植物病害及管理概論 楊秀珠 農業藥物毒物試驗所農藥應用組
一 前言 2 3 二 病害診斷 () () 13-1
() 三 病害種類? 3 () 1. 2. 3. (injury) (acute disease) (chronic disease) (non-infectious disease) (disorders) 13-2
(infectious disease) 1. 1. (EC) ( ) 13-3
() ph 13-4
2. () ( ) 2. I A. a. b. B. a. b. c. (a) (b) 1. 2. II A. a., b. c. (a) (b) B. 13-5
a. b. (Koch's postulates) 1. 2. 3. 4. 2. (Indicator plant) 四 感染性病害之病徵 () () () () () 13-6
() () () () () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 2. (1) 13-7
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 3. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 4. (1)() () (2) (3) (4) (5), (6) (7) (8), (9), (10) (11) 13-8
(12) 20 (13) (14) RNA (15) RNA (16) () RNA 五 感染性病害之病原 m 2. () 1. I Capsids (Nucleic acid) (1) Nucleo capsid (Ribonucleic acid, RNA) ( ) (Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA) 2 13-9
(4) (TMV) (5) (Xiphinema index) (Big vein of lettuce) (Olpidium brassicae) 3. (2) 100% 3 (1) (3) 13-10
() (2) 200 0.5-1.0 x 1.0-4.0m (3) (pectic enzymes) (cellulolytic enzymes) (extracellular polysaccharides) (4) (toxins) (plant growth hormones) () PPLO PPLO () 125 150nm 1930 Pleu ropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) 4 1956 (Enward 1. (Phycomycetes) & Freundt) Mycoplasma Mycoplasma PPLO 1967 2. (Ascomycetes) 3. (Basidiomycetes) (Clamp connection) (Basidiospore) 13-11
(Teliomycetes) (Uredinales) (Ustilaginales) (endoparasites) (Hymenomycetes) (Meloidogyne spp.) (Auriculariales) (Heterodera spp. Globodera (Exobasidiales) spp.) (Pratylenchus spp.) (Tulasnellales) (Agariales) (Radopholus similis) (Polyporales) (Ganoderma) (Agonomycetales) (semi-endoparasites) 4. ( (Rotylenchus (Deuteromycetes, Fungi Imperfecti) Helicotylenchus spp.) (Chiconemella spp.) (Paratylenchus spp.) ( (Hyphomycetales) () (Stilbellales) (Tuberculariales) (Melanconiales) (Sphaeropsidales) () 15mm () (Algae) (stylet) Cephaleuros C. virescens 5mm 六 病害防治方法 13-12
() 1. 2. 3. 4. 3 5. 6. (resistance) (tolerance) (Marschner, 1995) 13-13
( (silification)) ( )(Marschner, 1995) Huber and Wilhelm(1988) ( ) (parasites) (pests) (apparent resistance) (disease escape) (Agrios, 1997; Huber, 1981) ( ) ( ) ( 7. ) Verticillium sp. (Rhizoctonis solani) (suppressive soil) Agrios(1997) 13-14
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. SH 13-15
70% (methyl bromide)/30% (chloropicrin) (dazomet, Basamid) (formaliln) 80 60 30 () 13-16
七 作物整合管理 (Integrated Crop Management ICM)1997 British Crop Protection Council 7 () () () ( ) ( ) () () () 1999 Citrus Health Management ICM 13-17
ICM () ( ) () 1. 2. 3. 5 9 59 4. 5. () 13-18
IPM IPM () 1. 2. 3. () () 13-19
() () () 13-20