结构 NQFT 祁连山北缘逆断裂 (带齿一侧为断层上盘 ) ( 3) 老君庙背斜 Q Ym 玉门组 ( 4) 石油沟背斜 Ns 疏勒河组 ( 5) 青头山推覆构造 E3 - N 1b 白杨河组 CF 昌马断裂 ( 6) 白杨河逆断裂 - 褶皱带 M z - Pz 前古 - 新近系基底 A1, A2, A3, A4 和 A5 分别代表 5 个地层层序 ; U1, U2, U 3 和 U4 分别为不整合面 Fig. 1 Topographic map ( a ) and cross2sections ( b) of the Laojunm iao fold2and 2thrust belt of Northern Q ilian Shan 向的阿尔金走滑断裂带与青藏高原东北缘 NW - SE 走向的祁连山北缘逆断裂带的转换带上 (图 1a ) 晚 新生代强烈的构造运动, 由南而北在盆地形成了南 部山前老君庙逆断裂 - 褶皱带 中央坳陷带 北部单 [ 23, 24 ] 斜斜坡带 3 个次级构造单元 南部山前老君庙逆断裂 - 褶皱带位于酒西盆地 的南部 (海拔高度 1950 2500m ), 西起青草湾西, 经鸭儿峡 石油河 青头山,止于小红泉以东,呈北西
22 2006,, 70km ( 1a) - (M z - P z ) ( E 3 - N 1b?) (N s?) (Q Ym?) (Q Jq ) (Q Gb ), 450 590m,, - [ 23, 25 27 ], 1700 1900m,,,,,, [ 23, 25 28 ], -,,,, [ 33 ] [ 17 ],, 500 650m,,, 1 2m,,, 160cm,, 100 230m ( ), 20 40m - [ 24 ] ( 1a), NNE - NE - ( tear fault, 509 ) [ 23, 24 ],,,,,, 5 40, 50 90,, [ 23, 24 ] ( 1b) 500m, 10km, 5km -, [ 23, 24 ] 12km, 5km 10 15, ( ) 50 60 3 311 [ 3, 29 32 ], ( ),,,,, - [ 23 ] 2km 16km (39 48 36 N, 97 31 12 E ) (39 53 24 N, 97 24 E), 015 1010m, 5 70m,, 693m 141 ( ), 756m 74 ( ) 2 4 [ 5 ],
1 : 23, 2G 755 SRM DC2SQU ID ( 3 10-7 4 10-7 emu) 215 ( 1, 141, 74 ), 2 3 ( 40, 20 ) 2G ( [ 5 ] ) 3 ( 5mT 10mT), 150 690 9 13, (,, ),, (LTC) 150, ( HTC) ( 2),, ( N511 Q9411) 400 450 680 ( Q8911) 300,, 580 610 680,,,, ( N912) 2 ( ) AF ( Gauss), T ( ) = 10-6 emu;,, Fig. 2 Rep resentative Zijderveld and equal2area p rojection p lots from demagnetization experiments ( all in Tilt2corrected coordinates)
24 2006,, 300,, N. R. Nowaczyk C. H. Jones [ 34 ], Kirschvink [ 35 ] 3 ( 4 8 ) ( ) (MAD ) 10, MAD 5 24, 157 ( 87% ) ( 3a), 89 ( 95% ) ( 3b) McFadden McElhinny [ 36 ] ( 3) ( common distribution test), 66157% ( k ), 3 ( a) ( b) ( ) ( ), 95%, Fig. 3 Reversal tests of paleomagnetic stability in the Q ingcaowan and N iugetao sections respectively
1 : 25 8152, 11126 ( 95% ), C ( 98185% ), 43116% ( k ), 13118, 1412 ( 95% ), C ( 97175% ), 312 ( virtual geomagnetic pole, VGP) VGP, ( 4) 8 ( r1 r8) 8 a h ( 4) 7 r4 r9 8 c j ( 4) f h f j 5 40cm,, c, r4, d, r5, e, r6, f, r7, g r8 ( 4),, [ 23, 25 28 ],, 20Ma ( r4 g), Cande Kent [ 37 ] 30Ma, r1 h 4 ( a) ( b) VGP [ 37 ] A1 A5 U1 U3 1c Fig. 4 L ithology and magnetostratigraphic results from N iugetao section ( a) and Q ingcaowan W est section ( b) with declination and VGP latitude p lotted against stratigraphic height and correlation to the GPTS of Cande and Kent ( 1995)
26 2006 C3n14n C2n (O lduvial ),,, Reunion ( 2114 2115Ma), 3 j i B runhes Jaram illo ; Jaram illo Cobb M t, 170 260m /Ma;,,, j i B runhes Cobb M t 4 ( 5),, 196m /Ma, 3Ma, 260m /Ma 170m /Ma ( 5), 5 3Ma Fig. 5 Age versus stratigraphic thickness p lot of the Q ingcaowan and N iugetao sections using data and correlations from Fig. 4, 4Ma, 3155Ma ( 4),,,, 170m /Ma, 017Ma, < 017Ma 4 411 [ 38 ], [ 21, 39 44 ] ( limb rotation), (m igrating hinge), ( growth triangles), - ( tishear),, [ 44 ], [ 14, 19, 21, 22 ] ( t), R U /R T = (U / t) / ( T/ t) =U /T, R U U, R T T -, (U1),, ( 1b 1c ), ( p regrowth strata) (A0) ( 1b) A1 (Q Gb ) ( ), ( 1b 1c),
1 : 27 12, - 4, 5 ( 1c) (1) A1 ( 4 376 424m, 48m, ) :,, A0, A0 NE18 017Ma,, 82 90 NE15 64 63 ( U /T > > 1, Re > > 0, ( 1c) ;, 24 ),, [ 1 ], U1 R iba [ 19 ],, A1 3Ma,, ( 170m /Ma), U /T > 1,, 18, 60 /Ma (2) A2 ( 424 548m, 124m ) :,,,, 50cm ( 1c), 64 63,, U /T < 1, A1 A2, ( ) ; 2) 170m /Ma, 217 119Ma (3) A3 ( 548 613m, 65m ) : U2 A2, 63 64,, 47 45, ( 1c) U2 O lduvai 20m, 119Ma A1,,,, U /T > 1, Re ( ) > 0; 16, 42 /Ma (4) A4 ( > 140m ) :,, 45 47,, U /T < 1 A3 A4, 1152 < 0170Ma (5) A5: Q Jq,, U3, ( 1b 1c) U3, 21 20, 12,, U /T < < 1,, (6) A6: (U4), 12, 4 5,, Q Gb (U /T < < 1) 2km,, [ 23, 24 ], 1b : 1), 15 25 ; 3), ; 4) ( fault ramp ) ; 5) -, 4 3600m, 310Ma 112mm /a 412 -, 2500m, 1500m, - 200m ( [ 23 ] 5-1 - 51),,,
28 2006,,,,,,, 2200m ( [ 23 ] 5-1 - 42) ;, 1900m ( [ 23 ] 5-1 - 41) ; ( [ 23 ] 5-1 - 43) (A4) 017Ma, ETM, - 3Ma,, 50 30, 150m ( 196m /Ma), 112Ma ( 4) 14km, - 718km /Ma, 418Ma 5,,, - 275, 246,, Cande Kent [ 37 ] C3n14n B runhes,, 4Ma, 3155Ma 017Ma, < 017Ma,, 3Ma, 260m /Ma 170m /Ma 310 217Ma (A1), 18, 60 /Ma 217 119Ma (A2) 1190 1152Ma (A3), 16, 42 /Ma 1152 0170Ma (U3), 24, 16, 23 /Ma,, 310 017Ma 170m /Ma; 61, 26 /Ma; 1900m, 830m /Ma 3Ma, 3600m, 112mm /a; 3200m, 111mm /a 112Ma, -, 718km /Ma - 50km /Ma ( 3 4mm /a [ 5 ] ),, 10km - [ 45 ] - [ 3, 46 ] [ 47 ],
1 : 29 [ 17 ] K. W yrwoll N. R. Nowaczyk, J. L. Kirschvink, (R efe rence s) 1,. - -. : (1). :, 1981. 1 14 Huang Jiqing, Chen B ingwei. On the formation of the Pliocene2 Quaternarymolasses in the Tethys2H imalayan tectonic domain and its relation with the Indian plate motion. In: Scientific Papers of Geology for International Exchange ( 1 ). Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1981. 1 14 2 Burbank D W, Reynolds R G H. Sequential Late Cenozoic structural disrup tion of the northern H imalayan foredeep. 1984, 311: 114 118 N ature, 3,,.., 1996, (3) : 263 271 Chen Jie, Lu Yanchou, D ing Guoyu. Stages of Quaternary tectonic movement inw estq ilianshan Mountain and JiuxiBasin. Q uaternary Sciences, 1996, (3) : 263 271 4,,.. :, 2000. 399 Deng Q idong, Feng Xianyue, Zhang Peizhen et al. Active Tectonics in Tian Shan. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2000. 399 5 Chen Jie, Burbank D W, Scharer K M et al. Magnetochronology of the Upper Cenozoic strata in the southwestern Chinese Tian Shan: Rates of Pleistocene folding and thrusting. Letter, 2002, 195 (1 2) : 113 130 Earth Planetary Sciences 6,,.., 1994, (1) : 38 47 Chen Huahui, L in Xiulun, Guan Kangnian et al. Early Pleistocene deposits and its lower Boundary (Q /N ) in Tianshan M t., Xinjiang region. Q uaternary Sciences, 1994, (1) : 38 47 7.., 1994, (1) : 48 55 W an Tianfeng. Tectonic event and stress field of Quaternary in China. Q uaternary Sciences, 1994, (1) : 48 55 8,,.. (D ), 1996, 26 (4) : 378 385 Cui Zhijiu, Gao Quanzhou, L iu Gengnian et al. The initial elevation of palaeokarst and planation surfaces on Tibet Plateau. China ( Series D), 1997, 43 (11) : 934 939 Science in 9,.., 2004, 24 (1) : 58 66 L i Dewen, Cui Zhijiu. Karst p lanation surface and the Q inghai2 Xizang Plateau up lift. Q ua terna ry S ciences, 2004, 24 (1) : 58 66 10,,.., 2004, 24 (1) : 50 57 Pan Baotian, Gao Hongshan, L i B ingyuan et al. Step2like landform s and up lift of Q inghai2xizang Plateau. Q uaternary Sciences, 2004, 24 (1) : 50 57 11,,.. (D ), 1996, 26 (4) : 316 322 L i Jijun, Fang Xiaom in, Ma Haizhou et al. Geomorphological and environmental evolution in the upper reches of the Yellow R iver during the Late Cenozoic. Science in China ( Series D ), 1996, 39 (4) : 380 390 12,.., 1998, 43 (15) : 1569 1574 L i Jijun, Fang Xiaom in. Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and environmental changes. Chinese Science B ulletin, 1998, 43 ( 15 ) : 1569 1574 13,,.. ( ), 1998, (4) : 523 532 Tan L ihua, Yang Jingchun, Duan Fengjun. Stages of Cenozoic tectonic movement in Hexi Corridor, Gansu Province. Acta Scientiarum N aturalium U niversitatis Pekinensis, 1998, (4) : 523 532 14,,.., 2001, 21 (6) : 528 539 Chen Jie, Lu Yanchou, D ing Guoyu. Records of Late Cenozoic mountain building inw estern Tarim Basin: Molasses, growth strata, and growth unconform ity. Q uaternary Sciences, 2001, 21 ( 6 ) : 528 539 15,,.., 1979, (6) : 608 616 L i Jijun, W en Shixuan, Zhang Q ingsong et al. A discussion on the period, Plateau. amplitude and type of the uplift of the Q inghai2xizang Scientia S inica, 1979, 22 (11) : 1314 1328 16,,.., 2001, 21 (5) : 381 391 L i Jijun, Fang Xiaom in, Pan Baotian et al. Late Cenozoical intensive uplift of Q inghai2xizang Plateau and its impacts on environments in surrounding area. Quaternary Sciences, 2001, 21 (5) : 381 391 17,,.. (D ), 2004, 34 ( 2 ) : 97 106 Fang Xiaom in, Zhao Zhijun, L i Jijun et al. Magnetostratigraphy of the Late Cenozoic Laojunmiao anticline in the northern Q ilian Mountains and its imp lications for the northern Tibetan Plateau uplift. in China ( Series D), 2005, 48 (7) : 1040 1051 Science 18 Suppe J, Chou T T, Stephen C H. Rate of folding and faulting determ ined from growth strata. In: McClay K R ed. Thrust Tectonics. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1992. 19 R iba O. 105 122 Syntectonic unconform ities of the A lto Cardener, Spanish Pyrenees: A genetic interp retation. Sedim entary Geology, 1976, 15 (3) : 213 233 20 Verges J, Burbank D W, MeigsA. Unfolding: An inverse app roach to fold kinematics. Geology, 1996, 24: 175 178
30 2006 21 Zapata T R, A llmendinger R W. Growth stratal records of instan2 taneous and progressive limb rotation in the Precordillera thrust belt and Bermejo basin, A rgentina. 22 Ford M, W illiam s E D, A rtoni A et al. Tectonics, 1996, 15: 1065 1083 Progressive evolution of a fault2related fold pair from growth strata geometrys, Sant L iorenc de Morunys, SE Pyrenees. Journal of S tructural Geology, 1997, 19 (3 4) : 413 441 23. ( ). :, 1989. 53 180 Huo Yonglu et al. eds. Petroleum Geology of China (13) : O il Fields in Yumen. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1989. 53 180 24,.. :, 1995. 210 Huo Yonglu, Tan Shidian. Exp loration Case H istory and Petroleum Geology in Jiuquan Continental Basin. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1995. 210 25.., 1958, 6 (2) : 159 166 Sung Tzechen. Tertiary spore and pollen complexes from the red beds of Chiuchuan, Kansu and their geological and botanical significance. Acta Palaeontologica S inaca, 1958, 6 (2) : 159 166 26.., 1965, 13 (3) : 463 509 W ang Shui. Cenozoic stoneworts in the Jiuquan Basin, Gansu. A cta Palaeontologica S inica, 1965, 13 (3) : 463 509 27,,.., 1992, 13 (2) : 102 108 L iang Shijun, W ang Fatai, Hu Ting et al. A new idea on the division of Tertiary formation in Jiuquan Basin. Acta Petrolei S inica, 1992, 13 (2) : 102 108 28,,. -. (D ), 2004, 34 (2) : 107 116 Ma Yuzhen, Fang Xiaom in, L i Jijun et al. The vegetation and climate change during Neocene and Early Quaternary in JiuxiBasin, China. Science in China ( Series D), 2005, 48 (5) : 676 688 29.. : (7). :, 1991. 127 133 W ang Zhaokuan. A Preliminary palaeomagnetic study of the Quaternary in Jiuquan Basin and the lower boundary of the Quaternary in Hexi region. In: Comm ission on Quaternary Glaciology and Geology of the Geological Society of China, Contribution to the Quaternary Geology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1991. 127 133 30,,.., 1993, 2 (1) : 6 16 Huang Huafang, Peng Zuolin, Lu W ei et al. Paleomagnetic division and comparison of the Tertiary system in Jiuxi and Jiudong Basins. Acta Geologica Gansu, 1993, 2 (1) : 6 16 31. Q y1., 1997, 21 (4) : 259 266 Cao Xingshan. The magnetostratigraphy of the Q y1 D rill Hole of Jiuquan, Gansu. Journal of S tratigraphy, 1997, 21 (4) : 259 266 32,,. ESR. (D ), 2001, 31 ( ) : 163 168 Shi Zhengtao, Ye Yuguang, Zhao Zhijun et al. ESR dating of Late Cenozoic molassic deposits in the Jiuxi Basin. Science in China ( Series D), 2001, 44 ( Supp l. ) : 203 209 33,,.., 2001, 46 (14) : 1208 1212 Zhao Zhijun, Fang Xiaom in, L i Jijun et al. Paleomagnetic dating of the Jiuquan Gravel in the Hexi Corridor: Imp lication on the M id2 Pleistocene up lift of the Q inghai2tibetan Plateau. Chinese Science B ulletin, 2001, 46 (14) : 1208 1212 34 Jones C H. U ser2driven integrated software lives: Paleomag paleomagnetics analysis on the Macintosh. Com puters & Geosciences, 2002, 28 (10) : 1145 1151 35 Kirschvink J L. The least2squares method line and p lane and the analysis of palaeomagnetic data. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronom ical Society, 1980, 62: 699 718 36 McFadden P L, McElhinny M W. Classification of the reversal test in paleomagnetism. Geophysical Journal International, 1990, 103: 725 729 37 Cande S C, Kent D V. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical R esearch, 1995, 100: 6093 6095 38 Jam ison W R. Geometric analysis of fold development in overthrust terranes. Journal of S tructural Geology, 1987, 9: 207 219 39 Epard J L, Groshong R H. Kinematic model of detachment folding including limb rotation, fixed hinges and layer2parallel strain. Tectonophysics, 1995, 245: 85 103 40 Suppe J, Sabat F, Munoz J A et al. Bed2by2bed fold growth by kink2band m igration: Sant L iorence de Morunys, Eastern Pyrenees. Journal of S tructural Geology, 1997, 19: 443 461 41 Storti F, Poblet J. Growth stratal architectures associated to decollement folds and fault2propagation folds: Inferences on fold kinematics. Tectonophysics, 1997, 282: 353 373 42 Casas2Sainz A M, Cortgs A L, Maestro A. Sequential limb rotation and kink2band m igration recorded by growth strata, A lmazgn Basin, North Spain. Sedim entary Geology, 2002, 146 (1 2) : 25 45 43 Salvini F, Storti F. Three2dimensional architecture of growth strata associated to fault2bend, fault2p ropagation, and dgcollement anticlines in non2erosional environments. Sedim entary Geology, 2002, 146 (1 2) : 57 73 44 A llmendinger. Inverse and forward numerical modeling of trishear fault p ropagation folds. Tectonics, 1998, 17 (4) : 640 656 45 George A,Marshallsea S J, W yrwoll K H et al. M iocene cooling in the northern Q ilian Shan, northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, revealed by apatite fission2track and vitrinite reflectance analysis. Geology, 2001, 29: 939 942 46 Hetzel R, N iedermann S, Tao M et al. Low slip rates and long2term preservation of geomorphic features in Central A sia. N ature, 2002, 417: 428 432 47 Meyer B, Tapponnier P, Bourjot L et al. Crustal thickening in Gansu2Q inghai, lithospheric mantle subduction, and oblique, strike2slip controlled growth of the Tibet Plateau. Geophysical Journal International, 1998, 135 (1) : 1 47
1 : 31 M AGNETOCHRO NOLO GY O F THE Y UM EN CO NGLOM ERATES AND M UL T I2PUL SED FOLD ING AND THRUST ING IN THE NO RTHERN Q IL IANSHAN Chen J ie K. H. W yrwoll Lu Yanchou B. Krapez W an J inglin L iu J infeng ( S tate Key Laboratory of Earthquake D ynam ics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake A dm inistration, B eijing 100029; School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, U niversity of W estern Australia, N edlands 6907, Australia) Abstract Nearly continuous exposure of deformed Plio2Pleistocene sediments reveal that the Laojunm iao fold2and2thrust belt is particularly favorable for determ ining the geometry, style, tim ing, and rate of active faulting and folding within a foreland basin along the northern margin of the Q ilianshan. Paleomagnetic investigations of two Plio2Pleistocene terrestrial successions p rovide detailed magnetostratigraphy for the Upper Cenozoic strata in this region. Results show that the conglomeratic Yumen Formation is diachronous with the basal age ranging from ca. 4Ma in the N iugetao section to ca. 3. 55Ma in the Q ingcaowan west section ca. 14km to the northwest on the northeast limb of the anticline. Northwestward lateral p ropagation and growth of the Laojunm iao fold2and2thrust belt initiated at ca. 3Ma in the N iugetao, and ca. 1. 2Ma in the Q ingcaowan west with a rate of ca. 718km /Ma. The cross section in the N iugetao p rovides a conservative estimate of shortening rate of 112mm /a and up lift rate of 1. 1mm /a since ca. 3Ma. Detailed mapp ing of the rotational offlap onlap geometrical growth strata at the forelimb indicates multi2pulsed folding and thrusting, which suggests that the Laojunm iao fold2and2thrust belt developed as a result of northeastward m igration and p ropagation of thrusting and folding of the northeastern edge of the Q inghai2tibetan Plateau. Key words Qilianshan, Yumen conglomerates, magnetostratigraphy, growth fold, growth strata, lateral propagation 2006 8 20 40 M etasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng 20,,, 20 2006 8 6 10 ( The 2nd International M etasequoia Symposium M etasequoia and associated p lants: Evolution, physiology, horticulture, and conservation), ( ), (B ryant University) ( Yale University) ; 3 ( 8 4 5 ; 8 11 13 ) :,, web. bryant. edu / china : Prof. D r. Hong Yang ( ) Prof. D r. Leo H ickey College of A rts & Sciences B ryant University Department of Geology & Geophysics Yale University 1150 Douglas Pike P. O. Box 208109 Sm ithfield, R I 02917, USA New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA Tel: 001-401 - 232-6223 Tel: 001-203 - 432-5006 Fax: 001-401 - 232-6416 Fax: 001-203 - 432-9816 E2mail: hyang@ bryant. edu E2mail: leo. hickey@ yale. edu