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( ) 063,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( CIP ) /. - :, 1999. 2 ISBN7 113 03209 5.... N 0 CIP ( 98) 198 : : : ( 100054, 8 ) : : : : 787 1092 1/ 16 : 11. 25 : 280 : 1999 3 1 1999 3 1 : 1 5000 : ISBN 7 113 03209 5/ Z 427 : 17. 10,,

;, 20,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 21, 10,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),, ; ( ) 1

,,,, 1998 11 20 2

1 3 3 5 8 10 14 14 16 18 ISO 14000 23 27 31 31 33 36 38 43 47 47 49 55 57 63 63 65 69 73 79 79 84 86 89 93 1

101 101 105 109 114 114 117 119 128 128 132 135 137 139 139 139 141 143 147 149 156 156 ( ) 160 ( ) ( ) 161 ( ) 164 167 170 173 2

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 50,,,,,, 1962 R,,,,,, 1970 4 22,,, 1972 6 5,,,, 6 5, ;,,,,, 1987,,, 1992 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21, 1

,, 21,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,! 2

,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 3

,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1, : : : 4

,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;, :,,, 1,,,, 2,,,,,,,, ; 1 2, 5

1 2 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,, 1980 1900 10, 6

11 t,, 1 t,,,,,,,, 1 1930,, 60, 2 1943, 200,,, 400 3 1948,, 5 900, 17 4 1953,,,,, 4 000, 8 000 5 1961,,, 500, 36 6 1953 1956,,,,,, 7 1955 1972,,,,,,,,, 8 1968,,,,,,,, 16, 1 000 9 1984 12 3,,, 45 t, 1 000, 2 500, 1 000, 3 000, 50 000, 150 000, 7

10 1986 4 26,,, 31, 233, 13, 35,,, 20 80,,,,,, ; ;,, 110 ( 10 ),,,, 100t / hm 2,,,,,,,,,, 2 500 :, ( ),,, 1600 100,, 100 200, 593 400 209, 2, 1970, 365 km 2,, 1980 1990 1 5 hm 2 ( 12% ),, 40, 8

, 80% 90% 1/ 3 2 5,,, 95%, 2 500, 1 000 t,,,, 1/ 4,,,,,,,, 1945 20, 60 20 ; 20 60 50 8 000, 21, 100,,,,,,,, 60% 100 km,,, 230 t, 25%, 1990 1995, 12%, 17 61%,,, 9

,,, 20% 30%, 50%,,,,,, 1. 12,, 50 4 5 9%, 17%, 23%,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, ; ; ; ;,,, 28. 1%, 32. 3%, 14. 3% 32. 3%,,,,, ;,,,, 3, 70%,,,,,,, 4,,,,, 10

,,,, ; 1.,,, 1972, 90, 1995 600 km, 118, 1996 136, 700 km 1997, 226, 300 m 3, 5 800 1997 300 t, 1 000 10, 200,,,, 2., 1987 5 6, 1991, ; 1997 100, 1998,,, 1 666, 15 20 51, 100 10 20, 22, : 50 12. 5%, 60 43%, 70 60%, 90 100%, 1995 1 963, 1 022, 732, 70, 40 90, ( GDP ) 3% 5%, GDP 3% 5%, GDP 6% 10%, 1/ 10 3., ph 4. 0, 80% ph 5. 0, 80%, ph 4. 5 5. 0, 60% 90%,,,,,, ( ), 42%, 11

,, 700, 2 000 20,, 28 6%,, 1996 5 3. 5, 138, 1996 640, ( ),, 1.,,,,, 2.,, ( ),,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 8, 90%, 1993, 360 t, 68%, 10%,,,,,, 2. 3%, 97%, 60 t, 200,, 4.,,,,,,, SO 2 ( ),,,,,, 12

, ( ),,,,,, 1. ( 1) ; ( 2), ; ( 3) ; ( 4), 2., ( 1),,,,,,, ( 2),,, :,,, ( 3),,,,,,, 1.,? 2.,? 3.? 4.? 5.,? 13

,,,,,,,, 1., 19,, 20 50, ( ),,, 2. 20 50 60,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,, ;, 3. 1972 6 5 16,,, 1972, 27, 6 5 1973 1,, 4. 80,,, : :,,, ;, 14

, 1992 6, 21,,,, 1949 80,,,,,,, 1. ( 1949 1972),,,,, 156,,,,,,,,,, 1957,, 1972,,,, 1972 6, 2. ( 1973 1983) 1973 8 5 20,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;, 1974 5,, 1978 3 5 :, 1979 9 13, ( ),,, 3. ( 1983 1989), :,,, ; 15

, 1983 12 31 1984 1 7,, 10,,, 1984 5 8,,,, 4. 1989,,,. 1989 5,, 1996 7 15,,,, 2010,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, : 1,,, 16

,,, 2,,,, 3,,, 4,,,,, 5,,,, 6,,, 1996, 2010, 15 : 2000,, ; 2010, 1983,,,,,,,,? 1,,,,,,,,,, 2 17

60,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,, 346 km 18,,, 1850, 100,,,, 1969,,,,, 20 90,,,,,,,,,,,, ( sust ain able development ), 80, ;,, ( sustained development ), 1992 6,, :,,, 18

,,,, 1. ( Fairness) :,,,,,, 2. ( Sustainability),,, : ;,,, 3. ( Common),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1,, ; 1996 1. 48%, 1. 042%, 1%,,,,, 2 ( ) ( ),,,,, 26% 79% ( 2 1), 19

2 1, 3,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ), 21,,, 2 1 ( 26% ) ( % ) ( 74% ) ( % ) J/ d 34 14 214 66 10 002 g/ d 38 99 62 58 g/ d 53 127 47 40 kg/ d 85 123 5 8 kg/ d 79 455 21 43 kg/ d 86 26 14 2 / 80 5 8 20 0 5, : ; ; 2010 21 ; 50 ( ) 1. :,, : ( 1),,, ( 2), 20

( 3),,,,,,,,, 2.,, ;, ( ) 1993 9, 1994,, 2 1,,,, 21 ( ),,, 2 1,, 1978 2 2, 1989 1988 ( ISO ),,,,,,, 2 2, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21

21 21,, 21, 21,,, ( ) 21 21 4 1., 2000 ; ; ;, ;,, 2.,,,,, ; ;, ; ; 3.,,,, ; ;, ;, 2 3 21 22

4., ; ;, ; ;,, ; ( ) 21,, 21 2 3,, 21 21,, ISO14000 ISO14000 20 90,,,,,,,, ( International Organization for Standardization, ISO), ( International Electrotechnical, Commission, IEC), 1991 7 ( Strat egic Advisory Group on Environment, SA GE), 1991 9 : 1., 2. 3., ; ; ;, SAGE, 1992 ISO, ISO 9000, 1992 6,, ISO SAGE,, ISO14000 ( Series Standards of ISO14000 for Environment al Management ), 14 000 14 099 100 ISO, 1993 6 ( T C207), ( 2010 ) : : : ; ; ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; : ; ; ; ISO/ T C207 25, 5, 4, 23

3, 2, 1 80 ISO14000 1. ISO 14000 ISO 14000 24,, 2 4 ISO 14000 ISO 14000 ISO 14002 ISO 14004 ISO 14010 ISO 14011/ 1/ 2/ 3 ISO 14012 ISO 14013 ISO 14014 ISO 14015 ISO 14020 ISO 14021 ISO 14022 ISO 14013 ISO 14014 ISO 14031 ISO 14032 ISO 14040 ISO 14041 ISO 14042 ISO 14043 ISO 14060 2 4 ISO 14000, ( ISO ), : ISO 14001 ; ISO 14004 ; ISO 14010 ; ISO 14011. 1 ; ISO 14012,, ISO14000, ISO14001, ISO14004 ESM, ISO14010, ISO 14011. 1, ISO14012 ISO 1001,, ISO 14001 2. ISO 14001 ISO 14001,, ( Environment al Management System, EMS), : 24

( ) ( Environmental P olicy) ( Environmental P lan) ( Implementat ion and Operation) ( Checking and Corrective Action ) ( Management Review),,,, 17, 17, ISO14001, 17 ( ESM), ESM,, ISO14000 ISO 14000,,, : 1,,,, 2,, 3,,,,, 4,,,,,,, 5.,,,,, 25

ISO14000 ISO 14000 ISO9000, 1 ISO14000 :,,, 2. ISO14000 ( 1) :,, ( 2) : ISO 14000,,, ISO14000,,, 1., :,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, ISO14000,, 26

4.,,,, ISO,,, ABB, BA SF,, ( EMS),,,,,,,, 1992, 4, 800,,,,, : :, : 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3,,,,, 4,,,,,,, 5,,,, 27

1.,,,, : ; ; ; ;, 94% 5 ; 91% ; 80% ; 76% ; 64% ; 58% ( ) ; 24%, :,,, : 1991 1 1,,,,, 6, 11 1,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1987 5. 2%, 1988 7. 1%, 90, 80 3, 100, 3.,,,,,,,, 15 :,,, 4 28

, 3,, 88%,,, 84%,,, ; 4,,,,,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, T,,, 29

1.? 2.? 3.,,? 4.,? 5.? 6. ISO14000, ISO 9000? 7.,? 8. 21? 9.,? 10.,? 30

,, ; ; ; 1979 9 13 ( ) ( ( ) ), ;,, 1989 12 26, 11,,,,,, 1, 26 :, 1 :,,,,, : ( 1) ;, ( 2),, 2,, 3 : ( 1),, 31

,, ( 2),,,,, ( 3), 80, ( 3 1 ), 4 6 :,,,,,, 3 1 1 ( ) 1969 2 ( ) 1956 3 1958 4 1959 5 1967 6 ( ) 1969 7 1971 8 1971 9 1972 10 1972 11 ( ) 1972 12 1973 13 ( ) 1973 14 1973 1978 1978 15 1979 16 1982 17 1982 18 1983 19 1985 20 1986 21 1986 22 1987 23 1988 24 1989 25 1990 26 1992 27 1922 ( ) 32

1 ( ), 2 1987 9 5, : 1988 6 1 9 3 ( ) 1979 9 13,,,, ( ) 1 46 :,, 2 47 : ( ) 3, 1984, ( ),,, ( ),,, 1982 1987,,, ( ), 1989 ( ),,,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ),,, 1992, 33

235, 13, 55, 9, 129, 29 ( ),,,, 1998 8 4,,, ( ),,,, :,,,,, : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1989 :,, 1992 9, :,,,,, 34

,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, 1,, 2,,, 3,, 50 70, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 9 :, ; 10 : ; 19 :, ; 18,,, 35

,, 1 3, 1/ 3, 11 3%, 11%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1972,, ( ), 24,, 28 :,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5),,,,,, 1,, 36

, 2, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1979 1991 20 131, 88, 15%,,,,,,,,,,,, 1987 : 35, 1 927 1, 1979 1990, 21 25, 37

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) 1,,,,,,, ; ;, 2,,,,,,, 3,,,,, 38

,,,,, 1985 5, 18, 1991 8,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,?, 10 : 1,,,,, 2,,,, 3 26 :,,,,, 4 28, 39

,, 5,, 10 : ;,, 6 14,,,,,,, 7,,,,,, 8,,,,,,,,, 9 41,,,,,,,,,, 10,,,, 40

( ) 1 ( ) 1989 12 26, 1989 12 26, 1989 12 26 2 1982 8 23, 1982 8 23, 1983 3 1 3 ( ) 1984 5 11, 1996 5 15 4 ( ) 1987 9 5, 1995 8 29 < > 41

5 ( ) 1995 10 30, 1995 10 30, 1996 4 1 ( ) 1 1989 7 12,, 1989 9 1 2 1991 5 8, 1991 5 24, 1991 7 1 3 1989 9 1 47, 1989 9 26 40, 1989 12 1 42

4 1994 9 2 24, 1994 10 9 167, 1994 12 1 5 183, 1995 8 8 43 : 1997 ; 2000,, 1998 1 1, 6 ( 1982 2 5, 1982 7 1 ) ( ) 1 ( ) 1986 3 26 2 ( ) 1994 12 31, 3 1987 9 10 4 1991 8 29 5 1983 7 21 43

6 1992 7 7 7 1996 3 1 ( 3 1) 1972 6 16, 7 26 : ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ; ;,, ;, ;, ;, 1946 12 2, 1948 11 10 11 1 1980 :, :,,,,,,, 1972 12 16, 1975 12 12, 32 1985 :, ;,, 44

1973 3 3, 1975 7 1 25 4, 1981,,,, 1971 2 2, 1975 12 21 12, 1992 :, ;,, ;, ;, 1982,, 1982 12 30, 117,,,,, 1985 3 22, 21 2 1989 : ;,,,, ;, 1987 9 16, 1989 1 1 20 1 1991 6,, 1986, 1993 7 1, 1986 50%, 0 3 kg, 10 1990 6 29 45

: ; ;,, 1989 3 22, 1992 5 5 29 6 :,,,,, ;, ;, ;, ; 1990, 1991, 1992 5 22, 1992 6 4 ( ) 1992 6 11, 178, 1999 3 1995 3 1996 7,, 1997 12 1 11,,, 1998 11 2 13, ;,,,, 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6,,? 7,? 8? 46

,,,,,,,,, :,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : :,, 47

; 4-1 1. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 1,, : ( 1),,,,,, : 6CO 2+ 6H 2O+ C6H 1 2O 6+ 6O 2,,, ( 2) : : : :,,,,,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,, 2. 48

,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 4 2, 4-2,,, ( ), ( ) 1. ( ), :,,,,, ( ), ( 1),, : ( 2),, : 49

( 3), : ( 4), :,,,,,,, 4-3,,,,,,,,,, 4-3 2.,,,, 4 5,,,,,,,, 88% ( ),, ( ),,,,,, 10%,,, 1/ 10, 9/ 10, 50

,, 1 kg, 10 kg ; 10 k g 100 kg ; 100 k g 1 000 kg,, 4-4 3.,,,,,,, 4-5,, 4 4 4 5 DDT,,,,,,, 1. :, f( solarflux), 51

f= 8 12J/ cm 2. min ;, 30%, 20%, 4-6 2. :,,, :,,,, 4 6,,,,, 4 7 3.,,,,,,, 4-7 4-7,, : ( 1), 1% ( 2), ( 3), ( 4), 10% ( 5),,,,, :,,, 97%,, 52

,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1.,,,, 70%, 13. 6 km 3, 97%, 3% 3/ 4,, 1%,,, ;, ;,,,,,, 4-8 2. 4 8, 1/ 4 CO 2,, CO 2, CO 2,,, CO 2, CO 2,, ( ), CO 2,,,,,,,,, 4-9 53

3.,,, 78%, ( N H 3) ( N O - 3 ), ( ) ( ) ( ) 4-10,,,,,, 4 9 4 10,, ( ), :,,,,,, 4. 4-11,,, ( ),, 54 4 11

,,,,,,,,,,, 1972, 1970 ( 9400 t) 100,, 1.,,,, ( ),,,, 2.,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, 55

,,,,,,,,,,? : 1.,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1.,, 6 7 ; ; 1965, 1 200,, 2., 56

,, : ( 1),,,,,,,,, 112 km,,, ( 2),,,,, ( 3), ( ),,,,,,,, 500 1 000,,,,,,, ( ),, 1., 7. 5, 3. 5 57

2. 40%,,,,,,,, 3., ( ),, 1972 :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 58

1., 170, 4 200 ; 8 700 ; 5 100 ; 3 100 ; 21 000 ; 25, 15 ; 130, 500, 1 000,, 3 000,, 2.,, 42%, 2/ 3 7% ( 4 1),, 100, 75, 33 3., 5, 500 1 000,,, 2000 110 130, 1/ 3 19, 1/ 3 19, 4-1 ( ) ( ) 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 3 0 6 3 7 8 6 1 7 5 0 10 1/ 3 50, 2000, 10% 20%, 23 000 1 000 ( ), 10% 1., 25% 40%,, 2.,,, 11% 11% 5% 1% 3.,, 1850 40%, 50%,,, ( ) 1. 59

2., 1975 ( CIT ES), 90 3., 4.,,,,, ( ),,,, 1., 1 700 hm 2,, 30, 5% 10% 24 6,,,,,,, 2.,, 50,,,,,, 60, 70,, 3.,,,,, ( ),, 492, 15 1 500 ( ), 1991,,,, ( ),, 60

,,,, ( ),, 300,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,,, 470, 3 700, 32 800, 12%,, 200, 10 000, 2.,,, 4 400, 10%,, 14%, 10. 7% 100, 15, 3., 800,, 1 500 ( ) 1., 2.,, 1984, 1987,, 389 1988 12 10, 257 3. ( 1) 61

,, 600, 3% 80%, 8 ( 2),,,, 255, 227,, 10, 7,, 2 50, 4.,,, 1974 1983, 5.,, ; ; 1992,,, 1.? 2.,? 3.? 4.? 5.? 6.? 7.,,,,? 8.? 9.,? 10.? 62

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ;,, 6 10 15 t,,,, 1 000 1 400 k m,, 1 000 1 400 km,,,, 5 1 ( ), 12 km, 80%,,,,,,,,, 5 1 63

, ( ),, 50 55 km,,,, ( ) 85 km,, ( ) 800 km,,,,, ( ),,, ( ) :, 99. 96% ;,,, 5 1 5 1 ( % ) ( % ) N 2 78 084 C H 4 1 5 10-4 O 2 20 948 Ar 0 934 Ne 0 001 818 He 0 000 524 Kr 0 000 114 Xe 0 87 10-7 O 3 0 04 10-4 SO 2 1 2 10-7 N 2 O 0 27 10-4 N O 2 1 10-7 H 2 0 5 10-4 C O 2 0 032 2 I 2 5 10-7 C O 0 19 10-4 NH 3 4 10-7 ( ), 0. 02%, 6% ( ) 64

,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,, 5 2, 5 2,,,,,,, ; ; ( ) : 1 2, ( 1),,, 1952, 65 400 ; 1970 65

, 2 ( 2) SO 2N, 1962, 5, 4 000 ( ) : 1, 0. 0002 m 500 m, 2 ( SO 2) ( SO 3) ( H 2S) SO 2,,, SO 2 1. 5 t, 2/ 3, 1/ 5 3 ( NO ) ( NO2 ) ( NH 3), 4 ( CO) ( CO 2) CO, CO 5 ( CH 4) 6 ( HF ) ( H Cl) ( Cl2) :,,, : ( ), 5-2 ( ),,, ( ),,, 2, 2 t 40 t 66

:, ;, ;, 5-2, ( ),,,,, 1962,,, SO 2 3. 5 mg/ m 3, 4. 5 mg/ m 3, 2 062 4 703, 45,, N O 2, ; SO 2 ; CO,,, CO, ( ),,, ;,,, 50% ; 120 kg 67

( ) ;, ; ( ),,, : 1, PH 5. 6, SO 2 N O x,,, ; N O x SO 2,,,,, ph,, : 9, 2 ph 5. 5, ; ph 4. 5,,,, 1988 1989 55%, 2. 2, 11%, 1. 3, 2. 2, 2. 4, 2 10, 10 ; 3, 9 ph < 5 6 1985 175 km 2 1993 280 k m 2 : 1997, ph 3. 74 7. 79 ph 5. 6 44, 47. 8% ; 75% ( ) ph 5. 6 ph 4. 5, 71. 7% SO 2 N O x, SO 2 N O x 2,,,,, CO 2 CH 4 O 3 N 2O CFC( ) CO 2,, 68

,,,, CO 2, 19, 270 10-6, 90 350 10-6, 30%,,,, CO 2,,,,,, ;,, ;,, CO 2,, 3,, ( ),,,,, : 1%, 1 3%,,,,,,,,, CO 2,,,,, 2000,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, 69

2.,,,,,,,, ( ),, 1., ;,,,,, ( ), r, 100 m, r, 0. 65 / 100 m :,, ( 1) :, r> 0 ( 2) :,,, r= 0 ( 3) :,,, r < 0,,,, 2.,,,,,, ( 100 m),, r d,, 100 m, 0. 98, r d ( ) 1. 0. 98,, a : 70 a = ( r- r d) g h/ T

a ( m/ s 2 ) ; g ( 9. 8 m/ s 2 ) ; h ( m) ; T h ( ) ; : r > r d,,, r = r d,,, r < r d,,,,, ;,, 2. ( 1),, r > r d,,,,, 5 3 ( 2), r = r d,,, 5 4 5 3 5 4 ( 3), r < 0, r< r d,,,,, 5 5 ( 4),,, r < 0, r < r d, ; r> 0, r> r d, ;,, 5 6 5 5 ( 5) 5 6 5 7,,, r< 0, r< r d, ; r> 0, r> r d, 71

;,,, 5 7, :,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,,, 5 8,,,,,,,,, ( ) 5 8,, : ( ) 1.,, ;,,,, 5 9( a ) 5 9,, ;, 5 9( b) 2. ( ),,,, ;,, ;, ( ), 5 10( a ) 72

5 10,,, ;,,, ;, 5 10( b) 3., 0 5 0 2,,,,, ( ), 5 11,,,,, ( ) 5 11,,,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, : ( ), 73

1982 ( GB3095 82), 1996, ( GP3095 96) : ; ;,,, 5 3 5-3 ( mg/ m 3 ) 0 02 0 06 0 10 0 05 0 15 0 25 1 0 15 0 50 0 70 0 08 0 20 0 30 T S P 0 12 0 30 0 50 0 04 0 10 0 15 PM 10 0 05 0 15 0 20 0 05 0 05 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 15 1 0 15 0 15 0 30 0 04 0 04 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 12 1 0 12 0 12 0 24 1 4 00 10 00 4 00 10 00 6 00 20 00 1 0 12 0 16 0 20,,, ( ), 1973 ( GBJ4-73), 13 1996, ( GB16297-1996), 33 5 12,,, 74 5 12

( ) :,, ;, ( ),,, ( ) SO 2 SO 2 1. :,, - S, 2. SO 2 SO 2 SO 2 ( 1) SO 2,, SO 2, SO 3 5% 10%, SO 2 ( 2), 93% 97%,,,,, SO 2 SO 2 ( ), 1. 75

, SO 2 N O, NO N O 2= 1, 2.,,, NO X N 2, 3.,,,,, 250 450 ( ) ( 30% 60% ),,,, ;, ; 1992,,,, ( ),, :,,,,,,, :,, ;, ( ),,, 1987, 1995 1989 1991 76

, 1989 1 980, 2 700,, 1993 ( ) 1.,,,, 2.,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,, 100 m, 5. 6. ( ) 1% 2. 5%, 1. 5%, ( ),,,,,, 10 m 2 50 m 2,,,,, 35 km 2, 70%,,, 70%,,, 20%, 1. 2.?? 3.? 4.?? 5.? 6.? 77

7.?? 8.?? 9.?? 10.? 11.? 78

,, 65%,,,,,,,,,,,, 1992, 22, 1 000 m 3 ; 18 2 000 m 3,, 300, 50,,,, 16 10 6 m 3, 1 200 14 km 3, 97%, 2 8% 750 m : 26 100 m 3, 8 000 m 3, 500 m 3,, 2 8 m 3,, ( 12 ), 2 330m 3, 1/ 4, 14 4%, 43 5% 900 m 3, 400 m 3, 1/ 6, 1/ 25, 120,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 79

, ( ),,,, H 2O,,,, 6 1, : N2 Q2 CO2 : H CH H S 2 4 2 - - 3 : CL SO 4 HCO CO 3 2-2- + 2 + Na Ca Mg 2 + : NH + 4-3 NO - 2 NO HP O 2-4 H PO 2-4 PO 3-4 2+ Fe 3 + F e : S io Fe( OH) : - - - : B r I F N Ti V Au Ba R n Al( OH) 2 3 3 6 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1 ( BOD biochemical oxygen demand),, 80

/,,,,, CO 2 N H 3 H 2O NH 3, N H 3,,, 15 30,, 20 20 BOD (, ), 20 ( 99% ),, 20,, BOD,, BO D5 2 ( CO D ch emical oxygen demand) BOD5 BOD20 70%, H 2O CO 2, COD,,, 80% 90%, BOD,,, COD,, CO D,, OC, BOD5 COD BOD5/ COD ( ),,, COD> BOD2 0> BOD5> OC, COD BOD5 3 ( T OD) ( C) ( H ) ( N ) ( S), C H N S CO 2 H 2O N O SO 2, ( T OD) :,,,, mg/ L 4 ( T OC) ( T OC) C, mg/ L : CO 2,, C, BOD5 5 T OC TO D,,, mg/ L 6 81

,,,,,, 7 ph ph,,, 8, /,,,,, ( ),,, : 1, ( 1),, ; ( 2),, ; ( 3),, ; ( 4),,,, ; ( 5),,,,,,,,,,,, 0 1 0 01 ml/ L, 10-3 10-2 ml/ L, ; 10-5 10-4 ml/ L, 55% 89%,,, 10 -,, 10-4 ml/ L 5 ml/ L, 23% 40%, 82

,,, 2,,,, CO 2 H 2O ;,, CH 4 CO 2 H 2O H 2S NH 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; DDT,, 3,, :, ( ),,, 1953,,,,,,,,,,,, 180, 50 1931 1972,,,,,,,, 280, 34 4, ( ),,,,, ( ) ( ), 1955 1956, 102, 10, 29 300 5,, 83

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,, : 1, 3 000 mg/ L( 200 500 mg/ L) 2, COD 400 10 000 mg/ L BOD 200 5 000 mg/ L ( BOD 210 600 mg/ L) 3 ph, ph = 2 13 4, 5 : CS 2 6 : ( ),, 99%, 1%, ( ) ( ) ( Zn Cu Cr Mn N i Pb ) ( 6 1), : 84

1, 200 500 mg/ L, 30 50 g 6 1 ph 7. 0 7. 7 7. 0 7. 5 7. 3 7. 9 7. 1 7. 6 6. 9 7. 9 100 320 300 350 60 330 110 450 90 180 350 370 320 340 80 250 30 88 60 220 70 230 25 45 40 50 21. 7 32. 5 15 60 15 50 124 128 140 150 80 105 30 35 5 10 18 22 ph, mg/ L 2, BOD 210 600 mg/ L, BOD5 20 35 g 3, ph 7 2 7 6 4 5,,,,,, 70%,, 1 5, BOD5 10,,,, ( ) ( ),,, ( ),,,, 85

,,,, ( ), ;,, 1988 ( GB3838 88),, : : ; : ; : ; : ; : : :,,,, ( ),,,,, 1988 ( GB8978 88),,,,,,, BOD COD,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12 7% 55%, 86

,,,,,,,,,,,, 1995 8 8, 1997 ; 2000,, ( ), ( ), ( ) 1998 1 1, ( ),,, 10 ;, ( )? :,,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,, ;,,, ;,, ;,,, 1/ 10,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, : ( ),, 50%, 20%,,,,, 87

,,, 6 2,, ( ) NaOH 6 2,,,,,,, 6 3,,,, 6 3,,,,,,,,, 6 4 ( ),, 88

,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;, 6 4 ( ), 30% 70%, 80%,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,, : ( ) :, 123, 1 2 25%, 3 27%, 4 5 48% :, 131, 26, 11, 28 1 9, 2 4, 3 46, 4 5 72 1997 : 2 267 174 t, 1 883 296 t ; 383 877 t ; 1 073 t ;, 666 t ; 407 t ; 1 890 896 t ;, COD 89

684 t 1 000 k m, 27 km 2 2 55,,, 1995, 50% ( ; ),, 70% 3 000 km, 1992 42,,,,,,, 90%,,,,,,, 70,,, 70,,, ; 1983 12 31 : 1984,, 1992,, ( ) ( ),, : : ;, ;, ;, ; 1 : :, ;, ; ;, ; ; ; ;, 90

:,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, :,,,,, :,,, :,, 2, ( 1), :, ( GB3838-88),,, GB3838 88, ( 2),, ( ) 1 ( 1), ( 2),, ( 3), 2000, ( 4), ( 5) ( 6) :,,, 2 ( 1), ( 2),,,, ( 3), ( 4), ( ),,,, 5 91

: 1, 1995 12, 1995,,, 2,, : 2 5 8, 7 8 9 20 50 80, 70% 80% 90% 3, 4 5,,, :,,,, 73 15 t, 1996 12 1 87, 2 400,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1996 12 664, 3 000, 50 t, 7 22,,,,,,,, ( ) 1994 43 t, 16 6%,, ( ),,, 15%, 2000, ; ; 2 t ; 30 t/,,, 92

,,, 1, ; 2 3,,,,,,, ( ), ( SS) 40%, ( BOD) 30%,,,, ( ), BOD SS 90% 88% BOD 20 30 mg/ L,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, 93

( ) 1 ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,, 2, : ( ) 3 ( ),, ( ),, ( ),, :, 4, ( ),,,,, ( ), : ;,,,, 60% 70%,,, 30% 40% 5,,,,, 10 MPa,, 3 5 MPa,,, : ph, 94

( ) 1,,,, ( ),, ph 9 11, ; ;,,, 2,,, ( ),,,,, ; ( ),,,, : ( ),, 3, CO 2 4,,,,,,, :, O 2 Cl 2 O 3 ;, + / O- Cl Ca, Cl + Cl - ; \ Cl -, H 2O 2 H 2SO 5 H 2S 2O 3, S + 8 + 7 + 6, SO - 2 4 ;,,,, :, ;, B - 5, ;,, Fe + 2 F e + 3 ;, 95

: : ;, BOD COD ( ),,, ( ),,,, ph, 1 ( ),,,,,,,, 90%, 2,, 3,,, ( ), ( ) 4,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ( ),,, 96

, 1, ( ), ( 1),,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 4 6 h, ( BOD) 90% ( 2) ( ),,,,,, ( ) : 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, BOD 30%,,,,, ( BOD ),, ( BOD) 90%, BOD5 20 30 mg/ L, 97

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) BO D, ( ), 6 5,,, ( ),,, ; 6 5 ;, BOD ( ) A 1/ A 2/ 0, 6 6 6 6 ( ) ( 6 7 ) 98

6 7,,,,,,, 0 3% 5% ( 97% ), 0 5 1 0,,,,,, 20% 50% 6 8 6 8 ( ) 99% 99 5%,, 99

,, 12 24 h, 99% 97%, 1/ 3 ( ) 75%, ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ),, 70% 80% ( ) 1,,,, 30 35, 10 15 m 3, 50% CCl4 2,, ( ),,,,,,,, 3,,,,, 20%,,,,, 1?? 2?? 3 4? 5, 6? 7,? 100

( Solid Waste),,,, 7 1,,,, 7 1,, 101

: 1 ( In dustrial Solid W astes),,,,,,,, 2 ( Municipal Refuse),, 3 ( H azardous Indust rial Solid W ast e) :, 60,, ph 3 12, ph,,, ; ; ( ) ( ),,, 1,, 60, 6 4 t, 0 273km 2,,, 1993 59 7 t, 52 052 hm 2, 2,,,,,,,, 80,,, 102

3 : ( 1), ( 2),, ( 3), ( 4),, 20 km 2, 1 800 7 000,,, 4 000 t 500 t,, 4 : ( 1), 57%, ( 2),, CH 4 H 2S NH 3, 60,,, 5,,,,, 7 1 7 1,,,,,,,, 1920 1 24 kg, 1970 2 4 kg, 1980 3 64 kg, 60 t, 2000 120 t 1968 1977 10,,,,,,, 244 m,, 800 1971,, :, 103

,,,, 200, 0 62 0 98 kg, 1 1 1 3 kg 1979, 8 98%, 1980 3 132 t 1995 10 748 t, 243 2%, 2000, 1 2 1 4 t 7 2 7 2 7 3, :,,,, 6 t, 1 t 7 3 1981 1995, 100 t, 5 t,,,,, 20 20, 200, 1953, 1976,,,,,, 4 000 20, 3 8 t, 88% 2 5 6 t, 90%,? ( 1989 ), 1/ 10 80 ( 1986 1988 ), 600 t, 2 3 4 t 1 t,, 104

,,,,,,, 17%,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 1993 9 25, 1 285 t,, 20 m, 500 m,,,,,,,,, 100 1994 3 25, 64 : 1998,, 1998,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 60,,, 7 4, 7 4( a ) ; 7 4( b) 105

,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 7 5 7 6 7 4 ( a ) ( b) ( c) ( d ) ( e) 7 5 ( ) 7 6,,, 1 106

2, ( ),, 7 7 3,,,,,, 7 8 4 7 8 ( ) 7 7,,,,,,,, 96% 99 8%,,,,,, 96%, 75% ( Disposal of solid w astes),,, 1 : ( 1),,, ( 2),,,, 2 107

, 80%,,,, 1874,,, 20, 980, 80% 120%, 50% 80%, 90% 1650 1800, 650 820,, 2% 3%,,, 3, 3000 1000,,, :,, 20 17 14 7 9 7 10 7 11 7 12 4 7 10 7 9, 108,,,,

5,, 19 1967,,,,, 7 11,, 7 12 5 000 t,,,,,,,,, 1985 3 6,, 4 1,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 109

,,, 3R, ( Reduce), ( Reuse ), ( Recycle),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 8, 4 5 5, 3 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100 t, 600 km 2 80%,, 12,,,,,,, 1965 110

, 1970, 1976 1986,, ( ) ( ) ( ),, 200 3 000,, 1956 1986, 18 650 t 12, 80 1950 1994 44, 2 38 t 1 340 25, 1 65 t, 200,, 1991 18 6%, ( ) : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) 1,,, ;,, : ( 1), ; ( 2) ; ( 3), ; ( 4) 2, ; ; ; ; 3,,, ; 4 ( ),,,, 111

1920, A, 6, 7 13 7 14 + + ( ) CO 2, H2 O, NH3, PO4 2 -, SO4 2- + 7 13 +, + CO2, NH3, H2 S, PH3 + CO2, CH4 + ( ) ( ) 7 14, 5, : ;,,,,, 1972,, ( ),,, 1979 1985, 1% 2%, 7 15,,, 10,, 7 16 1986 112

23, 69 9 t, 0 9% ; 1995, 43 7%, 900 1996, 49 1%,, 70% ;, 20% ; 1995 2 000 t, 1 200 t,,,, 7 15 7 16 :,,,,,, :, ;,, 1?? 2, 3? 4 5?? 113

,,,, 1,, 40% 2, 1978 60 953,, 24 783, 40 7%, ( 17 3%, 16%, 25 6%, 0 3%, 0 1% ) 3, 8 000 ; 4 000 ; 4 400 ; 2 100 4 40% 5,, 1998 7, 8, 1 550 ( 30 km, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 114

,,,, :,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,, ( P a) ( Pa), 10 000 H z, 2 10-5 Pa, 50 ;, 10 000 H z, 20 Pa, ( Pa ),,,,,,, ( ),, 1 000 H z ( 2 10-5 Pa ), ( ), 1/ 10 ( db) : L p ( db) ; : P ( P a N / m 2 ) ; P 0 ( 2 10 - L p = 10 lg P 2 5 P a) ( 1) ; P 2 0= 20 lg P P 0 ( 2),, ; ( 3) : 60 db : L = 10 lg P 2 1+ P 2 2 P 2 0 = 10 lg 2 P 2 1 P 2 0 = 10 lg2+ 10 lg P 2 1 = 3+ 60( db) P 2 0,, 3dB,, 10 lg3 5 db, N, 10 lgn ( db),, 0 150 db 2,,,,, ;, 115

20 20 000, 20 20 000 Hz 20 H z ; 20 000 H z,, 20 20 000 Hz 3 A,,, 100 db, 1 000 5 000 H z,, :,, ;,,,,,,,, A A,, 1 000 H z A, A, A, db( A ), A, A ( ) 8 1 A 8 1 A A : db( A ) 20 30 40 60 60 70, ( ) 80,,, 90,,, 100 110 110 120 120 130 130 140,,,,, > 160,, 4, ;,, A, A,, : Leq, A,, ( ) 116

, 1, 2,, 3 1,,, 90 db( A ) ; 90 106 db( A ) ; 80 120 db( A ) ; 120 db( A ) ; 120 db( A ), 100 150 db( A ), 90 db( A ), 2 89 92 db( A ) ; 90 100 db( A ) ; 105 110 db( A ) ( 5 m ), 1 k m, 4 k m 1 500 m, 30 50 km, 3,,,,,, 4,,,,, 45 db, 35 db, 40 db, 40 db,,,,, : 117

1,, 40 50 db( A ),, 40 db( A ) 10%, 70 db 50% 60 70 db( A ), 60 70 db( A ),, 80 85 db( A ), 90 db( A ) 80 90 db,,,,,,,,,,,, 40 2 ( ), 85 db( A ), 85 db( A ) 8 2, 8 2 40 ( % ) ( A ) ( : db) ( A ) ( : db) 80 0 0 95 29 28 85 10 8 100 41 49 90 21 18, 90 db( A ),, 90 db( A ),,,, 175 db( A), 3,,,,,, 5,,,, 4,, 20%,,,, 5,,, 60, F 14,, 10 000 m, 8, 6,, 10 000 6 000, 4 000 118

6 50, 1 100 km / h, 60 m, 1962,, 3 000, 43%, 32%, 15%, 60%,,,,,,, ( IOS),,,,, ;, ;,, : 1,, 500 Hz 1 000 Hz 2 000 Hz 25 db, 90 db( A ), 80% ; 85 db( A ), 90%, 80 db( A ), 100% 8 3 ( db( A ) ) ( db( A ) ) 90 85 8 93 88 4 96 91 2 99 94 1 115dB( A), 90 db( A ), 85 db ( A ) ( 8 3) 2 70%,,, ( 8 4) 1973 12 27 ( 8 5) 1975 7 29 ( 8 6) 3,,,,, ( h) 119

,, 40 db, 10%, 70 db, 50%, 30 50 db 35 db( A ) 8 7, 8 4 GB1496-79 1985 1985 ( db( A) ) ( db( A ) ) 8t < 15t 92 89 3 5t < 8t 90 86 ( 3 5 15t) < 3 5t 89 84 89 84 ( 4 11t) 4t< < 11t 89 86 < 4t 88 83 84 82 90 84 < 4 413 10 6 kw 91 86 8 5 db( A) < 70, < 75 8 6 db( A) < 70, < 75 8 7 ( 1981) : Leq db( A) 45 35 60 50 50 40 65 55 55 45 70 55 : ;,,,,, 8 8 8 8 ( 1 m ) db( A ) db ( A ) 70 74 47 69 47 71 59 65 37 69 63 85 34 52 63 97 50 67 81 89 39 45 120

,,, ( ), ;, ; 8 9 ( ),,, 1,,,,, 8 9 ( db ) 10 20 10 20 ( ) 10 25 3 10 3 30 3 20 10 20 10 30 10 30 10 20 5 10 10 20 2,, ( 24 cm ), 30 db,,, ( ),, 25 db 3 121

, :, ;,, ; : ; ; 4,, 5,,,, ( ),, 10 40 db,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,, 1973 1979 3,, 70,,,, 1979 9 ( ) :,, 1980 1989 6, 122

,, 1991 ( ) ( GB12348 90) ( GB12523 90),,, 1 ( GB12348 90) ( 1) ( 2) 8 10, 10 db( A),, 15 db( A) ( 3) 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 10 Leq[ db( A) ] 1 55 45 2 60 50 3 65 55 4 70 55 ( 4) 2 ( GB12523 90) ( 1) ( 2) 8 11 8 11 Leq[ db( A) ] 75 55 85 70 55 65 55, ( ) 1991 7, ( 8 12) 8 12 db( A ) 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 ( / ) 200 400 800 1 600 3 200 3 db, ( ), 123

( [ 1994] 117),,,, ( ), 24h,,, :, ;,, ;,, 1 :, 500 4 000 H z, 5 m, L p = 118 db( A ), L p= 106 db( A ) ;,, 10 m, Lp = 128 132 db( A ), 1 5 2 0 s 2, ( 63 500 H z ), Lp, Lp 8 10 db( A ), v = 60 km/ h, Lp = 70 80 db( A ) : v= 96 k m/ h, Lp = 85 90 db( A), v= 100 km / h, Lp = 75 db( A ) ; v= 200 km/ h, Lp = 82 db ( A ) ; v= 300 km/ h, Lp = 87 db( A ),,,,,, 4 000 5 000 H z, Lp = 90 105 db( A ),,, 5 m, Lp = 69 113 db( A ), 86 db( A ),, v = 45 75 km / h, Lp = 87 89 db( A ) ( ), 8 13 8 13 db( A ),,, Lp = 90 120,,, Lp = 70 95,, Lp = 118 130 3 124

,,, Lp = 95 115 db( A ) ( ), 30 m,, 30 m,, 30 m, 70 db( A ), 30 m, 30 m 5 25 db( A),,, 8 12 db( A ),, 65 70 db( A ) ( ) 1,,,, ;, ; ( 30 m),,, 2,,,,, P 60,,, 8 14,,,, 8 15, ( ),,, 8 14 db( A) ( km/ h ) 70 83 80 3 80 85 83 2 90 86 84 2 : 1 25 m, 1 5 m 2 > 16 8 15 [ db( A) ] ( km/ h) 70 80 127 132 125 130 2 3 80 100 135 140 130 138 5 8 70 80 130 135 128 133 2 3 80 100 138 143 137 141 3 4 3, 8 16 8 1 125

,,, 8 16 db( A ) / m 2 / m 2 3 4 8 1( a) 420 420 5 6 8 1( b) 700 500 11 16 8 1( c) 1 211 8 780 20 8 1( d ) 14 600 800 60 80,,,,,,,,, ; 8 1,, 1,,,,,,,,,,, 2,, 3,,,,,,,, 4,,, 5,, 126

,, 6,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1? A 2?? 3? 4?? 127

,,,,, ( 9 1),,,, 9 1 3 000 m 100 kh z 200 3 000 m 100 1 500 kh z, 50 200 m 1 500 6 000 kh z 10 50 m 6 30 M Hz 1 10 m 30 300 MH z,, 0 001 1 m 300 300 000 M Hz,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : > > > >,, : 1 ( ),,,, 2, 128

300 MH z,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 9 2 9 3, 9 2 9 3 ( ) 129

1,, 2,, ( ) 3, 1,, 20, 100 200 V / m,, 2 200 300 khz,,,,, 3,, 20 40 MH z,,,, 1 2 km 4,, 5 6,, 7 10 13 56 MHz,, ( ) 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 130

,,, 2, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3,,, 4,,, 5,, ( ), : : 1 ( 100 kh z 30 MH z), : 20 V / m; 5 A / m 2, : ( 1) 8h, : 38 W / cm 2 ; ( 2) 300 W/ cm 2 ; ( 3) 6 h / d, 50 W / cm 2 ; ( 4) 5 W/ cm 2, 9 4 9 4 / 60 kh z 3 M Hz 50 V / m 3 30 M Hz 20 V / m 131

( ),,, 31, 233, 1 40, 50 10-5 Sv, 20 10-5 Sv, ( ),, 14, 30 10-5 Sv, 100 10-5 Sv, 2, : ; ; ;, :, ;, 235,,,,, 235 239,, :,,, 95%,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, 1%, Sr90 Cs137 P u239, 3 132

,,,,,,,,,,,, 4, X, 0 4 0 2 rem ; 0 7 1 0 rem; 1 5 3 rem,,,,,,,, 5, 258 C/ k g h,, 0 37 Bq/ k,,, 3 7 10 3 Bq/ kg, 6,,, 0 516 C/ kg h, X 1 10-5 Sv,,,,,,,,,,, ( H OH ),, ( DN A RNA ),, ;, X, ; ( ), ; 1945,, 133

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, ( GBJ 74),, 9 5 9 5 ( GBJ 74) ( Sv) ( Sv) 5 10-2 0 5 10-2 30 10-2 3 10-2 ( 16 ) 75 10-2 7 5 10-2 15 10-2 1 5 10-2 2,,, ;, ( 1), 100,, 10, 100,,,, ( ),, ( Sr95) H + N a +, ( I131) Cl -,,,, 134

, ;,, ( 2),,, 90 120d,,,,, ( 3),,, ; ;,,,, 300 1 000 m, 10 000 100 000,,,,,,,,,, 37,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( 37 ) 2,, 43, : ;,, ;,, ;,, 135

,,,,,,, 1,,,, :, 40%, 12%, 48%, 33%, 67%,,,,,,, 80%,,,,, ;, ;,,, 20, 30, 35 40,,,,,,,,, 0 40, 10,,, 8 18,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,, 1975,, 600 W / m 2, 6,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 136

5% 10%, 30%,,,,, 20 60, 6,, 150,,,,, :,,, ;, CO 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,, 1 ( 1),,, ;, ;,,, ( 2),, ;, ( 3),,, ( 4) 137

,,,, 2,,,,, 3 ( 2 5 3 2) 10-7 m,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1998,,, 40% ( ),, 1?? 2?? 3?? 4?? 5? 138

1 : 1974 1975 1976 : 1977 1978 1979 1980, 1981 ; 1982 10 1983 ; 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989, 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995, 1996 1997 1998, 1999 2000 2 1972 6 5 6 6, 113 1 300, 29, 6 5 139

,, 3, 1 7%, 0 4%, 4/ 5, 94%, 59, 1 48%, 8 000 7 11,, 4 47 21,,,,, :,,,,,,, 1993,, 2000, 27,, 12, ( ), ( ),,, 5 20 60,,,,,, 1970 4 22,,,,, 4 22 6 70,, 1985,,,, 1982 1 ( U NEP) 1985 3 22 1997 6, 165 1989 140

1987 9 16,,, 1994 9 16 7 2 2 ( 1 ),, 2016 2020,, 1985 28 m, 1 3 hm 2, 3 000,, 2 100 2, ;, 8 ( 4 4 ) 1990 12 2 5 :, 26 m, 1 860 m 2, 16 m,, 10 6 m, 150, 1 2 m,,,,, 10 m ( ) ( ) ( ) 5, 2, 0 2 h m 2,, 5 8 8 1993 9, 1994,,,,,,, 1993 : 9 500 500 ( U N EP ) 1981, 141

20 500,, 1995 6 4, 500 10 ISO14 000 ISO 14 000 ( ISO),, ISO14 000( Series Standards of ISO14 000 for Environmental Management ), 14 000 14 099 100 ( ISO ), : ISO 14 001 ; ISO 14 004 ; ISO 14 010 ; ISO 14 011 1 ; ISO 14 012,, ISO14 000 11 ; ; ;,, 12,,,,, 1992 6 1,, 64 13,,,,,,, 14,, ;,,, 15 :, 142

: 16,,,,,,, 17,,,,,,,,,, 1996 7 1,,, 18,,, 1998 9, 203, 19 6 5 6 5, ( ),,,,, 6 5,, 20,,, :, ;,, ;, ;,, 21 21 21 21,,, :,, 143

;, ;,,, 22 ( [ 1998] 5 ),, : ( ) 10 : 200 23 1995, 240,,,, 100,,,, 40%,,, 24 22 60 t / ; SO 24 kg/ ; 300 500 t / ; 20 t ; 100 ; ; : 67 kgco 2, 49 kgo 2, 65 25 : 13 17 mm, 2 5 mm, 50 250 mm, 70 270 mm 50 mm ( : 50 mm), 46. 87 mm, 215. 12 mm, 26,,,?,, 100%, 50%,,,, 20 mm,,, 144

,,, 27 5 9, 10 m 3,, 40 1975 8, 800 1 000 mm, 20%, 80%,,, 28,, 300, 1 500 1 m 3 9, 166 m 3, 300, 300, 50 1 m 3 3 5,,?,,, 29, 50, 3, 60 17, 70 80 26,, 70,,, 19, 30, : ( 1 t ) 31,,,,,,, 32,, 60%, 98%, 100 75%,, 30%, 84 3%,, 33 1965 1,,, 70% 1948 145

, 70,,,, 1996 4,, 20 34 :?,, 19, 15 21,,,, 35,,,, 2025,, : 70% 1948, (,,, ( 40% 80% ), 36, 1972, 90, 1995 600 km, 118, 1996 136, 700 km 1997, 226 1998 2 3, 11, 6,,,,,,,,,, 146

,,,,,,,,,, 37, ph < 5 6, 6 7,,,,, ph 5 6,,, :, ;,, 38,,,, 10 8 / L,, 1977 8,, 60 k m 2, 20 1998 9 18, 11 7 9 80,, 2 3 ; 80 90,, 20 40, 1990 41 39,, 200, 120,,,, ( ) A A 4 200 t, 1 700 t, 750 t,,,,, 147

,,,, ;, 40,,,, 50%, 20 80,, 1 8 41 B 1988 9, B,,,, B, 2 000 t PCB, 1994, 42 40 1952, 43 000 t, 1953,, 1 1977, 1978 240,,, 140 43 20 80,,, 1984 12 3,,, 4 58 m, 2 500, 25 000 44 1986 4 26, :,, 1s 1 000 t,, 10 31, 135 000, 2 253 km,, 30 60, 30 000 40 000 45,,,, 148

46 1987, :,, X,,,,,, 137,, 47 1957, :,,,, 160 t, 15 000 km 2, 20, 1976 48 : 650,,,, ; 8, 3 5 t, 3% 15, 49, 1521, 1960 1980,, 1 730 2000, 2 600, 50 21 1998, 2000, 2000 2001 51,,,,, 52 ; ; ; ; ; 53? :, 149

54? : 1 000 km, 3/ 4 12 km, 0 01% :, ( ), 55? : 71%, 137 000 km 3 1%,,,, 56? :,,,, :,, 57? :, 1 000 10 cm, 58? : 12 km 10 km, 20, 30, 3 60 59?? :,,, 60? :,,, 61 10? : 10 : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) ; ( 8) ; ( 9) ; ( 10) 62? :, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3), ; ( 4) ; 150

( 5) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) 63?,? : 100 / km 2 ( 3 ),, 7 64?? : 9 7 t : 75 8%, 17 0%, 2 1%, 4 9% 65? : 66? : :? 67 4 t, 1 m 3 :,,, 68? :, 100 m 2, 10 h 1 500 g, 100 g, 1 km 2 6 300 k g, 5% 9%, 70, 20 30 db,, 69?? : 2 100, 10% 450, 10 8% ; 1 186, 14% ; 7 4% 4 8% 84, 122 70? : 2 100, 6% ; 2 600, 20% ; 200, 30% ; 2 500, 10% 71? : 1979, 3 12 72? : : 73?? :, 800 km 2, 128 km 2, 1/ 7 151

74?? : 1/ 3 ( 4 500 km 2 ), 600 h m 2, 64, 8 5, 16% 13 33 4 km 2 17 6 km 2, 20, 25 13 km 2 75?? : 43 2 hm 2, 32 3% 12 866 hm 2, 13 4% 76? : 3 000 300 300 450 1 500 77?? :,,,,,, 78? :,, 60 ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 79? :,,,,,,, 80? :,,,, :,, 152

5 m, 100 g/ m 3,, 200 g/ m 3, 81? :,,,, 82? :,, 0 3 mg/ L,,,,,, 14 05,,,, 83? :,, :,,,,, 1 2 84? :,,, 85?? : ; 86? :, 87?? :, SO 2 N O x CO H C CO 2, 153

, HF Cl2, NO 2 CO H C 88? : 6 t 1 t SO 2 0 5 t CO 2 89? 2 t, 1 t 1 5 t, NOx :,,,,,, 90? :,,,,,,,,, 91?? :, ;, 92?? :, 1/ 4 5 8 t, 64 8 t, 58 390 m 2, 93? : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) 94? : :, 95 2010? : 2010,,,,, 96? : 30% 50%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? 97? 154

: :,, ; ;,,, 98? : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5) ; ( 6) ; ( 7) 99,? :,, ;, 100? :, 155

( 1989 12 26, 1989 12 26, 1989 12 26 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 156

;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 157

,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) 158

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 159

, ( ) ( ) ( 1984 5 11, 1996 5 15 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 160

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ( ) ( ) ( 1987 9 5, 1995 8 29 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 161

,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 162

,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 163

( ) ( 1995 10 30, 1995 10 30, 1996 4 1 ),,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 164

;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 165

,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 166

( 1986 3 26 ),,,, ( ) ( ) ( ), ;,,, : ( ) ; ; ; ;,,,, ;,, ;,,, ; ;,,,, ( ),, 167

( ),,, ( ),,, : 1. ; 2. ( ) ; 3. ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, : ; ; ; ;,,,, ; ;,,,,,,, 168

,,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,, 1. ; 2. ; ; ; ( ) ; 3. ; 4. ; 1. ; 2. ; 3. ( ) ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. ; ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ; 10. ( ) 1. ( ) ; 2.,, ; 3. ; 169

4. ; 5. ; 6. ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. ( : ) 1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4., ; 5. ; 6., ; 7. 1. ; 2. ; 3. : 1. ; 2., ; 3.?? 4. ( 1994 12 31 ),,,,, ( ),, 170

,,,,,,,, ( ),,, : ( ) ; ( ), ; ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ) : ( ),, ( ) ; ( ) ; ; ( ), ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ),,, 171

; ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( ),, 172

1 ( ) :, 1989 2 :, 1992 3, :, 1997 4, :, 1981 5,, :, 1983 6 :, 1990 7 ( ) :, 1996 8 :, 1996 9, :, 1996 10, 1987 11 :, 1997 12 21 :, 1997 13 Poul Buch Jensen :, 1996 14 [ ], :, 1997 15 :, 1982 16 ( ) :, 1987 17 :, 1982 18 :, 1991 173