R R R

1 1 3 4 9 9 17 27 28 35 42 42 51 59 62 66 66 67 71 78 85 86 99 99 115 125 126 131 131 143

151 167 167 175 180 187 194 197 205 205 214 223 233 237 240 245 253 265 270 270 271 279 282 283 286 286 289 299 306 1 R717 306 2 R717 308 3 R22 309 4 R22 lg p-h 312 5 R134a 313 6 R134a lg p-h 315 316

( Refrigeration technology),,, 19,,,,,,, ; ;, :,,,, 18 2500,,,,,,, 1755 ( William Cullen) ( Black ),,, 1809 1824 1834 ( Jacob Per kins ), ( No. 6662 ) 1844 ( Joh n Gorrie), 1851 1858 ( Niles ), 1859 ( Ferdinand Carre), 1

1874 ( Pitt ) 1875 ( Linde),,,, 20,, 1910, ( Maurice Lehlanc) 1918 ( Copeland ), 1919,,, 11,,, 1929 1930 ( Thomas Midgley) CCl2 F2,, 12 ( Freon12 ), F12, R12, R11 R13,,,, 20 50, 20 60 20 80 CFC, CFC,,,,, H FC,, 20, H e 3 -H e 4 10-7 K ;, ;, ;,, ( CAD) ( CAM),,,, 1888 ; 1891 ; 1900 ; 1903 1904, ( AS H RAE ), 1908 ( International Institute of Refrigeration, IIR ), 60, 1978,, 20 50,, 30 20 60, 20 90,,, 2

,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, ;,,,, ;,, 21, 0K, ( ) ( ), 13 (1971 ), 120K, 120K, 120K, 2K, 2K, 120K,,, ;,,,,,,, 3

,, : ;, ;,, ( ) ( ), ; ( ),,,, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ), ;, ; ;,,, 5000t, 232. 6kW (3 ) ( ) ( ),, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, 0, - 40, - 150 (4 ),,,, 4

,,,,,,,,, (5),,,, (6 ),,,,,,, (7 ),,,, ; ;,, (8 ),,,,,, (9 ), 99%,,,,,, (10), ( Tokamak) (11),,, ;,,,,,,, 5

,,,,, - -, - -,, : ; :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, T 0, T,, q 0, q 0, w,,, q = q 0 + w (1-1) 9

q q0 w, kj/ kg 1-1, T-s, 1-1 1-1 : 1 2,, wk, T 0 T ; 2 3,, q; 3 4, 3 4, wp, T, T 0 ( 4) ; 4 1, T 0, q0,,,, s = q T - q0 T = w + q 0 0 T - q 0 T = w 0 T + q 0 1 T - 1 = 0 (1-2) T 0 w,, w = wk - wp,, ( 1-2 ) wmin = q0 T - 1 (1-3) T 0 ( 1-3 ) :, q0,, ; T T 0,,,,,,,, 1-2 1-2 T = T - T T0 T, K ; 10 T, K ; T 0, K ; T0, K = T 0 - T0 1-2

, T T0, 1 1, ( T - T0 ) > ( T - T 0 ) ( 1-3 ), q0, 1-2, 1 2 3 4 a b c d, q0 ( 4-1- f-e- 4 = d- a- g-e- d ), q = q0 q = q0 + w + w,, w = w - w = q - q (1-4), 1-2 w, s1 s2, s = s1 + s2 = q T - q 0 T = 0 (1-5) 0 s = s 1 + s 2 = q T - q0 T > 0 (1-6) 0 ( 1-5 ) q 0 T = q, ( 1-6 ) 0 T ( 1-4 ) ( 1-7 ) s = q T - q T = 1 ( q - q) (1-7) T w = T s (1-8) ( 1-8 ), :,,, q0,, w = q0 w (1-9) COP ( Coefficient of Performance ),, 1-2, = q0, = w w + w, w > 0, >, q0 T 0, q0 11

,,,,, ( ),,, T0 0 T 0, w 0, T T 0,,,,,,,, = q0 w = T0 T - T = 0 c ( 1-10) ( 1-10) :,, T T 0, T T 0,, T 0 1K T 1K - T 0 = T T 0 ( T - T 0 ) 2 T = T 0 T ( T - T 0 ) 2 T T T > T 0 0 < T 0 T,,,,, (, ),, c,,,, = c ( 1-11) c ( ),,,,,,,,, 12 1-1 ( ) t = 25, - 20

11. 63kJ, ( 1-10) = T0 T - T = 273-20 0 ( 273 + 25) - (273-20 ) ( 1-3 ) w = q0 = 5. 62 T 273 + 25-1 = 11. 630-1 = 2. 07kJ T 0 273-20 1-2 1-1, T T0 w T = 273 + 35 = 308K, T0 = 273-30 = 243K 10, w = 11. 630 308 243-1 = 3. 11 kj T T0 w = w - w = 3. 11-2. 07 = 1. 04kJ 10, = q0 w + w = 11. 630 2. 07 + 1. 04 = 3. 74,,,,? 1-3, b - g, Tb Tc Tb ; Td, Td Ta T d e e d d e e a d d a a e d d e e, f g d e f,,,, b c d a b, a d d a a, b c d a b, b c d a b,, f g d e f, 1-3, :,,, 13

1-3 1-4, ; = L ( 1-12) L, 1-4,, i = d q0 dqk - = T0 i d s dq0 T i d s - T0 i d s = a b c d a i = q0 qk - q0 = b a d T 0 i d s T i d s c - d a T 0 i d s T0 i T i - T0 i = T0 m Tm - T0 m T0 m Tm,,, Tm ( 1-13) ( 1-14) T0m,,, 1-5 q0 T0, qh, qk Ta ( ) qk = qh + q0 ( 1-15) 1-5,,, qk Ta = q H T H + q 0 T0 ( 1-16) 14

q0 qh = T0 Ta - T H - T a T0 T H ( 1-17),,, 0 0 = q 0 qh ( 1-18) ( 1-17), 0 = T0 Ta - T H - Ta T0 T H ( 1-19),, Ta T0 0 T H Ta ( T H - Ta )/ T H, 1,, 0 0, ( 1-19 ),, T H T0 1-6 ( ) ( 1-19) 1-6,, ( ),,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,,, 1-6,,,,,,,, W ( k W), Q0 ( kw ), Q0 15

, q0 = Q 0 W ( 1-20), ( ),,, w ( kj/ kg), Q0 = q 0 w gm, kg/ s; V, ( 1-21) Q0 = gm q0 = qv V ( kw ) ( 1-22) qv = q0 v1 m 3 / s ( kj/ m 3 ) ( 1-23) qv,,, k J/ m 3 ; v1, m 3 / kg,,,,, (1 ) ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, = Q H W QH, k W; W, ( 1-21) k W ( 1-24) = QH W = 1 + ( 1-25),,, 1,, 16

,,,,,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,, ( ), ( 1-7 ),,,, ( 0. 5m/ s ),,,,, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 1-7 : 1-7, ( ), ( ) 1-7 ( b ) ( c), 1 2 2 3 4,,, tk pk, ( 2 3 ) ( t2 ) ( t3 tk ) (3 4) tk 4 5,, 17

, h4 = h5,, ( ) 5 1, p0 t0 1-7, ( ) q0 qv 1kg ( ), k J/ kg lg p-h 1 5, q0 = h1 - h5 = h1 - h4 ( kj/ k g) ( 1-26), 1m 3, kj/ m 3, q0, qv = q0 v1 = h1 - h4 v1 ( kj/ m 3 ) ( 1-27) v1, m 3 / kg ( ) wk 1kg,, k J/ kg, wk = h2 - h1 ( kj/ kg) ( 1-28),, wk ( ) qk 1kg, ( ) = w kj/ kg 1-7 qk = ( h2 - h3 ) + ( h3 - h4 ) = h2 - h4 ( kj/ kg ) ( 1-29) = q0 wk h1 - h4 = h2 - h1 ( 1-30), ( ) ( ) Q0, 18 kw G = Q0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) q0 ( kg/ s) ( 1-31) Q0 = qv V s ( kw ) ( 1-32) Vs = Gv1 ( m 3 / s ) ( 1-33) Qk = Gqk ( k W) ( 1-34) Pa = Gwk ( kw ) ( 1-35) ( ),,

, 2 3 ( ),, ; ( ),,,, = = h 1 - h4 c h2 - T - T 0 h1 T0 c ( ) ( 1-36),,, T T 0, 30-15, wp N H3 22. 2 kj/ kg, R12 3. 77k J/ kg, R22 5. 45kJ/ kg,, T T 0, 7 3 4 8 7 7 3 4 5 7 ( 1-7 ) : q0 = q 0 + q 0 = h7 - h8 ( kj/ kg) w = wk - wp ( k J/ kg ) : q 0 = h7 - h5 ( kj/ kg) w = wk ( kj/ kg) wp = 0, wk,, 1kg, q = q q= q0 + w = ( q 0 + q 0 ) + ( wk - wp ) ( kj/ kg) q = q 0 + wk q = q q 0 = wp,,, wp, 1-7 ( b ) T-s, 7 3 4 8 7, 7 3 4 6 7 wp, ( ) 4 6 8 4, h4 = h5, 4 6 8 4 8 5 a d 8, q 0 = q 0 wk = q 0 wh - wp 0 + q 19

>,,, - = = q 0 + q 0 - q 0 wk - wp wk q 0 + q 0 wk - wp ( 1-37) w = w - w = wp = q 0 q 0 + wk = T( s3 - s4 ) q 0 + q 0 = T0 ( s3 - s4 ) ( 1-37), = T T w p 0 wk = T T w 0 w k ( 1-38) ( 1-38), T T 0, p ( w) x = 0, c, wp,, c,, wk r, w w k, ( 1-38), T0 = T T 0 f c r ( 1-39), T T, T0 T0,, T0, ( ) 1-7 ( b ), T T 0 7 3 4 5 7 7 3 3 5 7 ( ), (1 ) (2 ) s( ) = q - T ( s 3 - s4 ) T - q 0 = 0 T0 20 (3 ) (4 ) s( ) = q T - q 0 > 0 T0 s( ) = ( s 3 - s4 ) > 0 q= q - T ( s 3 - s4 ) = w + q0, q = w + q 0 (5 )

w = w - w = q - q= T( s 3 - s4 ) = T s( ), ( 1-8 ) 1-3 1-8, tk = 30, t0 = - 15, N H3 R22, 1-8, 1-1 c = T0 T k - = 258 T0 303-258 = 5. 73 1-1 1-3 1-8 t 1 = t 0 / t 4 = t k / p 0 / k Pa p k / k Pa h 1 / ( kj/ kg ) h 2 / ( kj/ kg ) h 4 = h 5 / ( k J/ kg) q 0 = h 4 - h 5 / ( k J/ kg) w k = h 2 - h 1 / ( kj/ kg) = q 0 w k N H 3-15 30 236. 2 1166. 9 1743. 5 1980 639 1104. 5 236. 5 4. 67 R22-15 30 296. 4 1188 399. 2 436 236. 7 162. 5 36. 8 4. 42 N H 3 = R 22 = 4. 67 5. 37 4. 42 5. 73 = 0. 82 = 0. 77 1-4 11. 63 kw,? GN H 3 = Q 0 GR22 q0 = Q0 q0 = = 11. 63 1104. 5 = 0. 0105( kg/ s) 11. 63 = 0. 0715 ( kg/ s ) 162. 5 PN H 3 = Gwk = 0. 0105 236. 5 = 2. 48( kw) PR 22 = Gwk = 0. 0715 36. 8 = 2. 63 ( kw ),,,,, q0,,, t4 = tk t7 ( 1-9 ) tg = ( t4 - t7 ) : q0 = h1 - h4 ( kj/ kg) wk = h2 - h1 ( kj/ kg) 21

: 1-9 q0 = h1 - h7 ( kj/ kg) wk = h2 - h1 ( kj/ kg),, q0 c, k J/ kg; t7,, g = q0 = h4 - h7 = c ( t4 - t7 ) ( kj/ k g) ( 1-40) h1 - h7 h2 - h1 = ( h1 - h4 ) + ( h4 - h7 ) h2 - h1 = + c tg wk ( 1-41) c, 1-9 T-s, c,, wk,,, 1, 0. 45%, wk R22 0. 85 %, 0. 9%, Q0, q0, G P,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1-10) ( 1) 1,,,, 7 9, 22 1-10 : G

1-10,,, QR = G( h7 - h9 ) = G( h1 - h1 ) ( kw ) ( 1-42) QR = Gc ( t7 - t9 ) = GcP ( t1 - t1 ) ( k W) ( 1-43) cp t1 ( t0 ) c,, ( ), q0, Q0, G,,,,,,,, q0 R = h1 - h9 = ( h1 - h7 ) + ( h7 - h9 ) = q0 + q0 ( kj/ kg) ( 1-44) wk = h2 - h1 23

q0 wk R R = q0 R wk R = h1 - h9 h2 - h1 = q0 1 + q0 + q0 = q0 wk + wk, 1 + w k wk ( 1-45) q0 q0 > w k, qv, qv wk Q0 Vh, m 3 / s ;, qv R = q o R ( 1-46), Q0 = qv V h ( kw ) ( 1-47) v1 = q 0 + q0 v1 + v, q0 v > q0 v1 ( kj/ m 3 ) qv, k J/ m 3 ; q0, q 0 v > q v ( 1-48) k J/ kg k qv R,,, ( 1-46) (1-48 ),,, q0 = h1 - h1 = cp ( t1 - t0 ) T1 v = v 1 - v 1 = v 1 ( T1 - T0 ) T0 wk = cp [ ( T2 - T1 ) - ( T 2 - T0 ) ] = cp = cp T2 T1 T0-1 T1 - ( 1-46) (1-48 ) T0 T 2-1 T0 T0 T 2-1 ( T1 - T0 ) = w k ( T1 - T0 ) cp q0 T0 T0 > 1 ( 1-49),,, R502 R290 R600a R134a, R717,,,, :,,, ;, 24

,,,,, R113 R114 RC318, T-s,,,,, 1-2 1-2 t 0 / 0-5 - 10-15 - 20-25 - 28-30 - 33-40 t / + 1-4 - 7-10 - 13-16 - 18-19 - 21-25 / 1 1 3 5 7 9 10 11 12 15 1-5 tk = 35, t0 = - 15, 25, 1-11, : h1 = 1743. 5kJ/ kg; h2 = 2020kJ/ kg; h4 = h5 = 662. 7kJ/ kg; h6 = h7 = 615. 5kJ/ kg = q0 wk = h1 - h4 h2 - h1 = 1743. 5-662. 7 2020-1743. 5 = 3. 91 25 = q 0 = h 1 - h6 wk h2 - h1 = 1743. 5-615. 5 2020-1743. 5 = 4. 08 25-4. 08-3. 91 100% = 100% = 4. 3% 3. 91 1-11,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1-12 1-13 T-s,,,, 1-12, 25

1-12 1-13 T-s T-, 1-14,, T2, (, T3 ), (, T4 ), T3 T4 T3 T4,,,, T- 1-15 ( 6),, T6, 6, 6 ( 0 ), T0,, T0 T6 T0 T6, 1-14 T- 1-15 T-,,,,,,, 26

,,, n v = v 0 i i ( 1-50) i = 1 v 0 i i, ; i i, n h = h 0 i i ( 1-51) i = 1 n s = s 0 i i ( 1-52) i = 1 v 0 i, h 0 i s 0 i i, ; i i,, n p = p 0 i x i ( 1-53) i = 1 p 0 i i, ; xi i,,, ( 1-26) (1-35 ),, :, ;, ; ;,,,,,, 1-16 1-16 1 a b c 2 d e f g 1 1 1 a, a,, a 1,,, h1 = ha a b,, pa = pb b c,,, c 2,,, hc = h2 27

2 d e ( e ),, 2 e e f e e,,, e f g,,, pf pg ( 1-16 lg p-h ) g 1,, p1 pg :, 1-16 1 a b c 2 d e f g 1,,, 1-16 1 2 3 4 5 1,, p2 = pk ;, p1 = p0,, 1 2, 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1,,,,,,,, : tk ( ), t0, pk/ p0, : (1 ) pk/ p0,, ; (2 ) pk/ p0,, ; (3 ) pk/ p0, ; (4 ) pk/ p0,,, 8 10, 8, 10,, 28

, - 20-40, R717 R22 R134a pk, p0,,,, ; pk pm, p0, ( ) 1-17 lg p-h T -s 1-17, :, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1-17 A ; B ; C ; D ; E ; F 1-17 lg p-h T -s, 1 2 3 4 2 3 3, 4 5 5 7 5 6 29

6 3 7 8 8 9 9 10 ( ) 10 1 1,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( R717) 1-18 lg p-h T -s,,,, :,, ;, 1-18 A ; B ; C ; D ; E lg p-h T -s, 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 tq tm 3 5, lg p-h ( T-s ) Q0, tk 30

t0, t1 tb lg p-h p k p0, pm tm lg p-h ( T-s ), : h v1, ( ) 1. 2. 3. Q0, 4. q0 = h10 - h8 ( k J/ kg ) ( 1-54) qmd = Q 0 v1, 5. pe d = wd = h2 - h1 ( kw ) ( 1-55) q0 = Q0 h10 - h8 kw kj/ s ( k g/ s ) ( 1-56) qvd = qmd v1 ( m 3 / s) ( 1-57) qm d wd = d m 3 / kg Q0 h10 - h8 d, d = id m d ; id ; - h1 h2 d md ( ) 6. V hd = 3600 qvd = 3600 d h10 Q0 ( kw ) ( 1-58) - h8 v1 ( m 3 / h ) ( 1-59) d d 90%, 1-17,, ( qm g - qmd ) h5 + qmd ( h5 - h7 ) = ( qm g - qmd ) h3 7. qmg h3 - h7 = qm d h3 - = Q0 h3 - h7 h5 h10 - h8 h3 - h5 h7, t7 3 5 ( kg/ s ) ( 1-60),, 3 h3 = qmg h3 + qmg ( h2 - h3 ) qm g 8. ( qmg - qm d ) h3 + qm d h2 = qmg h3 = h3 + h3 - h5 h3 - h7 ( h2 - h3 ) ( kj/ kg) ( 1-61) 31

9. wg = h4 - h3 ( kj/ kg) ( 1-62) pe g = qm g wg = g Q0 h3 - h6 h10 - h8 h3 - h5 h4 g, g = ig 10. m g - h3 g ( kw ) ( 1-63) V hg = 3600 Vg = 3600 g qm g v3 g g ; = 3600 Q0 h3 - h7 h10 - h8 h3 - h5 v3 g v3, 11. 12. m 3 / kg ( m 3 / kg) ( 1-64) Qk = qm g ( h4 - h5 ) ( kw ) ( 1-65) a = Q0 qmd wd + qm g wg = ( h2 - h1 ) + h10 - h8 h3 - h7 h3 - h5 ( h 4 - h3 ) ( 1-66) 13. pr = qm d wd Q0 d + qm g wg g ( ) ( 1-67),,, 1-18 qm d h2p r + qmd ( h5 - h6 ) + ( qmg - qmd ) h5 = qm g h3 h2 pr - h6 qmg = qmd h3 - h5 = Q0 - h6 h1 - h6 h2 h3 - h5 h2 pr, k J/ kg, ( kg/ s ) ( 1-68) pe g = qm g wg = g Q0 pr - h6 h1 - h6 h2 h3 - h5 h4 - h3 g ( kw ) ( 1-69) V hg = 3600 V g = 3600 q m g v3 = 3600 g g g ; Q0 h1 - h 2p r - h6 h6 h3 - h5 v 3 g v3, m 3 / kg ( m 3 / h) ( 1-70) Qk = qm g ( h4 - h5 ) ( kw ) ( 1-71) ( ), 1-19 lg p-h,,,, ( n > 1),, 32

,,,,,,, 1-19 A ; B ; C ; D ; E ; F ; G ; M ; P ; H 1-19, 9 ; 1 9 10 10 10 10 1 1/ n n,, ( h10 - h9 ) n = 3 4 pp = qm A ( h10 - h9 ) ( kw) qm A, kg/ s, qm A = nqm d A, h10 pp = qm A ( h10 - h9 )/ A qm d ( h1 - h8 ) = qm A ( h11 - h9 ) qmd ( h1 - h8 ) = nqm d ( h11 - h9 ) h11 = h9 + Q0 h1 - h8 n ( k W) ( kj/ kg) ( 1-72) Q0 = qm A ( h11 - h10 ) Q0 = nqm d ( h11 - h10 ) ( kw ) ( 1-73) ( 1-73) (1-74 ) Q0 = qm d ( h1 - h8 ) - nqmd ( h10 - h9 ) Q0 = nqm d ( h11 - h10 ) - Pp qm d = Q0 + Pp h1 - h8 ( kg/ s) ( 1-74) 33

Pp, qmg ( kg/ s ), qm d h2p r + qmd ( h5 - h7 ) + ( qmg - qmd ) h5 = qm g h3 qmd = qm d h 2p r - h7 h3 - h5 ( kg/ s ) ( 1-75) h2 pr,,, 1. (1 ) pk p0, pm = pk p0 tm (2 ) tm, 1 2 ( 5 6 ), lg p-h ( T-s ) (3 ), (4 ) -tm, tmopt, pm opt 2. tmopt, pmopt,, pmopt : = h0 - h8 h 2 - h1 + h 10 - h6 h10 - ( h 4 - h3 ) h5 ( 1-76) 3.,,, R717 tm ( ) tm = 0. 4 tk + 0. 6 t0 + 3 ( ) ( 1-77) pm, pmopt - 40 + 40, R717, R22 R40 ( CH3 Cl),,,,, : 34

, ;,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, tk t0,,,, ( tm ),,, -tm,, ( tm ),, - 60,, R717, ts = - 33. 4 tf = - 77. 7 tc = 132. 4 pc = 11. 52MPa,, t0 = - 77. 7 ; t0 = - 33. 35-77. 7,, t0 ; 10 16 kpa,, ; - 70, 9m 3 / kg, - 15 18 R22 R134a - 60,, ts = - 82. 1, tf = - 155, tc = 25. 6, pc = 4. 833M Pa R23, t0, p0,,, tk 30 60, R23, 1. 6MPa, - 60, ( ) ( ) ( ) 35

, ( ), ( ),, ; ( ),,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, - 60-120,,, 1-3 1-3 / - 60 R22-R23 R22 -R23 R22-R23 R22 -R23-80 R507- R23 R507 -R23 R290- R23 R290 - R23 R22-R23 R22 -R23-100 R507- R23 R507 - R23 R22-R1150 R22 -R1150 R507- R1150 R507 - R1150 R22-R1150 R22 -R1150-120 R507- R1150 R507 - R1150 R22-R23-R50 R22 -R23 -R50 R507- R23- R50 R507 - R23 -R50 ( ) 1. 1-20 T-s R23, R22 ; - 90 2., R22 R507;, R23 R1150-110 1-21, lg p-h 1-22 36

1-20 T-s 1-21 a 1 ; a 2 ; a 3 ; b ; c 1 c 2 c 3 ; d ; d 12 ; e 1 - ; e 2 - ; f 1-22 lg p-h 3., R22 R507, R23, R50, R1150 R170-120 - 140 lg p-h 1-23,, 37

a 1 a 2 a 3 ; b ; c 1 c 2 c 3 ; d ; d 12 d 23 ; e 1 e 2 - ; g 1 g 2 1-23 ( ),, : ; ;,, ( ),, 5 10,,,,,,,, 5 ( ), : ; - 80, - 60-80,,,,,,,,,,, 38

,,,,,, ( ),, R22 R290 R1270 R134a R23 R14 R1150 R170, R23-70 - 110 ; R14-110 - 140 R170 R23, R1150 R23 R14,, R22, R23 R22 R23 R14, R290 R1270, R1150 R170,, 1-3 ( ), ;, ;,, - 60-80, - 80, - 60-80 - 110,,,,,, - 60, - 110,, - 110, - 90,, ( ) 1.,, 5 5 10, t = 5 2.,, 7% 18% 6% 12% 3. - -,,,, 4. - ( ),, 39

12 63, -, - 5.,,,,,, Vp ( m 3 ) : Vp = ( mx vp - V xt ) v x v x - vp ( m 3 ) ( 1-78) mx ( ), kg; V xt ( ), m 3 ; vp,, m 3 / kg; vx,, m 3 / kg,, 10 10 2 15 10 2 kpa 6.,,,, 16 10 2 kpa,,,,,,,,,, R22 R23,,,, ( ) ( ) ; 1-24 : ( R22 R23 ), ( ) R22 1-24,, ; R23, ( ) R23, R23, R23,, R23, 40

, R22 R23, R23,,,,,,,,,, 41

,,,,,,,,,, 80, ( 1834 ), ( ) 34. 5,,,,, ( Charles Tellier ), - 23. 6, 1866, ( Windhau sen) CO2 1870, ( Carl Linde) N H3, N H3 1874, ( Raul Pictel) SO2 CO2 SO2 CO2, 8M Pa,, CO2, 50, 1955,,,, ; SO2 60, - 10,, ( ), ( F reon) 18,, ( Thomas Midgley) 1929 1930, CF2 Cl2,, ( Du Pont Co. ), 12, R12 1931, 1963, 98%, 20 50, 20 60,,,, 20 80 CFCs ( ), 42

, 1930 50 1974 ( Sherwood Rowland ) ( Mario Molina),, ( Stratosphere, ) ( Ozone, O3 ),,, 1995, ( American Society of H ea ting, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers, AS HRAE) R22 R23,, 1988 CFCs, CFCs,, 2-1 2-1 CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons C R C11, CR C12, C RC114 H CFCs H yd rochlorofluorocarbon s HCFC22, HCFC123 H FCs H yd rofluorocarbons H FC134 a, H FC23 ( 90 % ), ; ; ;, ;, CFCs,,,,, 1987 9 16, 36 10, CFCs 1992, 1993, 1995 12, CFCs H CFCs (1 ) CFCs, CFC11 CFC12 CFC113 CFC114 CFC115, 1996 1 1 ( CFCs 0. 3kg/ ), 2010 (2 ) HCFCs, HCH C22 HCFC123 HCFC142b, 1996, 2004, 2020, 2016, 2040 20 80, CFCs,,,,, 43

H FC ( ) (1 ),,, ( ) ;, ;, (2 ) q0 qv, q0, ; qv,, (3 ) w w v, (4 ),,, (5 ) (6 ) ( ) 1. 2.,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,, ;, 2.,,,,,,,, : 250 ;, 460, 660 43%, 830 ; R22 550 3., ODP GWP ( ) 4. 44

,,, 2%,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,, 5.,,,,, ;,,, 6.,,, 25, R134a 0. 11% ( ) 0,,,,, 2-2 2-2 (25 ) / % ( ) R22 0. 13 R124 0. 07 R134 a 0. 11 R500 0. 05 R23 0. 15 R125 0. 07 R142 b 0. 05 R502 0. 06 R152 a 0. 17 R143 a 0. 08 R718 100,,,,,,, 7., 45

,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,, 8.,,,, 9.,,,,,, ISO 5149 93 A NSI/ ASH- BAE34 92,, 6, 2-3 6 2-4 2-3 ASHBAE34 92 TL V s, 4 10-4 TL V s, < 4 10-4 A1 B1 LFL > 0. 1kg/ m 3, < 19000kJ/ kg A2 B2 LFL 0. 1kg/ m 3, 19000kJ/ kg A3 B3 T L Vs, T h res hould Limit Valu es, LFL,,, kg/ m 3 : A1 A2 A3 ; B1 B2 B3 2-4 R 22 A1 R124 A1 R134 a A1 R290 A3 R 23 A1 R125 A1 R142 b A2 R500 A1 R 717 B2 R744 A1 R143 a A2 R502 A1 R718 A1 R152 a A2 R600 a A3 10.,,,,,,,, 46

( ), : N H3 CO2 H2 O ; ( ) ( R12 ) ( R134a) ( R22 ) ( R11 ) ( R123) ; ;, ; R500 R502 R507 ; R400 R402 R407,, ( ), R R ( Refrigerant), 1. R7 ( ),, N H3 CO2 H2 O 17 44 18 R717 R744 R718 2. C m H2 m + 2 ; C m H n F x Cl y Br z ( 2 m + 2 = n + x + y + z), R( m - 1 ) ( n+ 1 ) ( x) B( z),,, 2-5,, R600 R600a 2-5 m, n, x, z CFCl 3 m = 1, n = 0, x = 1 R11 CF 2 Cl 2 m = 1, n = 0, x = 2 R12 CF 3 Br m = 1, n = 0, x = 3, z = 1 R13B1 CH F 2 Cl m = 1, n = 1, x = 2 R22 CH 2 F 2 m = 1, n = 2, x = 2 R32 CH 4 m = 1, n = 4, x = 0 R50 C 2 H F 3 Cl 2 m = 2, n = 1, x = 3 R123 C 2 H F 5 m = 2, n = 1, x = 5 R125 C 2 H 2 F 4 m = 2, n = 2, x = 4 R134 a C 2 H 6 m = 2, n = 6, x = 0 R170 C 3 H 3 F 5 m = 3, n = 3, x = 5 R245 ca C 3 H 8 m = 3, n = 8, x = 0 R290 3. R4 ( ), 47

, 00,,, R400, R401 R402 R407A R407B R407C 4. R5 ( ),, 00 R500, R501 R502 R507 5. : RC, R1,, 600,, 9 ( 9 + 1 ),, R6,, R610, R611, R630, R631 2-6 2-6 R10 CCl 4 R11 CFCl 3 R12 CF 2 Cl 2 R13 CF 3 Cl R13B1 CF 3 Br R14 CF 4 R20 CH Cl 3 R21 CH FC l 2 R22 CH F 2 C l R23 CH F 3 R30 CH 2 Cl 2 R31 CH 2 FC l R32 CH 2 F 2 R40 CH Cl 3 R41 CH F 3 R50 CH 4 R110 CCl 3 C Cl 3 R111 CCl 3 CF Cl 2 R112 CFCl 2 CFC l 2 R112a CF 2 ClC Cl 3 R113 CF 2 ClCFC l 2 R113a CCl 3 CF 3 R114 CFCl 2 CF 3 R114a CF 2 Cl 2 CF 2 R114B2 CF 2 BrCF 2 Br R115 CF 2 ClCF 3 R116 CF 3 CF 3 R120 CH Cl 2 CCl 3 R123 CH Cl 2 CF 3 R124 CH FClCF 3 R124 a CH F 2 CF 2 Cl R125 CH F 2 CF 3 R133 a CH 2 ClCF 3 R134 a CH 2 FCF 3 R140 a CH 3 CCl 3 R142b CH 3 CF 2 Cl R143 a CH 3 CF 3 R150 a CH 3 CHC l 2 R152 a CH 3 CH F 2 R160 CH 3 CH 2 C l R170 CH 3 CH 3 R218 CF 3 CF 2 CF 3 R290 CH 3 CH 2 C H 3 R50 CH 4 R170 CH 3 CH 3 R290 CH 3 CH 2 C H 3 R600 CH 3 CH 2 C H 2 C H 3 R600 a CH (C H 3 ) 3 CH 2 CH 2 R1270 CH 3 CH CH 2 R610 C 2 H 5 OC 2 H 5 R611 HCOCCH 3 R630 CH 3 N H 2 R631 C 2 H 5 N H 3 48

R400 R 22/ 114 ( 80/ 20) R401A R 22/ 152 a/ 124 ( 53/ 13/ 34) R401B R 22/ 152 a/ 124 ( 61/ 11/ 28) R401 C R 22/ 152 a/ 124 ( 33/ 15/ 52) R402A R125/ 290/ 22 ( 60/ 2/ 38 ) R402B R125/ 290/ 22 ( 38/ 2/ 60 ) R403A R 290/ 22/ 218 ( 5/ 75/ 20 ) R403B R 290/ 22/ 218 ( 5/ 56/ 39 ) R404A R125/ 143 a/ 134a ( 44/ 52/ 4 ) R405A R22/ 152 a/ 142b/ C318 ( 45/ 7/ 5. 5/ 42. 5 ) R406A R 22/ 600 a/ 142b ( 55/ 4/ 41 ) R407A R 32/ 125/ 134 a ( 20/ 40/ 40) R407B R 32/ 125/ 134 a ( 10/ 70/ 20) R407 C R 32/ 125/ 134 a ( 23/ 25/ 52) R408A R125/ 143 a/ 22 ( 7/ 46/ 47 ) R409A R 22/ 124/ 142b ( 60/ 25/ 15) R410A R32/ 125 a ( 50/ 50 ) R411A R1270/ 22/ 152a ( 1. 5/ 87. 5/ 11 ) R411B R 1270/ 22/ 152a ( 3/ 94/ 3 ) R500 R12/ 152 a ( 73. 8/ 26. 2) R501 R22/ 12 (75/ 25 ) R502 R22/ 115 ( 48. 8/ 51. 2) R503 R23/ 13 (48. 2/ 51. 8 ) R504 R32/ 115 ( 48. 2/ 51. 8) R505 R12/ 31 (78. 0/ 22. 0 ) R506 R31/ 114 ( 55. 1/ 44. 9) R507 R125/ 143 a ( 50. 0/ 50. 0 ) R702 ( ) H 2 R704 He R717 N H 3 R718 H 2 O R720 Ne R728 N 2 R729 0. 21O 2, 0. 78N 2, 0. 01Ar R732 O 2 R740 Ar R744 CO 2 R744 N 2 O R764 SO 2 R C316 C 4 F 6 Cl 2 R C317 C 4 F 7 Cl R C318 C 4 F 8 R1112a CF 2 CC l 2 R1113 CFCl CF 2 R1114 CF 2 CFl 2 R1120 CH Cl CC l 2 R1130 CH Cl C HCl R1132a CH 2 CF 2 R1140 CH 2 CH Cl R1141 CH 2 CH F R1150 CH 2 CH 2 R1270 CH 2 CH CH 2,,,, R CFC, R HCFC, R H FC, R HC,, R12 CFC12, R22 H CFC22, R134a H FC134a,,, ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) ODP, R11 ( CFC11 ), 1. 0 2-1 2-7 ODP, ( Global Warming Potential, GWP ) R11 ( CFC11), 1. 0, H GWP,, 1. 0, GWP 3500 2-1 2-7 49

GWP 2-1 ODP HGWP 2-7 GWP ODP ODP G WP ODP GW P ODP G WP R 11 1. 0 3500 R124 0. 022 350 R 290 0 0 R 12 1. 0 7100 R125 0 2940 R 500 0. 75 6300 R 22 0. 055 1600 R134a 0 875 R 502 0. 23 9300 R23 0 R142b 0. 065 1470 R600 a 0 0 R 32 0 650 R143a 0 2660 R 717 0 0 R123 0. 02 70 R152a 0 105 R718 0 0 R50 0 R702 0 0 R704 0 0 GWP H GWP, : ( ), ( T otal Equivalent Warming Impact, TE WI) TE WI : ( Direct Warming Impact),, GWP ; ( Indirect Warning Impact), ( ),, TEWI,, TE WI,, 20%,,,, TEWI,, TEWI 50

, R11 R12 ODP, GWP,, CFCs ( NIST ) ( McLinden), 860, H FCs, H FC134a ( R134a) R12, HCFC123 R11 HCFCs,, HCFC123 R12 R134a, ODP 0, GWP ( GWP = 875),,, R717 R600a R290 CO2,,, HCFCs, R22 1998, R22 H FC32 H FCs,, R407C ( H FC32/ H FC125/ H FC134a) R410A ( H FC32/ H FC125),,,,, ( ) 1. 100 0, 0,,,,, 35, 25m 3 / kg, 5. 63kPa; 5, 147m 3 / kg, 0. 87kPa,, 2. 1874,, 0. 098 0. 491MPa, 0. 981 1. 570MPa, - 33. 4, - 77. 9,,,,,,,, B2, 0. 5 % 0. 6 %,, 11 % 14% ( ) ; 16% 25% : 51

0. 02mg/ L,,,,,,,,, 1%,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 1% :,,, - 65, ( ) :, ;, ; ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;, ;,, ; 1. R12 (, CF2 Cl2 ) R12, ODP GWP,,, R12,, R12 52

R12, - 29. 8, - 158 ;, - 70 R22, ;, R22 R22 R12,,, 20% R12, 20%, ; 30%,,, R12 R12 400, R12, R12, R12 0. 01% R12, R12 R12, 2% R12, R12 R12,, B E R12, R12,,, : - - -, 2. R22 (, CH F 2 Cl) R22, HCFC ODP 0. 05, GWP 1600, R22 R12 65 % R22-40. 8, - 160, R12,, R12,,, - 80 R22,,,, R12,, A1 R12, R12, ;, 0, R22 0. 06% ( ), R12, R22, 0. 01%, ( ) ;,, R22, R12, ; Q F ( E ) QZY R22, ( ) R22,,, R22 53

;, R22, R22, R22,,,, ( ),, R22,,, R22,, R22,, R22,, R22, R22,, R22 R12, R12 R22 H CFC, R22 ( ) ( ), ( ) 3. R13 ( CF3 Cl) R14 ( CF4 ) R13 R14-81. 5-128 - 70-110 - 110-140, R13 R14,,,, R13 ODP 1. 0,, R13, ( ), 1.,, 2-8 ( ) 2-8 / % / / / R500 R12/ 152 a 73. 8/ 26. 2 99. 3-33. 5 0-29. 8/ - 25. 0 R501 R22/ 12 84. 5/ 15. 5 93. 1-41. 5-41 - 40. 8/ - 29. 8 R502 R22/ 115 48. 8/ 51. 2 111. 6-45. 4 19-40. 8/ - 38. 0 R503 R23/ 13 40. 1/ 59. 9 87. 6-88. 0 88-82. 2/ - 81. 5 R504 R32/ 115 48. 2/ 51. 8 79. 2-59. 2 17-51. 2/ - 38. 0 R505 R12/ 31 78. 0/ 22. 0 103. 5-30. 0 115-29. 8/ - 9. 8 R506 R31/ 114 55. 1/ 44. 9 93. 7-12. 5 18-9. 8/ 3. 5 R507 R125/ 143 a 50. 0/ 50. 0 98. 9-46. 7-48. 8/ - 47. 7 (1 ),,, ( ),, 54

,,, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ),,,, R502 R22 10 20, R502 R22,,, R502, - 60-30, R22,, - 10 10, R22, R502, R22 2.,,,, 2-2 - ( T- ),,, A,, B,, ( Bl ) ( Bg ), bl b g C,,,, ( Tempera ture glide), 2-2 - ( T- ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, 2-9,, 55

,,, 2-9 / % / / ODP GW P R401 A R22/ 152 a/ 124 53/ 13/ 24-33. 8-28. 9 0. 03 1025 R12 R401B R22/ 152 a/ 124 61/ 11/ 28-35. 5-30. 7 0. 04 1120 R12 R402 A R22/ 290/ 125 38/ 2/ 60-49. 2-47. 6 0. 02 2650 R502 R402B R22/ 290/ 125 60/ 2/ 38-47. 4-46. 1 0. 03 2250 R502 R403 A R22/ 218/ 290 74/ 20/ 6-48. 0 0. 037 2170 R502 R403B R22/ 218/ 290 55/ 39/ 6-50. 2-49. 0 0. 028 2790 R502 R404 A R125/ 143 a/ 134a 44/ 4/ 52-46. 5-46. 0 0 3520 R502 R407 A R32/ 125/ 134 a 20/ 40/ 40-45. 8-39. 2 0 1960 R502 R407B R32/ 125/ 134 a 10/ 70/ 20-47. 4-43. 0 0 2680 R502 R407C R32/ 125/ 134 a 30/ 10/ 60-43. 4-36. 1 0 1600 R22 R408 A R22/ 143 a 45/ 55-44. 5-44. 0 0. 03 2740 R502 R410 A R32/ 125 50/ 50-52. 5-52. 3 0 2020 R22, ( Near azeotropic mixture refrigerant),,,, 3 3. (1 ) R502 R502 R22 R115 48. 8 51. 2 R502-45. 4,, R22 R502 R22, R22, 150, R502 R22 R115,, R502 R22 10 25,, ;, R502, - 50, R502, ( - 40 ) R502 R12 1. 5, 82, 82, R502 R502 R115, ODP, (2 ) R500 R500 R12 R152a R500, R12 R152a 73. 8 26. 2 R500 R12 R22 R500 R12,, 20% (3 ) R503 R503 R13 R23, 59. 9 40. 1 R503-88, 6,, 56

, ( ) R134a ( H FC134a, C2 H2 F4, ) R134a R12, R12 ODP 0; GWP 875-26. 2 ; - 101. 0 R12, R12 ( COP R12) R134a, R12 R12 R134a R12 R12, R12, R12, R134a, 17, R134a,, R134a R12, R12, R134a,, R12 Al, R12, R134a, R12,, R134a R12 35% 40% 25% 35%, R134a R12 R134a, R12 R22, 65, R134a R134a, PA Gs ( Amides) R134a ;, POE R134a Cl,,,,, R134a, R12,,, CO CO2,,, R134a, R12, R134a, X H-7 XH-9 R134a, R134a,,,, R134a,, R134a R12,, H FC, R134a,, R134a, R134a,,, R134a, R134a ( ) R152a ( H FC152a, C2 H4 F2 ) R152a ODP 0; GWP 105, R134a R152a 57

, R134a : R152a 4. 5% ( ) 21. 8% ( ),, 10. 5 % ( ), R152a 0. 6mJ, 10 R152a R500 ( R12/ R152a ), R12 R152a - 25 R12, R152a,, ( ) R23 ( HFC23, CH F3 ) R23-92. 1, 25. 9 R13, R13 R23 R13, R503 ( ) R13, R23 R13 ( ) R507 ( HFC125/ H FC143a) R507, R502 ODP - 46. 7, R502, R502, R502, R502, R502, R502, R502, R507 ( ) R407C R407C, R22, - 43. 4, - 36. 1, R22 H FC, R407C,, ( 7 ), R407C R22 5%, R22 R407C,,, R407C R22 ( < - 30 ), R22, R22 20%, R407C,, ( ) R410A R410A 0. 2,, H FC, R410A, R22 R22 R407C, R407C, R22 60 %, R22 5% ;, R22 R407C,, R410A ( ), R410A R22, R410A, R22 ( ) :,,,,,,, 58

,,, ;, ; R22, R13, ( ), - 150, 1940 1950,, R12, R600a (i-c4 H10 ), R600a - 11. 73, - 160, 1920 1930,, CFCs, R600a R134a R12 ( GWP ),, ( ) R600a R12 R600a R12 R12, R12 18, R12, R600a R12, R12 R12, R12, R600a,, A3, R600a ( - 11. 7 ),,, R600a,, R600a,, R600a,,,, R600a, R600a, R600a,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( Secondary Refrigerant) 59

,, :,,, ;, ;,, (, ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 0, 0,, 7,,,, 0 ( ),, ( CaCl2 ) ( NaCl) ( MgCl2 ) 2-3 ( T- ) T W E, EG, E TE E < E,,, = E, TE, > E,, CaCl2 NaCl 60

MgCl2-34 - 55-21 2-3,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( 5 8 ),, 2-3 ( T- ),, ( Na2 Cr2 O7 2 H2 O ) ( p H 7. 0 8. 5 ) ( NaO H ) 1m 3 1. 6kg 0. 432kg ; 1m 3 3. 2kg 0. 862kg,,, ( ),, 1. ( C H3 O H ) ( C2 H6 O H ) - 97, - 117,,,,, 2. ( ),,,, - 60 ( 0. 6 ), 3. R30 ( CH2 Cl2 ) R1120 ( C2 H Cl3 ) - 100,,,, ( ), 61

,,,,,, ;,,,, :, ;,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,, 2-10,,,,,,, 2-10 ( 1) ( 2) (1 ) (2 ) ( ) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),,, R22 R502 ( A1kylbenzene) ; R134a R32 ( ) ( PolyalkyleneGlyco1 ) ( Polyol Ester ), P AG,, POE PAG H FC,,,,,, POE PA G H FC, H FC, 62

, PA G, ( ), ( ) ( mpa s ) ( mm 2 / s ),,,,,,, 2-11, ISO, ISO 32, 40 32 mm 2 / s (28. 8 35. 2mm 2 / s ) ISO 2-11 38 / ( mm 2 / s ) 32 65 60 65 60 65 32 65 R22 60 173 60 86 60 65 R134 a 60 65 60 65 32 800 ( ),,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,, - ( ) ( ),,,,,,, ( ), 63

,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,, 10 15,,, ( ), 64

,,, ( ), ( ),,, 25kV 65

,,,,,,,,,, 3-1 3-1 3-1, ( ),,, ( ) 66

3-1,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 03 15m 3 / s, 1800 90000r/ min 10-100, 14 700kPa, 2M Pa, 2 30,, Pi ( ) Pa, i ( 67

), G = Q 0 q0 t = P a Pi Pi = P a = G ( h 2 - h1 ) i i ( kg/ s ) G = V n ( kg/ s) v1 (3-1) (3-2) G, kg/ s ; Vn, m 3 / s; v1, m 3 / kg; t, t, ( 3-4 ) ( 3-5 ) ; t0,, ; b t = t + bt0 (3-3), b = 0. 002 ;, b = 0. 001;, b= 0. 0025 t = T0 Tk (3-4) T0, K ; Tk, K t = a Tk T1 + b (3-5) T1, K ; fi, = T1 - T0, K ; a,, a 1. 15 ; b, i 3-2 3-3 a = 1. 0 1. 15, b= 0. 25 0. 8, ( 3-4 ) wi, wi = fi mp ms ( J/ r ) (3-6) fi, m 2 ( ) ; 68 mp, Pa/ m; ms, m/ m

3-2 NH 3 3-3 R22 wi,, wi = spi F ( J/ r) (3-7) z, n, Pi Pi = wi n z 10-3 = V h pi 10-3 ( kw ) (3-8) pi, Pa ; F, m 2 ; s, m; Vh, m 3 / s 69

3-4, Pe,,,, Pf Pi, m, m = P i Pe = Pi Pi + Pf (3-9) Pf, kw pm, pm : Pf = pm V h 10-3 ( k W) ( 3-10) Pa pm = 49. 05 78. 48kPa ; pm = 68. 67 88. 29kPa ; pm = 34. 34 63. 77kPa, ( ), 70% 80%, 20% 30%,, k = i m k 0. 65 0. 72, P0, n, n = P e Pg Pe ( 3-11) 70 Pg = P e n n : n = 0. 97 0. 98, n = 0. 96 ( 3-12),,

, 10% 15%,,,,,, V W S ( ) Y ( ),, ( 3-2 ) 3-2 / cm 8A S17 8 ( A) S ( ) 17 6 FW7B 6 ( F ) W 7 ( B) 3 F Y5 Q 3 ( F ) Y ( ) 5 ( Q ),,, (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ), (6 ),,, ( ) 3-5 8FS10,,,, 3-6 8FS10, 71

3-5 8 FS10 3-6 8FS10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 1. 3-7,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ), (, ),,, 72

,,, ( ),, 3-7 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12,,, ( 3-7 ),,, 2., (1 ) ( 3-8 ) 2F10 4F10,,,,,, (2 ) ( 3-9 ),, ( ),,,,, (3 ) ( 3-10),,,, 73

3-8 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 3-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,, ( 3-10 ) ( 3-11) 3-10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 3. (1 ) ( ),,, 74

3-10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 (2 ) ( 3-12),,,,,,, (3 ) ( ),,, 3-11,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),, 4., ( ),,, 75

3-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 3-12, 3-13,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 76

3-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,, 1. 3-14,,,,, ( ),,,,, 3-14 R22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 77

,,,, ( ), 1g ( K O H) 0. 045,, 2. 3-15,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18,,,,,, 2, V 90 2, V 2 3 4, 2 3 4 5,,,,,, ( ) ( ),, 1/ 10, ;, 78

,,,,,,,, ( ) 3-16,,,,,,, 3-16 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 3-17 79

( ) ( 3-17),, [ 3-17 (a) ],,, [ 3-17 ( d ) ],, [ 3-17 ( f) ],,,,, p pk ( ), p pk p p k,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 10, 20,, 3-18 3-18 ( ), 3-19 3-19 (a) V, (100% ),, Vb,, 15% 100%,,, 3-3 80

3-3 / mm / kw ( k cal/ h ) K A20-50 ( K ) 200 ( A ) 581. 4( 5 10 4 ) BF12. 5-4 ( B) 125 ( F ) 46. 5( 4 10 3 ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 3-19 3-20 (a), 3-20 ( b) 3-20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 3-21 (a) 3-21 ( b) R22 35 3-21,,,, 81

3-21, 3-22 3-22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7, 9 ; 8 ; p 1 ; p 2 ; p m ( ),,,, 1kW, 3-23 3-24 5 2, 3, O, ( ),, 7,, ( A B ),,,,,,, 82

3-23 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 3-24 ( ),,, EER 20%, 40%, 1/ 3, 50%, 5dB( A) ( ), ( ) 3-25 3-4,,,, 83

3-25 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,,,, 1 15 kw, 40%, 15 %, ( 5 ),, 2 3dB ( A), EER,,,,,,,, 3-4,,,, : 2 40k W - 40 7,, - 50 R22 R404A R717,,,,, 3-26 8, A,, ; B,,,,, A B 84

,,, C A,,,,, z,, z 3-26 60, 20 30,, 1200k W, 3-27,,,,, 104r/ min,,,, ( 3-28 ),, 3-27 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; ( 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; ),, 8 ; 9,, ( ),,, 85

3-28,,, p,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200kW ( ),,, ( ) Q0 1. t0 Qj,, 5, 7 10, 10 ;, 10, 8 10,, 1 2 86

2. tk, ts1 ts2, tk = ( 5 7 ) + ( ts1 + ts2 )/ 2, tk = ts + (5 10 ), ts ( ) 3. tg, 5 4. t1,, 3-5 3-5 / 0-5 - 10-15 - 20-25 - 28-30 - 33-40 - 45 1-4 - 7-10 - 13-16 - 18-19 - 21-25 - 28 1 1 3 5 7 9 10 11 12 15 17,, 3 7, 15, 5 10 5. tz j pz j tz j = 0. 4 tk + 0. 6 t0 + 3 ( 3-13) pz j = pk p0 ( 3-14) tk t0, ; pk p0, M Pa ( ) pk/ p0, 8, > 8, 10, > 10, ( ),,, ( ),, ( ),, 2. 6, 3. 6 5. 0, 3,,,, t0, 87

( ) Q0,, Q0 = qv Vh ( kj/ h ) ( 3-15) qv, k J/ m 3 ; Vh, m 3 / h ; ( 3-15),, Vh, qv ( ), 3-1 8S-12. 5, R22 tk = 30, t0 = - 15, t5 = 25, t1 = 15 Q0 D = 125mm S = 100mm 960r/ min Z = 8, l g p-h ( 3-29), 3-6, 3-6 3-29 t k t 0 p k p 0 t 1 t 5 h 1 h 2 h 5 = h 6 v 1 / / / k Pa / kpa / / / ( kj/ kg ) / ( kj/ kg ) / ( kj/ kg) / ( m 3 / kg) 30-15 295. 86 1191. 9 15 25 399. 17 461 230. 32 0. 091 3-29 3-1 l gp-h (4 ), ) : ( 1) ( q0 = h1 h5 = 399. 17 230. 32 = 168. 85kJ/ kg Vh qv ( 2) = q0/ v1 = 168. 85/ 0. 091 = 1855. 5k J/ kg ( 3) = 4 D2 SnZ 60 = 47. 1 0. 125 2 0. 1 960 8 = 565. 2m 3 / h = 0. 94-0. 085 p k p0 1 n - 1 = 0. 94-0. 085 1191. 9 295. 86 (5 ) 8S-12. 5, R22 Q0 1 1. 18 = 1855. 5 565. 2 0. 748 = 784449kJ/ h = 217. 9kW ( ) - 1 = 0. 748,,,,,, 88 Q01 = 1 Vh qv1 3600 ( kw ) ( 3-16)

Q02 = 2 Vh qv2 3600 Q01, Q02 1 2, k W; 1, 2 1 2 ; Vh, m 3 / h; ( kw ) ( 3-17) qv1, qv2 1 2, kj/ m 3 Q02 = Q01 2 qv2 1 qv1 ( kw ) ( 3-18) 3-2 R22, tk = 40, t0 = - 10, t = 10, t = 35 167k W, tk = 35, t0 = - 20, t = 5, t = 30 tk1 = 40, t01 = - 10, t 1 = 10, 1 = 0. 73 ; tk2 = 35, t02 = - 20, t 2 = 5, 2 = 0. 66 R22 qv1 = h 1 - h5 v1 qv2 = h 1 - h5 ( 3-18) Q02 = Q01 v1 2 qv2 1 qv1 = = 401. 6-243. 1 0. 0766 397. 5-236. 6 0. 1088 0. 66 1478. 9 = 167 0. 73 2069. 2 ( ) = 2069. 2kJ/ m 3 = 1478. 9kJ/ m 3, 1. tk Q0, = 107. 9kW t02, (1 ) p01 (2 ) tk ( pk ), t02 ( p02 ) p01, l g p-h, (3 ) Q0 Q0 = V h qv 3600 = Vh q02 3600 vl qv t02, kj/ m 3 ; q02 t02, Vh, m 3 / h ; ; vl, m 3 / kg kj/ kg; ( k W) ( 3-19) 3-3 : 8S-12. 5, 566m 3 / h ; : 4V-12. 5, Vh = 283m 3 / h Vh = tk = 40 ( pk = 1557. 0kPa), t02 = - 40 ( p02 = 72. 01kPa), t = - 25,, 5 89

, pz j = pk p0 = 1557 72. 01 = 334. 84 kpa, t = - 6. 55 t01 = - 12 ( t, 5 10, ) p01 = 268. 63kPa,, p = 334. 84kPa, 1 = - 0. 305; p01 = 268. 63kPa, 2 = - 0. 447 p01 -, = 0. 5, p01 = 244kPa l g p-h ( 3-30 ) p01 - ( 3-31 ), 3-7 3-8 3-30 lg p-h 3-31 p 0 1-3-7 t = - 6. 55, p = 334. 84k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = 268. 63 kpa t = - 6. 55, p = 334. 84k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = 268. 63 kpa t 1 = t 02 + 15-25 - 25 v 3 m 3 / kg 0. 375 0. 48 h 1 k J/ kg 1440 1440 t 4 110 126 v 1 m 3 / kg 1. 6 1. 6 h 4 k J/ kg 1694 1735 t 2 78 60 t 5 40 40 h 2 k J/ kg 1657 1616 h 5 k J/ kg 390. 59 390. 59 v 2 m 3 / kg 0. 5 0. 6 t 6 = t 01 + 5-1. 55-7 t 3 = t 02 + 5-1. 55-7 h 6 k J/ kg 193. 0 167. 79 h 3 k J/ kg 1465 1460 1 = 0. 94-0. 085 2 = 0. 94-0. 085 3-8 t = - 6. 55, p = 334. 84k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = 268. 63 kpa p k p 0 p 01 p 02-9. 8 1 n - 1 = 0. 94-0. 085 = 0. 743 1 n - 1 = 0. 94-0. 085 = 0. 71 1557 334. 84 334. 84 72. 01-9.8 1 1.28-1 1 1.28-1 = 0.94-0. 085 = 0.689 = 0.94-0. 085 = 0.758 1557 268. 63 268. 63 72. 01-9. 8 3 G = V h v G = 566 1 1. 6 0. 71 = 251. 16 G = 566 0. 758 = 268. 14 1. 6 4 1 + = h 2 - h 6 h 3 - h 5 1 + = 1 1. 28-1 1657-193. 0 1616-167. 79 = 1. 362 1 + = = 1. 354 1465-390. 59 1460-390. 59 1 1. 28-1 90

t = - 6. 55, p = 334. 84k Pa t 01 = - 12, p 01 = 268. 63 kpa 5 G = G ( 1 + ) G = 251. 16 1. 362 = 342. 08 G = 268. 14 1. 354 = 363. 06 6 V h = G v 3 342. 08 0. 375 363. 06 0. 48 V h = = 172. 65 V 0. 743 h = = 252. 9 0. 689 7 = V h 172. 65 = = 0. 305 = 252. 9 = 0. 447 V h 566 566 : p = 244kPa ( = - 14. 2 ), t1 = t02 + 15 = - 25, h1 = 1440k J/ kg, v1 = 1. 6m 3 / kg, p02 = 72. 01kPa, tk = 40, pk = 1557 kpa, t6 = t01 + 5 = - 9. 2, h6 = 157. 7k J/ kg = 0. 94-0. 085 qv = q 02 Q0 v1 = h 1 - h6 v1 = p01 p02-9. 8 1 n 1440-157. 71 1. 6-1 = 0. 94-0. 085 244 72. 01-9. 8 = 801. 43kJ/ m 3 = qv Vh = 801. 43 566 0. 78 = 353815kJ/ h = 98. 3k W 2. 1 1. 18-1 = 0. 78,, (1 ) ( tk t02 ), ( p = pk p0 ), V h = Q 0 q02 v 1 ( m 3 / h ) ( 3-20) Vh = v3, ; Q0 (1 + ) v3 ( m 3 / h) ( 3-21) q02 = ( h 2 - h3 ) + ( h5 - h6 ) h3 - h5 m 3 / kg; Q0, kj/ h;,, kg/ k g; h3, h2, kj/ kg; kj/ kg; ( kg/ kg) ( 3-22) h5, h6, kj/ kg (2 ),,,,,, 91

Q0 ( ),,,, ( ) Q0 Q0 G ( kg/ h ),,,, G, Q0 Q0,,, G, ( ), :,,, W ( k J/ kg ), pe = e ),,,, GW ( kw ) ( 3600 e,,, p k p0 = k k+ k 1, 3 ( ) ( k ),, ( ) qv ( kj/ m 3 ) qv = h 1 - h5 v1 ( kj/ m 3 ) ( 3-23) h1, k J/ kg; h5, k J/ kg; v1, m 3 / kg qv,,,,,,, 92

( ), ( ),,,,,,,, 1. 8 2. 25,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 10k W,,, 1.,,,,,,, 70mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, O,,,,,,,, 8 2, 25 % 50 % 75 % 100%,,,,,,, 93

, 2., 3-32 :, 1,, 3,,, 5 2,,, 3-32 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,, 3,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 10% 100%,, : ; ;, 40% 40%,,, 3-33,,,,,, 5 3. 6 2. 6, 3-33 94

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 2. 6 5,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ;,,,,,,, 3-9 3-9,,, 95

( ),,,,, n, n,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 10 1, 2%,, 80% 90%,,, VS, 0. 4 500kW,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, 96

,,,, (2 ) 20 80,,, 1 kw,,,,,,,,,,,, n = 60 f( 1 - s)/ p ( 3-24) f, H z; s ; p, ; n, r/ min, f,, 4. (1 ),, T ur bo,, 30%, 40%,, (2 ) 5 7,,, ( ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ) 15 180 H z, 20 1, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),,,, 97

,,,, 30% 40%, - - ( - - ) - ( - ),,,, 20 80,,,, : ; ; ; ; ;,,,, 98

,,, :,, ;,,, ( ), ( ),, ( ),,, ( ),,, 4-1 ( ) 1., 4-1,,,,, 99

4-1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2), ) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( ( 2) ( 4-2 ),, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 51mm 3. 5mm 38mm 3mm, 2., 4-3 4-4,,,,,,, (,, 4 6 ),,, ( ),,,,,,, 100

25mm 32 mm 38mm, 25mm 2. 5mm, 2. 75, 40% 25 mm 2. 5 mm, 90,, 9mm, 0. 8mm, 65% 4-1 4-2 4-3, 10%, 4-5,, ( 16mm 1. 5 mm, 1. 55 mm, 1. 64mm, 16 / in, 1. 72 ), 27 101

4-4 4-5 1. 35 2. 67m/ s, 40, R22, 8700 10600W/ m 2, K 1146 1630W/ ( m 2 K) ( ), 16 / in 19 / in 26 / in 40 / in ( 1in = 0. 0254 m), 50%,,, ( C ),, 70%, 70%, 40% 3., 4-6,,,,, 4-7, [ 4-7 (a) ] [ 4-7 ( b) ], 102

[ 4-7(c) ],,, 4-6 4-7 ( ),,,,,,,, 1. :,, ; 103

, 4-8 ;,,,, 4-8,,,,,, 2. ;,,,,, 5% 10 %, ;,, ;,, ; 4-9 4-10,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 104

4-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 4-10,,, ( 4-9 ),,,,,,,, ( 4-10) ( ),,,, 1. 4-11, 4-11 105

,,,, ;,,, 2. 4-12, 6 20mm,,, 1. 3 3. 2mm,,,,,, 4-12 20 80,,,, 20% ;,, 65% ; ( ), 85%,, 9. 52 mm, 0. 2mm, 20 R22, 60%, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 4-1, 106

,,,, ( ) 1. (1 ) Qk ( kw ),, Qk = Q0 + Pi ( kw ) (4-1) Qk, k W; Q0, k W; Pi, k W, Qk = G( h2 - h3 ) ( kw ) (4-2) G, kg/ s ; h2, kj/ kg; h3, kj/ kg, Qk, Qk = Q0 ( k W) (4-3),, 4-13 4-13 (2 ) K[ W/ ( m 2 ) ],, q f ( W/ m 2 ) 4-2 107

K / [ W/ ( m 2 ) ] 4-2 K qf q f / ( W/ m 2 ) 700 900 3500 4000 (1 ) (2 ) t m = 4 6 (3 ) 2 3 (4 ) 1 1. 7m 3 / ( m 2 h) 800 1100 4000 5000 (1 ) (2 ) t m = 4 6 (3 ) 4 6 (4 ) 0. 5 0. 9 m 3 / ( m 2 h) (5 ) 0. 8 1. 5m/ s 2000 2300 (1 ) (2 ) 1400 1600 7000 9000 600 750 3000 3500 600 800 1800 2500 (1 ) t m = 4 6 (2 ) 3 5 (3 ) 0. 6 1. 4m/ s (1 ) (2 ) 0. 5 0. 9 m 3 / ( m 2 h) (3 ) 10 % 12 % (4 ) 24 (1 ) (2 ) 0. 12 0. 16 m 3 / ( m 2 h ) (3 ) 300 340m 3 / ( m 2 h) (4 ) 5 % 10 % (5 ) t m = 2 3 ( ) (1 ), 3. 5 ( R22, R134 a, R404 a) 800 1000 5000 8000 (2 ) t m = 7 9 (3 ) 1. 5 2. 5 m/ s (4 ) 4 6 ( R22, R134 a, R404 a) 800 1000 7500 10000 (1 ), 3. 5 (2 ) t m = 8 11 (3 ) 1. 0 2. 0 m/ s ( R22, 2300 2500 R134 a, R404 a) 6 10 ( 45 85 ) 30 40 250 300 (1 ) (2 ) (1 ) (2 ) t m = 8 12 (3 ) 2. 5 3. 0m/ s (4 ) 15 (1 ) ( R22 ) 500 700 1600 2200 (2 ) 0. 12 0. 16 m 3 / ( m 2 h ) (3 ) 300 340m 3 / ( m 2 h) (4 ) 5 % 10 % (5 ) t m = 2 3 ( ) (3 ) tm, tm = t1, ; t2, ; 108 t2 - t1 ln tk - t1 tk - t2 ( ) (4-4)

tk, 4-2 (4 ) A, q f, 2. A = Qk K tm = Q k q f ( m 2 ) (4-5) W/ m 2, 4-2 (1 ) Gs, a, Gs = 3. 6 Qk a cs ( t2 - t1 ) kg/ m 3, a = 1000 kg/ m 3 ; ca, kj/ ( kg K), ca = 4. 186kJ/ ( kg K) ; t1 t2, (2 ) Ga, a, Ga = 3. 6Qk a ca ( ta2 - ta1 ) kg/ m 3, a = 1. 189kg/ m 3 ; ( m 3 / h) (4-6) ( m 3 / h) ( 4-7) ca, kj/ ( kg K), ca = 1. 0056k J/ ( kg K) ; ta1 ta2, (3 ) 4-2 (4 ) 4-2, 1kW 0. 05 0. 07m 3 / h, 85 160m 3 3.,,,,,,,,, ( ),, =, m/ s; Gs, m 3 / h ; z ; di, m; n 4Gs z 3600 d 2 i : p = 1 2 2 f z p, Pa ;, kg/ m 3, = 1000kg/ m 3 ; L di n ( m/ s) (4-8) + 1. 5 ( z + 1) ( Pa) (4-9) 109

, m/ s; L,, m; di, m; - 0. 25 f,, f = 0. 178 bdi ; b, b= 0. 098, b= 0. 075 ( ),,,, AT C ( 4-3 4-5), 4-3 ( - ) ( )/ kw ( )/ kw A T C-50 215 65 280 80 345 90 388 105 452 120 517 135 582 150 646 165 711 A TC-180 775 200 862 210 905 230 991 260 1120 285 1228 320 1379 370 1594 415 1788 440 1896 485 2089 4-4 ( R717) / / kpa / 10 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1069 30 0.97 1.04 1.14 1.25 1.34 1.43 1.55 1.68 1.83 2.05 2.29 2.56 3.06 1137 32 0.86 0.92 0.99 1.09 1.15 1.21 1.29 1.37 1.48 1.60 1.76 1.91 2.15 1206 34 0.77 0.82 0. 88 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.22 1.30 1.41 1.51 1.64 1.81 1245 35 0.73 0.75 0.82 0.88 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.10 1.17 1.24 1.33 1.41 1.53 1.70 1.92 2.20 2.52 1276 35.7 0.71 0.75 0.79 0.84 0.88 0.92 0.95 0.99 1.04 1.10 1.16 1.24 1.32 1.42 1.57 1.76 2.00 2.29 1284 36 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.94 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.15 1.21 1.29 1.39 1.53 1.71 1.94 2.21 1373 38 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.06 1.14 1.22 1.33 1.47 1.63 1451 40 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.98 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.29 1539 42 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.07 1637 44 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.59 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.84 0.89 4-1 1000kW, ( R717 ) 36 26 300 kw Qk = 1000kW + 3000 kw = 1300k W 4-4, 36 26 1. 39 110

4-5 R22 R134a / / k Pa / 22 134a 10 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1090 669 30 1. 07 1. 15 1. 25 1. 38 1. 47 1. 57 1. 70 1. 85 2. 00 2. 25 2. 52 2. 81 3. 36 1154 1220 1253 1287 1359 1431 1455 1508 1587 718 863 887 912 963 1017 1033 40. 6 0. 63 1073 1130 32 34 35 36 38 40 42 44 0. 94 0. 85 0. 80 0. 77 0. 70 0. 65 0. 59 0. 54 1. 01 0. 90 0. 85 0. 81 0. 74 0. 67 0. 65 0. 61 0. 56 1. 09 0. 97 0. 91 0. 86 0. 78 0. 70 0. 68 0. 64 0. 58 1. 19 1. 04 0. 97 0. 92 0. 82 0. 73 0. 72 0. 67 0. 61 1. 26 1. 10 1. 02 0. 96 0. 85 0. 76 0. 74 0. 68 0. 62 1. 33 1. 15 1. 06 1. 00 0. 88 0. 78 0. 75 0. 70 0. 63 1. 41 1. 20 1. 11 1. 04 0. 90 0. 80 0. 77 0. 72 0. 65 1. 51 1. 27 1. 15 1. 07 0. 93 0. 83 0. 80 0. 74 0. 66 1. 62 1. 34 1. 21 1. 13 0. 96 0. 86 0. 83 0. 77 0. 68 1. 76 1. 44 1. 29 1. 19 1. 01 0. 89 0. 87 0. 80 0. 70 1. 93 1. 55 1. 37 1. 26 1. 06 0. 93 0. 90 0. 83 0. 73 Q k = 1. 39 1300 = 1807kW 4-3, ATC-440, 1896k W, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :,, ( ) 1. 2. 10 1. 66 1. 46 1. 34 1. 11 0. 97 0. 94 0. 86 0. 76 2. 36 1. 80 1. 55 1. 42 1. 17 1. 01 0. 98 0. 89 0. 78 1. 99 1. 68 1. 53 1. 25 1. 07 1. 02 0. 93 0. 82 1. 87 1. 69 1. 35 1. 13 1. 08 0. 98 0. 85 2. 11 1. 89 1. 47 1. 21 1. 15 1. 04 0. 89 2. 41 2. 14 1. 62 1. 31 1. 23 1. 10 0. 93 2. 77 2. 43 1. 78 1. 43 1. 33 1. 18 0. 97,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 2/ 3, 111

, 2.,,,,,,, 20% 30%,, 3.,,,,,,, Q = 1163W/ m 2, 2. 5%, 8141 W/ ( m 2 K ) 4071W/ ( m 2 K),,,,, 4.,,,, ( ),, ( 6% 7% ),,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), (1 ) (2 ),,, 0. 8 1. 2m/ s, 2 4m/ s 112

(3 ),,,,,,,,, ( ) Qk ( k W),,, Qk 1., 1,,, 4-14 4-14,, 4-2 R22, 60% ( 0. 6) 4-14 R22 R502 20? 4-6, 0. 6 ( : 40, 25 ) 20 : 30. 5 tk, tk = 35, t0 = 0, tk 1, 2%,, 2., ( S. Tezuka), K, K = cg 0. 48 L 0. 22 ( 4-10) c ; L G 113

0. 22, 2 = 1. 16, 1. 16,,,, 3., ( 4-10 ),, K 28%,,,,,,,,, : 0. 25 m 2 / kw : 0. 018L/ ( s k W) : 0. 03 m 3 / ( s kw ) : 250 375Pa : 1. 5L/ ( h kw ) :, 50%, 2. 2L/ ( h kw ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 95%,,,,,,, ( ),, (10%, 1kg 0. 5g),,, 24h,,, 1% 5% 15 min,,, 114

,, 20 70,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 4-15 4-15,,,,,,, 115

,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) (, ),,, ( ) 4-6 ( ),,, ( ) ( ) 1.,,,, 4-16,,,,,,,, 70 % 80%,,, ;,,,,, 0,,,,, 4-17, T 10 T, 2. 2, 50% 116

4-6 U ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2), ( 1), ( 2) ( ) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 3 ) ( 4) ( 5) ( 1) ( 3 ) ( 4) ( 1 ),, ( 2), ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2), ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1), ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4), ( 1) (2) ( 3) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1), ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1), ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) ( 2) 117

4-16 4-17 2.,,,, 35% 40 %, 1/ 2 1/ 3,,, 4-18 ( a),,,, 4-18 ( b) U,,,,,,,,,, 5% 10%,,,, ( PAG), 3000 h, 118

4-18 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ) 1., 4-19 ( a),,,,,,,, 4-19 (c),,,,,,,,,,,,, 119

0. 3 0. 7m/ s,,,,,,,,,,, 2. 4-19 ( b), 4-19 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 4-20 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 120

,,,,,,,, 3. ( ) ( ), 4-20,, ( ),,,, ( ) ( 4-21 ) ( 4-22) ( ) ( ) U, ( U ) ( ),,,, ( ), 4-21 4-22,,,, 6 10mm 2 4mm 121

( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ;,, ( ) ;,,, 4-6 ( ) 1. (1 ) Q0,,,, (2 ) K[ k W/ ( m 2 ) ] qf K,, K qf ( kw/ m 2 ) 4-7 (3 ) tm, tm = t1, ; t2, ; t0, tm 4-7 (4 ) A, t1 - t2 ln t1 - t0 t2 - t0 ( ) ( 4-11) qf, 2. Gz A = Q0 K tm = Q0 qf ( m 2 ) ( 4-12) kw/ m 2, 4-7, Gz = 3. 6 Q0 s cz ( t1 - t2 ) Q0, kw ; 122 s, kg/ m 3 ; ( m 3 / h) ( 4-13) cz, kj/ ( kg K), cz = 4. 186kJ/ ( kg K) ; t1 t2, Gza,

a, h1 h2, Gza = 3. 6Q0 a ( h1 - h2 ) kg/ m 3, a = 1. 189kg/ m 3 ; kj/ kg ( m 3 / h) ( 4-14) ( ) ( R22 ) ( ) ( R22 ) ( R22 R134a R404 a) ( R22 R134 a R404 a) 4-7 K qf K/ [ W/ ( m 2 ) ] q f / ( W/ m 2 ) 500 700 2500 3500 400 600 2200 3000 500 700 2500 3500 400 600 2200 3000 500 750 3000 400 450 600 2500 3000 2000 2300 1800 2100 650 800 4000 5000 500 700 3500 4500 350 450 1700 2300 170 200 115 140 800 1400 500 750 800 1000 5000 7000 1000 1800 7000 12000 900 1100 7500 10000 2300 2500 2000 2300 30 40 450 500 ( 1) t m = 4 5 ( 2) 0. 3 0. 7 m/ s ( 1) ( 2) t m = 5 7 ( 3) 1. 0 1. 5m/ s ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) t m = 5 7 ( 2) 1. 0 1. 5 m/ s ( 1) ( 2) t m = 4 6 ( 3) 1. 0 1. 5 m/ s ( 1), 3. 5 ( 2) 1. 0 2. 4m/ s ( 1) 12 mm ( 2) t m = 5 7 ( 1) ( 2) t m = 4 8 ( 3) 1. 0 1. 5m/ s ( 1), 3. 5 ( 2) 1. 0 1. 2 m/ s ( 1) ( 2) ( 1) 4 8 ( 2) t m = 8 12 ( 3) 2. 5 3. 0 m/ s,,,,,,, :,,,,, 123

, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 124

,,,,, R12, 70%, R22 90%,,,,,,,,, ( ), : 25%, ;,,, 1. 1 1. 7 ;, 20% 40% ; ;, ; ;, :, ;,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,, ( ) 4-23 4-24 ( ) 4-23, 125

,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) 4-24 4MPa - 160 225, - 40 120,,,,, 4-23 4-24,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 126,,,

,, ( ) 4-25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 5m/ s 0. 4 0. 7m/ s 3 5 K = 600 700 W/ ( m 2 K) 4-25 4-26 ( ),, 127

4-26,,,, ( ) : 0. 5 0. 8m/ s;, 0. 4 0. 7m/ s 1., F = Qm K tm ( m 2 ) ( 4-15) Qm, W; tm, ; K, W/ ( m 2 K) ; : K = 580 700W/ ( m 2 K) ; : K = 290 400W/ ( m 2 K) tm = t1 - t2 ln t1 - t01 t2 - t01 ( ) ( 4-16) t1, ; t2, ; t01, 2., D = 4Vh d v2 wv1 Vh, m 3 / s ; d ; w, m/ s; v1, v2, m 3 / kg; m 3 / kg ( m ) ( 4-17),,,,,,,,, 4-27, : 8 12 m/ s ( ) ; 128

4-27, F = Qr K tm ( m 2 ) ( 4-18) Qr, W; tm, ; K, W/ ( m 2 K) K, 8 10m/ s 0. 1 0. 8 m/ s, 100 250W/ ( m 2 K) tm = ( t1 - t2 ) - ( t2 - t1 ) ln t 1 t2 - t2 - t1 ( ) ( 4-19) t1, ; t2, ; t1, ; t2, - -,, - : 4-28 -,,,, 5 10-460 520W/ ( m 2 K) -,,, - -, 5 10,, - - 460 520 W/ ( m 2 K) 129

130 4-28 -

,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,,,,,, 10 % 30 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,, 131

,,,, 5-1,, ( ),, 5-1 5-2,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-3,,,,,,, 5-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 5-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 132 ( ),

,,,,,,,,,,, 5-4 5-5 5-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 5-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18, 1. 5-6,, ( ), p,, p0,, W,,,, : p = p0 + W 133

5-6 5-6 R22 ( R22 ), 5 ( p0 = 0. 58MPa), A B,,, A B, 5 B C,, 10, C 5 10, p R22 10, p = 0. 68M Pa W = 0. 10M Pa,,,, B,, 10, p,,, p0, C,,, B, 10, p,,,, C,,, p0,,,,, 5-7,, ( ), ta, tb,, ta,, tb,,,,, a b 2. 5-7,, 134

,,,,, 5-8,,, p0, p0 5-8 5-8 R22, 0. 086M Pa, A 5, 0. 584M Pa, B p 0 = 0. 584-0. 086 = 0. 498MPa, t 0 = 0 C 5, 5, p 0. 584M Pa, W = 0. 086MPa,,, p0 + W = 0. 584 + 0. 1386 = 0. 670M Pa, 0. 670MPa, R22 9, ( 9 + 0 ),,,,,, ( ), 0. 5 5mm,,,,, ;,,,,,, 135

, ;,, 5-9, 5-9 5-10,,,,,, 5-10 1 a a,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-10 a 2 2 3, 3, t0, p0 5-10 : 1. 07 mm, 5. 5m,,,,, :,, 5-10 a 1, 136

a 2 3 d L, p, ( ) p0 p0, G p0, p 2 p0 p0,,, G, p0 c > p0 p0, 1., m ; ;, ( 5-1 ), p i = - G g F u i - pi i ; G, k g/ s; F, m 2 ; g, m/ s 2 ; ui, m/ s; di, m; um j, m/ s; Li ;, L = 0. 055 1 + 20000 e d i G 2 gfd i u m j Li (5-1) + 106 Re e/ di, e/ di = 3. 8 10-4 ; Re = u di v T = 0. 95 L 1 3, X, ( p i ) Li, Li 2.,,,,, ( ), 5-11, R22 R12 R22 Q0 = 232. 6W, G = 0. 0019 kg/ s, A B C,, L 0. 86m 1. 9m 3. 35 m, di 0. 7mm 0. 8mm 0. 9mm,,, ;,,, 137

5-11 46. 1, R22 R12,,,, 5%,, 25% 3.,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 138

,, ( ) :,, 50kPa,,,,,,,, 5-12 5-12 20 70, 20 90,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 139

,,, ( ) 5-13 (a), ;,,, ( ),,, 5-13 ( b ), 5-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9,, ( ),,, : ; 1. 5-14 (a),,,,,,,,, 140

,,,, 5-14 ( b) 5-14 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 2. 5-15 (a),, ( ),,, 5-15 ( b) 5-15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 3. 141

5-16 4 SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4,, 1 2 3 4,,, 240 ; 1440,,,,,,, 5-16,,,,,, ( ),, 5-17 1 w ; 2 w ; ( 1 w - 2 w ) 5-17,,, 5-17 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 142

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 32% ; 30%,, ( ) ( P MV ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;, 5-18,,,,,, R22 1. 8MPa, 1. 8MPa, 5-19,,,, 143

,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-18, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; : 8, ( ) ;,,, ( ) 5-19, ZZH A-3 ZZHB-3 ZZHC-3 ZZH D-3 : ;, A B, C D, A C, B D ; 3 3mm 5-1,, ;,,,,,, 144,

5-1 ( ) / MPa ZZ H A-3 0 0. 7 ZZ HB-3 0. 0067 0. 2 ZZ H C-3 0 0. 7 ( ),,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ; ( ) 5-20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3mm, ( ) 5-21,,,,,,, 145

,,,, 5-20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 5-21 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,,, 5-22,, 90, 5-22,, :, ;,,, ;, ;,,, ;,, ;,, 380V 220V 36V, 220V 110V,,,, 146

,,, 5-23,,,, A,,,,,,,,,,,, B,,,,, 5-23, 1 A ; 2 B ; 3 1 ; 4 2; 5 ; 6 ;, 7 11 ; 8 ; 9 ;, 5-24 5-25 10 ; 12 ; 13 E ;, 5-24 14 ( ) ; 15 ( ) ; 16 5-25 5-24 ( ) 1 ; 2 3 ; 4 ; 5 6 ; 7 147

5-25 ( ),, :, ;,,,, 5-26, 2, ( ),,,,,, 5-26 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,, 2,,,, 148

,,, ( ), 5-26, 2 3, 4,,,,,,,, 5-27,,,,, 5-27,,,, 5-27 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 22 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 O ; 20 ; 21 ; 23 ; 24,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 149

,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, ( 5-28) ( 5-29) 5-28 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 5-29 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 17 ; 12 16 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ( ) 5-28,,,, 9 12,,, ;,,, 11 10, 10, 150

;, ( ) 5-29,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 5-30,,,,,,,,,,, 125 150mm, 150 250mm, 0. 8 1. 0m/ s, 80% 85% ( ), 5-31,,,, ;,,,,,, 151

5-30 5-31 ( ) 5-32 (a ) ( b ) 5-32,,,,, 0. 5m/ s 152

,,, 96% 98%, ( ), 5-33,,,, ( ),, D = 4Vh v2 3600 v1 w Vh, m 3 / h ; ; v2, v1, w, ( m) (5-2) m 3 / kg; m 3 / kg; w = 0. 5 0. 8m/ s 5-33 m/ s w = 0. 3 0. 5m/ s,,,,,,,, 5-34, 230kW, 159 mm 1 ; 230 1160 kw, 325mm 1 2 ; 1160k W, 325mm 2, 500mm 1, ( ),,,, ;,,,,, ( 0. 5 2. 0 m), 0. 5 2. 0m, 153

, 5-35 5-34 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 5-35, 0. 5m/ s, D = Vh ( m ) (5-3) w D = Vh, m 3 / s ; ; 4 Gv w G, kg/ s; ( m) (5-4) w, m/ s, w = 0. 5m/ s ; v, m 3 / kg [ ( ) ], 5-36,,,, 5-36 (a) 154

,,,, [ 5-36 ( b) ], U,, U b c 5-36 5-37 U,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, 5-38, 5-37 1/ 3 1/ 2, 70%, 10%, 80% 155

5-38,,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,, 80 %, 70%, 10%, G, kg/ h ; v,, 5-2 ; V = Gv ( m3 ) (5-5) m 3 / kg;, = 0. 7,, V = G v ( m3 ) (5-6) G, v, m 3 / kg;, = 0. 7 156 kg;

5-2 0. 5 1000t 1. 0 1000 4500t 0. 8 5000t 0. 5,,,,,, 2.,, ;,, ;,,,,, 70% ;, 30%, 15 20min,, 5-39,, 5-40 5-41,, :, ; (1 ), D = 4V h 3600 w n Vh, m 3 / h; ; = 0. 0188 Vh w n ( m) (5-7) w, 0. 5m/ s, 0. 8m/ s;, 1, 0. 3 ; n (2 ),,, ; Vq, m 3 ; V h, m 3 V = 1 0. 5 ( Vq + 0. 6Vh ) ( m3 ) (5-8) 157

5-39 5-40 5-41,,,,, : V = 1 0. 7 (0. 2 V q + 0. 6 Vh + Vb ) ( m 3 ) (5-9) V q, m 3 ; 158 Vh, m 3 ; Vb, m 3 ;

1, 15 3 20min, 15 20min, ( ), ;,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 5-42 5-43 5-42 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ),,,,,,,, 159

5-43 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 7 ; 5 ; 6, 5-44 5-45, 160 5-44

5-45, ( ),,,,,,,, 5-46 5-46 2CN-5. 5/ 4-1 1 ; 2 4 ; 3 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 5-47, qv qv = ngv ( m 3 / h ) ( 5-10) g, kg/ h; n ; v, m 3 / kg,,, n 3 4, 5 6 n 7 8 161

5-47 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ( ) ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 0. 1MPa,, 5-3 5-3 / m 0. 7 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 2. 0 2. 5 1. 5 2. 5,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 5-48 ( ) 1 m 3,, 5-49 (75 ),,, 162

5-48 5-49 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 163

( ),,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. C,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 167

,,,,,, - 18, 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 1., 10, 4-2,,,, 2., - 18, 3.,, 0, - 18, - 25-30, 4.,,,,, 5. 168

0,,, - 0. 5-2, 6. - 3 ( ),,,, 1. 5 2 6-1 6-1 / / > 0-0. 5-2 - 3-18 - 28 < - 30 ( ) H ACCP H ACCP H azard Analysis and Critical Control Point, H ACCP ( H A ) ( CCP ),,,,,,,,, H ACCP, 20 60,, ( WH O) ( N ACMCF ) 1992 H ACCP : ; ; ; ; ; ;,, H ACCP,, ( ) 6-2 6-7, 169

,, ( ) ( 6-2) 6-2 / / % ( ) 0 1. 1 85 90 3 7d ( 47 % ) 0 1. 1 85 90 3 5d ( 35 % ) 0 1. 1 85 3 5d (100% ) 0 1. 1 85 3 7d (67 % ) 0 1. 1 85 3 5d - 23. 3-17. 8 90 95 4 8m 0 1. 1 85 1 7d 0 85 1 3w ( ) - 2. 2 1. 1 88 95 1w 0 90 5d ( ) - 2. 2 1. 1 85 90 3w - 23. 3-17. 8 90 95 6 12m ( ) - 2. 2 1. 1 85 90 3 4w - 23. 3-17. 8 90 95 8 12m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-3) 6-3 / / % - 0. 6 1. 1 95 100 12d 0 1. 1 95 100 10d ( ) - 0. 6 1. 1 95 100 18d 0 2. 2 80 90 10d 0 2. 2 80 90 10d - 0. 6 1. 1 95 100 18d 0 2. 2 95 100 14d - 28. 9 20. 0 90 95 6 12 m 0 1. 1 90 95 12d - 0. 6 1. 1 90 95 12 14d 5. 0 10. 0 ( ) 0 2. 2 100 5 8d ( ) 5. 0 10. 0 95 100 5d - 34. 4 20 90 95 3 8 m d ; 170 m

( ) ( 6-4) 6-4 / / % ( ) - 2. 2 0 95 100 1 3 w - 2. 2 0 95 100 1 4 w - 2. 2 0 95 100 1 4 w - 23. 3-17. 8 90 95 12 m ( ) 0 1. 1 90 95 1 5d - 23. 3-17. 8 90 95 6 12 m - 1. 7 0 80 90 5 6 m ( ) 10. 0 12. 8 70 75 2 3 w - 17. 8 12m - 17. 8 12m - 17. 8 12m 2. 0 6m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-5) 6-5 / / % ( ) - 1 0. 5 85 90 2 6 m ( ) - 1 0. 5 85 90 4 8 m 5 8. 9 55 60 5 8 m 7 10. 0 85 90 4 6 w 5. 0 10. 0 85 90 4 6 w - 1. 7-0. 6 90 95 2 7 m - 1. 0 0. 5 90 95 6 7 m 7. 0 13. 0 85 90 4w - 0. 6 0 90 95 2 4 w 0 5 55 60 5 8 m - 1. 1 0 90 95 1 3 w - 0. 6 0 90 95 2 4 w 0 1 85 90 8 12 w 4. 4 90 95 2 4 w 0 90 95 3 7d - 1. 1-0. 6 90 95 2 3 w - 0. 6 0 85 90 2 8 w 11. 1 12. 8 85 90 1 4 m 0 90 3w 1. 7 90 95 3 5 w - 0. 6 0 90 95 5 7d - 0. 6 0 90 95 3d - 0. 6 0 90 95 2w 13. 3 14. 4 85 95 2w 0 2. 0 80 85 1 2 m 171

/ / % 4. 4 10. 0 90 2 3 w 0 4. 4 50 60 9 12 m ( ) - 0. 6 0 85 90 7 10d 14. 4 15. 6 85 90 6 8 w - 0. 6 0 90 95 3 5 m 10. 0 12. 8 85 90 2 3 w 2 4. 0 85 90 1 4 m - 0. 5 0 85 90 7 10d - 1. 1 90 3 4 m ( ) 7. 2 85 90 2 4 w 4. 4 90 95 2 3 m 2. 2 4. 4 95 5 15d 0 10. 0 65 75 8 12 m 0 50 60 9 12 m - 24. 4-17. 8 90 95 18 24m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-6) 6-6 / / % 0 98 100 5 6 m ( ) 0 90 95 3 4 m - 0. 5 0 90 95 2 5 m 0 98 100 4 6 w 0 98 100 7 9 m 0 90 95 2 3 w 0 90 95 2 4 w 0 90 95 7 10d 0 95 98 3 4 w 0 98 100 2 3 m 0 95 100 1 2 m 0 1. 7 95 100 2 3 w 0 95 100 4 6 m 0 98 100 10 14d 7. 2 10 95 10 14d 7. 2 12. 2 90 95 7 10d 0 95 98 4 8d ( ) 0 65 70 6 7 m 0 95 100 2 3 m ( ) 0 1. 1 95 100 2 3 w 172

/ / % 0 95 3 4d 0 95 100 3 4 w 0 65 75 1 8 m 0 70 75 6 8 m 0 95 98 1 2 w 10. 0 70 6 8 m 4. 4 7. 2 95 7 10d 10. 0 70 6 8 m 0 95 98 10 14d 10 12. 8 50 75 2 3 m 0 95 100 2 4 w ( ) 0 95 100 3 4 w 0 95 100 2 4 m 3. 3 4. 4 90 95 5 8 m ( ) 0 10. 0 60 70 6m ( ) 12. 8 15. 6 90 95 1 3 w 7. 2 10 90 95 4 7d 0 10 50 60 10 12m ( ) 16. 1 85 90 3 6 m 0 95 100 2 3 w ( ) 0 95 100 10 14d - 23. 3-17. 8 6 12 m d ; w ; m ( ) ( 6-7) 6-7 / / % ( ) 0 75 85 2 4 w - 23. 3 70 85 12 20m 10 % - 28. 9-26. 1 90 95 3 23 m - 34-40 90 95 3 23 m, 3. 9 6. 1 7d A ( 3. 7 % ) 0 1. 1 2 4 m 0 3. 9 2d 21. 1 6 9 m 7. 2 21. 1 16 m 173

/ / % - 17. 8 1. 1 40 6 12 m - 17. 8 1. 1 40 1. 5 6m - 17. 8 1. 1 65 5 12 m - 17. 8 1. 1 65 3 9 m (45 L ) 1. 7 4. 4 3 8 w 1. 7 4. 4 65 3 6 m - 17. 8 3 13 w 0 15. 6 70 12 m 0 4. 4 50 70 12m 1. 7 2. 8 80 85 2 4 m 10. 0 12m - 2. 2 0 50 60 10 85 6m ( ) - 17. 8 90 95 12 14m 0 10 65 75 8 12 m 21. 1 12m 1. 7 60 70 12m - 1. 1 1. 7 3 6 w 10 18. 3 50 65 12 m 1. 7 4. 4 70 85 12 24m 1. 7 7. 8 50 55 6m 1. 7 10. 0 60 65 2m 1. 1 4. 4 45 55 d ; w ; m ( ),,, 0,,,,,,, 6-1, tl ta, ta = 20, = 80%, tl = 16. 5, 5 7, ta = 6, = 80 %, tl 6-1 2. 5, tl = 3, 174

6-1 tl ta,,,,,, 6-8 175

6-8 ( ) 101. 3kPa, 100, 0. 66kPa, 1,,, 6-2,, 6-2,, 0. 66 kpa, 1, 2496k J/ kg,, 1, 2% 4%,, 20 30min; 4 6h; 12h; 15 24h 6-2,,, 1mL, 599. 5 Pa 0, 21,,,,,,, 6-3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 176

6-3 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,, 6-4 6-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 177

3. 6-5,, 2 4kPa,, - 5 10, 0. 3 0. 5m/ s,,, 4 6 h, 2h 70m 2,,, 6-6 6-5 6-6 6-7,,,,,,,,,,,, 6-8 6-9 ( ) ( ) 178

6-7 6-8 ( ) 0 3,, : ( ) ( ) 6-10,,,,,,,, 6-9 ;, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;, ;, 4 ; 5, 6-10 179

,,,,,,,, ( ),,, 334 kj/ kg,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0,, ( ),, - 40 ( - 95 ), - 18-40,, ( ) ( ) 1.,,,, 6-9 6-11 6-9 / ( m/ s ) / [ W/ ( m 2 K ) ] / % 0 5. 8 0 1 10. 0 72 1. 5 12. 1 109 2 14. 2 145 : 7. 5cm / ( m/ s ) / [ W/ ( m 2 K ) ] / % 3 18. 4 217 4 22. 6 290 5 27. 4 372 6 30. 9 432 2.,, 180

6-11 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,, 6-12 3.,,,, 4. ( ),, 6-12 ( ) : 0, 10, v, v 5 20cm/ h;, v 1 5cm/ h;, v = 0. 1 1cm/ h,,, 0. 5 3cm/ h, ; 5 10cm/ h, 10 100cm/ h, ( ),,, 1. 6-13 ( ) ( ) 181

6-13 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 5 ;,,, - 30-35,, 8 40min, ( ),, ( ),,, 6-10 6-10 SDS( ) -300 SDS( ) -450 SDS ( ) -550 / ( kg/ h ) 300 450 550 / min 8 15 8 15 8 15 ( )/ 10 10 10 ( )/ - 18-18 - 18 / - 35 2-35 2-35 2 R717/ R22 R717/ R22 R717/ R22 ( 35 / - 42 )/ kw 70 110 130 / kw 7. 7 10. 3 14. 7 / ( t/ h) 18 28 35 / t 9. 5 11. 3 13. 5,,, 2. 6-14 ( ) ( ) 3,,,,,,, 182

6 20min 2. 5h,,,, 6-14, ( ),,, 6-15,,, 6-14 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ( ) 6-15 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 7 ; 5 ; 6 6-11 ( ) 183

6-11 ( ) / ( kg/ h) / min / / / / kw / mm SL D-500 500 10 600 15-15 - 35 78 70 R22 10. 5 SL D-1000 1000 12 180 15-15 - 35 162 100 R717 15 / k W 3. 6-16,,,,,,,, ( 30m/ s ),, 20 90,,, 15m/ s, 6-12 6-16 3 ( ) ; 1 4 ; 2 ; 5 ; 6 6-12 / ( kg/ h ) / min / / / / kw / kw / m SDS-500 500 20 30 60-18 - 35 19. 1 78 16 3. 6 3. 1 : 4.,,,, :, ;, ; ( IQF ), ;, (1 ) ( ),,,,, 184

, ;, - 15-18,, (, 490Pa ) 6-17 1 5t/ h 6-17 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 (2 ), ( ),, 6-18 MA,,,,,, 6-18 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 185

(3 ) ( ) 6-19,, ( ),,,,,,, - 40 6 8m/ s 1. 5 5m/ s, 5 10min :, ( 980 1370Pa), 6-19 ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ),,,, 7 30kPa, 98 120W/ ( m 2 K), ( ) 6-20 6-20 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 186

( ),,, ( 5 6 ) 6-21, 198. 9kJ/ kg, 1. 034kJ/ ( kg K), - 195. 8-20 383k J/ kg, - 195. 8-20, 182kJ/ kg,,,, 4,,, 50mm, 10 30min - 30, - 20 1kg 0. 9 2kg 6-21 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, ;,,,, ( - 3-5 ),,,,,,, ;,, 6-13,, 4, 8. 6,,,,,,,,, 187

6-13 0 / ( kg/ m 3 ) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ W/ ( m K) ] / ( m 2 / s ) 917 2. 120 2. 24 11. 5 10-7 999. 87 4. 2177 0. 561 1. 33 10-7,,,,,, ( ) - 5,,,,,,, : ;,,,, TBA ( ) K ( ),, 6-14 6-14 1 ( ) 2 3 4 5,,, ;,,, ( ), 1. ( ) ( ) ( 4 ), 4 5d 2., 0 5 90% ( ), 1m/ s, 14 24h 6-22 188

6-22 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 6-23 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 3.,,,, 98 %, - 3 20, 2. 5 3. 0m/ s,, 6-23, 6-24,,,,,, ( 6-24 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ), 4.,, 0. 2 0. 3MPa, 15 20, 1 1. 5m/ s :,,,,,,,,,,, 25 5 ( ),, 1., 189

, 0. 25m/ s, 5min,,, 5 12 1 2h; 18 0. 01m/ s, 4h, 6-25,,,,, 6-25 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 20kg 15cm ( - 14. 5 ) 0. 5m 0. 5m 1. 10 m, 15h 2.,, ( 30 60min),,, 6-26 190 6-26 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10

3.,, 6-27,,, 6-27 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ),,,,,, 6-28,,,, 2. 3kPa, 20,, 2450kJ/ kg, 6-28 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ),,,,,, 191

1.,,,,,,, 2 25m,,,,, 2.,,,,,,, ( 1 50MHz) 10M Hz, ( 300MHz 30G Hz) 2450M Hz 915M Hz 6-29,,, 5 14,,,,,,, - 2-3,,,, 30kW ( 1t/ h, 5-15 min, ),, 13M Hz 3.,,,,,,, 2450M Hz 915MHz,,, 2450M Hz, 6kW,, 50% 55 % 915MHz, 85%, 30 60k W 6-30 6-29 1 ; 2 ; 3 5 ; 4 ; 6 6-30 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 192 4.,

, 50 60 Hz 6-31,,, 2 3,,,, 6-31 1 ; 2 ; 3 5. ( 5000 10000V),,, 0-3,,,, - 1-3, 7 kg, - 20-4 4 h, ( ) 1.,,,,,, 6-32 2.,, 200M Pa,,,, ;, ( ), 6-32, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ( ) ; 4 ; 5 ( ) ; 6,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 100mm 200mm, 10, 180 min; 120M Pa 200MPa, 20min 11. 5min, 193

,,,, 1811,, 50, 1.,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. :,, :,, ;,,,,, ;, (1 ),,, 5 10 6-15 6-15 / / - 12-16 - 33-41 - 25-41 - 25. 5-36. 5-17 - 37. 5-41. 5-40. 5-27. 5-43 ( ) - 9. 5-37 - 35-42. 5 194

(2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,, 2% 5% (4 ),,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. :, 6-33 6-34 ( ),,,,, ( ) 2., 6-35 6-36 6-33 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;, 4 ; 5,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 195

6-34 1 ; 2 ; 3 6-35 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 6-36 1 ; 2 ; 3 1.,,, 196

,,,, ( - 40-50 ) 2.,,,,, GTM SALVY,,,,,,,, 3., ;,,,,,, ( ) ( Controlled Atmosphere, C. A. ),,,,,,,,,,,, 20. 9%, 0. 03%,, ( ),,,,,,,,, 197

,,,,,, ( ),,, 1. (1 ) ( Modified Atmosp here, M. A. ),,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ), 0. 12mm 0. 075 0. 2mm,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, 3% 5%, 3% 5 % (3 ),,,, 198

C4 H8 + 6O2 + 24N2 260 580 4 H2 O + 4CO2 + 24N2,,,,,,,, (4 ),,, : ; ( ),, 6-37,,, 1 2, 260 ( 320 ), ( ) 5, 4,, 580 ( 780 ),,, 580,, ( ), 3,, 7, 6-37 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 199

, 400,,, 90%, 5 %,,,,,,, 6-38 : 1, 2 3, 4 0. 3MPa, 5, A B,, 8, 9, 10,,, 11,, 6-38 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 10 ; 5 ; 6 7 A B ; 8 ; 9 ; 11 13 ; 12 ( ), ( 6-39),,, 100 m,, 6-39,,,, ( ),, ; ( ),, 200 6-40 : 1

, 2, ; 3,,,, 5, 6,, 6-40 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ( ),,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),, ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 6-41 :, 8, 9 6, B,,, 3 10,,, B, A ; B, A, 5 ( 0. 5% ) 2 A,,, 7,, ( ), 1957, 40, 1975 201

6-41 1 4 A B ; 2 3 6 7 9 10 ; 5 ( ) ; 8 ( ),,,, 6-42 6-42 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ( ) ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ( ) ( C2 H4 ),,,, ( ),,,,, 6-43 6-43,,, 202

( ), 15 80 150 250 15, 250,,,,,, :, 99% ;, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 1,,,,, 0. 5, 0. 5, 30 50,,, :,,, 500t,, 1000t,,,,, ( ) ( 70 % ),,, 90% 95 %,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 203

,,, 6-44 CO2 6-44 ( : CO 2 ) 204

,,,,,, 7-1 7-1 205

,,,,,,,, ( ), 7-2,, 7-2 1 ; 2,,,, ;,,,,, ;, ; ( ),,,,,, 6m 6m, 12m 6m 18 m 6 m 1000t 6 m; 1000t 4. 8m,, 7 8m; 4. 8m 6m, ( ),,,,, ( 7-3 ), 240 370 mm,, 1 2,, 20 mm 1 2 7-3 206

,,, < 5, 240mm 120 mm, ( ),,,, 7-4 7-3 7-4 ( ) ;,,,,, 7-5 3 207

,,, ( ), ( ), ;,, 7-6 ( ), 7-5, ( ) ( ) 7-6 : ; ; ;,,,, 7-7,,,,, 208

( ),,,, ( ),, 7-7, 50 250mm,,,, ( ), ( P EF ) 7-1 7-2 7-1 / ( kg/ m 3 ) / MPa / [W/ (m K) ], 3 8 mm, 25mm 50 mm 170 0. 4 0. 07 70 mm 100mm, 914 mm, 305mm,,, 82 150 0. 087, : 2000 mm 1000 mm ( 50 100 ) mm; 1000mm 18 40 0. 15 0. 046 500mm ( 50 100 ) mm,,,,,,,, PEF,,, - 200 400,,,, 35 55 0. 2 0. 031 24 0. 033 140 180 0. 5 0. 7 28 45 0. 25 0. 3 209

/ ( kg/ m 3 ) 7-2 / [ W/ ( m / [ W/ ( m / [ kj/ ( kg / [ W/ ( m 2 / 10 5 [g/ ( m / ( m 2 / h ) K ) ] K) ] K ) ] K ) ] h Pa) ] 2280 1. 5119 1. 5119 3. 33 0. 7118 13. 3629 4. 50026 2400 1. 5468 1. 5468 2. 77 0. 8374 14. 9446 3. 00024 1800 0. 8141 0. 8141 1. 85 0. 8792 9. 6529 10. 50084 1 2 5 2030 0. 9304 0. 9304 2. 07 0. 7955 10. 3507 9. 00073 7899 58. 15 58. 15 58. 28 0. 4665 120. 953 0 510 0. 4419 0. 4419 1. 40 2. 2190 6. 0476 3. 42028 60 0. 0372 0. 07556 1. 90 1. 1722 0. 4419 48. 7539 90 0. 0349 0. 0814 1. 26 1. 0467 0. 4652 48. 7539 < 80 < 0. 0523 0. 0872 2. 11 1. 2979 0. 5315 1 12 1. 6 380 0. 0861 0. 1162 0. 91 0. 8792 1. 5519 9. 00072 500 0. 1163 0. 152 0. 93 0. 9630 2. 0235 9. 97580 370 0. 0977 0. 1272 0. 89 0. 8374 1. 3529 18. 00144 170 0. 0582 0. 0698 0. 62 2. 0515 1. 1863 2. 5520 660 0. 1745 0. 2908 1. 00 0. 8374 2. 4772 21. 75174 945 0. 2675 0. 2675 0. 30 1. 5072 3. 489 10. 50084 18 0. 0361 0. 0465 6. 23 1. 1723 0. 2326 2. 77522 40 0. 0221 0. 0314 1. 65 1. 2560 0. 2791 2. 55020 PE E 27 0. 0383 0. 011kg/ m 2 P EF,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1. ( ),,,,,, 2. ( PE ) ( PVC),,,,, 0. 13mm, 0. 2mm,, 210

721 XY404,, 641 XY405, 7-3 7-3 / ( kg/ / [ W/ / [ ( m K)/ / 10 3 / [ k J/ / [ W/ / 10 3 [ g/ / [ ( m 2 / mm m 3 ) ( m K ) ] W] ( m 2 / h) ( kg K ) ] ( m 2 K ) ] ( m h Pa) ] h Pa)/ g] (350 ) 1130 1. 5 0. 27 0. 0052 0. 32 1. 59 4. 58 0. 00135 1106. 57 980 2. 0 0. 20 0. 0103 0. 33 2. 14 5. 41 0. 0075 266. 64 5. 5 0. 0258 1639. 86 9. 0 0. 0413 3013. 08 1200 0. 07 0. 16 0. 0017 0. 28 1. 42 3. 98 0. 00002 3166. 37,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( 7-8 ), = 2 w t3 t2 - t1 - t3 D1 ln D1 D2 ( m) (7-1) t1, ; t2,, ; t3,, 1 2 ;, W/ ( m K) ; D1, m; D2, m; w, W/ ( m 2 K), 8. 141W/ ( m 2 K),, 7-8, 7-1, 108 mm, ( ) - 40, 35, = 0. 058W/ ( m K ) w = 8. 141 W/ ( m 2 K), = 0. 058 W/ ( m K) t1 = - 40, t2 = 35, t3 = tl + 1. 5 = 29. 5 + 1. 5 = 31 = D1 ln D1 D2 - t1 = 2 w t3 t2 - = 0.25 t3 211

7-8 7-8, 0. 25,, 108mm,, = 82mm,, 0. 0581W/ ( m K) 0. 0349 W/ ( m K ) 0. 0233W/ ( m K) 0. 0485 W/ ( m K), w 8. 14W/ ( m 2 K),, 7-4 212 7-4 / 30 21. 5 23 30 26 27. 5 30 29. 5 31

( ),,, 5, 7-9: 7-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 20 20 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 1. 2 mm,,,,, l 2, 1 2,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 5m 8mm, A B,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 213

,, :,,,,,, ( ), (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) 50h (4 ),, nl 7-5 7-5 / Pa / / ( m/ s ) / 45 41 126 37 171. 7 100125 98392-29 30. 3 23. 4 74 3. 8 3. 5 43 54 125 13 236. 8 99458 97725-26 30. 5 24. 2 68 4. 2 3. 5 41 46 123 26 41. 6 102125 99992-22 31. 4 25. 4 64 3. 1 2. 9 38 54 121 38 93. 5 101325 99458-14 28. 4 25. 0 58 5. 8 4. 3 34 18 108 56 396. 9 97858 95395-8 35. 2 26. 0 67 1. 8 2. 2 39 48 116 28 31. 2 102391 100125-12 33. 2 26. 4 45 2. 8 1. 9 39 06 117 10 3. 3 102658 100525-11 33. 4 26. 9 53 3. 1 2. 6 36 41 116 59 51. 6 101991 99858-10 34. 8 26. 7 54 3. 2 2. 8 36 09 120 25 16. 8 102525 100391-9 29. 0 26. 0 64 5. 7 4. 9 31 10 121 26 4. 5 102658 100525-4 34. 0 28. 2 75 3. 1 3. 2 30 19 120 12 7. 2 102525 100258-4 35. 7 28. 5 77 2. 3 2. 2 28 40 115 58 46. 7 101858 99858-3 35. 6 27. 9 74 3. 8 2. 7 26 05 119 17 48. 0 101325 99592 4 35. 2 28. 0 74 2. 7 2. 9 34 43 113 39 110. 4 101325 99192-7 35. 6 27. 4 60 3. 4 2. 6 30 38 114 04 23. 3 102391 100125-5 35. 2 28. 2 76 2. 7 2. 6 28 12 113 04 44. 9 101591 99458-3 35. 8 27. 7 81 2. 8 2. 6 23 08 113 19 9. 3 101325 99992 5 33. 5 27. 7 70 2. 4 1. 8 214

/ Pa / / ( m/ s ) / 20 02 110 21 14. 1 101591 100258 10 34. 5 27. 9 85 3. 4 2. 8 25 20 110 18 166. 7 100258 98525 0 33. 9 27. 0 71 3. 2 1. 5 22 49 108 21 72. 2 101191 99592 5 34. 2 27. 5 75 1. 8 1. 6 30 40 104 04 505. 9 96392 94792 1 31. 6 26. 7 80 0. 9 1. 1 29 31 106 29 351. 6 97992 96392 2 36. 5 27. 3 82 1. 2 1. 4 26 35 106 43 1071. 2 89726 88792-3 30. 0 23. 0 78 2. 2 2. 0 25 01 102 41 1891. 4 81193 80793 1 25. 8 19. 9 68 2. 5 1. 8 29 42 91 08 3658. 0 65061 65194-8 22. 8 13. 5 28 2. 2 1. 8 ( ), 7-6 7-6 / 1 0 2-18 - 23-23 - 30 3 0 80 % 95 % 4-18 - 23 85 % 90 % 5-4 - 6-6 - 10, : 0,,, :, ( ) ;, ;,, ; ; ( ) ( ), G, t ; V, m 3 ; G = V 1000, 7-7 ( a) 7-7 ( b) ;, kg/ m 3, 7-8 ; 1000, kg/ t (7-2) 215

7-7(a) / m 3 / m 3 100 0. 50( ) 101 500 0. 45( ) 500 1000 0. 40 1001 2000 0. 50 2001 10000 0. 55 10001 15000 0. 60 > 15000 0. 62 : 1., ;, 2. 0. 8 7-7(b) / m / m 4. 50 0. 40 4. 21 5. 00 0. 50 5. 01 6. 00 0. 60 > 6. 00 0. 65 7-8 / ( kg/ m 3 ) / ( kg/ m 3 ) 400 330 250 600 470 630 ( ) 650 600 550 350 450 700 450 ( ) 500 ( ) 650 300 230 250 220( 200 230 ) 300( 270 330 ) 250 ( ) 220 250( 170 340 ) 750 ( ) 400 ( ) G, t ; G = V 1000 V, m 3 ;, kg/ m 3 ;, 7-7 ( a) 7-7 ( b) ( ) s, W; 216 1, W; 2, W; 3, W; 4, W; 5, W; (7-3) s = 1 + P 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 (7-4)

P P 1. 3, 1 ( ) j = n1 1 + n2 2 + n3 3 + n4 4 + n5 5 R (7-5) j, W; n1, 1; n2 ; n3, 0. 5 1. 0 ( ) ; n4 ; n5 ; R, 1. 07, 1. 12 n2 0. 3 0. 6 ( 7-7, ) ; 0. 5 0. 8 ( 7-7, ) ; 1 n4 n5, 7-9 7-9 n4 n5 n 4 n 5 n 4 n 5 1 1 2 4 0. 5 5 0. 4 : 1. n 4 1 ; 2. ( ) 1. 1, W ; Kw, W/ ( m 2 ) ; Aw, m 2 ; w, ; n, ; 1 = Kw Aw ( w - n ) (7-6), 7-10 Aw ( 7-10 l1 l2 l3 l4 ) ( 7-10 l5 l6 l7 l8 ) 217

7-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 D > 4 1. 05 1. 10 D > 4 1. 00 D > 4,, 1. 15 1. 20 D > 4,, 1. 20 1. 30 D > 4, 1. 20 1. 30 D 4 1. 30 D 4 1. 60 8 0. 20 9 0. 20 10 0. 60 7-10 :, ( 7-11 h1 h2 h3 ) ; ( 7-11 h4 h5 ) ; ( 7-11 h6 h7 ) :, ( 7-11 h8 h9 ) ; ( 7-11 h10 h11 ),,,, 10, - 10 218

7-11, 1 2 ;, 2. 2 = 2 a + 2b + 2 c + 2 d = 1 h1 - h2 ) m( 3. 6 t + mbb Cb ( 1-2 ) t + m( + ) + ( mz - m) (7-7) 2 2, W ; 2 a, W ; 2b, W ; 2 c, W ; 2d, W ; m, kg; h1, h2, kj/ kg; kj/ kg; t, h, 24 h, ; Bb ; Cb, kj/ ( kg ) ; 1, ; 2,, ;,, mz, kg; W/ kg; W/ kg; 219

1 1 kj/ h 1 3. 6 3. 6 W : 2 c 2 d ;, ( 7-7 ) m : ;, 8% ;, 5% ;, 5% ;, ; 5%, ;, ; Bb 7-11 7-11 Bb B b 0. 1 ( ) 0. 1 1 ( ) 0. 3 ( ) 0. 3 ( ) 0. 6 2 0. 25 3 0. 25 4 0. 35 :,, 7-12 ; 7-12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0. 10 0. 15 0. 33 0. 53 0. 72 0. 86 1. 00 1. 00 0. 83 0. 62 0. 41 0. 20,, : 35, 4 ; - 8-10 ;, ; 15 ;, ;, 220

3. 3 = 3 a + 3b = 1 3. 6 ( h w - hn ) nvn n + 30 nr n ( hw - hn ) (7-8) 24 3, W ; 3 a, W ; 3b, W ; hw, hn, kj/ kg; kj/ kg; n 2 3 ; Vn, m 3 ; n, kg/ m 3 ; 24 1 d 24h ; 30, m 3 / h ; nr : ;, 3b, 4. 4, W ; Pd, k W; 4 = 1000 Pd b (7-9), 1; 0. 75; b, 1, 5., 8h, b= 8/ 24 5 = 5 a + 5b + 5 c = d Ad + 1 3. 6 n k nk Vn ( hw 24 - hn ) M n + 3 24 nr r ( 7-10) 5, W ; 5 a, W ; 5b, W ; 5 c, W ; d 2. 3W/ m 2 ; 4. 7W/ m 2 ; Ad, m 2 ; n k ; nk, ; Vn, m 3 ; hw, 7-12,, kj/ kg; 221

hn, kj/ kg; M, 0. 5;, 1 ; n, kg/ m 3 ; 3, 3h ; 24 nr ; r ( W ), - 5, 279 W; - 5, 395W : 5 7-12 ( ) 3000m 3 ( 7-13) 7-13 / 1 50t 2 50 100t - 15-18 3 100 200t 4 200 300t 1 100t 0 + 2 2 100 300t 1 100t 0 + 2 2 100 300t / ( W/ t) 195 160 150 130 120 95 82 70 260 230 230 210 140 110 115 90 222 ( ) 1. ( 7-14 )

/ 7-14 / ( W/ t) / h 1-2 + 35 + 4 20 3000 2300 2-7/ - 2 + 35 + 4 11 5000 4000 3-10 + 35 + 12 8 6200 5000 4-10 + 35 + 10 3 13000 10000 1-23 + 4-15 20 5300 4500 2-23 + 12-15 12 8200 6900 3-23 + 35-15 20 7600 5800 4-30 + 4-15 11 9400 7500 5-30 - 10-18 16 6700 5400-7, 0, - 2 ( ) : 1., 2., 7 % 2. ( 7-15 ) Q 2 P ( 1. 3 Q 2 ) 7-15 / ( W/ t ) / 1 0-2 88 70 2 250t - 15-18 82 70 3 500 1000t - 18 53 47 4 1000 3000t - 18-20 41 47 30 35 5 1500 3500t - 18 41 30 35 6 4500 9000t - 18 30 35 24 7 10000 20000 t - 18 28 21 1 7000 2 7800 3 420, ;, ;,, ; ; ; ; ; ;, 223

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, U, ;,, U,,,,, ( GB 8163 87), ( 20mm ), (YB 447 70),, (GB 8163 87), ( GB 3091 82 ), ( GB 3092 82),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) : ; 224

; 0. 02,,,, 7-13, U, U 7-14 7-13 7-14 ( ), U,,, 7-15 7-17 7-15 ( ) 7-16 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, 225

, 7-18 7-17 ( ) 7-18 7-18 A,, ; B,,,,, A B,, 7-18,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90,,,, ;,, 7-18, B,,, :, U,,, 7-19,,, 7-20 7-21 7-19, ( ) 226

7-20 ( ) 7-21 ( ), U,,, 7-22,, 7-23 (a), U,,, ( ), 7-22 7-23 ( b),, 7-23 1 ; 2 ; 3, 7-24,,,, 45,, 227

7-24 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6, ( ),, ( ),,,, 0. 01,,,,, U,, U,,,,, 7-25,, 7-25 U 7-26 1 ; 2 U ; 3 ; 4 3 m,, 7-26,, 8m, 228

,,, 45 Y, 7-27 Y ;,,, 7-28 7-27 Y 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 Y 7-28 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, :,,, 7-29 ;,,, 7-30 7-29 7-30 ( ),,,,,, 229

, 7-31, 0. 5m/ s,, 0. 01,, 200mm,,, 7-32, 0. 5m/ s 200mm, 400mm 7-31 7-32 1 ; 2 ( ) ( ),,,, 0. 5m/ s, 1/ 50 200mm;,, 7-33 7-33,,, 230

600mm 0. 5m/ s, 1/ 50,, 7-34 7-34 6. 867Pa,, 6. 867Pa, 600mm,,,,,, 480mm,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (1 ),, 7-35 ( a) 231

U,, 2m U,,, U (2 ),, 7-35 ( b) : ;,, ;, 7-35 ( ),, 7-36,,, 7-37 7-36 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,, 7-38,, 232

7-37 1 ; 3 ; 2 ; 4 7-38 1 ; 3 ; 2 ; 4,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 7-39, 0. 003,, 45, 7-39 7-39 1 ; 2 ; 3 7-40 1 ; 2 ; 3 233

( ),, 7-40, 0. 01,, 45, 7-40,, ( ),,, 0. 5m/ s, 300 mm 7-41, 0. 5m/ s, 7-41, 300mm 0. 02, 0. 8m/ s 7-42 7-41 1 ; 2 7-42 1 ; 2, 7-43, ( ),,, 7-43, 0. 5m/ s, 0. 02, 300mm,, ( ), ( ), ( 234

), 200 300mm ( ) 7-44 7-43 1 ; 2 ; 3 7-44 1 ; 2 ( ),,, 1. 2m, 20mm, 7-45 7-45 1 ; 2,, 7-46 ( ),,,, 7-47 7-48,,,, ( ),, 235

7-46 1 ; 2 7-47 ( ) 1 ; 2 7-48 ( ) 1 ; 2 ( ), ( ),,,,,, 50m 5m, ( ),,, 236

,,,, - 20,,,,,,,,, ( COP ),,,,,,,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 7-49 1.,,, 237

7-49 1 ; 2 ; 3,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( : ), ( ),,,,, 2.,, ;,,,, 3.,, : CaCl2,, ( ), 7-50 1., 238

7-50 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5, ;,, ( ),,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ) 7-51 239

7-51 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 1.,,,, ( 15M Pa),, 2.,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, 60, 30,,,, ( ), 240

, ( 1 ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, ( ),, 2 20t,,, 20t,,, 3. 5m,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 400mm;, 50 100mm, 100 200mm; 400mm ; 1200 mm,,,,, 241

( ),, :, ;, 600 800mm ; ;, ;, ;, ;,,,, ( ),,, : ( ) ;,, ( ) ;, ;, ; ; ( ),, : ( ) ;,, ;,, ; ;, ;, ; ; ( 80 100mm) ; ; ( ),,,,, :, 242

( ),,, 1. 2m 10mm,,, 200mm ( ),,, ( ),, 1471. 5N 2mm, 7-52 7-53 7-52 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 7-53 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 (1 ), ; ; 0. 5m, 0. 5m (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, ;,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, 243

(6 ),,,,,,, (7 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) 17m 2,,,, (8),,,,, (9 ), (10),,, ( ), Qq, W; Q1, W; 1, 1. 1; Q2, W; Q3, W; Q4, W; Q5, W; Qq = 1 Q 1 + PQ2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 ( W ) ( 7-11) P 1. 3, 1,, :, Q1 K, W/ ( m 2 K) ; F, m 2 ; Tn,, Q1, Qq = 1 Q 1 + PQ2 + Q4 ( W) ( 7-12), Q1 = K F(32 - Tn ) ( W) ( 7-13) Q1 = K F ( Tw - T n ) ( W) ( 7-14),, = 1. 3, = 244 1. 6;, = 1. 53, = 1. 87; T w, ;

T n, ( ),,,, 1. 1, ( ) Qj = 1. 1 1 Q1 + PQ2 + Q4 ( W) ( 7-15), 1 (1. 1 1. 3 ) ;, 1 ( 1. 5 2. 0 ),,, 7-54 (a) ( b) 7-54 7-13 1. 2,,,,,,,,,,,, 245

,,,,,,,, O2, O2, O2,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,, :,,,, 0. 1mm, ( 5mm),, 0. 8 1. 2 mm,,, 2.,,,,, 7-55 (a) 28 #, ; (c),,,,, ;, ( b) 7-55 -,, 7-56 246

7-56 7-57 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ) 50 100mm,,, 7-57, 7-58 7-58 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 5 ; 6 (2 ), 50mm,,, 0. 7mm,, 7-59 (3 ), 247

,,,,, 7-60 7-59 7-60,,, 7-61 ( ), ( ), 7-61 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;,,, 4 ( + ) :, ; ;, 600mm 760mm,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 500cm 500cm, 500cm,,, 248

7-62,,, ( ), CO2,, ( 7-63 ) ( ),,,,,, 7-62 ( ) 0. 5, 18. 7 mmh2 O,, 20mm H2 O, 196Pa ( 25mmH2 O, 245Pa),, ( ULO) O2,,,, 7-63 249

,, 25mm,,,, CO2 : 28 m 3, 6. 45cm 2 : CO2 CO2 ( ), 1. 5% 0. 5,,,, 100mm ( 7-64) 600 900mm,, 0. 07mm, 7-64 560 850 m 3,, 2 2 ( ),,,, 6mm, 7-65 7-64 7-65 ( ),, GB 50274 98, ( ) :,, :, 100Pa ( 10mm H2 O),, 250

10min 50Pa (5mm H2 O), 10min, p tmin, Pa ; p,, Pa ; t, min; ( 7-16), p = pe - t ( 7-16) = 2. 3026 lg p t p ( 7-17) p p t ( 7-17),, 0. 07,, ( ), ( 100Pa),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 500 3000t,,, 2 3, 10,,, ;,, :, 100 300t,, 20 30t,,,,,, 19, 200,,, 251

,,,, ( ) 1., :,,,,,, 3 5, 2.,,,,, (1 ),,,, ( ) (, ),,, (2 ),, 0. 5 ;, 0. 5% ; ; 90 % 95 %,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, 24,,,,,,,,, 252

( ) (1 ), : 100Pa 50Pa, 10min (2 ),,, (3 ),,,, ( ), 1.,,,,, 2.,, ;,,, ;,!,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1. 2m 253

,,, 7-16,,, 7-16 / mm 900 2000 (600 800 ) ( 500 700) ( + 100 ) ( + 100) 1200 2000 2000 2200 1600 2500, 1800 2500 3000 3000 1200 2600 400 400, ( ),, 7-17 7-17 : 1. 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1. 254

(1 ) SLM,, 180 135 90,, e SLM 7-66 7-18 7-66 ( SLM ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 7-18 / mm ( ) 900 2000 1200 2000 1500 2200 1200 2500 ( ) 1050 2050 1350 2050 1650 2250 1350 2050 420 490 ( ) 1200 2150 1500 2150 1800 2350 1500 2650, A B C, B C (2 ) Z,,, 7-67,,, 255

7-67 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 2.,, 7-68 7-19,, 5 mm, 5mm, 3. ( 7-69 ) 7-68 (1 ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4,,, 7-70,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 7-19 PSMA / mm 0920 1220 1522 1622 1625 1825 2027 2433 900 1200 1500 1600 1600 1800 2000 2400 2000 2000 2200 2200 2500 2500 2700 3300 : 1500mm (2 ), HSM, 7-71, 256

7-69 7-70 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 7-71 HSM ( ) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15,,,,,,, 257

, 45mm, 0. 2 0. 3m/ s 120W (3 ),, 4.,,,,,,,,,, PDM PDMA : 380V 50H z 0. 4kW 1380r/ min; 50 1; 12. 7mm, 8. 5mm; 0. 2m/ s 7-72, 7-73, 7-20 7-72 PDM 7-73 7-20 / mm 0920 1220 1522 1622 1625 1825 2027 2433 900 1200 1500 1600 1600 1800 2000 2400 2000 2000 2200 2200 2500 2500 2700 3300 1622 1625 1825 1827 2027 2033 2433 2733 1600 1600 1800 1800 2000 2000 2400 2700 2200 2500 2500 2700 2700 3300 3300 3300 5.,,,,,, PVC, 7-74, PVC,, 258

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7-74 : ; ;, ( ), 7-75,, PVC P VC PVC PVC,,,,,,,, 3m,,,,,,,,, ( ),, H t 0 v0 H t, 0 v0 0 7-75 7-21 v0, 15m/ s,,, 7-76, 7-77 259

7-21 / m / 0 / ( ) 2 2. 3 2. 5 15 30 15 30 45 20 45 60 25 15 35 15 35 60 20, 400 mm, 100mm A, 0. 6 m/ s 7-76 7-77 ( ),, 7-78,, 0. 2 0. 4 W/ ( m 2 K), ;,,,,,, 260

7-78 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,, ;,,,,, 13600kg ;,,,, 7-79 7-79, :, 7-80,, 1. 83m 2m 2. 13m; 2. 43 3. 04m, 400mm,, 261

, 3% 15%, 3% ;, 7% ;, 10% ;, 10% ;, 15% :, 7-80 ( ) 1. (1 ) 200mm 150mm,,, 400kg ; (2 ) 64mm,, 12 16, ; (3 ), 250mm 200mm, 6, 12, ; (4 ),,,,, 2., ( ),,,,, 7-22 7 ( ),, 7-23 8 7-81 4 262

7-22 1,,, 4 m 2,, 2/ 3, 3,,, 4, 14m,, 5 14m,,, 6,,, 7, 10m,, 263

7-23,,,,, 6 8 m 14 m,,,, 30m,,,,,,,, 12m,,,, 10 m,,,,,,,,,, 7-81( a) 7-81 ( b ) 7-81 (c) 7-81( d ) 264 7-81

,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, - 5,,, ( ),,,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7-24, 265

7-24 / mm / mm / mm 300 1500 200 300 1200 200 400 200 1000,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 1 0. 5, 4, 3 3, - 18, - 15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3mm,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,, 2.,,,,, 266

,,,,,,, 2% ( 50 ), 0. 3% 0. 4 %,,,,, ( ) 1., :, 1. 5% ( ) 2. 5%, ;,,, 2%,,,,,,, ;, 2 1, 1 9, 7 ; 2% 2. (1 ) 0. 3% 0. 4% ( 1L 16 % 20 % 20g ),,,,,,, ( 30 40 ),, 30L 3. 5kg, 70L 2. 5kg 25%,,, (2 ) 2% 4%, 2 %,, (3 ) 3 5mL, 1 2,,, 3.,,,,,, 1m 2 300mL,,,, 1 3d,,,, 4.,, 1W, 3h, 267

( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( O),,,,,,,,,,,,, 40 mg/ m 3, 1 2mg/ m 3, 3mg/ m 3,,, ( ) 5 % 10% 5% 20 %, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 268

, 1m 3, 25% 0. 7 kg, 35% 0. 5kg,,,,, : 100g, 20g, 0. 05g,,,, 0. 5 1cm,, 2cm, 269

,, ( ),,, 0. 35W/ ( m 2 K),,,,,,, ( ) ( ), 20,,, ( ),,, ( Cold Chain ),, :, ;,, ; 270

, ;, ( ),, ( ) 8-1 8-1 ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ) (1 ), 271

(2 ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ),,,,, ; ( ),, B11 B8 B6B 170mm, 196mm,,, 8-2,,, 0 0 0,, 0,,, ( ) 0, 0, - 21. 2 ( NaCl ),, 8-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6-4 - 8,, 6 7, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, :, 25 30 4 6 ; 0 6 ; - 6-12 ; 11 13,, 8-3 272

8-3 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 1., B19,,,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,, ;, 20m, 64k W, ; 5kW,,, 15 2., (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (2),,, 273

,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 75k W,,, 40min,,, ( ),,,,, ;, ( ),,,,, - 196, - 196, 199. 2kJ/ kg,, 385. 2 418. 7k J/ kg,,,,,,, ( ),,, 1. 2. ( ATP ), : 0. 4W/ ( m 2 K ) < K 0. 7 W/ ( m 2 K) ; K 0. 4 W/ ( m 2 K) A K 0. 4 W/ ( m 2 K) ; B 0. 4W/ ( m 2 K) < K 0. 6W/ ( m 2 K) ( tw ) 30, ( tn ) : A tn = 0 12 ; B tn = - 10 12 ; C tn = - 20 12 274

; D tn 2 ; E tn - 10 ; F tn - 20 tw 30, tn : A tn 7 ; B tn - 10 ; C tn - 20, 12, 12 h, : A - 10 ; B - 20 ( ),,, 8-4,,,,,,,,,,,,, R22 R502 R500,, ( ),, - 196-20,, 8-5,,,,,,,,,,, 8-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 8-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 275

650,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 50 150mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8-6 8-6 1 ; 2 ; 3,, R22 R502, 8 10, 5-5 - 18,,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ), (2 ),,,, 276

(3 ),,, (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) O2 N2 CO2,,,,,, : 20 8 8, 20 8 8. 6, 40 8 8. 6 (, ft, 1ft = 0. 3048 m) - 30 ( ) 12 ( ), - 30 20 : 6058 mm 2438mm 2591mm 12192 mm 2438 mm 2896 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 20 70 80,,,,,,, 7 14d,,,, 70% 277

,, ;, ;,, ( ) 1.,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,, 5m 3 / h, : ( ISOCELL ) ; ( F reshtainer ), 1m 3 / h,,,,,, 2., ( 1), N2 CO2, O2 CO2,,, O2, CO2, O2, O2,, CO2,,,, CO2 Transfres h 20 90 Tectrol CA, U S 700, : ( ) ; ( ) ; CO2,,, CA ( Controlled Atmos phere), MA ( Modified A tmosphere) (2 ),,, CO2 8-1,,,, 8-2 ( 1995 ) 278

8-1 Freshtainer Intac 401 / mm 12192 11400 2438 2280 2262 66. 6m 3 2895 2562 2519 / kg 5446 24554 38, - 25 29 ( 0. 25 ) O 2 1 % ( + 1 %, - 0. 5 % ), 0. 02m 3 / h CO 2 0 80 % ( + 0. 5 %, - 1 % ), 0. 18 m 3 / h R H 60 % 98 % ( 5 % ) 0. 12m 3 / h, 11. 25mg/ h 8-2 CA CO 2 CO 2 F res hcon DM 90000 F res htainer U S 13000 Carrier T ra nsicold U S 7000 1 DM14000 Graaff 2 DM16000 3 DM38500 Iso cell DM80000 T ra ns fres h US 700 + U S 1450 Conair-Plus DM25000 40 + Porthole- slot, Cronos Cont ainers Cronos 2m 2m 0. 2m,, 0. 8m 3, O2 CO2,,,,, 279

,,,,, :,,,, 5 ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ),, 0. 4 0. 7 W/ ( m 2 K),,, 2. 0 2. 5m 2 3,,,,,, 8-7,,,,,,,,, 15 5,,, 280

8-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 8 ; 7 ; 9 ; 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ; ; ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :, 281

,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1/ 30, 7 d 15h ( ), ;, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 282

,, ( ),, (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), 8-3 8-3 1800 mm 500 L,,, ( ),,,, 8-8,,, 8-9,,, 8-8,, ( ),, 8-8 283

,,,,,,,,, 8-10 8-9 8-10,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, : ;, :,,, ;,,,, 284

( ),,,, :,,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,, :,,, ;,, ;,,,, 3 ; 3 10,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 285

,,,,,,,,, 0, ;,, 9-1 9-2 9-1 ( ) ( ),, 3 mm, 5 mm 5 10 mm,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0 286

9-2,,, ;,, ;, 615 ( 60M Pa ), - 5 ; 20000 (1961. 33M Pa), 0 331. 6 335. 7kJ/ kg, 335kJ/ kg,, 1kg 80kcal 334. 94kJ, 0 1kg, 0, 334. 94 kj, 9-3 9-3 / / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] 0 0. 00 2500. 78 0. 0000 0-333. 56 2834. 34-1. 2209-5 - 343. 99 2835. 59-1. 2594-10 - 354. 20 2836. 59-1. 2983-15 - 369. 29 2837. 39-1. 3368-20 - 374. 17 2838. 06-1. 3754-25 - 383. 85 2838. 52-1. 4139-30 - 393. 39 2838. 82-1. 4528-35 - 402. 69 2838. 86-1. 4913-40 - 411. 81 2838. 73-1. 5303-45 - 420. 77 2838. 44-1. 5692-50 - 429. 57 2838. 02-1. 6081,,, = 917kg/ m 3,, 9% 9-4 287

9-4 / ( ) / ( kg/ m 3 ) / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] 0 ( 32) 916. 79 333. 46-6. 7 (20 ) 916. 79-17. 8( 0 ) 919. 35-28. 9 ( - 20) 920. 95 15. 56 (60 ) 28. 2 10-6, T, K c= 2. 165-0. 0264 T [ k J/ ( kg K) ] (9-1), 0-20, c = 2. 1kJ/ ( kg K), 4. 2kJ/ ( kg K),,,, = 2. 43W/ ( m K), 4 9-5 9-5 - 20 t/ 0-50 - 100 / [ W/ ( m K) ] 2. 24 2. 78 3. 47,, 9-6 9-6 t/ 0-10 - 20 / ( kgf/ cm 2 ) 15 30 50 : 1 kgf/ cm 2 = 98. 0665 kpa 0 = 0. 00419 m 2 / h,, 20, 24mg/ L, 0 36mg/ L,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 0. 25M Pa 8cm, 3 4,, ) 288 (

( ) 1. 7 2. 4M Pa 6cm,,,, 100 200kg 0. 4m 3 / h ( ), 50 80mg/ L, :,, 180mg/ kg, 4, 11mg/ kg,,, ;,,,,,, 9-1 9-2 9-1 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 289

9-2 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 :,,, ( ) :,,, ( N acl), ( CaCl2 ) 1., 9-7 9-7 / ( 10 3 kg/ m 3 ) / % / + 15 0-5 - 10-15 - 20 ( NaCl ) / % / + 15 0-5 - 10-15 - 20 ( CaCl 2 ) 10 1. 075 1. 078 1. 079 15 1. 132 1. 137 1. 140 11 1. 082 1. 086 1. 087 16 1. 142 1. 147 1. 150 12 1. 089 1. 093 1. 095 17 1. 151 1. 157 1. 160 13 1. 098 1. 101 1. 102 18 1. 161 1. 167 1. 170 14 1. 103 1. 108 1. 110 19 1. 171 1. 177 1. 180 15 1. 111 1. 116 1. 117 1. 119 20 1. 181 1. 187 1. 190 16 1. 119 1. 124 1. 125 1. 125 21 1. 191 1. 197 1. 201 1. 205 17 1. 127 1. 133 1. 134 1. 135 22 1. 201 1. 207 1. 211 1. 215 18 1. 134 1. 141 1. 142 1. 144 23 1. 211 1. 218 1. 222 1. 226 19 1. 141 1. 147 1. 148 1. 149 1. 151 24 1. 222 1. 228 1. 233 1. 237 20 1. 151 1. 158 1. 160 1. 162 1. 163 25 1. 232 1. 239 1. 244 1. 248 21 1. 160 1. 165 1. 168 1. 169 1. 171 26 1. 243 1. 250 1. 254 1. 259 1. 263 22 1. 168 1. 174 1. 176 1. 178 1. 180 27 1. 252 1. 261 1. 266 1. 270 1. 275 23 1. 174 1. 181 1. 183 1. 185 1. 187 1. 188 28 1. 264 1. 272 1. 277 1. 282 1. 287 24 1. 184 1. 191 1. 194 1. 196 1. 198 29 1. 275 1. 283 1. 288 1. 293 1. 298 1. 303 25 1. 193 1. 199 1. 202 1. 204 30 1. 286 1. 294 1. 298 1. 304 1. 310 1. 315 290

2. - 10-14, 18. 9 22. 1 ( Be ) 20 = 20 20, g/ cm 3 ; x 9-8 144. 1 144. 3 - x 9-8 ( g/ cm 3 ) (9-2) / ( g/ cm 3 ) / ( g/ cm 3 ) / ( g/ cm 3 ) / ( g/ cm 3 ) 1 1. 007 11 1. 083 21 1. 171 31 1. 274 2 1. 014 12 1. 091 22 1. 180 32 1. 285 3 1. 022 13 1. 100 23 1. 190 33 1. 297 4 1. 029 14 1. 108 24 1. 200 34 1. 308 5 1. 036 15 1. 116 25 1. 210 35 1. 320 6 1. 045 16 1. 125 26 1. 220 36 1. 332 7 1. 052 17 1. 134 27 1. 231 37 1. 345 8 1. 060 18 1. 142 28 1. 241 38 1. 357 9 1. 067 19 1. 152 29 1. 252 39 1. 370 10 1. 075 20 1. 162 30 1. 263 40 1. 383 3., 6 8 ( N acl) - 16 ; ( CaCl2 ) - 50 ( ) 4., ;, 0 5%, ( CaCl2 ) ;,,, p H,,,, 18 20%, 0. 11 0. 55mm, ( ), 8mm 70 (, ),, ph 7 9, ; 18 24, ( CO2 ),, ;,,,,, ph,, 291

p H 9,,, ( N H3 Cl2 ),,, ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) ( NaO H ), 100 27 9-9 9-9 ( CaCl 2 ) (NaCl) ( CaCl 2 ) ( NaCl ) 100kg (73 % ) 100 kg / ( 10 3 kg/ m 3 ) / kg / ( 10 3 kg/ m 3 ) / kg 1. 160 0. 695 1. 118 1. 79 1. 169 0. 655 1. 126 1. 67 1. 179 0. 621 1. 134 1. 57 1. 188 0. 587 1. 142 1. 47 1. 198 0. 556 1. 150 1. 39 1. 208 0. 528 1. 158 1. 32 1. 218 0. 502 1. 166 1. 24 1. 229 0. 478 1. 175 1. 18 1. 239 0. 455 1. 250 0. 453 ( ) ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) ( CaCl2 ) 15 1. 19 10 3 kg/ m 3, 23 1m 3 1. 6kg ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ),, ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) 27% ( NaO H ) ( N acl) 1. 17 10 3 kg/ m 3, 21 1m 3 3. 2kg ( Na2 Cr2 O7 ) 5. 4kg (N ao H), p H = 8. 5 ( ) (1 ) 21. 1, 19 (2 ), - 14. 2 (3 ) p H 7. 5 8. 5 (4 ), ( ) 3. 2 kg;, 1 2,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( p H ) 7. 5 ( 7 ) 292

( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ), ( ) 1. ( ) m ( ), t/ d; m = P/ ( 365 - n) (9-3) P ( ) ( ), t ; n, d,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), 2 3, 2. ( ) (1 ) V, m 3 ; P, t ; r, t/ m 3 ;, 0. 8 (2 ) V = P (9-4) r S = V H (9-5) S, m 2 ; V, m 3 ; H,, m ;, 5 10m, 16m ( ) 3. t = A ( + B) (9-6) ty 293

t, h; ty,, - 10-14 ;, m; A B, 9-10 9-10 1 1. 25 1. 5 2. 0 2. 5 4. 0 A 3120 3690 4060 4540 4830 5320 B 0. 036 0. 031 0. 028 0. 026 0. 0245 0. 023 4. n = m( t + t0 ) 1000 24 g = 41. 5 m g ( t + t0 ) (9-7) n, ; m, t/ d; g, k g; t, h ; t0, 0. 1 0. 15h) 5., 9-11 h ( 9-11 / kg / mm / mm / kg 25 260 130 230 110 1100 1. 5 12 35 342 115 313 123 1100 2. 5 16. 5 50 380 190 340 160 1100 1. 5 17. 2 100 500 250 466 216 1175 2. 0 34 125 550 275 522 247 1175 2. 0 38. 6 ( ),, P ( ) 1. P = t + t0 24 m (9-8) Q1 = F K( tn - ty ) ( kw ) (9-9) Q1, kw ; F, m 2 ; 294

K, W/ ( m 2 K) ; K = 0. 5W/ ( m 2 K), K = 2. 0 W/ ( m 2 K) ; tn,, 15 20 ; ty, 2. Q2 = 1000 G[ C1 ( ts - 0 ) + L + C2 (0 - tb ) ] ( kw ) ( 9-10) 24 Q2, kw ; G, t/ d; ts, ; L, kj/ kg; C1, kj/ ( kg K) ; C2, kj/ ( kg K) ; tb,, 2 3. Q3, kw ; G, t/ d; W, ts, ; Q3 = 1000 24 GWc( t s - ty ) 1 g + n 1 w1 c ( kw ) ( 9-11) kg, 9-11; ty,, - 10 ; g, kg; n1, ; w1, kg; c, 0. 42 kj/ ( kg K) 4. Q4, kw ; Nz, 5. Q5, kw ; kw 900, kg/ m 3 ; Fb, m 2 ;, Q5 Q4 = 860 Nz ( kw ) ( 9-12) = 900 Fb Q1 g m, 0. 002m ( kw ) ( 9-13) Q = ( Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 ) R ( k W) ( 9-14) R, 1. 12 1. 15 295

,, 25 30, 7000, W/ t ; G, t ( ) Q = 7000 G ( W ) ( 9-15), ( ) :, V,,,,,, ( ) F = Q qf = Q K tm Q,, k W; K, W/ ( m 2 ) ; qf, W/ m 2 ; tm, tm = t 1, ; t 2, ; t0, t 1 - t 2 2. 3 lg t 1 - t0 t 2 - t0 ( 9-16) ( 9-17), 4-7 L, m 3 / s; L = wy f ( m 3 / s ) ( 9-18) wy, m/ s, 0. 7 m/ s, 0. 5 m/ s ; f, m 2 0. 7 m/ s, ;,, 296,

, 5 ;,, 8,, ( ),, Gs, kg; Vs, m 3 ; s, Gs kg/ L, 9-12; s V, m 3 ; V1, m 3 ; V2, = V s s s 1000 ( 9-19) V s = V - ( V1 + V2 ) ( m 3 ) ( 9-20) m 3 V2 = Fd 4 1. 1 ( m3 ) ( 9-21) F, m 2 ; 1t 2. 5 4m 2 d, m; 1. 1, 10% 9-12 NaCl CaCl 2 Na Cl CaC l 2-9 - 10-15 s / ( kg/ L ) s / % 1. 16 1. 17 20. 0 21. 2 21. 2 22. 4 1. 18 1. 20 22. 1 24. 1 19. 9 21. 9 ( ), 9-2 9-2,, ( ), ; 9-1 ( ) 9-1, :, ( ) ( L) L = l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 + l5 ( 9-22) 297

L, m ; l1, m ; l2 ( ), m; l3, m ; l4 ( 2 ), m; l5 ( 1m), m ( ) ( B) B = nb+ ( n - 1 ) b1 + 2b2 ( m) ( 9-23) B, m; n, m; b, m; b1, m; b2, m ( ) ( H ) h1 ; h2 ; h3 h2 1. 5 H = h1 + h2 + h3 ( m ) ( 9-24),, 4 5m 2 :, : tn = - 4 : tn = - 8 ; tn = - 12 ; tn = - 20 : 6m, ; 6m 6m,, ;,,,, ;,,, 9-13,,,,,,, ;, 298

9-13 / mm / mm / % / mm / % / mm / kg 50 400 200 375 175 900 800 15 5 0 250 15 7. 4 7. 4 3000 3500 100 500 250 475 225 1120 1000 12 4. 5 0 300 12 7. 0 7. 0 3200 4000 125 560 280 535 255 1190 1080 10 4 0 340 10 6. 5 6. 5 4000 4500 : 1.,,,, 2., 1970, AJB-15/ 24, ( ) AJB-15/ 24 AJB-15/ 24, 15t/ d, 110min, 24 h 13, 15t 9-3 AJB-15/ 24 : 172mm 268mm, 198mm 288mm, 1180mm 11, 50kg/ : - 15-16 ; 25 ; 6 10 ; 8. 7 10. 5k W; - 11 ( ),, ;, ; (, ),, ( 2. 5h ) ; ( - 10-11 ) ;,,,, ; 15t 15t ( 9-14) ( ) 1937,,, 9-4 ( 50 mm),, 3 4m 15min 299

9-3 AJB-15/ 24 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 9-14 15t 15t 15 t 15t 9t 15t 23 m 2 70 m 2 3t ( ) 1. 8h 16 24h 2. 5h 1. 5d 20 % 100 % - 1. 5 /,,,,,,,,,, 40 300

9-4 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; 21 ; 22 23 ; 24 ; 25 26 27 28 31 ; 29 30, 3 4, 1 2,,,,,, ( ),,, 9-5 1877,,, 100kg, 301

9-5 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 12 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 13 ( ),, ;, 10 15min, 2 4mm ;,, :, - 10 ;, ;,,,,,, :,, ( ) 1923, 68% 28 % 2 % 2% 9-6 302 9-6 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15

,, ( ) 9-7 9-8 9-7 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 9-8, 15mm, 303

,, ( ), ( 40mm 40mm),,, - 18 ;, - 23 9-9 30 min, 1 2min, 20 25min, 3 4 min, 0. 5min 5 25mm 31400kJ/ h 9-9 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 ; 11 ;,,,,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 9-10 304

9-10 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 305

1 R717 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] - 60 0. 219 1. 4006 4. 70212-67. 44 1373. 91-0. 102 6. 6601-55 0. 302 1. 4122 3. 48621-45. 65 1382. 57-0. 001 6. 5459-50 0. 408 1. 4242 2. 62482-23. 77 1391. 02 0. 0981 6. 4382-45 0. 545 1. 4364 2. 00458-1. 80 1399. 25 0. 1953 6. 3363-40 0. 717 1. 4491 1. 55117 20. 25 1407. 25 0. 2909 6. 2398-35 0. 931 1. 4621 1. 21501 42. 40 1414. 99 0. 3847 6. 1483-30 1. 195 1. 4755 0. 96249 64. 64 1422. 46 0. 4770 6. 0613-28 1. 315 1. 4810 0. 87945 73. 57 1425. 36 0. 5135 6. 0277-26 1. 446 1. 4865 0. 80488 82. 50 1428. 22 0. 5497 5. 9947-24 1. 587 1. 4921 0. 73779 91. 45 1431. 04 0. 5857 5. 9623-22 1. 738 1. 4978 0. 67733 100. 42 1433. 80 0. 6214 5. 9305-20 1. 901 1. 5036 0. 62274 109. 40 1436. 51 0. 6570 5. 8994-18 2. 076 1. 5094 0. 57338 118. 39 1439. 17 0. 6923 5. 8687-16 2. 263 1. 5154 0. 52866 127. 40 1441. 78 0. 7273 5. 8386-14 2. 464 1. 5214 0. 48810 136. 43 1444. 34 0. 7622 5. 8091-12 2. 679 1. 5275 0. 45123 145. 46 1446. 84 0. 7968 5. 7800-10 2. 908 1. 5336 0. 41769 154. 52 1449. 29 0. 8312 5. 7514-9 3. 028 1. 5368 0. 40205 159. 05 1450. 49 0. 8483 5. 7373-8 3. 152 1. 5399 0. 38712 163. 58 1451. 68 0. 8653 5. 7233-7 3. 280 1. 5431 0. 37285 168. 12 1452. 85 0. 8824 5. 7094-6 3. 412 1. 5463 0. 35921 172. 66 1454. 01 0. 8993 5. 6957-5 3. 548 1. 5495 0. 34618 177. 21 1455. 16 0. 9162 5. 682-4 3. 688 1. 5527 0. 33371 181. 76 1456. 29 0. 9331 5. 6685-3 3. 833 1. 5560 0. 32178 186. 32 1457. 40 0. 9499 5. 6550-2 3. 982 1. 5593 0. 31037 190. 87 1458. 51 0. 9666 5. 6417-1 4. 136 1. 5626 0. 29944 195. 43 1459. 59 0. 9833 5. 6284 0 4. 294 1. 5659 0. 28898 200. 00 1460. 66 1. 0000 5. 6153 1 4. 457 1. 5693 0. 27895 204. 57 1461. 72 1. 0166 5. 6022 2 4. 625 1. 5727 0. 26935 209. 14 1462. 76 1. 0332 5. 5893 3 4. 797 1. 5761 0. 26014 213. 72 1463. 79 1. 0497 5. 5764 4 4. 975 1. 5795 0. 25131 218. 30 1464. 80 1. 0661 5. 5637 5 5. 158 1. 5830 0. 24284 222. 89 1465. 79 1. 0825 5. 5510 6 5. 345 1. 5865 0. 23471 227. 47 1466. 77 1. 0989 5. 5384 7 5. 539 1. 5900 0. 22692 232. 07 1467. 73 1. 1152 5. 5259 8 5. 737 1. 5936 0. 21943 236. 67 1468. 68 1. 1315 5. 5135 306

t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] 9 5. 941 1. 5972 0. 21224 241. 27 1469. 61 1. 1477 5. 5012 10 6. 150 1. 6008 0. 20533 245. 87 1470. 52 1. 1639 5. 4890 11 6. 365 1. 6044 0. 19870 250. 48 1471. 42 1. 1800 5. 4768 12 6. 586 1. 6081 0. 19232 255. 10 1472. 30 1. 1961 5. 4647 13 6. 813 1. 6118 0. 18619 259. 72 1473. 17 1. 2121 5. 4527 14 7. 046 1. 6155 0. 18029 264. 34 1474. 02 1. 2281 5. 4408 15 7. 285 1. 6193 0. 17462 268. 97 1474. 85 1. 2441 5. 4290 16 7. 530 1. 6231 0. 16916 273. 60 1475. 66 1. 2600 5. 4172 17 7. 781 1. 6269 0. 16391 278. 24 1476. 46 1. 2759 5. 4055 18 8. 039 1. 6308 0. 15885 282. 89 1477. 24 1. 2917 5. 3939 19 8. 303 1. 6347 0. 15398 287. 53 1478. 00 1. 3075 5. 3823 20 8. 574 1. 6386 0. 14929 292. 19 1478. 74 1. 3232 5. 3708 21 8. 851 1. 6426 0. 14477 296. 85 1479. 47 1. 3390 5. 3594 22 9. 136 1. 6466 0. 14041 301. 51 1480. 17 1. 3546 5. 3481 23 9. 427 1. 6506 0. 13621 306. 18 1480. 86 1. 3703 5. 3368 24 9. 725 1. 6547 0. 13216 310. 86 1481. 53 1. 3859 5. 3255 25 10. 031 1. 6588 0. 12826 315. 54 1482. 19 1. 4014 5. 3144 26 10. 343 1. 6630 0. 12449 320. 23 1482. 12 1. 4169 5. 3033 27 10. 664 1. 6672 0. 12085 324. 92 1483. 43 1. 4324 5. 2922 28 10. 991 1. 6714 0. 11734 329. 62 1484. 03 1. 4479 5. 2812 29 11. 326 1. 6757 0. 11396 334. 32 1484. 60 1. 4633 5. 2703 30 11. 669 1. 6800 0. 11069 339. 04 1485. 16 1. 4787 5. 2594 31 12. 020 1. 6844 0. 10753 343. 76 1485. 70 1. 4940 5. 2485 32 12. 379 1. 6888 0. 10447 348. 48 1486. 21 1. 5093 5. 2377 33 12. 746 1. 6933 0. 10153 353. 22 1486. 71 1. 5246 5. 2270 34 13. 121 1. 6978 0. 09867 357. 96 1487. 19 1. 5398 5. 2163 35 13. 504 1. 7023 0. 09593 362. 58 1487. 65 1. 5547 5. 2058 36 13. 896 1. 7069 0. 09327 367. 33 1488. 09 1. 5699 5. 1952 37 14. 296 1. 7115 0. 09069 372. 09 1488. 50 1. 5850 5. 1846 38 14. 705 1. 7162 0. 08820 376. 86 1488. 89 1. 6002 5. 1741 39 15. 122 1. 7210 0. 08578 381. 64 1489. 26 1. 6153 5. 1636 40 15. 549 1. 7257 0. 08345 386. 43 1489. 61 1. 6303 5. 1532 41 15. 985 1. 7306 0. 08119 391. 22 1489. 94 1. 6454 5. 1428 42 16. 429 1. 7355 0. 07900 396. 02 1490. 25 1. 6604 5. 1325 43 16. 883 1. 7404 0. 07688 400. 84 1490. 53 1. 6754 5. 1222 44 17. 347 1. 7454 0. 07483 405. 66 1490. 79 1. 6904 5. 1119 45 17. 820 1. 7505 0. 07284 410. 49 1491. 02 1. 7053 5. 1016 46 18. 302 1. 7556 0. 07092 415. 34 1491. 23 1. 7203 5. 0914 47 18. 795 1. 7608 0. 06905 420. 19 1491. 42 1. 7352 5. 0812 48 19. 297 1. 7660 0. 06724 425. 06 1491. 59 1. 7501 5. 0711 49 19. 809 1. 7713 0. 06548 429. 93 1491. 73 1. 7650 5. 0609 50 20. 331 1. 7767 0. 06378 434. 82 1491. 84 1. 7798 5. 0508 51 20. 864 1. 7821 0. 06213 439. 72 1491. 93 1. 7947 5. 0407 52 21. 407 1. 7876 0. 06053 444. 63 1491. 99 1. 8095 5. 0307 53 21. 961 1. 7932 0. 05898 449. 56 1492. 03 1. 8243 5. 0206 54 22. 525 1. 7988 0. 05747 454. 50 1492. 04 1. 8391 5. 0106 55 23. 100 1. 8046 0. 05600 459. 45 1492. 02 1. 8539 5. 0006 307

308

3 R22 t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] - 60 0. 375 0. 6821 0. 53724 134. 75 379. 12 0. 7324 1. 8789-55 0. 495 0. 6885 0. 41489 139. 81 381. 54 0. 7559 1. 8640-50 0. 644 0. 6952 0. 32461 144. 94 383. 93 0. 7791 1. 8501-45 0. 827 0. 7022 0. 25703 150. 14 386. 29 0. 8021 1. 8372-40 1. 049 0. 7093 0. 20578 155. 40 388. 62 0. 8248 1. 8251-35 1. 317 0. 7168 0. 16642 160. 73 390. 91 0. 8474 1. 8139-30 1. 635 0. 7245 0. 13586 166. 13 393. 15 0. 8697 1. 8034-28 1. 778 0. 7277 0. 12558 168. 31 394. 03 0. 8786 1. 7993-26 1. 930 0. 7309 0. 11623 170. 50 394. 91 0. 8874 1. 7954-24 2. 092 0. 7342 0. 10772 172. 70 395. 77 0. 8963 1. 7916-22 2. 265 0. 7375 0. 09995 174. 91 396. 63 0. 9050 1. 7879-20 2. 448 0. 7409 0. 09286 177. 13 397. 48 0. 9138 1. 7842-18 2. 643 0. 7443 0. 08637 179. 37 398. 31 0. 9226 1. 7807-16 2. 849 0. 7478 0. 08042 181. 61 399. 14 0. 9313 1. 7772-14 3. 068 0. 7514 0. 07497 183. 87 399. 96 0. 9399 1. 7738-12 3. 299 0. 7550 0. 06996 186. 14 400. 77 0. 9486 1. 7705-10 3. 543 0. 7587 0. 06535 188. 42 401. 56 0. 9572 1. 7672-9 3. 670 0. 7606 0. 06318 189. 57 401. 96 0. 9615 1. 7656-8 3. 801 0. 7625 0. 06110 190. 71 402. 35 0. 9658 1. 7640-7 3. 935 0. 7644 0. 05911 191. 86 402. 74 0. 9701 1. 7624-6 4. 072 0. 7663 0. 05719 193. 02 403. 12 0. 9744 1. 7609-5 4. 213 0. 7683 0. 05534 194. 17 403. 51 0. 9787 1. 7593-4 4. 358 0. 7703 0. 05357 195. 33 403. 88 0. 9830 1. 7578-3 4. 507 0. 7722 0. 05187 196. 50 404. 26 0. 9872 1. 7563-2 4. 659 0. 7742 0. 05023 197. 66 404. 63 0. 9915 1. 7548-1 4. 816 0. 7763 0. 04866 198. 83 405. 00 0. 9957 1. 7533 0 4. 976 0. 7783 0. 04714 200. 00 405. 37 1. 0000 1. 7519 1 5. 140 0. 7804 0. 04568 201. 17 405. 73 1. 0042 1. 7504 2 5. 308 0. 7825 0. 04427 202. 35 406. 09 1. 0085 1. 7490 3 5. 481 0. 7846 0. 04292 203. 53 406. 45 1. 0127 1. 7475 4 5. 657 0. 7867 0. 04162 204. 72 406. 80 1. 0169 1. 7461 5 5. 838 0. 7889 0. 04036 205. 90 407. 15 1. 0212 1. 7447 6 6. 023 0. 7910 0. 03915 207. 09 407. 50 1. 0254 1. 7433 7 6. 212 0. 7932 0. 03798 208. 29 407. 84 1. 0296 1. 7419 8 6. 406 0. 7955 0. 03685 209. 48 408. 18 1. 0338 1. 7405 9 6. 604 0. 7977 0. 03576 210. 68 408. 51 1. 0380 1. 7392 10 6. 807 0. 8000 0. 03472 211. 88 408. 84 1. 0422 1. 7378 11 7. 014 0. 8023 0. 03370 213. 09 409. 17 1. 0464 1. 7365 12 7. 226 0. 8046 0. 03273 214. 30 409. 49 1. 0506 1. 7351 13 7. 443 0. 8070 0. 03179 215. 49 409. 81 1. 0547 1. 7338 14 7. 665 0. 8094 0. 03087 216. 70 410. 13 1. 0589 1. 7325 309

t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] 15 7. 891 0. 8118 0. 02999 217. 92 410. 44 1. 0631 1. 7312 16 8. 123 0. 8142 0. 02914 219. 15 410. 75 1. 0672 1. 7299 17 8. 359 0. 8167 0. 02832 220. 37 411. 05 1. 0714 1. 7286 18 8. 601 0. 8192 0. 02752 221. 60 411. 35 1. 0756 1. 7273 19 8. 847 0. 8217 0. 02675 222. 83 411. 64 1. 0797 1. 7260 20 9. 099 0. 8243 0. 02601 224. 07 411. 93 1. 0839 1. 7247 21 9. 356 0. 8269 0. 02529 225. 31 412. 21 1. 0880 1. 7234 22 9. 619 0. 8295 0. 02459 226. 56 412. 49 1. 0922 1. 7221 23 9. 887 0. 8322 0. 02391 227. 80 412. 77 1. 0963 1. 7209 24 10. 160 0. 8349 0. 02326 229. 05 413. 03 1. 1005 1. 7196 25 10. 439 0. 8376 0. 02263 230. 31 413. 3 1. 1046 1. 7183 26 10. 723 0. 8404 0. 02201 231. 57 413. 56 1. 1087 1. 7171 27 11. 014 0. 8432 0. 02142 232. 83 413. 81 1. 1129 1. 7158 28 11. 309 0. 8461 0. 02084 234. 10 414. 06 1. 1170 1. 7146 29 11. 611 0. 8490 0. 02029 235. 37 414. 30 1. 1211 1. 7133 30 11. 919 0. 8519 0. 01974 236. 65 414. 54 1. 1253 1. 7121 31 12. 232 0. 8549 0. 01922 237. 93 414. 77 1. 1294 1. 7108 32 12. 552 0. 8579 0. 01871 239. 22 415. 00 1. 1335 1. 7096 33 12. 878 0. 8610 0. 01822 240. 51 415. 22 1. 1377 1. 7083 34 13. 210 0. 8641 0. 01774 241. 80 415. 43 1. 1418 1. 7071 35 13. 548 0. 8673 0. 01727 243. 10 415. 64 1. 1459 1. 7058 36 13. 892 0. 8705 0. 01682 244. 41 415. 84 1. 1500 1. 7046 37 14. 243 0. 8738 0. 01638 245. 71 416. 03 1. 1542 1. 7033 38 14. 601 0. 8771 0. 01595 247. 03 416. 22 1. 1583 1. 7021 39 14. 965 0. 8805 0. 01554 248. 35 416. 40 1. 1624 1. 7008 40 15. 335 0. 8839 0. 01514 249. 67 416. 57 1. 1666 1. 6995 41 15. 712 0. 8874 0. 01475 251. 00 416. 74 1. 1707 1. 6983 42 16. 097 0. 8909 0. 01437 252. 34 416. 89 1. 1748 1. 6970 43 16. 487 0. 8946 0. 01400 253. 68 417. 04 1. 1790 1. 6957 44 16. 885 0. 8983 0. 01364 255. 03 417. 18 1. 1831 1. 6944 45 17. 290 0. 9020 0. 01329 256. 38 417. 32 1. 1873 1. 6931 46 17. 702 0. 9058 0. 01295 257. 74 417. 44 1. 1914 1. 6918 47 18. 121 0. 9097 0. 01261 259. 11 417. 56 1. 1956 1. 6905 48 18. 548 0. 9137 0. 01229 260. 49 417. 66 1. 1998 1. 6892 49 18. 982 0. 9178 0. 01198 261. 87 417. 76 1. 2039 1. 6878 50 19. 423 0. 9219 0. 01167 263. 25 417. 85 1. 2081 1. 6865 51 19. 872 0. 9261 0. 01137 264. 65 417. 93 1. 2123 1. 6851 52 20. 328 0. 9304 0. 01108 266. 05 417. 99 1. 2165 1. 6838 53 20. 793 0. 9349 0. 01080 267. 46 418. 05 1. 2207 1. 6824 54 21. 265 0. 9394 0. 01052 268. 88 418. 09 1. 2249 1. 6810 55 21. 744 0. 9440 0. 01025 270. 31 418. 13 1. 2291 1. 6796 310

t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( L 3 / kg ) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] 56 22. 232 0. 9487 0. 00999 271. 74 418. 15 1. 2333 1. 6781 57 22. 728 0. 9535 0. 00973 273. 19 418. 16 1. 2376 1. 6767 58 23. 232 0. 9585 0. 00948 274. 64 418. 15 1. 2418 1. 6752 59 23. 745 0. 9635 0. 00924 276. 11 418. 13 1. 2461 1. 6737 60 24. 266 0. 9687 0. 00900 277. 58 418. 10 1. 2504 1. 6722 61 24. 795 0. 9741 0. 00877 279. 07 418. 05 1. 2547 1. 6706 62 25. 333 0. 9796 0. 00854 280. 57 417. 99 1. 2590 1. 6690 63 25. 879 0. 9852 0. 00832 282. 08 417. 91 1. 2633 1. 6674 64 26. 435 0. 9910 0. 00810 283. 60 417. 81 1. 2677 1. 6658 65 26. 999 0. 9970 0. 00789 285. 13 417. 70 1. 2721 1. 6641 66 27. 573 1. 0031 0. 00768 286. 68 417. 56 1. 2765 1. 6624 67 28. 155 1. 0095 0. 00748 288. 24 417. 41 1. 2809 1. 6606 68 28. 747 1. 0161 0. 00728 289. 82 417. 24 1. 2854 1. 6588 69 29. 348 1. 0228 0. 00708 291. 42 417. 04 1. 2898 1. 6570 70 29. 959 1. 0298 0. 00689 293. 03 416. 82 1. 2944 1. 6551 71 30. 579 1. 0371 0. 00670 294. 66 416. 57 1. 2989 1. 6532 72 31. 210 1. 0446 0. 00652 296. 31 416. 30 1. 3035 1. 6512 73 31. 850 1. 0525 0. 00634 297. 98 416. 00 1. 3082 1. 6491 74 32. 500 1. 0606 0. 00616 299. 69 415. 67 1. 3129 1. 6470 75 33. 161 1. 0691 0. 00598 301. 40 415. 31 1. 3176 1. 6448 76 33. 832 1. 0780 0. 00581 303. 13 414. 91 1. 3224 1. 6425 77 34. 513 1. 0873 0. 00564 304. 89 414. 48 1. 3272 1. 6402 78 35. 205 1. 0970 0. 00548 306. 71 414. 00 1. 3322 1. 6377 79 35. 909 1. 1073 0. 00531 308. 54 413. 48 1. 3372 1. 6351 80 36. 623 1. 1181 0. 00515 310. 42 412. 91 1. 3422 1. 6325 81 37. 348 1. 1295 0. 00499 312. 33 412. 28 1. 3474 1. 6297 82 38. 086 1. 1416 0. 00483 314. 29 411. 60 1. 3527 1. 6267 83 38. 834 1. 1545 0. 00467 316. 30 410. 85 1. 3581 1. 6236 84 39. 595 1. 1684 0. 00452 318. 36 410. 02 1. 3637 1. 6203 85 40. 368 1. 1832 0. 00436 320. 50 409. 11 1. 3694 1. 6168 86 41. 154 1. 1994 0. 00420 322. 70 408. 10 1. 3753 1. 6130 87 41. 952 1. 2170 0. 00405 325. 00 406. 98 1. 3814 1. 6090 88 42. 763 1. 2363 0. 00389 327. 40 405. 72 1. 3878 1. 6046 89 43. 587 1. 2579 0. 00373 329. 92 404. 30 1. 3945 1. 5998 90 44. 425 1. 2823 0. 00357 332. 60 402. 67 1. 4015 1. 5945 91 45. 277 1. 3103 0. 00340 335. 49 400. 77 1. 4092 1. 5884 92 46. 144 1. 3436 0. 00322 338. 65 398. 52 1. 4175 1. 5815 93 47. 025 1. 3845 0. 00303 342. 19 395. 75 1. 4269 1. 5732 94 47. 922 1. 4384 0. 00282 346. 35 392. 13 1. 4379 1. 5626 95 48. 835 1. 5206 0. 00255 351. 76 386. 72 1. 4522 1. 5472 311

312

5 R134a t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( dm 3 / kg) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] - 103 0. 0047 0. 6305 29. 48102 83. 61 333. 82 0. 4733 1. 9438-100 0. 0064 0. 6335 21. 94558 86. 47 335. 58 0. 4899 1. 9286-90 0. 0168 0. 644 8. 88679 96. 14 341. 57 0. 5442 1. 8842-80 0. 0391 0. 6549 4. 00491 106. 14 347. 69 0. 5974 1. 8479-70 0. 0831 0. 6665 1. 9745 116. 52 353. 92 0. 6497 1. 8183-60 0. 1632 0. 6787 1. 0502 127. 27 360. 22 0. 7014 1. 7942-50 0. 299 0. 6917 0. 5957 138. 42 366. 54 0. 7524 1. 7747-40 0. 516 0. 7055 0. 35692 149. 97 372. 85 0. 803 1. 7589-30 0. 847 0. 7202 0. 22408 161. 91 379. 11 0. 853 1. 7463-28 0. 93 0. 7233 0. 20518 164. 35 380. 35 0. 863 1. 7441-26 1. 02 0. 7264 0. 18817 166. 8 381. 59 0. 8729 1. 742-24 1. 116 0. 7296 0. 17282 169. 26 382. 82 0. 8828 1. 74-22 1. 219 0. 7328 0. 15896 171. 74 384. 05 0. 8927 1. 738-20 1. 33 0. 7361 0. 14641 174. 24 385. 28 0. 9025 1. 7362-18 1. 448 0. 7394 0. 13504 176. 75 386. 5 0. 9124 1. 7345-16 1. 575 0. 7428 0. 12471 179. 27 387. 71 0. 9222 1. 7328-14 1. 71 0. 7463 0. 11533 181. 81 388. 92 0. 932 1. 7312-12 1. 854 0. 7498 0. 10678 184. 36 390. 12 0. 9418 1. 7297-10 2. 007 0. 7533 0. 09898 186. 93 391. 32 0. 9515 1. 7282-8 2. 17 0. 7569 0. 09186 189. 52 392. 51 0. 9613 1. 7269-6 2. 344 0. 7606 0. 08535 192. 12 393. 7 0. 971 1. 7255-4 2. 527 0. 7644 0. 07938 194. 73 394. 87 0. 9807 1. 7243-2 2. 722 0. 7682 0. 07391 197. 36 396. 04 0. 9903 1. 7231 0 2. 928 0. 7721 0. 06889 200 397. 2 1 1. 722 2 3. 146 0. 776 0. 06427 202. 66 398. 36 1. 0096 1. 7209 4 3. 376 0. 7801 0. 06001 205. 33 399. 5 1. 0192 1. 7199 6 3. 619 0. 7842 0. 05609 208. 02 400. 64 1. 0288 1. 7189 8 3. 876 0. 7884 0. 05248 210. 72 401. 77 1. 0384 1. 7179 10 4. 145 0. 7927 0. 04913 213. 44 402. 89 1. 048 1. 717 12 4. 429 0. 7971 0. 04604 216. 17 404 1. 0575 1. 7162 14 4. 728 0. 8016 0. 04318 218. 92 405. 1 1. 067 1. 7154 16 5. 042 0. 8062 0. 04052 221. 68 406. 18 1. 0765 1. 7146 18 5. 371 0. 8109 0. 03806 224. 44 407. 26 1. 0859 1. 7139 20 5. 716 0. 8157 0. 03577 227. 23 408. 33 1. 0954 1. 7132 22 6. 078 0. 8206 0. 03365 230. 05 409. 38 1. 1049 1. 7125 313

t/ p/ b ar v f v g h f h g s f s g / ( dm 3 / kg) / ( m 3 / kg ) / ( k J/ kg) / ( k J/ kg) / [ k J/ ( kg K ) ] / [ kj/ ( kg K ) ] 24 6. 457 0. 8257 0. 03166 232. 87 410. 42 1. 1143 1. 7118 26 6. 853 0. 8309 0. 02982 235. 72 411. 45 1. 1237 1. 7112 28 7. 267 0. 8362 0. 02809 238. 58 412. 47 1. 1332 1. 7106 30 7. 701 0. 8416 0. 02648 241. 46 413. 47 1. 1426 1. 71 32 8. 153 0. 8473 0. 02498 244. 36 414. 45 1. 152 1. 7094 34 8. 625 0. 853 0. 02357 247. 28 415. 42 1. 1614 1. 7088 36 9. 117 0. 859 0. 02225 250. 22 416. 37 1. 1708 1. 7082 38 9. 63 0. 8651 0. 02102 253. 18 417. 3 1. 1802 1. 7077 40 10. 164 0. 8714 0. 01986 256. 16 418. 21 1. 1896 1. 7071 42 10. 72 0. 8779 0. 01877 259. 16 419. 11 1. 199 1. 7065 44 11. 299 0. 8847 0. 01774 262. 19 419. 98 1. 2084 1. 7059 46 11. 901 0. 8917 0. 01678 265. 24 420. 83 1. 2178 1. 7053 48 12. 526 0. 8989 0. 01588 268. 32 421. 65 1. 2273 1. 7047 50 13. 176 0. 9064 0. 01502 271. 42 422. 44 1. 2367 1. 7041 52 13. 851 0. 9142 0. 01421 274. 55 423. 21 1. 2462 1. 7034 54 14. 552 0. 9223 0. 01345 277. 71 423. 95 1. 2557 1. 7027 56 15. 278 0. 9308 0. 01273 280. 9 424. 66 1. 2652 1. 7019 58 16. 032 0. 9396 0. 01205 284. 13 425. 32 1. 2747 1. 7011 60 16. 813 0. 9488 0. 01141 287. 39 425. 96 1. 2843 1. 7003 62 17. 623 0. 9585 0. 01079 290. 68 426. 54 1. 294 1. 6994 64 18. 462 0. 9687 0. 01021 294. 02 427. 09 1. 3037 1. 6983 66 19. 331 0. 9794 0. 00966 297. 4 427. 58 1. 3134 1. 6973 68 20. 231 0. 9907 0. 00914 300. 83 428. 02 1. 3232 1. 6961 70 21. 162 1. 0027 0. 00864 304. 31 428. 4 1. 3331 1. 6947 72 22. 126 1. 0155 0. 00816 307. 85 428. 71 1. 3431 1. 6933 74 23. 123 1. 0291 0. 0077 311. 45 428. 94 1. 3532 1. 6917 76 24. 154 1. 0437 0. 00727 315. 11 429. 09 1. 3635 1. 6899 78 25. 221 1. 0595 0. 00685 318. 86 429. 15 1. 3738 1. 6879 80 26. 324 1. 0766 0. 00645 322. 69 429. 09 1. 3844 1. 6857 85 29. 25 1. 1271 0. 0055 332. 71 428. 33 1. 4116 1. 6786 90 32. 435 1. 1948 0. 00462 343. 66 426. 29 1. 441 1. 6685 95 35. 91 1. 2983 0. 00375 356. 3 421. 83 1. 4744 1. 6524 100 39. 742 1. 5443 0. 00268 374. 7 409. 1 1. 5225 1. 6147 314

315

1,,.. :, 1988 2.. :, 2003 3.. :, 1987 4,.. :, 1987 5 ASH RAE. ASH RAE Handbook Refrigera tion. Atlanta GA : Inc. 2003 6 Gosney W. B., 2001, Principles of Refrigeration, Cambridge : Cambridge U niversity Press 7 Clive V. J. Dellino. Cold & Chilled Storage Technology. Maryland : Aspen Publishers, Inc. 2001 8,.. 2. :, 1999 9,,.. :, 1996 10.. :, 1998 11,,.. :, 2002 12.. :, 1997 13,,.. :, 2003 14.. :, 1992 15,.. :, 1994 16,.. :, 2002 17.. :, 1998 18,.. :, 2002 19.. :, 1999 20.. :, 1987 21 GB 50072 2001 22.. :, 1991 23.. :, 1994 24 GB 50274 98. :, 1998 25.. 2002. 2002, 37 41 26,,. MAP CAP., 2000 27,,.. 2002., 2002 28,.. :, 2002 29.. :, 2001 30 Stringer M & Dennis C. Chilled Foods (2nd ). New York: CRCP ress. 2000 31 Kennedy C. J.. Managing Frozen Foods. New York: CRCP ress. 2000 316