,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,, 2004 8 10
( 1) 1.1 ( 1) 1.2 ( 2) 1.3 ( 6) 1.4 ( 8) (13) (14) 2.1 (14) 2.2 (15) 2.3 (17) (26) (27) 3.1 (27) 3.2 (29) 3.3 (32) (37) (39) 4.1 (39) 4.2 (40) 4.3 (46) (49) (50) 5.1 (50) 5.2 (53) (58) (59) 6.1 (59) 6.2 (59) 6.3 (67) (75)
(76) 7.1 (76) 7.2 (77) 7.3 (88) (94) (95) 8.1 (95) 8.2 (97) 8.3 (98) 8.4 ( 100) 8.5 ( 102) 8.6 ( 105) 8.7 ( 107) 8.8 ( 110) ( 111) ( 112) 9.1 ( 112) 9.2 ( 120) ( 124) ( 125) 10.1 ( 125) 10.2 ( 129) 10.3 ( 133) ( 135) ( 136)
1,,,,, 1. 1 ( ),, 1. s b, ( ), 0. 2 ;,,,, < s ;,, < b 2., ( ), ;,, 5 % 10 % 3., ( HB) ( HR ), 1 1 ( < 450 HBS ), d, 1 1
2 HBS( )HBW ( ), 200 HBS,,, : H RA ; H RB ; H RC : 150 HBS, 70200H BS, 120180HBS 180250 HBS 250350 HBS, 5058 H RC, 6065H RC : 180250 HBS, 6066H RC, 4048 H RC 4., ak ak, 45, ak 500 800kJ/ m 2,, ak 8001 200 kj/ m 2,,, 1. 2 : ; 1. 2. 1, ; ; ( ) 1. ( ) 2. 11%,,, 0. 9 %, 1. 3%,,,,,,, (1 ), : Q195 Q215Q235AQ235B
3,,,, Q235C Q235D Q255Q275, (2 ),,, :08F, 10 20,, ( ) 35 40 45 50 ( ),,, 45, 60 65 (3 ) (),,,, : ZG200 400 ZG230 450 (4 ) 0. 65% 1. 35 %, ( HRC > 60 ), T7 T8,, T9 T10 T11,, T12 T13,, 2.,, ( Mn ) ( Si)( Cr ) ( Ni)( Mo) ( W) ( V ) ( Ti) ( B)( Re) (1 ) :,,,, : Q345( 16Mn) Q420( 15MnV N) : ZGD270 450 ZGD345 570 0. 15% 0. 25%,,,, : 20 Cr 20CrMn Ti 0. 25% 0. 50%,, :40Cr 35CrMo 38CrMoAlA, 0. 5% 0. 7%,,,,, ( 200 300 C)
4 :60Si2Mn 50CrVA ( ),,, 0. 95% 1. 10%, 0. 4 % 1. 65 %Cr, : GCrl5GCrl5SiMn (2 ), (60 HRC ), ( 0. 7% 1. 50% ), : CrW Mo V SiMn :,,,, 9SiCr;, W18Cr4VW6Mo5Cr4V2, 200300 C, Cr12, 600 C 5CrMnMo 5 CrNiMo,, : ( H RC56) T10A T12A 9SiCr, 10 20 15Cr, Cr CrMn GCrl5, 4Cr13 9Cr18 () (3 ),,,,,, : Cr13 Cr18Ni9 1Cr17 1Cr17T i 3Cr18Ni25Si2 3Cr18Mn12Si2N,, 1 000 C, :, 15CrMo 12CrMo, 600 C, ;, 1Cr11MoV 1Cr12WMoV 1Cr13 2Cr13, 600 C, ;, 1Cr18Ni9 Ti,, 750800 C,, (ZGMn13) 1. 2. 2 2. 11%,
5,,,, : 1.,,,,,, : H T150 H T200 2.,,, : Q T400 Q T500 5 3. 17,,, : Ru T260 R ut420 4.,,,,,, : : KT300 5. 6 KT450 5 (1 ),, : ( RT Si5. 5 ) ( RQ TSi5. 5) ( RTAl22 ) ( RQTAl22 ) ( RT Cr1. 5) ( R TCr28 ) (2 ),, ;, ; ; (3 ), ( S TSi15)( ST Si15Mo4) ( S TAl5) ( S TCr28 ) ( S TQ NiCrR )
6 1. 2. 3 1. (2. 7g/ cm 3 ), Al2 O3,,,,, : ( Al Mg, LF5 L F11; Al Mn, L F21 ) ( Al Cu Mg, LY12 LY6 )(Al Zn Mg Cu, LC4 LC6 ) ( Al Mg Si, LD5 LD10 ),, : () ZL,, : ZL102 2 2.,,,, 30% 40% H70 H68 H59,,, : ( H Pb59 1 )(ZHSi80 3 ) ( H Mn58 2 ) (H Al59 3 2 ) ( HSn90 1 ) ( ),, QSn4 4 2. 5 ZQSn10 (QAl7) (QBe1. 9 ), 1. 3,,,,,,, 70% 80%,
7 1. 3. 1 : ( ),, 1.,, ( ), :, ;, ;,, 2. 3050 C,,,,, ;, ( ), ;, ;,, 1. 3. 2 1. 3050 C, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, 2.,, : (1 ) ( 150250 C),, 5864H RC (2 ) ( 350500 C),,,, 3545 H RC (3 ) ( 500650 C),, 2535H RC (
8 ),,, 1. 3. 3, :,,,,, 1.,, : 45 40Cr,, 2.,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 0. 85% 1. 05 %,, 5664 H RC,,, :15 20 20Cr 20CrMnTi,, 1. 4 1. 4. 1, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
9 2. (1 ), 1 2 (2 ), 1 3 1 2 (3 ),, (4 ),, 1 2,, 1 4 1 3 1 4 3. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), : 0. 25% () 0. 30% 0. 60% () 0. 60% (), (3 ) ( 1 5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,
10 1 5 4. ( 1 6 1 11 ) 15,,, ;, ;, 45, ;,,, ;, ;, T8, ;, 45 ;, ;,, T13, ;,, ;, GCr15, ;,,, ; W18Cr4V,,,, ; ;, 5., 3660,, 2 8004 000r/ min,,,,, ;,,, ;,
11 1 6 15 1 7 45 1 8 T8 1 9 T13 1 10 GCr15 1 11 W18Cr4V, 1. 4. 2 1. : :,, 2. (: ) :,,, (: ) :, ( ), 3.,, : 10,,,,,, 1. 4. 3 1. :,
12 ( ),,,, 1 12, ( ), 1 13,,,,,, 1 12 1 13 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), 2. (1 ) ( 220 HBS) : 25mm ( 10mm ), : 45 : 830850 C, 1217min, (2 ) ( 220250 HBS ) : 25mm ( 10mm ), : 45 :, 830850 C, 1012min, ;, 500650 C, 2035min,
13 1.?? 2.,,? 3. (1 ) ; (2 ) ; ( 3) ; (4 ) 4.? 5. : Q235 45 T12 A 40Cr W18Cr4 V H T150 Q T500 5 20Cr Mn Ti GCr15 ZG200 400 3Cr13 Cr12 60 Si2Mn 6. 5, ( ) : 7.?? 8.? 9.??? 10. ( ) : + + ( + )
14 2. 1, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, 2 1 ;,,, 2 1,,,,,
15 2. 2 2. 2. 1 1t 5t (), ( ), () 1. () (), ( SiO2 ),,, (), ;, 2. () (1 ), (2 ), ( ), (3 ), ( ),,, (4 ),,, 2. 2. 2,, 2 2 2 2
16 1.,,,, 2.,,, 3.,,,,,,, 2 2 (c) 2. 2. 3 1.,, 2 3,,,, 2 4, 2 3 2 4 2.,,, 2 5, 2 6 2. 2. 4 2 7( a) H T150,,, 2 7 ( a) 2 7 ( b )
17 2 5 2 6 2 7 ( : mm) 2. 3 2. 3. 1, ( ), 2% 20 %, 80% 98%, 8 % 10 %, 2% 5% 2 8 (), 2 9 2. 3. 2,, 2 10
18 2 8 2 9 () 2 10 1.,,,, 2 11,, 2.,,,, 2 12 3.,,,,, 2 13,, 4.,
19 2 11 ( : mm) 2 12 2 13 2 14, 5., 2 15
20 2 14 2 15 2. 3. 3 1.,,,
21, (1 ), 2 16 (a),,,, 2 16 ( d) (2 ),, 2 16 ( b) ( c) 2 16 ( a), ; ( b) ; ( c) ; ( d ) (3 ),, (4 ) 250350 C, 36h, 200220 C, 12h 2. 2 17 2 17 (a ) ; ( b ) ; ( c) ; ( d ) ; (e) ; ( f) 2. 3. 4 1. (1 )
22 C SiMn, S P,,,, (2 ) 2 18,,1. 5t 1. 5t : 1 ) 2 ) 3 ) 4) 5), 2 19, 2. (1 ) ( ),,,, 2 18,, (2 ) 2 20, 600700 C 3060min, 300 C,, 200 C,,,,,,
23 2 19 2 20, 150 200 C, ( 600 700 C),, 2. 3. 5 ;, 10kg, 1h,,,, ( 2 21 ),,,, 2 22, 2. 3. 6,,, 2 1
24 2 21 2 22 2 1 1. 2. 3. 1., 2.,, 3., 1. 2., 3., 4. 5., 1., 2. () 3., 4. 1. 2. 3. 1., 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1., 2. 3. 4.
25 2. 3. 7, 1., 2 23,,,, IT12 14, Ra l2. 56. 3m,,,,, 2.,, 550m/ s 2 24 2 23 2 24,,, IT1113, Ra3. 20. 8m,,, 50500 / h,,,,,,, ;,,,, 3.,, 2 25,
26,,,,, 2 25 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.,? 5.? 6.? 7.? 8.,?
27 3. 1,, 3 1,, 3 1,,,, 1.,, 2.,, 3 1 3 1 ( C) ( C) C < 0. 3% 0. 3% 0. 5% 0. 5% 0. 9% 0. 9% 1. 5% 1 2001 150 1 1501 100 1 1001 050 1 0501 150 800850 20Cr, 40Cr 1Cr18 Ni9Ti 1 2201 120 1 2001 150 800850 900925 950 800 470 380
28,,, 1 200 C : ( 3 (3 3 ) 2 ) (1 ), ( ),, 2. 5 % 4% 3 2 3 3,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,
29 3.,,,, 4. : :,, :, : 500700 C,,,,,,,, 3. 2 3. 2. 1,, ( ), 501 000kg, 50012 500t (1 ) 3 4,,, () (), ( ),, :,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,
30 3 4,,, (2 ) ( 3 5 ) 1 5t, 69 (1atm = 101 325Pa),,,, ( ) (3 )3 6 3. 2. 2,,, 3 5,,
31 3 6,, 9%,, 3. 2. 3, ( ),,, (3 7 ),,,,,,,,, 3. 2. 4 3 7,,,,, 1., 3 8 6. 3200t 2.,,, 3 9
32 3 8 3 9 3. 3 3. 3. 1 (1 ) 3 10, (2 ) 3 11
33 3 10 3 11 (3 ), 3 12 (4 ),, 3 13 (5 ) 3 12 3 13 3. 3. 2 1., 3 14 : (1 ), 2. 53, (2 ),,, 2., 3 15, 0. 320. 7,,,
34 3 14 3 15 2. 5,,,,,, 3. (3 16 ) (3 17 )25mm, 3 16 4. 3 18
35 3 17 5. 3, 19 3 18 3 19 6., 3,,, 7., 3 21 20 3 20 3 21 3. 3. 3, 3 2
36 3 2 : : 6595 :8501 180 :250kg : mm 1 492 4 372 2, 5 42mm 322 3 37, 6 3. 3. 4 1.,, ;,,,, 2., 3.,,, 3 3 3 4
37 3 3,,,,,, 3 4,,, 1.?? 2.??? 3.?? 4.?? 5.?? 6.??
38 7.? 8.?? 9.?? 10.?
39 4. 1 4. 1. 1,, 4 1,,, ( ),, 4 2 4 1 4 2,,,,,,, 4. 1. 2, : (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ), ( ),
40 4. 2 4. 2. 1 1. () 4 3,,,,,,,,,, 6 000 C, 2. 4 4 4 3 ( 1), 4 4 ( 220V 380V), ( ) 6070V, ( ) 30V,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,, ( 2) 4 5,,, 5590V, 30V,,,,, 4 6,,,, ;, (, )
41,,, BX1 330 330A 3. ( ) ( ), 4 7 :, ;,, : 4 5 4 6 4 7 ;,,,, 3. 26mm, 300450mm 4. :,, 4 1 4 1 ( mm) 2 3 47 812 13 ( mm) 1. 62. 0 2. 53. 2 3. 24. 0 4. 05. 0 4. 05. 8, I d : I = (3055) d,,,, 10 % 15%, 15% 20%
42,,,,, 5. (1 ) :, 4 8 4 8 (2 ) ( 6mm ), ( ), ;,,, 4 9, V U, ( ) ( ) X 4 9 6. : mm,, 4 10,, ;, 4. 2. 2 1. ( ), 4 11,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3mm 2., 4 12, 150atm( 1atm = 101 325Pa),
43 4 10 4 11 4 12, ( 34atm),,, ( ), (4 13),,, 35, 3.,, 4 14 (1 ) 11. 2,,, 3 150 C,, (2 ) 1,,,,, 2 7003 000 C, (3 ) 1.2,,
44 4 13 4 14, ( ), 3 1003 300 C,,,,,, 4.,,,,, Cr2 O3 SiO2 Al2 O3,,,,,, 5.,,, ;, 90,, 4 2 4 2 ( mm) 1. 02. 0 2. 03. 0 3. 05. 0 5. 010 1015 ( mm) 1. 02. 0 2. 03. 0 3. 04. 0 3. 05. 0 4. 06. 0 4 15 6., ( ) ( ),, 4 15,,,
45 (1 ) 4 16, ;,, ( ),, (2 ) :,,,, 4, 16 4. 2. 3, 1., 0. 25%,,, 0. 3%,,,, ;,,, ;,,, 0. 3%, (300500 C), ;, ;, ( U ),,,,, 0. 6%, 2.,,,, ( 300400MPa),, ( 400MPa ),, ( ),
46 4. 3 4. 3. 1 1. (1 ) ( ),, 2 4mm, 4, 17,,,,, 5mm,,,,, 4 17,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, 4 : 18,, ;,,,,,,,,, 4 18 1 ; 2 ; 3, ( 7080 ),, ;,,, (3 ),,,,,
47 (4 ),,,,, 2.,,,,, 4 3 4 3 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;;,,, 3. 46mm, 4 4 4. 3. 2 1. ( 1), (4 12),,,,,,,
48, (2), 4 4 1.,, 46mm,,, 2. 3. 4.,,12mm 5.,,,300mm 6. (1 ) ; (2 ),, ; (3 ),, 7. 8.,, (3 ),,,, 4 19,,, ;,,,,, 8090, 4 20 ( ), 4050,,,,,,, 20
49 4 19 (4 ),,,, 2. 4 21 : (4 15),, ( ), 4 20 4 21, 5mm,, 1.?? 2.? 3.? 4. 5. 6.??? 7.?? 8.? 9.?? 10.??
50 5. 1 (),,,, () 5. 1. 1 1.,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,, 2.,, 5 1, : : : : 3. ( v) ( f ) ( ap ) ( 5 1 ) 5 1, (1 ) ( v), ( ), :
51 v = du n ( m/ s) 1 00060 : du ( mm ) ; n ( r/ min),, : v = 2 Lnr ( m/ s) 1 00060 : L ( mm ) ; nr, ( str/ min ) (2 ) ( f ),,, ( mm/ r ) ;,, ( mm/ str ) (3 ) ( ap ) : : du ap = du - dm 2 ( mm) d m ( mm) 5. 1. 2,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 5. 1. 3,, : 1.,,,
52, a, a (m ) a 40m,, 0. 05 0. 032m, 2.,,,, ( ),,, 20, IT01, IT0, IT1, IT2,, ITl8 I T01,,,, 3.,, 5 2,,,, 5 2,,, GB1182 80GB1184 80,,, 5 1
53 5 1 5. 2 5. 2. 1,, ;,, 5 2 JB1838 76 X6132B : X() ; 6( ) ; 1( ) ; 32 ( 320mm ) ; B; MM1420 : M() ; M( ) ; 1( ) ; 4( ) ; 20 ( 200mm ) 5. 2. 2, ( ) 1.,, (5 3 ) d1, n1, d2, n2, ( ) i, :
5 2 ( ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 C Z T M 2 M 3 M Y S X B L D G Q
55 i = n2 n1 = d1 d2 n2 = n1 d1 d2 = ni i, ( 0. 98), : i = n2 n1 = d1 d2 n2 = n1 d1 d2 2., ( 5 4), z1, n1, z2, n2, : i = n2 n1 = z1 z2 n2 = n1 z 1 z2 3., ( 5 5),,, K z1 n1, z, n2, ( 1 ) : i = n2 n1 = K z n2 = n1 K z 5 3 5 4 5 5 4. ( ), (), 5 6, ( ) z, p ( p = m, m, mm), n, L : L = p zn =m zn ( mm ) 5. ( 5 7 ), p( mm ), n( r/ min), : v f = np( mm/ min ) 5. 2. 3, (5 3)
56 5 6 5 7 5 3 5. 2. 4, 5 8, I, d1 d2, z1 z2, z3 z4, K z5,, n1 ( r/ min ),, n5 n5 = n1 d1 z1 d2 z3 z2 z4 K z5 = n1 i1 i2 i3 i4 : i1, i2 i3 i4 5 8
57 i, i= n5 n1 = i1 i2 i3 i4 5. 2. 5,,, ; ; ; : ( 5 9),,, 5 9 : v,,, v s,,, n f s,,,,,,, ( B1 B2 ) f( B1 B2 ) B1 B2,, (, ),
58 :,,,,, 5 10 5 10,, ( ),, ( ), ( ) (),, ( ) ( ), B1 B2 ( ),, 1.?? 2.? 3.?? 4.? 5.? 6.?
59 6. 1,, 50%,,, : 6 1, 6 1,,,, 6. 2 6. 2. 1,,
60 5 1, v ; f, ; ap ( ) 6. 2. 2 1. : ( ), 6 2 C6132, C6132 : C ;6 ; 1 ; 32 1/ 10, 320mm : 6 2 C6132 (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ),,,, C6132,,, (4 ),, ( ) (5 ),, (6 ) (7 ), (8 ) 6 3, : :,, :
61 6 3 :, :,, :,,,, (9 ), 6 4, : :,,, :,, :, 2. 6 4 6 5 C6132, 6 6 (a) 6 5 C6132 (1 ),, 6 6 ( b)
62 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a) 1 440r/ min 33 22 19 34 34 32 22 45 28 39 176 200 ( ) 27 63 17 58 27 27 ( b) 55 55 55 35 35 55 27 24 30 48 29 58 a b c d 26 52 39 39 () ( p = 6 ) 39 39 2 45 M2 38 47 47 21 24 27 36 39 39 52 26 26 52 52 26 39 39 26 52 26 52 26 52 ( ) 13 ( ) ( ) 24 60 M125 55 ( z = 14, m= 2) (c) 6 6 C6132,,, 12 33/ 22 34/ 32 176/
63 200 27/ 27 (2 ) ( ),, 6 6 (c),,,, ( ),, 6. 2. 3, 1., 6, 7,, :,, 6 7, 2. : 0 0 K K, 6 8 0 6 8( a),,,, 1525 6 8 0
64 612, K, 6 8( b), : (1 ) 6 9,, ;,, (2 ) 6 10,,,,, ( 75 90 ) 6 9 6 10 45 60 75 90, K, 6 11,,,, 515 3., 6 11,,,, ( HRC60 ) (1 ), H RC6265, 500600 C, Wl8Cr4V (2 ), 8001 000 C ( H RC6981 ),,, ( YG)( YT ), YG3 YG6 YG8
65, Y T5 YT15 6. 2. 4, 1., 6 12,,, 6 12,,,, 6 13 2. 6 l3 (a),,,,,, 6 13( b ) : ;
66 3., 6 14, ( ), 6 15 ( a) 60,, 6 15 ( b),, 6 14 6 16, 6 15 6 16 4. 10,,,,,,, 6 17 6 18 6 17 6 18,,,,,,,
67 6. 3 6. 3. 1 1., 6 (1 ) 6 19( a) ( b) (2 ) 6 19( c) ( d) (3 ) 6 19( e) (4 ) 6 19( f) (5 ) 6 19( g) (6 ) 6 19( h ) 19 6 19 2.,, 6 20,,,, ; 6 20,, ;, ; ; 6 21 3.,, : (1 ), ; (2 ), ; (3 ),,
68 6 21 6. 3. 2 1.,,,,, : ap a=, p = 4 mm, m = 80, a = 0. 05mm, ap p m ( ap/ a)jz34 ( ) = 0. 4mm, 8,,,,, 6 22 6 22 2.,,,,,6 23 6. 3. 3 1.,, IT9IT8 2. 51. 6m
69 6 23 6 24 6 24 (1 ),,,,,,,,, ;, ( ): 14mm, 0. 150. 4mm/ r,, v 0. 11. 2 m/ s,,,,, 0. 5 1mm (2 ),,,,,, : 0. 10. 2mm, 0. 08 0. 2mm/ r, 0. 2l. 5 m/ s, 6 23
70 2. 6 25,,,,,, 6 25 3. 5mm,, 90 6 26,,,,, 6 27 6 26 6 27 4. 5mm,, 6 28 ;,, 6 29,,,,,,,,, 6 30,,, 5.,,, 6 31,,,
71 6 28 6 29 6 30 6 31,,,,,,, 0. 30. 6m/ s,,,,,,,, 6 6.,,, 32,,,,,,,,, 6 32,, 7.,, (1 ) 6 33,,,,,,, ;,
72 (2 ) 6 34, s,,, s= L( D - d)/ ( 2 l) 6 33 6 34, (< 8 ),,,, 8.,, (),, 6 35,,,, 6 36,,, 6 35 6 36 9.,,,, 6 37,,
73 10. :,, 2mm,, 2mm,,,,,,, 6 38, 6 37 6 38,,, 6 39 6 39 6. 3. 4 6 40
74,, 6 1 6 40 6 1 1 2 ;, 196,, ; 3 16; 4 5 6 16 ; 196 ;, R3 R3 ; 10 R3 R3
75 1.? 2. C6140? 3.?? 4.?,,?? 5.?? 6.?? 7.?,? 8.????? 9.??? 10.,? 11.,? 12.?? 13. 14.?? 15. p??
76 7. 1 7. 1. 1, 7 1 7 1,, 25% 7. 1. 2, 7 2, 7. 1. 3,, 7 3
77 7 2 7 3 7. 2 7. 2. 1 1.,, 7 4
78 7 4 v( m/ s ) ; f ( mm/ r), ( ) ; ap ( mm) 2. (1 ),,,, ;,,, X6132 :,, 724,,,,,,,, (2 ),, 7 6 X5030 X5030 X6132,,,, ; 7 7 X6325,,, 90, 45 360,,,,
79 7 5 X6132 7 6 X5030 3., 7 8
80 7 7 X6325 7 8,
81 4. ( 1) ( 7 9), 7 9 ( 2), 7 10 T, 7 10,,, (3 ),, ( 1 ) ( 2 )7 11 (4 ),,,, 7 12,,,, 1/ 40 7 13, 1, 1 1 1, 1/ 40 1/ z,?
82 7 11 7 12 7 13 : 140 = 1/ zn n = 40/ z z = 36, : n = 40 z = 40 36 = 1 4 36 = 1 1 9 1 1, 1/ 9? (7 14): : 24 25 28 30 34 37; 38 39 41 42 43 : 46 47 49 51 53 54; 57 58 59 62 66, 9, 54, 54 6, 1 2 ( 7 14 ), 6 1, 2, 1 7 14
83 7. 2. 2,,,, ( ), 7 15 7 15 B6065 1. (1 ), 7 15 B6065, :, () ( ),,,,, (2 ) 7 16( a),,, (3 ), :, 7 16( b),
84,,,,, 7 16 (a),,,,,, 7 16 7 17,, z12 z12 z13, z13,, 7 17( a),,,,,,,, 180,,,,, z13,,,, 7 17 (a), 7 18 BC6063B, B6065,,, ;, 2.,, 7 19,,,, 3., ( ),
85 7 17 7 18 BC6063B 7 19 7 20, 7. 2. 3 1.,,, 2. :, 7 21
86 7 20 7 21, 7 22 M7130G : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ),
87, 7 23, : :,,, 3., 7 22 M7130G 7 23 7,,,,,,,,,, 24 ( ) 7 24
88 7. 3 7. 3. 1 1., 7 25 7 26 (a),,,,,, 7 26 ( b) ;, 7 25 7 26 2. (1 ), 7 27,,,,, 7 28,,,,,,, 7 29 7 29 (a) 7 29 ( b ), 7 29( c) ; 7 30
89 7 27 7 28 7 29 7 30 7 30 (a), 7 30 ( b), 7 30( c) (2 ), 7 31 (a), ;,, 7 31 ( b) 7 32 7 32 (a), 7 32 ( b ) V, 7 32( c), 7 32 ( d ) T T T,, 7 33 7 33 ( a), 7 33( b ), 7 33( c)
90 7 31 7 32 7 33 7. 3. 2 1.,, 7 34,
91, O,,,, 7 34 2., 7 34 7 35 7 36,,, 7 35( a) ;,, 7 35 ( b) 7 35 7 36 3. (1 ),,, 0. 51mm ;,,, (2 ), 7 37,,,,,,,, 7 38, 7 39 7. 3. 3 1. 20,,, 7 40,,,,,,, 910, Ra1. 6
92 7 37 7 38 7 39 7 40, 2., (1 ),,,,,,, 7 41 (2 ),,,,,, 7 7 41
93 42,, 7 42, 78, Ra0. 81. 6 7. 3. 4,,,,,, IT67, Ra0. 20. 8 1., 7 43( a),,, 7 43 ( b ),,, 2., 7 44 7 43 7 44,,,,,,,,,,,,
94 1. X6132,? 2.? 3.,? 4.? 5. 25,? 6.??? 7.?? 8.? 9. 10.? 11.,? 12.??
95,, ;, ;,,,,,, : 8. 1 8. 1. 1 8 1 :,,, 8 1,,,,,, : (1 ) V ( 8 (2 ) ( 8 3 ) 2 ) (3 ) ( 8 4 )
96 8 2 8 3 8 4 (4 ) 8. 1. 2 1.,,,,, [ 8 5 ( a) ], [ 8 5( b ) ] 8 5 2. (1 ), (2 ) (, ),, (3 )8 6 (a),, 8 6( b)
97 (4 ),, 8 6 (c)( d) 8 6 (5 ),, 310mm 3. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), 8. 2 8. 2. 1 ( 8 7),, 300mm12mm0. 8mm
98 8 8,,,, 25 mm 1418, 2432, 8. 2. 2 1., 8 2. 7,, 15, 8 9 ( a),, 8, 9 ( b), 8 7 8 8 8 9 8. 3,
99, Ra1. 6 0. 8,,,, 10mm ( 4 12 ),,,, ; ( 13 24 ), ; ( 3060 ),,,,, (8 10),,,,, 8 10, 8 11( a),,,,, 8 11 ( b) 8 11,,,,,,, 8 12 ( a),,, 8 12 ( b ), (8 13)
100 8 12 8 13 8. 4 ( 0. 005mm ), Ra0. 80. 4,,,,, 0. 3mm 8. 4. 1 1. ( 8 14 ), 2. (1 ) (2 ) 8 14
101,,,, ( 8 15 ),,,,,,,, 3. 8 16, ( 50mm ), 2530,,,,, 2030 mm,, 45, (8 17),, 25 mm25 mm 46, 8 15 8 16, 15mm, 35mm,, 50, 25mm 25 mm 1520 8. 4. 2 8 18,,,, 8 17 8 18
102,, 8. 5, ( )( )8 19 8. 5. 1 1., (1 ) (8 20 ),, 8 19 13mm 8 20,,, 8 20 8 21 (2 ), (3 ),,,, 8 21,,,,
103, 2.,, (1 ) (8 22),,,,, 8 22, 100mm 0. 040. 08mm,,,,, ( ), (2 ), 8 23 ( a), 8 23 ( b ) 8 23 (3 ),
104, ( ),,,,,,,,, IT11, Ra12. 5 8. 5. 2, 8 24,, 34,,, 8 24,,, IT10, Ra3. 2 8. 5. 3 (8 25 ), ( 612 ), 8 25
105,,, IT6, Ra0. 8,, 8. 6 (), 8 26,, (),,,,, :,,,, 57, 34, 12 8 26, : () d1 = d - 1. 1 t ( ) d1 = d - t : d1 ( mm ) ; d( mm ) ; t( mm),,,, : h = L + 0. 7 d : h( mm) ; L( mm ) ; d( mm ) (8 27),,
106,,,,,,, 1/ 4 (8 27 ), () 8 27, 8 28,,, : D = d - 0. 2 t : D( mm) ; d( mm ) ; t( mm),, (8 29), (), 8 28 8 29,,,,,,, ;,
107 8. 7 8. 7. 1,,,,, ( ), 1.,, 8 30 CA6140 8 30 CA6140 (1 ),,,, 8 31 (2 ),,,,,
108 8 31 2. (1 ),,,,, (2 ) ;,,,,,,,,, 8. 7. 2 1.,, : (1 ) : (2 ) :
109 2. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), : 150180,,,,, (3 ),,,, 8 32, 8 33 8 33 (a ) ; 8 ; 8 8 33 ( b ) 33 ( c) 34 (4 ) ( ),,,, 8 32,,, 8 35 (a),,,, 1 2 3, 1/ 3, 2/ 3, 8 35 ( b) (c) ( d ),,
110 8 33 8 34 8 35 8. 8 8. 8. 1 (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),,, 8. 8. 2 (1 ) ( M10) : () (2 ),,,, (3 ), (4 ), 8 36
111 8 36 1.?? 2.? 3.,??? 4.? M10 ( )?? 5.? 6.??? 7.? 8.??? 9. ()? 10.? 11.,
112 9. 1 9. 1. 1 ( Numberical Control Machine Too1s ), ( 9 1 ),, ; 9 1,,, ;,,, 9. 1. 2 1. ISO, x y z x y z, z, x,, y A B C x y z, AB C, 9,, : 2, + x = - x, + y = - y, + z = - z + A = - A, + B = - B, + C = - C 2.,, 9 3,,,,,,,
113 9 2 9 3 3. ( ),,,,,, ;,,, () ;, 9. 1. 3 1.,, ( ) : 0444 N0010 G00 X16 N0020 G01 Z35 F200 N0030 X18 Z20 F150 N0040 G26 M02 4, DSS H 6, 9 4 16 ( 0444 ) 9 2. 1 (1 ) G, ( G00G99 ) ; ISO1056 G 9 DSSH 6 : 2, G22 : ; G23: ; G26: X, Z ; G27: X ; G29 : Z ; G32: ; G36: X, Z ; G37: X ; G39 : Z
114 9 1 (DSSH 6 ) : 1 9999 0402 N ( N0000 ) N0029 G ( ) G01 X( Z)., X 105. 28 U (W)., U19. 23 I( K ). K233 R. R25 F. ( mm/ min),, ( s) F200 S S03 T T11 M M03 L, L3, L0402 9 2 ISO1056 G00 G41 G70 G79 G01 G42 G80 G02 G43 G81 G03 G44 G82 G04 G45 G83 G05 G46 G52 G84 G06 G53 G85 1 G07 G54 X G86 2 G08 G55 Y G87 3 G09 G56 Z G88 4 G10 G16 G57 XY G89 5 G17 XY G58 XZ G90 G18 ZX G59 YZ G91 G19 YZ G60 ( ) G92 G20 G32 G61 ( ) G93 G33 G62 ( ) G94 ( mm/ min) G34 G63 G95 (mm/ r, ) G35 G64 G67 G96 ( m/ min) G36 G39 G68 G97 ( r/ min) G40 G69 G98 G99
115 (2 ) X Y Z, U VW, P Q R, A B C, D E, + ( ) - (), (3 ) mm/ min,, mm/ r F,, DSSH 6 F, 3, 1 728 mm/ min F717 ;15. 25mm/ min F515 ; 0. 153 7mm/ min F315 F, 0099 F, 09 10 (4 ), r/ min, S, F DSS H 6, S01S10, (5 ), T,, DSSH 6 T00 T11 T22 T33 T44 T55 T66 T77 T88,,, T33 3, 3 (6 ) M, ( M00 M99 ) ISO1056 M 9 3, M, 9 3 ISO1056 M00 M13 M48 M49 M01 M14 M49 M02 M15 M50 3 M03 M16 M51 4 M04 M19 M55 1 M05 M30, M56 2 M06 M31 M60 M07 2 M36 1 M61 1 M08 1 M37 2 M62 2 M09 M38 1 M71 1 M10 M39 2 M72 2 M11 M12M17 M18M20 M29M32 M35M40 M47M52 M54M57 M59 M63 M70M73 M99
116 DSSH 6 : M20, ; M21 M29,, ; M97, ; M98, ; M99, 3.,, (, ) N260 G 01 X+ 380Y+ 548Z- 100 F300 S24 T11 M 05 * 4. DSSH 6 DSSH 6 9 4 9 4 DSSH 6 G 00 : N0020 G00 X100 Z300 : N0040 G00 U 36. 02 1.G00, ; 2.,,, 1 1, G 01 : N0060 G01 Z100 F200 : N0080 G01 U 20. 5 W 40 F150 1.G01, 62 000mm/ min, 2 000 mm/ min; 2.,,,
117 9 4 : N0120 G02 X40 Z25 I50 K0 F250 N0130 G03 X60 Z5 I 30 K 20 G 02, G03 : N0120 G02 U20 W 20 I50 K0 F250 N0130 G03 U20 W 20 I 30 K 20 : N0120 G02 U20 W 20 R25 F250 N0130 G03 U20 W 20 R25 1. X U I ; 2. 5 ; 3. 62 000mm/ min; 4., 180, RX Z 650mm : N0120 G02 X40 Z25 R25 F250 N0130 G03 X60 Z5 R25 G 22, G 80 N0250 G22 L0003 N0260 G00 U 20 N0270 G01 W 40 F200 N0280 G00 U15 N0290 G00 W35 N0300 G80 1.G22, G80, G22, L ; 2.
118 9 4 Z 1. 5, 50mm ( ) : N0150 G01 U10 F30 N0160 G33 W 50 F1. 5 1.,F,, : 0. 25 G 32, G33 Z 11 1 2 / in *, 12. 00mm 33 1 3 / in, 2 50mm, F ( ) : N0150 G01 U10 F30 N0160 G32 W50 F11. 2 ; 2., X ( G00 G01),, X, 2 2mm,, 14 / in, 32mm, 20mm, 2mm,, Z 1. 2mm, : N0150 G00 X21 N0160 G32 U2 W N0170 G00 Z50 N0180 G00 X20 N0190 G32 U2 W N0200 G00 Z50 32 F14 32 F14 ; 3. n < ( 1 200/ ) - 80 ( r/ min), G 82( G 83) N0050 G00 X20 N0060 G82 U4 W 20 F11. 2 N0070 I 0. 5 K 0. 1 N0080 I 0. 5 K 0. 2 1.G82 G83 G32 G33 ; 2.I X, K Z,, K, K = 0; 3., IK,, ; 4.U, U ; 5.G82 G83, I K, ; 6.G82 G83 X ( G00 G01),,, * : 1 in = 0. 025 4 m
119 9. 1. 4 1 9 0444 0001 ( ) N0010 G00 U 24 N0020 G01W N0030 U2 W N0040 G26 M02 15 F200 15 F150 4 16,, 9 4 2 9 5 9 5 0002 N0010 G00 X26 N0150 G00 X70 N0020 G01 X30 Z129 F300 N0160 G00 Z131 N0030 G01 Z112 N0170 G00 X28. 5 N0040 G01 X26 Z110 N0180 G33 W 22 F3 N0050 G01 Z105 N0190 G00 Z131
120 N0060 G01 X36 Z95 N0200 G00 X28. 38 N0070 G01 Z89 N0210 G33 W 22 F3 N0080 G02 X30 Z80 I24 K 9 N0220 G00 Z132. 5 N0090 G02 X40 Z65 I50 K0 N0230 G00 X28. 5 N0100 G03 X40 Z35 I 40 K 15 N0240 G33 W 23. 5 F3 N0110 G02 X34 Z26 I24 K 9 N0250 G00 Z132. 5 N0120 G01 Z20 N0260 G00 X28. 38 N0130 G01 X56 Z9 N0270 G33 W 23. 5 F3 N0140 G01 Z0 N0280 G26 M02 9. 2,,,,, DSS H 6, 9. 2. 1 DSSH 6 9 6 9 6 : PRGAM :,, PARAM :,, A UTO :,, MAN U AL :,,,,,
121 RESET :,,, : F1 F2 F3 F4 F5,, : P G S TM F R X Z N UW L I K 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0- DEL :,,, INS :, L F :,,,,,, :, SP :, CR TL :, :,,, :,,,, RESE T,, : :,,,,, :,,,,, :,, SPDL CW SPDL CCW SPDL STO P : S + S - :, CLNT ON CLNT OF F : : F + F - :, :,, + X- X+ Z- Z 9. 2. 2 1. (1 ) (2 ),,,
122 9 7 (3 ), I, 2. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), 3.,, : 9 7 (1 ) ( ) MDI G36 ( G37 G39 ) ( 9. 1. 3 ),,,,, MDI,, F4,,,,,,, LF 0 (2 ) ( ),, F4,,,, LF, 0,,,, 9. 2. 3,,, LCD 9 7, 1. F1, 9 8,, 9 8 0001,,,, F2,,,,,,, 9 2. 9, 9 8 7, F2 9 8 9,, ; F3 ; F4 9. 2. 4 PARAM,, 9 9 10, 10
123, 5000, ( LF ) F3000 3, 5000,, 9 10 F3 9 10 F5 ; ; 9 10 F1 9 9 9 10 9 9. 2. 5 DSSH 6 (1 ) AU TO,,, 11, F100 % 100 %, F + F -, 12 : 10% 20% 120 % SM T,, X Z (2 ) 9 11, 0001,, 0001, 9 12,,, 0001, 9 11 9 12 F1,,,,,,,,,,
124 1.? 2. 3. 3
125 10. 1 10. 1. 1 1.,, : (1 ) 10m, IT57, Ra0. 20. 8m (2 ) 10. 1m, IT5, Ra0. 1m, (3 ) 0. 1m, Ra0. 025m,, 2. (1 ), (2 ),, 10. 1. 2 1.,,,, (1 ),,,,, 0. 050. 006m
126,, (2 ),,,,,,, ( 10 1 ) 10 1 :, 80120 #, 150240 # 0. 0050. 03mm IT5, Ra0. 1 0. 006m (3 ), :,,,, ( 10 2 ) 10 2 : ()() 120320 #, W2814 0. 020. 15mm, 0. 020. 05 mm IT56, Ra0. 10. 025m,,,,
127, (4 ), ( v = 3 20m/ min ), ( 0. 1 0. 25M Pa), ( 300 1 200 / min ), ( f = 0. 10. 2mm/ min ) 10 3 10 3 10 3 ( a), :,,, 10 3 ( b ) : v, 6 30 m/ min; A, 15mm; f, 1025H z; p, 1510 4 Pa ; v : : : W520 : 310m,,,, 3 10m;, 3060s; Ra0. 012m,, ;, ; (5 ), : : ; ;
128,,,, Ra1. 250. 2m,, 2., 0. 1m (1 ),, ( )1m,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 0. 020. 005m,,, Ra0. 050. 008m, (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,
129,,,,,,,,, 400,,,,,,,, : 1 C, 100mm 1m,,,,,, :,,, :,, 1m, 1m 10m,,,,, 10. 2 10. 2. 1 1., ;,, 2. : (1 ),,, (2 ),
130 (3 ),, (4 ),,, 10. 2. 2,,,, 1. 10 4,,,, 10 5 10 8 A/ cm 2, 1 10 4 C,,, ( ), 2,, 10 4,,,,, 2. (1 ) (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ), 0. 01 mm, Ra0. 8m
131 10. 2. 3,,, (),,,,, 1. 10 5, ( 612V) (5004 000A, 201 500A/ cm 2 ), 0. 10. 8mm, ( NaCl)( 660m/ s ),,,,, 10 5 2. (1 ), (4 ), (3 ),, ; 10. 2. 4,,, 10 000 C,, ( 0. 000 1mm ) 1. ( 10 6 ) ( ) () ( ),,,,,,
132 10 6,, 2. (1 ) (2 ), 0. 001s, (3 ),, (4 ) 10. 2. 5,, 1616 000H z16h z, 16 000 Hz 16 00025 000 Hz 1. 10 7,, 0. 0050. 01mm,, 0. 01 0. 15mm,,,, 16 000, 2.,, 10 7,
133 3. (1 ),, 0. 02mm, Ral. 250. 1m, (2 ), (3 ),, ( 45 20 ) (4 ),,,,,, 10. 3 1. ( RPM ) 20 80, CAD, CAD NC, 2. 10 8, CAD ( ),,, ( ),, z,,,,, 10 8 3. 10 8, CAD CAD, 3 1, CAD, CAM 0. 130. 76 mm,,,
134,,,,,, ( ), ( ),, 10 9,, 4. (1 ) CAD/ CAM, (2 ), (3 ),, ; (4 ),,,,, 5. (1 ) LOM LOM (10 9 ), CAD, (2 ) ( SLS ) ( DSPC ) ( LENS DL F ), CAD,,,,,, 10 10 (10 10 ) (3 ) ( FDM) ( BPM) ( SDM ) ( SALD ) ( 3D welding ) 10 11 ( 10 11 )
135 3, ( ),, 305mm 3, 3 0. 127mm 10 12 (),, 10 12 10 13 (4 ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( Stereo Lithography Appara tu s) SLA,, 10 13 10 13( a), 10 13 ( b ) - 1.??? 2.? 3.?? 4.?
136.. :,1989,.. :,1997,.. :,1996.. :, 1983.. :,1990.. :,1996.. :,2000,.( ). :, 1997,.. :, 1991,.. :,1997.. :,2002.. :,2000.(). :,2002,.(). :,1992,,.. :,1991