200,,,, :,,,,,,, 1

:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 2

,,,,,, 10,,, ( ) 20 80,20, NGO,, ( )NGO, / ( ) 1986,, 20, 500, 300,, 1

: NGO, :, ;, NGO,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,,, 2

:, 20 80 21,, :,,,,,, SARS,,, 20,,, GAD (Gender anddevelopment, ),,, ( ),,, ( ),,, WID WAD GAD 3

: PAD (Post-modernistandDevelopment),,,,,,, 20 :,,,, (20 80 90 ); NGO, NGO (20 90 20 );, NGO, NGO ( 21 ),,, (,, ),,, 4

,,,,, :, ;, 20 80,,,,,,,,, 1993,,,,, 20, 20 5

:,, ;,,, 20,, 20 70 80, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, :,, ;,,,,, 6

, ( ), ( ),,,,,, 102, 20 80 90,, :,,,,,,, 7

: ( ), ;,,,, ;,,,, (1994),,,NGO :, NGO :,,,,,,, 8

:, 20, 20 50,, ;,,,,,,, : 2000 8 :,,, :,,, 9

:, GAD,,, 1999, NGO,,, : 1986, ; 1996,, ; 1997, ; 1998, ; 1999, 10, ; 2000 3 6, 2001, ; 2003, SARS,, NGO NGO, ; 10

, NGO,,, ;,,, :, 2004 11 11

(1 ) (20) (36) (51) (64) (74) 20 (87) (135) (147) (163) 1

: : (189) (1991 1995 ) (203) : (217) (233) (240) : : (255) NGO NGO (273) 95 (283) SARS:NGO NGO (303) SARS (319) 2

,,,,,, 1840, : ( )1840 1949 ; ( ) 1949 1978 ; ( )1979 1940,, 1

:,,,, ;, ;,, 1949 ( ) 1949,,,, :1950 1952 ;1952 1956 ;1958 ;20 60,,,,,,,, 2

,,, 1950,, 20% ~40%, 1957, 70% 1 :,, ;, ;, ;,,, :, ;,,20 50 :, ;,, 1 :,, 1991 3

:, ;,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,, 1958,,,,,, 1958 4

1959,90%, 250, 3/4 1,,,,,, 1958,,,,, : ;,,,,,,,, 20, 1 : ( ) 5

:,,,,,,, :,, ( ) 20 70, 8,,,, 1989, 58%,, 6

1987 35%,1, 1987 48 7% 43 2% 2,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 1 2 :,, 1991 : ( ) 7

:,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1987,, 42%,19%, 15% 1 1988, 25% 2,,, 80, 1979 16 6% 1990 21% 3,, 1 :,, 1991 8 2 3 : 3 :, 1991 4

,,,,, 1987 1%,1982 1987 676, 55 9%, 41 1% 1,,,,,, ;, 25 ;,1989 300,, 1 1990 6 :, 9

:,,,,,,, 70, ( ),,, : 1989, 1.08 6558, 38%,, 1987,, 0.06, 0.37, 6.79, 29.39, 38.40, 24.99 1988 64, 755, 30, 500, 10

1987,,72% ; ;, ;,30% ;,,, 74%,,,,, :, ;,,, 60%,, 1980 50 4%,1989 68 8%; 11

: 1980 31 1%,1989 52 3% 1,,,, ( ),,,, :,,,, :,,,, 12 1 :, 1991 4

,, :1 ;2 :1 ;2, :1,, 1989, 1 11 59 222,1986, 25%, 11, 36 4% 20 8% 13 6% 1, 1/3 2,,,,,, 1 :,, 34 13

:, 3,,,,,,,, 1985, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 14

,,, 1 2,,, 1 50, 1,,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1987 1 :,, 34 15

:, 102 :1979 129 8, 450, 0; 1986, 807 9, 2087, 0 27 7% 1,,,,, 7 133 100, 148 100 2,,,, 1980 1988, 4000 3, 1988 1 :,, 34 2 :,, 1991 16 3 :, 1991 4

83% 1,300 70%, 15 88%, 6, 4 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 :, 1991 4 17

: ( ),,,,,,, : 1,,,,,, 2,,,, ;,, 18

;,,,,,,,,, ( : 1992 2,,,,1994 ) 19

1979,,,, :, :, 20 :

20,, 17 18,,,,, :, 1,, 2 :1 ;2 ;3,,,,,,, 12 4, 70 158 21

:,,,,, 1950 1954,,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,, 22

:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 23

:,,, :,,,,, 1,,,,,,,,,,,, : 24 1 4, 68

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 25

:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 26

,,,,,, :,,,,,, 27

:,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6.7, 1/3 15 64,,, 25,1982 3/4 30, 30, 80, 30, 1955 0 64,60 0 58;1983 28

0 64,,,1980 ( ) 7 8%, 5 2%;, 10 2%, 2 3%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 29

:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 30

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 31

:,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 32

;, ;,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 33

: ;,,,,,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 34

,,,,, : 1987 ( ), 1989 ( )1990 1, 1990 3 35

20 70,,,,,,, 20 50 36

,,, :, 70,,,,,,, 20 80,,,, :,,,, ;,,, 37

:,,,,, 11 222 189006,1978 1988 1 3, 8850, 4400, 15 2% 1 1 3,,1986 25%, 36 4%, 20 8%, 13 6% 2,1986, 26 3%, 21 8% 3 1986 204, 39% 4, 25%, 30%, 12 :, 1990 10 3, 1989 4 :,, 1991 38

1978 1988 3300,,,,, 1/5,,1989 300 1,,,,,,, 1989, 4%, 28, 1%, 7 4% 2 20 80,, 80,,, 1 1989, 16 2 :,, 1991 39

:,, :,,1987, 62%,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 40 1 :

, 1985 (M Wolf), 59% ~ 88%, 11% ~64%, 1: 1 % ( ) % ( ) 68 77 54 103 64 92 11 82 59 147 37 195 81 144 64 173 88 73 56 104, : :,, 1991, 251 1987 102, 2: 41

: 2 :% 87 3 7 8 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 100 57 8 0 24 5 2 0 4 9 1 0 1 0 6 9 100 1 102 11,,,,,, :, ;,,,,, ;,, : 1978,, 42

1978 68 6% 46 8%, 31.4% 53.2% 1,,,,,, 1989, 71%, 43% ( ), 2 3 33 33 23 29 5 6 1987, 102, 1 2, 1990 : 43

: 807 86, 72 5% 1 4 ( ) 50539 21629 3870 5948 (% ) 37 7 74 1 66 7 4 5,,,,,,,, 1 7, 1987, 117, 1/3, 2,,,1987 725,2, 12 :,, 1991 44 2 1990 4 :,

,,,,, : ( ),,,,,, :, ;,,, 45

:,,,,,,, ( ),20 80,,, 600, 99 6%, 0 4% 1,, 60%,, 46 1 1988 2 :,

,,,, ( ),, 1987, 55 5%, 9 2, 8 3, 4, 1 5 1, 1990, 26 27%, 15 76%, 37 17% 15, 1 :, 1989 7 47

:, 20 80,, :90, 2000 80, 1%, 1 225%, 2000 1200 ( ), 1990 6 65%, 8 15%, 2000, 1 16 (, ) 1 1978 1988 68%,2 2000 1 7 80 1 3, 2000 3 80 25%, 20 7500 1 :, 1991 2 2 : 48

, 2000, 5 4, 2 6, 2000 18500, 5500,,,,, 1,, ;, 1986, 1980 70 15 15, 1988 22 6%, 17 9%,,, 2,,80,, 49

:,,, 3,,,, ( : 1993 8, 1994 2, 1994 2 ) 50

,,,,,,,,,,,, 51

:,,,, 30,,, : ( ),,,,,,, : 1,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,, 52

,,,,, :, ;,,,,, 3,,,,, 4,, 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 53

:, : ; ;,,,,,,, 12, 1981 11935, 9388, 78 8%,,,,,,,,, 54,

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,,, ( ), 20,, 70 1983, 55

:, 2000,, 1977, 1978, 13,,, 20,,,,, 70, 50,,,,,,,,,, 20 70,,,,, 12 1981 11935,606, 5%,, 56

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,, 57

:,,, 1950,,,,,,, :, 1978, 146, 45%, 118, 81%,,,,,,,,,, 58

,,,,,,,,, 18,,,,,, ( ),,, 1800, 500, 70 ( 240 ),,, 100, 61, : 59

:, 33 28 1 1 54 7 1 31 29,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, : ( ),,,, 60

,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), :,, :,,, 61

:,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 62

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( : 1984,,,1985 ) 63

,, 4,, :,, ;,, 1987 102 :, ;, 64

,, 1980,, : 1,,,,,,,, 102 131, 21% ( 1) 1 131 103 15 9 2 2 % 100 78 6 11 5 6 9 1 5 1 5,,, 65

:,, 102, 74 1%,, 66 7% ( 2) 102, 43,,, 25 6%, 19%, 15% 2 : 50539 21629 3870 5948 % 37 7 74 1 66 7 4 5, 1979, 102 87, 129 8, 450, 0 1986,102 807 9, 2084, 0 33, 33% ( 3) 3 0 500 500 1000 1000 1250 1250 1500 1500 25 42 17 6 10 % 25 42 17 6 10 2 66

102, 65, 64%, ( 4), ( 5) 4 : 1979 42 14 7 14 6 1 3 87 1987 53 22 13 5 4 1 0 98 5 :% 1979 1987 1979 1987 1979 1987 1979 1987 1979 1987 39 3349 022 25 8 8212 3526 476 74 4 9030 3410 78 42 0551 002 27 3 0022 7325 0012 5010 0020 4511 00 35 9639 004 49 7 0037 0838 0012 366 0010 1110 00 34 7235 7018 0619 0529 1732 1412 508 33 5 56 4 76 35 8037.2318 5115 9634 5738 306 17 3 19 4 94 5 32 7 1410 2650 0017 9517 8641 03 0 0 25 0030 77 15 0714 9616 4519 2860 2759 042 74 2 41 5 48 4 82 1979, 61%, 32% 1987, 51%, 43%,, 67

:,,,,,,,,,,,79 6%, 1979,, ; 1987, 56%, ;,,,, 5%, 60%, 35% 3,,,,,,72%,,,, 68

,, ;,, 51%,,, :, 61%, ( 6 7) 6 2 2 8 5 13 52 20 0 0 8 8 8 8 15 7 7 18 1 1 3 8 10 8 29 10 17 10 1 6 3 11 7 21,,,,, 69

:,, 30%,, (20% ), (19% ), (19% ) :,,,, 74%,, : 1,,, 102 139, 9, 130 ( 8),, 60 7%;, 26 0%; 4 7%; 8 6%,, 70

8 :% 78 6 11 5 6 9 0 0 1 5 0 0 1 5 66 9 3 1 13 1 3 1 3 8 2 3 0 8 1 5 5 4 2 102 83210, 102 27 7%, 1/3 807 86, 1113 65 72 5%, 2/3 3,,, 102, 13 08, 0 97, 117, 1/3,, : 1 9 102,, 1986 102 12 91, 0 97 71

: 9 :% 0 0 11 8 30 4 41 1 16 7 1 1 1 1 20 2 45 7 29 8 2 1 2,,,, 69% 21 6%,, 3 :,, 43%, 27% 17%,,,,,, : ;, 72

,,, 1,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, ( :,,1991 ) 73

,,,,, 1987, 1%,, 1 5238586, 172009, 3 3% 1986 7 1 1987 6 30, 74

68913, 2, 40%,, ( 1) 1 1982 1987 1982 7 1983 7 1984 7 1985 7 1986 7 1 1983 1 1984 1 1985 1 1986 1 1987 6 30 6 30 6 30 6 30 6 30 5546 735 1005 1309 1372 1125 % 100 13 3 18 1 23 6 24 7 20 1,,, ( 2), 70 8%,, 20 50,, 1985,, 2 172009 54165 67645 50199 % 100 31 5 39 3 29 2 2 1% :, 3,, 75

:,,,,, 4, 73 2%,, 3 (% ) 83 3 75 1 91 1 82 7 16 7 24 9 0 9 17 3 4 172009 21738 24381 125885 % 100 12 6 14 2 73 2 3 1 (1),, 15 29, 78 2%, 20 24, 45 7%,15 19, 17 3%; 20 24, 1,1%, 1987 7 1,, 76

15 19, 26 5% ( 5) 15 19,,,, 5 0 14 15 19 20 24 25 29 30 54 54 5546 367 960 2534 848 694 143 % 100 6 6 17 3 45 7 15 3 12 5 2 6 5578 447 1479 1928 598 883 189 % 100 8 0 26 5 35 5 10 7 15 8 3 4 (2) 6, 4 1%, 16 1%, 33 9%, 30 4%, 15 4%, ( 7), 60 3%,, 6 6 6 166238 2571 4347 26808 56316 50520 25676 % 100 1 5 2 6 16 1 33 9 30 4 15 4 77

: 7 1 5 2 6 16 1 33 9 30 4 15 4 0 4 0 2 6 4 19 5 39 0 34 6 (3) 15 15, 108857, 82%,, 54 9%, ( 8) ( 9),, 1/3,, 21 1%,, 8 9, 4 5%, 8 15 15 10439 499 2037 6148 6585 59766 23305 80 % 9 6 0 5 1 9 5 6 6 0 54 9 21 4 0 1 3 7 6 5 4 1 2 8 78

9 15 15 5114 331 1187 2436 3755 6031 9586 61 % 17 9 1 2 4 2 8 5 13 2 21 1 33 6 0 2 3 7 6 5 4 2 1 8 4, 10,, ; 10,,,,,,, 10 1388 % 3 371 % 6 7 4 727 6 161 2 9 7 251 8 99 1 8 8 2847 2 854 15 4 2 508 7 294 5 3 5 161 9 15 0 3 9 981 5 588 10 6 3 3073 1 2899 52 2 1 1188 4 298 4 8 6 79

:, : 1,,1%,1982 1987,, 56 3%, 1986 7 1987 6, 54% :,, ;,, ; 1982 7 1 1987 6 30, 1987 7 1,, 5, 1982, 1987 7 1,, (1), ( 11),,,,,, (2),,,, 80

42 6% ( 12), (3), ( 13),,,,, 11 (% ) 100 100 100 100 56 3 48 3 55 9 69 6 43 7 51 7 44 1 30 4 12 15 15 (% ) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 43 7 8 8 26 4 52 3 59 6 82 7 40 0 29 0 56 3 91 2 73 6 47 7 40 4 17 3 60 0 71 0 13 6 6 (% ) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 56 6 24 9 31 8 44 7 58 0 63 2 78 4 43 4 75 4 68 2 55 3 42 0 36 8 21 6 81

: 2,,,, ( 14), 14 (% ) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 26 7 22 1 39 4 30 0 9 3 57 9 59 9 83 5 28 9 73 7 77 9 60 6 70 0 90 7 42 1 40 1 16 5 71 1 3 15, 15 100 100 100 65 5 22 0 27 4 22 2 45 6 41 1 12 4 32 4 31 5,, 82

,,,, 1, 1986 16 74,1949 1986 98 1%, 1982 1987 79%, (1953 138% ), (1987 1% 103% ),,,,,,,,15 15, 18473,, 15 15 18 0%,,, 83

: 2,,,,, 1988 1987 34 1% 1,,,, 3, 1984 118579, 56 6% 2 70%, 2/3 3 3861,, : ;,, 84 1 2 3 1990 1 :, 1986 1 1986 2 :,

,,, : 1,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,,,,, 85

:,,, ( : 1990 6 ) 86

20,, 20 ( ), ( ),,,, 87

:,,1947 4 69 1953 4 33 1 1953 1990 ( ) 1953 4 3 4 7 4 3 1964 4 4 4 1 4 3 1974 4 78 1982 4 6 4 0 4 4 1987 4 4 3 8 4 2 1990 4 2 3 8 4 0 1994 3 87 : 1, 20 50 U :50 70, ;70 80 60 ;80 90, 1994 3 87, 1953 : ; 50 60,,,, 1968 7 025 3 5,, 70, 88

, (, ), 80 1% ( 2),50, ( ), 3 2 1982 1949 :% 1949 1982 1949 1982 1949 1982 1949 1982 61 71 62 18 64 63 76 33 38 98 56 40 47 46 58 45 19 63 24 59 27 53 14 82 37 07 35 42 38 55 27 50 2 31 1 20 1 72 0 37 12 25 2 65 2 35 1 12 16 33 12 00 6 11 8 47 11 68 5 48 11 61 12 93 3 :, 1986 1978 1986 % % % % % 1978 15 2 4 310 69 4 116 25 9 6 1 3 447 100 1986 327 73 1 117 26 2 3 0 7 447 100 1978 13 2 7 328 67 9 128 26 5 14 2 9 483 100 1986 5 1 0 399 77 6 106 20 6 4 0 8 514 100 1978 11 1 8 424 70 7 130 21 7 35 5 8 600 100 1986 4 0 7 425 71 8 144 24 3 19 3 2 592 100 : :, 316 89

:,, :,, ;,, ;, ;,,, 20 80,60 5 5 ; 70 3 4 ;80 1 2 1 80 2 90,,, ;,,, 1 :, 1990, 152 90 2 :, 1995, 369

( ),,,,,,,,, 20 80,,,,, 80,,,,, ( ),,,,, 91

:,,,,,,,,, ;,, 1950,,,,,,,,,, 90,,, 92 80

,,,, 1991 10 ( 4),, 4 :% 85 54 92 02 65 43 45 61 71 98 16 36 61 07 57 08 2 41 1 74 1 59 24 08 3 29 18 17 6 12 30 27 3 70 2 98 1 00 3 84 2 28 1 77 1 12 2 13 4 27 0 45 22 18 0 64 4 87 3 26 3 47 1 78 0 68 0 50 0 82 1 00 0 99 0 83 0 99 1 19 0 01 0 01 0 06 0 01 0 01 0 13 0 16 0 13 3 18 2 08 2 81 4 88 3 69 2 48 4 28 5 47 0 07 0 05 0 08 0 41 0 06 0 20 0 06 0 10 0 14 0 15 6 04 19 53 12 82 56 80 22 73 1 85 100 00100 00100 00100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 100 00 :, 1994,, 90, 1991, 80 90%,, 93

: ( 57 18% ) ( 59 78% ) ( 76 25% ) ( 66 96% ) ( 73 35% ) ( 82% ) (66 58% ) ( 73% ),,, 1,, 25 53%, 10, 38 52% 11 50, ;,,,,,, :,,,,, 1 :, 1994 94

,, 20,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 95

:,, ;,,,,80 90,,,, ;,, ;,, :,,,,,, 70,, 70, 96

80, 3 5, 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 97

:,,,,,,, 20 70,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,, :, ;, 98

,,,,,,,, 1950, 20 90,,,,,,,, 20 ( ) 5 6,, 90 99

: 4 7% (1966 29% ), 56 7% (1966 32 8% ),,,, 5 1949 1950 1965 1966 1978 1979 1986 12 7 55 38 9 11 50 11 88 58 22 30 158 12 57 59 37 10 193 46 28 215 51 07 129 49 62 596 47 41 11 6 92 21 5 04 31 7 36 13 5 00 76 6 05 77 48 43 165 39 57 125 29 69 60 23 08 427 33 97 159 100 00 417 100 00 421 100 00 260 1100 00 1257100 00 : :, 1991, 365 6 :% 1966 1967 19761977 19861987 1996, 25 2 13 9 8 2 3 8 11 1, 3 8 1 5 1 4 0 9 1 7, 38 2 46 7 42 2 38 5 41 6, 24 1 32 6 43 1 50 2 39 6, 0 8 1 0 1 4 1 8 1 3, 7 9 4 4 3 5 4 7 4 8 100 100 100 100 100 477 ( )613 ( ) 1013 ( ) 763 ( )2866 ( ) 100 : :, 44

( ),, :1,,,, : ; 20,,,,, 80,,,,, 1, 1995,, 1985 101

:,,,,,,,,, 1997 7000 10000,, 60 70, 80,, ( ),,, 2 3 ( 8 ),, :, ;,,,, 102

,,, 90,, ( 90 ),,,,, 70,,, ; 90,,,, 70, 90, :, ;, :,,, ;,,,, 103

:,, ( ), 16, 14 18 16,,,,,,,1950 20 18 1981 30 22 20,,,, 7 8 7 ( ) 1949 18 57 19 16 18 44 1952 18 94 19 75 18 78 104

( ) 1957 19.23 20 40 18 90 1965 19 74 22 57 19 30 1975 21 74 24 13 21 36 1980 23 05 25 19 22 54 1982 22 63 24 93 22 07 : : (1990 ) 8 ( 100) 18 18 23 23 1949 51 5 39 1 42 5 51 6 6 0 9 3 1952 44 1 34 7 49 7 51 5 6 2 13 8 1957 40 2 19 7 54 2 63 6 5 6 16 7 1965 31 8 7 4 60 8 51 6 7 4 41 0 1975 8 8 1 0 66 2 30 6 25 0 68 4 1980 6 2 0 5 48 8 13 4 44 8 86 1 1982 4 7 0 1 56 4 18 3 38 9 81 6 1987 3 4 0 1 49 5 33 7 47 1 66 5 : :, 1991 7,, 1980 (22 54) 70 1982 (22 07),,, 8,, 1980 105

: 44 8%, 1982,1987 47 1%,, 1949 51 1% 3 4%,,,, 1982 1991, 20%,, 1989 70%, 16 17, 13 1,1990 1982,15 19 4 38% 4 71%,15 21 2 32% 6 51% 1990 15 19, 89 65%, 15 21, 87 81% 2 ( ),,,,, 1 :,,1992 7 4 2 106 1990 10%

, ( ), 1 20 50 90,,,, ( 9) 50, 80, ( ), 9 1949 1950 19651966 19781979 1986 63 39.87 220 53.27 213 49.42 171 66.02 667 52.89 84 53.16 175 42.37 194 45.01 82 31.66 535 42.43 8 5.06 12 2.91 15 3.48 2 0.77 37 2.93 3 1.90 6 1.45 9 2.09 4 1.54 22 1.74 153100.00413100.00431100.00259100.001261100.00 :1987 1988, 20 80, 1 :,, 1991, 248 107

:, ( ), 20,,, 20 40, 5,,,,,,, 20 80,50 80 1986 ( 10),, 1/5 1, 1/3 1 5,, 5, 108

10 (1986 ) 18 35 36 55 56 0 1 18 3 15 8 21 2 17 5 1 5 34 4 34 9 31 6 34 2 5 10 18 9 18 1 18 6 18 4 10 28 4 31 2 28 6 29 9 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 693 1194 415 2302 :,, 145 : : ;,, 1 3, 1986, 1 5, 60 48 8%, 35 59 54 8%, 34 73 6%,, 20 50,,,,, 109

:,,,,,,, 80,, 80, 1984,, 1993, 1982 1992, 17978, 304 5158, 126, 136 1 1982 1990, 30, 10 2 1 :, 1995 5 2 :, 1991 1 110

,,,,1985 1990 300, 70, 700, 1 4 1,, 80,,,1990, 30, 0 3%, 30 5%,,,,,,,,, 1 :, 1993 5 111

:, 1,,, 20 80,,,,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,, 20,,, 1950 1980,, 1 :, 1992 4 112

1953, 1981,, 11 1979 1993 ( ) ( ) (% ) 1979 31 9 0 66 5 04 1980 34 1 0 70 4 76 1981 38.9 0.78 3.75 1982 42.8 0.84 5.14 1983 41.8 0.82 5.15 1984 45.4 0.88 5.83 1985 45.8 0.88 5.52 1986 50.6 0.96 5.74 1987 58.6 1.08 7.11 1988 65.5 1.20 7.30 1989 75.5 1.36 8.04 1990 79.9 1.42 8.42 1991 82.9 1.44 8.72 1992 85.0 1.46 8.91 1993 90.9 1.57 9.96 : 23 1997, 292 1950, 1994, 9 8, 7 9, 6 2, 3 6, 1990, 2 1 1 5 0 8 113

:, 1 3,1, : 1991,, 49 93%, 53 49%, 75 38%, 67 36% 28 36%, 61 38% ; 64 23%, 25 16% 1/2, 1/4,,,,, 25 29, 409 52, 30 34 1205 58, 35 39 2000 45,,,, 1 : (1995), 38 114

,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 70%, 67 6%, 60%,,,, :,, 115

:, 80,, 2/3, 1;,,,,,,,, :,,,, 20 20 1 116 :, 1995, 355

( ),,,, 20 80, 1990 7 11 15% 96 3%, 25 5% 46 2% 1 90, 1995, 98 63% 2,,, 1990, 211 1 7 11, 171 3, 81%, 1995 182 9, 109 3, 59 74% 1995 90% ~95%, 85% (64 25% ) (83 69% ) 3 1990 1 :,,1993 2 :,1997 2, 3 117

: 46 8%, 44 8% 1 1990 10% ( 12), 6 14, 6,7, 9, 12,,10 14 ( 13),1991, 16 40, 17 22 12 6 14 :% 6 14 6 14 6 14 6 58.88 60.28 49.07 7 24.42 26.11 52.19 8 9.13 11.16 58.81 9 6.25 8.24 63.57 10 5.69 7.77 65.86 11 7.30 9.89 65.41 12 12.13 16.01 63.90 13 19.73 24.43 63.22 14 29.32 36.73 60.64 : 1 118 :,,1993

13 10 14 : 10 14 10 14 10 14 (% ) (% ) 5033240 4712289 539384 905509 10.7 19.2 189230 176417 35368 71673 18.07 40.6 94179 88734 15568 28413 16.5 32.0 25402 24319 7812 10600 38.8 43.6 26409 25462 3792 6966 14.4 27.4 335220 314932 62540 117652 18.7 37.4 :1990 10%, ( ), 20,,,, ;, ;,,, 50 119

:,, :,,, ;,,, 1950, 20% ~40%,1957 70%,, :,,,,,, 60 70,,, 20 ( ),,, 120

, 10 7,, :, 10, ( ),, 400, 200 70,,,,, ;80,,,, 2,, 1992 29 312,,, 21 4% 121

:, 13 6,, 45 4%, 4 9 1,80, 70%, 386199, 38, 61, 99,,,,,,,,,,,, 1991 ( 14) 1 :,, 1995 122

14 :% 10.67 25.80 48.78 29.79 22.86 16.33 35.11 55.23 46.28 30.97 51.04 53.87 42.90 36.98 1.04 1.59 2.79 2.93 2.45 2.30 1.93 2.25 3.39 1.84 1.89 1.99 0.85 3.40 0.95 1.32 2.62 2.30 1.79 7.33 4.51 10.41 4.81 0.78 0.60 0.93 8.92 0.62 9.47 8.06 9.74 9.52 7.78 17.00 12.86 7.32 6.75 0.11 0.04 0.02 1.45 0.11 2.67 2.00 2.36 1.91 8.31 2.91 4.46 100.00 100.00100.00100.00 100.00100.00100.00 :, 1994,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 70,, 123

:, 90 1, :,,,, ;,,, 1980 1995, 15, 30%, 12862 1,1 1978 2826 56 4 6,, 15 1,,,,,, 80, 35% 2, 1 :,1997 7, 2 124 :,, 1994

, 50%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,, 17 25 1;1, 1 :,, 1994 125

:,, 100%, 37 6%, 34 4%, 6 5%, 21 5%, 1,,,, 1 10, 3,, 3000 2, 7000,, 75,,1988 3 75 1, 1991 3 22 1,1993 2 57 1, 1994 2 29 1 7000, 2300 1 :,, 1994 2 126 :, 1995, 241

1, 69 8%, 26 3%,,, 65% ;, 16%, 24% 2,,, 1 2, 1 50,, :,, ;,, ;,,,,,, 12 :, 1997 1 127

:, :, ;, ;, 1994 650, 60%, 390 1 35%,2300 800, 1990,,, 80%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 :, 1997 1 128

:, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1 ( ), 1 :, 1997 1 129

:,,,,,,, ( ),, 50,,, 1990, 77%, 23%,,,, 1989 28, 1%, 4%, 130

7 4%,,,,,, 1990 : 74 7% :, 50 2%, (49 8% ) 1, ;,,, 50,,,,,,, 1, 1993 131

:,,,,,,, 80, 80,,,,,80,,,,,,,,, 132

, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 1 :, 1990 2 :, 1994 3 :, 1995 133

: 4 :, 1995 (, 21,, 2000 ) 134

,, 1990,, : 1,, ;, 2 20 135

:,, 1989 94 7/10 2000 53 0/10, ( 1 2) 1998 85, 177 96/10, 3 17 3 :,,, 1 1990 2000 :1/10 1990 1995 1998 2000 88 9 61 9 56 2 53 0 45 9 39 2 28 6 29 3 112 5 76 0 74 1 69 6 177 96 :,2000, 85 2 1989 2000 :1/10 1989 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 130 8 78 8 62 0 62 9 66 28 218 105 0 151 3 143 9 175 0 :1998 1999 1989 11 ;1995 1998 85 15 136

,20 90,,,,,,,,,,, :, 137

:,, : / : 20 50,, 90%,, :,,,, 20 80,,,,,,, 138 1 :

, 1980 41 4% 1989 51 9%, 58 6% 48 1%,, 84 6% 37 7%, 15 1% 62 1%, 1998 6 5%, 1998 9 82, 1996 1997 6 37% 6 15%,1997 1996 0 21 4 91% ~9 86% 5 67% 5 58%,, 20 80 90,, 1,, 2 10, 1990 1995 2, 12,1998 : 139

: 2,,, 1990 2000, 2000,1992 1995,,,, 1998 1999 79 8% 80 2%, 1995 1998 1999 62.3% 68.4% 68.6%,,,,,,,, 140

3,,,,,, 1,,, 2, 85, 60%, 73 1%, 31 8%,, :,,, 150, :,,,, 1 :,1998 2 :, 163 141

: : 20 80,,,,, 1985,,,, ;,,,,,, 1/4,, 60% ( ), 142

,, 1,,,,,, 85, 65 4% 1997, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 143

:, : 20 80 90% 80,,, 1985 5% : 80 9%, 9 4% 1,, 1990, 1978 20 6 14 6,,,, 82 (49 8% ) 30 5%, ; 19 3%, 26 0%, 44 7%,, 1 144 :, 84

,, :,,, ;,,,,,,, :,,,, ( 100, 200 300, 40 60 ), 0 4 1, 100,, 145

:,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ; ;,,,, ( : 2002 1, 2002 5 ) 146

, :1 ;2 ;3 ;4, 40, 1949 1500/10 1990 94 7/10, 200 31 42, 147

:,, 1989 134/10, 0 38, 11 218/10,, 1987,,,, 1989, 20, 1985, 1980 1985, 6, 36 7% 1990 11, 50%, 13 9%,,, 80,, 148

(,1987 ) 2400,,,, (,1992 ) 1,,,,,,, : ( ) ; ( ) ; 1,1992 149

: ( ) 62 3%,, : :,,, :,,, :, ( 1 1 5 ), 250 150 (

) ( ) 1 : 149, 596, 256,, 1, ( : ),, 2 3, 20%,,, 1991 249,,,5 1 6 68, 5,,,, 2 : 116,462, 213 ( ) 8,, 1 5, 151

:,,, 1991 280,,,,,, 1 4 60,, ( ) 1988,, 1989 1989 30, 29, 56,,, 3 1989 42, 35, 7 64 8, 56 ( ) : 1 152

;,, 2,,,, 1992 10,1993 3 ( ) 56 20, 38, 20 24 23,25 29 25, 85 7% (27 ), 22 1 4, 4 3 20 80, 14, 12,, 1 46,, 18, 6, 2 9 153

: ( ) 42, ( ), 3 ; 5 6 ; 7 9 ; 9 10 5, ( ) 1989 1992 17, 13, 39, 4, ( 1) 1 1988 1989 3,, 4, 5,, 3 4, 4 154

60 40,50,,,,,, 30, 60,, 4 13 1, 6, 3 2, 3 1 1 1 1, 11,3,1 6, ( ),, ( 10% ), : 1 : 56, 18 155

:,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, ( ),, 1,,,, 156

2 :,,,,,,,, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,, 3, 39 157

:,, :,, 48 6%,, 30 14%,,, ( 2 3),,,,, 2 18 7 1 0 26 27 3 0 0 30 45 10 1 0 56 158

3 10 13 2 1 26 8 14 8 0 30 18 27 10 1 56,,, 73%, 4,,,, ( ),, 68%, ( 4), 4 4 2 2 0 0 4 2 7 3 1 8 4 9 3 1,, 159

:,, 0, 4, 2 5,,,, 66% 80%,, 1 3,,, ( ),, 1989,, : 1,,, 2, 160

3,, 4,, : 1,, 2 3,,,,,,, ; 2,,,, 3,,,, 161

: 4, 5,, ( :,,,,1995 ) 162

1996 1 1997 5, 1992 1993,,, : 1, ;, 20 80, 163

:,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, 164

,,, 20 80, :,, ;,, 1989 134/10, 0 38, 11 218/10 1989 11 50%, 13 9%,, 1989, 20 165

:,,, ( ),, ;, ;,, 1996, 1993, :, ;,, ;,,,,,,, 166

:,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 167

: 41, 698 : (1) 50,, (2), 1989 13,1991,,,, 1995 70 1%, 60%, (3) 20 70, 70 35 90 11.79,1991,,,,,, (4) 90,,, 168,

,, 31.5, 26, ( ),, 700 800 8, 7634 (1995 ), 3376, 8,, 1993,, 1995 650, 84, 40 (1996 5 ), 8, 5,,,, 3, 8, X B ( ) : ( ) : 1 ;2 ( ) : 1 : 169

:, (, ), ( ) 2,, ;,, ;,,, 1996 1, 1997 5 : ( ) 1,,,,, 170

,,, ( ), 2,,,,,,,, B,,,,,, 171

:,,,,, ;,, ; 10, 10, 9,, 1 1 53 2 52 3 47 4 39 5 36 6 35 7 32 8 30 9 30 10 29 1,, 172

,,, : (1) ; (2) ; (3) 95,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,, 173

: ( ), 1,,,, 6 12,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6,15 20,20 25,25 30,30 35,35 50, 50, : ; ; 174 8

2,,,,,20 25, 25 30 4, 7, 52, 20 : (1)20 80,, (2)80 1992,, ;,, (3)1992,,, : 1983,,,,, ( 175

: ), ( ) 1985,,,, 1982,, 1979,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1986, 5, :,,, ;,,,,, 2,,,, 176

,,,, :, ;,,,,,,, 1996 5, 260,8,5,, 375,,,,,,, ;, (3) 177

:,,,8, 1000,, 500,,, (4),,,,, 8 10, 1, 2, 20 60 70 80,,, :, ;,, 80,, 70, 178 1998 4,

8,,, 19,,, 7,, 85 80%, 3 :,,,,, (1) 8, 179

:, (2),, (3),, :, ;, ;,,,,1997 4,,, 1,,,,, ;, 180

1996, ( 2) 2 1995 1996 1 2 3-4 5 1995 6 7 4 0 1 1996 3 1 6 11 0 2,,, 1000,,,, 3,,,, ;,, 4,,,, 181

: ;, ;,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,, 182 ( ),

,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 70,,,,,, 183

: 100, 300,, 40 60 0.4, 100,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 184

8, 1996 21, :, :, 1 6 ( 1 ), ; 2 5 ( 2 3 ), ; 3 4 ( 4 5 ),,, :, ( 20 ),, 11,,,, 12,,, 14,15, 16, 20,, : 9 185

:,, 6,,,, (, ),,2 3,, 9,, :,,, 150, :,,,, :, :,,,,,,,, 186

,, ;,,,,, :,,, ;, ;, ;, :,,,,,, :, ;, 187

: 2000 ( 1990 ),,,,,,, ;,, ( :, ) 188

: 20 90, 95, (WID) (GAD),,, GAD,, / 1997,, ( ), 189

:,,,,,, ( ) 1,, : (1) ; (2) ; (3),, 2,,, : 190

;,,, 3,,,,, 1 : (1), ; (2), ; (3),, ; (4) 1 :, 1998 191

: ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1, : ( ),, : 1 :,, 1995 192

193

: ( ),,, 285786, 33.7%, 47.5%, 46.2% 1996 675 1995,,, 35, 20 4242, 2720 1996 389, 570 : 20 70 70,,,,,, 97, 22, 28, 53, 194

24, 7, 12 60, 1997, : ( ) (1997 5 1998 5 ) 1 1 (PRA) : 1997 10 PRA, ; 2 : 11, PRA 16,, PRA, 1 : :,, 2001 195

:,,,, 3 :,, 27,, : ; ; 27,, 4 :1998 5,,,,,, ( ) (1998 7 1999 3 ),1998 7,,,,, 196

,,,, :,,,, ( ) (1999 3 2000 12 ) 1999 3,, :,, ;, ;, 11,, :,, : 197

:,,, ;,,,, ( ) (2000 1 ),,,, :,,,, 2000 1,, :, ;, 198

,,, 1 ( ) (1999 10 2000 5 ),, : ;,,, 2 ( ),,,, : 1,, 1 2 : : : 199

: :,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200

,,,, : ;,,,,,, :, ( :,,,2001 ) 201

(1991 1995 ) 1991 1995, :, ( ),,,,, : ; ;,, 203

: 20 70,,,,, 20 80, : 80,, ;,, 80 1990 1 2, 1 2 204 1990 6,1990 6

1, 2,, 80,1991 1995, 1991 1993 1993 1995 1991 1993,,, 1992 37 : 1993, 44,, 1992 Engendering ChinaWomen,Culture,andtheState ( 1994 ), (,1994 ) 1949 1994 1995 12 1991 205

:, 1994, :2 94 9 94,, ( 1994 ) ( 1994 ) 1995 95,, : ; ;, 1991,, ( ),, 206

70 2,,,,,, 1 : (1),, (2),, (3),, 2, :, 25% ~30%;, 1 2,1992 1994 2 207

: 20%,,,, ;,,,,, ;, ;, 100%,, ; ;,, 1 1992 29 312,,, : (1)21 4%, 13 6,, 45 4%, 4 9, (2), (3), 5 1 208, 1995 4

, 1, :, : (1),, ; (2), ; (3),, : (1),, :, ;,, :, ;, (2)80,,,, 1,, 1995 209

:, ( ) : : (1) ; (2) :,,, ; (3) ( ),, ( ),, ; (4) (, ), (, ) 1,,, 2 1,, 1995 2, 1995 4 210

( ),,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 1, : (1) 1 1995 :, 211

:, ; (2) ; (3),, ; (4),,,,,, 1 1990, : (, 1994 ), 80, 54% ~74%,,,,,, 1 212 :, 1994 2

,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 90 1975,, 95, :,, : : 1, 213

:, :, 1 2,,,, 100, 26% 29% 33% 36% 45%,,,,,65%,35%,, 3, : 1,, 1994 214

;,,,,,,, 1,1991 1995,,,, 1,,,,,,, :, 1, 1994 215

:,, ;,, 2, :,, ;,, ;,,, 1,, ( : 1997 2, 1999 2 ) 1 : 94,, 1995 216

: 20 70,,,,,, 95,,, :, 217

: :, 50 :, 20 50,, 30 80,,, 20 50 :, 40,,,,,,, 218

1,, 50,,,, 50, :,,,,,,,,,, 10, 7,,, 20 50,, : 1 :, 1958 9 219

:,, ( 1958 ),,,,, :, 20 70,, 30,,,, ;,, 20,, 50,, 220 1 :

,,, 1989 80,,,1989 12 ( ),, : ; ; ; 20 50, 50,,, 50 ;,,, 221

:, 50, ; 80,,,,,, 50, : ; 2 : 20 80, :80,,, 90, 95 1 : (1),, 1 222 : (1991 1995 ), 1997 2

,,,,,, (2) 20 70,, 20, :, ;,,,,,, :, (WomeninDevelopment, WID), (Women anddevelopment, WAD) (Genderand Development, GAD) 223

: ;,, 1,,,,,,,,, 3 : : ;,,,,, 20 80,, 1 224 1993 1997 1998

,,,80, 90,,,, : (1),, ; (2),, ; (3), RRA ( ) PRA ( ) PME ( ),,,,,,,, 225

:,,,, ;,,, ;, :,,, /,,,,, 226,

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 :, 95, 227

: :,,,,,,,,,1995,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 2, / 228

/, :1,,, /,, ;,,, / 2,,, ; ;, 3 80,, /,,,, ;, ;,, 3 229

:,,,, /,, / (1),,,,,,,,, PRA ( ), PRA,,,,,,,,,, 230

; ( ) (2),, 1 :,,,,, :,,,,,, 1 :, 1995 231

:,,,,, (3), empowerment, :,,,,,,, ( : 1999 3, 1999 3 ) 232

20,,, 20,, 20 50,, 233

:,,,, 20 70,,,,,, :, ;, ;,,,,,, : (60% ), ; 80 ; 234

, 20 70,,,,,,,,,,, ;80,,,, 2,,, 235

:,,,,,,, 13.6, 4.9 1,80, 70%,,,,,,,,,,, 20 80 1 :,, 1995 236

,,, 1981 4.7% 1991 8.7%,,,1949,,,,,,,,,, 20 80, 70%,,, : ;,, :,, 237

:,, 1,,1998, 30%, ;,,,,,,,,, 95,,,,, : 1 :, 1998, 595 238

,,,,,,,,, 1 1995,,,,, ;,,,,, ( : 2000 3 8 ) 1 :, 1996 8 239

: 20 80,, 95,, / 90 /, /,, 2000 8 : :, ;,,,,,, 240

80 : 80,,,, :,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 241

:, :,,,,,,,,,, GAD, UNDP, 242

1,, : (1) : ; (2) ; (3) ; (4) ; (5) ; (6),,,,,,, : (1),, ; (2) ( ), 2 :,, ;, 243

:,,,, ;, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 3,, :, ;,,, 244

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;, ;, 245

: : ;,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,, :, ;,, :,, 246

,,,,,,,,, PRA GAD,,,, 3,, 1,,,,,,,, 247

:,,,, 2,,,,,, : (1),, ; (2), ; (3),,,,,,,,,,,, 248

,,,,,,,,, : ; gender, ;,,,,,,,,,, 249

: 1,,,, 2 :,,,,,,,,,,,,, NGO, :,,NGO 250

,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1 GAD, 20 70 (WID) (WAD) (GAD) 90, 95,,, 251

: 2, 30,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, :,, ;,,,, ( ),, ;, 252

:,,,,, 3,,,,,,,, :,,,,, GAD, 20,,, 253

:,,,,, :,,,,, localization,, localization,,,,,,,,, ( : 2000 5 ) 254

: 20 50,,,,,,,,,, 255

: ( ), 2000 2002 (ADBTA3441PRC),, ;,,, : (1) :, (2) :, (3) : (4) :,,, 4 8 ( ) 28 ( ) 133 256

, 3 ( )7 ( ),,,, 9 10, 11 5 2 2 5 22, 14,,, :1,, 2, 3,, 4 1,,,,, 257

:, (1) : ;, 0.6,,,25,, 3 ( 1),, 0.06, ( ), 0.3, 0.1 ( 2), 1 ( ) : 2604 5047 91 25 921 32 10 8729 1682 2060 28 4 386 18 9 4187 859 1150 5 21 296 13 2 2345 63 1838 58 0 238 0 0 2197 : : 258,

,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, :,, 80,,,,,,,,,, 259

:,,,,, (2) 20 80,, 30,,,,, ;,,,,,,1996,,,,, 260

,, 33, 2003, ( ), ( ),,,,, 2, (1),,,,,,,,,,,,, 261

:,,,,,, (2),,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, (3),,, 262

, : ( ),,,,,,,,, 70, 7200,, 1 5, 1, (4),,,,,, :, ;, 263

: ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 264

3, : ;,,,,, 1/3,,, 25% ~35%,, 20% ~30%,,, 40,8,,,, 20, 17 20 /, 15 / ( ), 10, 2300, 580, 265

: 180 40, 10, 400 500 23, 2000,,,,,, 2000 1998 12.35% 34.7%, 1998 3.4% 34.2%, 1998 104,1999 1000,, 2001 10 325, 1998 9% 40%,,,,, 1, 50,, 1,, 266

40 60,,,,, :,, 3.5 4 / 4 5 /, 2000 1999 9.0% 19.2%; 37.5% 24.1% 1, 1999 30 40 2001 280,, (, ); (, ); ( ),,, 1 : 267

:, ( ),,, /,, : (1),,,,,,,,,,, (2), : 268

, ;,,,, ( ), (3),,,,,,,,, 2,,, 1, 2 10 11 269

: 2 : : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1028 495 190 804 13.71 0.78 0.77 1 229 92 33 105 4.1 0.46 0.44 2 83 32 12 52 9.61 0.63 0.51 1278 623 238 1027 17.6 0.80 0.79 2 101 19 11 57 12.6 0.56 0.44 10 124 25 17 68 5 0.58 0.5 1030 496 187 866 73 0.84 0.77 1 98 51 23 74.7 57.9 0.76 0.17 1906 966 216 1045 164.9 0.55 0.46 1 69 35 12 40 6 0.58 0.45 2 168 81 16 67 48.5 0.64 0.11 3 172 84 16 115 3.8 0.66 0.64 4 149 73 16 82 1.6 0.55 0.53 5 138 65 12 56 6.5 0.4 0.36 6 136 68 12 69 3.7 0.5 0.47 7 278 136 24 118 9.2 0.43 0.39 8 121 60 12 86 8.6 0.71 0.64 10 331 161 28 169 68 0.51 0.3 11 248 107 20 66 6 0.32 0.28,,, 270

,,, (4), ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( :,, ) 271

NGO

NGO 95 1995,,, NGO, NGO 95, NGO NGO (Non-Goverment Orgnization), 1993 11, NGO,, 273

: 43, NGO, NGO, NGO,,, :, ;,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, 10,,,,,, ( ), 274

NGO, 5 14,, 9 5, 6,,NGO,,,,, NGO 60, NGO,, NGO, 95 NGO :, : 31549, 26549, 200 ( ) 2000 275

: 42 76 86, 3900, 400, 2 450 650 NGO,,,, 300,,,, 1500,,,,,, NGO,,, :,,, 276

NGO,,, :, NGO, :, :,,,,,,,,,,, : NGO 277

:,,,,,, 13, 70%; 9.6 2/3; 6000 ; 50, 90% ; 200, 8, 6, :, 8.975,, 80%, 75%, 60%, 59%, 58%, 57%; 40% 25% 33%; 50%,, 80%,,, 278

NGO,,,,, ( ), NGO,3900 13 : /,,,, NGO :,,, 279

:,,,,,, :,,,,, NGO NGO,, : : 3, NGO, 1 9 5, 6:30,7,7:30, 1, 4 280

NGO : 8:30 ; ; 5 6,7, 4,,, 10,,, :, NGO, 3, NGO ( GRASSROOTS, ),,,,, 2, 281

: 1 6 /, NGO,,,, 100, 80,, 30 NGO T NGO,, NGO, :, ( : 1996 1 ) 282

,,,,,, 1986 6 : 1984 283

:,, 1984,,,, 1985 1 80,,,, 1982,,,,, 15,, :,,,,,, 284

NGO,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1977,,,1982, ( ),,, ( ),,,, 285

:,, 1983, 1984, 30,, 1985,, 1986 6, 1 2 70,,,,, 1,, 1982 ( 1986, 1999 ) 2, 1987, 286

NGO,, NGO,,,,,,,,,, : 1 1986 1992, 1986 6, ( ), 1987 7,, 400, 4, :,,, ( 5 ), 287

:, 1991,1987,,1987 1988,,,1989 4 ( ) 1989, 1991,,, 2 1992 1999 1992,,,,, 20,, 1992, 9, 3 : 288

NGO ; ;, :,, 1993, 1992 4 3, 1993 7 26,,, :, 7,,,, 11 2 289

:,,, :,,, 1994 1, 80,,,,,,,, 1993 11 NGO,,, 290

NGO,, :,, ; ; 1994 1995 1995 7 8000, 1996 4, 1996 9,, 60, 200, 4,,,,,,, 1997 11,, 5 291

:, : ;, ;,, 4000, 28, 50,,,, ;,,,, 1999 3,, : ( 1994 ); ;, :, 292

NGO, ;, ;,,, NGO 3 1999 :, 1997,,,,, 1999, 1999 7, :, 293

: ;,,, NGO, 80,,,,,,,, : (, ),,, NGO NGO NGO,,,,,,,, 294

NGO,,, 1999 10, 2000 3 5,, :,,, :1,, ;2,,, ; 3, ;4, ;5, ;6,, 295

:,,, ( ),,,, 1,, ;,,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 296

NGO,,,,,,,,,,, 2,, : (1) :, 1997, 7,,, 5,, 297

:, (2) :,,,, (3) :,,,, 2000,,,, 80 : ;, 95,, ; 20, 298

NGO ;,,,,,,, 3, : (1) :, 1998 (2),,, (3) :, (4) : 1994 1998,, 299

:,,,,, :, ;,,,,, 4,, 95 NGO NGO, 95, 1995,, NGO,,,,, :1 NGO 2, 300

NGO 20 80,,,,, 80,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,, ;,,,, ; 301

:, NGO NGO,,, ;, ; ;,, ( : 1999 7,,,,2000 ) 302

SARS:NGO NGO SARS 2003, 3, 4,, SARS, ( 1998 ), NGO, NGO, NGO ( ), NGO 303

:NGO : NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization,, 1946,20 80,90 95, :, ;,, ;,, ;, NGO : civil-society,,,, 1 : ;, ;,, 1 304 :,www.dvscn.net

NGO governance 20 70,,,, (government), 1,,, ;,,,, : 1,,, 1 :,www.dvscn.net 305

: NGO, 2,, NGO,,,, 3, NGO, : SARS 2003 4,, : :,, 4 20, 4 21,, 306,

NGO,,, NGO 4 25,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,, 307

:,,,, ; 5000,,, ( ),,,,,30000,,,,,,, :, 308,

NGO, :, 5 8,,, :, ;,,, /, : ;,, :, 11, 12, 13, 309

: 14, 15, 8 16,21000 40 9, 11 30, ( ), 13 6000 120 2000, 21000, 40, 15, 20 7.5 7,5,,,,,, ; ;,,,, ( ),, ;, 310

NGO,, : NGO 6,SARS, SARS, 80,,,,, SARS 5 20, SARS NGO,,,,,, ( ), :NGO 2,, 40, : 1 311

: 1986, 80,,, 95,,, 1 1996,1997,1998, 1999,1999,,, 1999 10 2000 3 6,, 2, 40, 300, ( ), 1 :,, 2000 2 :, 2000 9 16 312

NGO :,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, :,,, 2 313

:,, 2001,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 500 SARS 3, SARS 314

NGO 1993 1997,, 1998,,2000 ( ),,, 2000 7 16,,,,, 45,,, 2002 6,,,, 5, 4000 4500,, 315

:, SARS : NGO NGO, NGO, NGO, NGO,,,,, : :,,, : ;, ( ), 316,

NGO, NGO ;, :, /,,, NGO,,,,, : (1), ; (2),,, ; (3) 10% ~ 15%, ; (4),,,,, SARS,,,, 317

:,,,,NGO NGO, SARS, NGO, NGO,, NGO, NGO, NGO,, NGO, NGO NGO, NGO,, NGO NGO, NGO NGO ( : 2003, ) 318

,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, NGO, NGO :,,,,,, 319

:,, ( ),,,,,,, 320

( ) 001 (CIP) : /. :,2005 ISBN7-224-07336-9 Ⅰ.... Ⅱ.... Ⅲ 1 2 Ⅳ D442.7 CIP (2005) 087386 : ( 147 :710003) 850mm 1168mm 32 11 236 2006 1 1 2006 1 1 1-1000 ISBN7-224-07336-9 /D 1113 18.00