v
( ) a = dv ln θ T ln θ S T ln θ θ 90 o θ = κ
mb= R C ( θ) ( ) ln = ln T κ ln + const d κ d d log a = q = Tds ds = c d lnθ a = c Td ln θ = c teh. teh. 45 o
ln T 45 o ( ) = ( ) + θ + = ( ) + κ κ κ δa = dv = d( v) + vd = RdT + vd ( ln ) a = R dt + vd = vd = R Td = R em
em R = R d 45 o
T ln lnt ( ) T ln d ln T = ln dt = T ln + Td ln Ref ( ) = Td ln = Td ln a = R d Ref
κ d T 45 o = 0T = 0 cm 400mb 000mb 5
' d = dx dy d = du dw x y u w (, ) (, ) x = x u w, y = y u w x dx u du x = + w dw y dy u du y = + w dw x d u du x w dw y u du y = + + w dw x y x y = ( du dw) u w w u du du = 0 dw dw = 0 du dw = dw du d = Jd'
J x x J u w x y x y = = y y u w w u u w ' v, x = v, y = u = T, w = ln RT + w x = v = = Rue w y = = e x w x u w Rue w = Re, = y y = 0, = u w e w J = R Diagram Abscissa Ordinate ( from Straight lines Isobars Adiabats Isotherms Angle adiabatsisotherms Claeyron yes no no small Tehigram θ no yes yes 90 Emagram yes no yes 45 Refsdal no no yes 45 Stuve κ const yes yes yes 45
a q = a u = c T v h = c T s = c ln θ θ u h T s lnθ = lnθ θ a = dv = v + vd = R T + R Td ln q = Tds = c Td lnθ a q u = a + q em = ( ln ) = em Td Td ln ( ) a = R T + em q = c T + R em Qcv + R = c ( ) em = em T ln em θ = const ' '' ' ''
em = Td ln = R vd = R ' '' ' '' vd ( ) vd = h g = h = c T ''' T ''' = em ( T ' '' T ' '') κ T ' '' T '' ' q q = Tds = c Td lnθ te te = Td lnθ te te = T ln θ = T ln ' κ = θ ' c T s
lnθ = ln T κ ln + κ ln000 θ = = = γ = = = = γ γ θ 000mb 850mb 700mb 600mb 500mb 400mb 300mb 00mb 5 8 - -5-3 -40-45 0 6 0-7 -35-45 -55
d c = θ = α α =