( ) 039 (CIP) /. :, 2005. 3 ISBN 7-5025-6678-3... -. TS211. 4 CIP ( 2005) 012222 : : : : * ( 3 100029 ) : ( 010 ) 64982530 http:/ / www. cip. com. cn * 850mm 1168mm 1/ 32 7 196 2005 4 1 2005 4 1 ISBN 7-5025-6678-3/ TS 252 : 18. 00,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ;,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,, 130,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2005 1
1 1 1 1 2 2 4 7 7 9 10 11 11 15 15 15 18 19 19 19 21 21 23 26
26 27 29 29 29 32 33 35 35 36 37 ( Na2 CO3 ) 38 38 40 42 44 44 44 45 45 45 54 56 59 61 62 62 66 68 68 68 71
72 73 73 76 83 84 85 85 86 90 90 91 91 97 98 100 100 101 103 104 106 108 111 111 111 113 113 114 115 116 117 118
122 122 123 124 124 124 125 125 127 127 127 129 131 133 134 136 138 140 141 142 146 146 146 151 154 158 161 161 173 176 183
186 186 194 198 200 200 210 224
( ),,,,,, :,, ;, ; ;,, ; ;,, ;, 1
,,,,,,,,,, 4000 ;, 21 16, ;, 200 ( 100 589 ),, :,,,,,,,, 16, :, 8. 5,,, 2
,,, :, :,,, :,,,,, (1 ) : 2 ;, (2 ) : 6,,,, (3 ) : 12 ( 219 ) :, ( ), ( 960 1279 ) (4 ) : 13, ( ),,,, (1 = 500g, ), (5 ) : 15,, 2,,,,,, 3
,,,,, ( 220 280) :,,,,,,,, ( 199 278 ),,,, ( 1749 ) :,, ( 1716 1797 ) :,,,,,,, (),,,,, 70%, 90 %,, 2002 6900, 2260, 30%,, 70 %, 4
, : 80, 120, 200, 369, 769,,,,,,,,,, 20 90,, 1984,, ( ),, 1986, : ; ; 1987,,,, 5
,, M TX-250, 1990, : ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 1995,,,, 1t 2. 5t 5t,,, :, ; ; ; TZXJ,, ;,,, ;,,, ; 6
,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (1 ), ( > 28 % ),,,,, (2 ),, 7
,,, (3 ) ( < 28% ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A, 3.,,,,,,, 8
,,,,,,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,,,,, 9
,,,,,, ( 50 80 g 1 2 )(50g 3 5 ) (, ),,,,,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ) (3 ), (1 ),,,, (2 ), 10
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,, 11
,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 2 5t,,,, 200t,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12
,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4., : ;,,,,,, 5.,,,,,, ( ),, 6., 13
,,,,,, 21,,,,, 14
, 70%, 75 %,,,, 2.,,, 6% 14%,,,,,,,, : 15
,, ;,, 2-1 2-1 / ( ml/ 100g) / ( ml/ 100g ) 168 147 223 231 83 135-76 127-119 180,,,, ;, 3. 2% 4 % ; 1% 2 % ;, 8 % 15% ; 6% ;, 0. 8% 1. 5%,,,,, 4. ( ) 1. 5% 2. 2%,, 56% 60%, 16
,, ( ) 0. 70 %, 0. 85%, 1. 10%, 1. 40% 5. : 13. 5 % ( 0. 5% ),,,,,,,, 6. B E, A, C D 2-2 2-2 / (mg/ 100g ) B 1 0. 40 0. 104 1. 73 0. 59 B 2 0. 16 0. 035 B 6 0. 049 0. 011 6. 95 1. 38 340. 0 47. 0 H 0. 016 0. 0021 0. 51 0. 050 216. 0 208. 0 2-2,,,, 17
7.,, 1986, ( 2-3 ),, 2-3 ( GB 1355 86 ) ( )/ % 0. 70 0. 85 1. 10 1. 40 / % CB36, CB30, CQ20, CQ20 C B42 C B36 CB30 10. 0 % 10. 0 % 20. 0 % ( )/ % 26. 0 25. 0 24. 0 22. 0 / % 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 / ( g/ kg) 0. 003 0. 003 0. 003 0. 003 / % 13. 5 0. 5 13. 5 0. 5 13. 5 0. 5 13. 5 0. 5 ( ) 80 80 80 80,,, 18
,,,,,, 1988, GB 8607 88 30%, 24%,,,, ( 2-4) 2-4 ( SB/ T 10139 93 ) / % 14. 0 ( )/ % 0. 55 0. 70 CB 36 / % 25. 0 30. 0 / min 3. 0 / s 250 / % 0. 02 / ( g/ kg ) 0. 003 ( ), 19
, 5 7 m, 4 6 m, ( ) 2-5 2-5 / % 7. 7 7. 6 52. 5 0. 8 5. 3 26. 1, ;,, ; ; B,, ( ),,,,,,,,, (1 ) ( ), C6 H12 O6 20 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2 O + 2871kJ
C6 H12 O6 2C2 H5 O H + 2CO2 + 100kJ (2 ) p H, 27 38, ph 5 5. 8,,,,,, 3.,, 4. B, D, 20 40 g, 60 85 g, 280 g 1., 21
(1 ) 650mL,,, (2 ),, 1 1% ; 2 1. 5% ; 3 2 %,,, (3 ),,, 1 2,, (4 ),, (5 ) 3 4,,,,, (6 ),, ( 7) 30 35 10 15 min, (8 ), (1 ) (2 ),, 1300mL, (3 ), 1 (4 ) 22
(5 ), 3.,,, (1 ),, (2 ) 1300 1400mL, (3 ),, (4 ), (5 ), (6 ),,,,,, ( ),, (1 ),,,,,,, 23
, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, ( ),,,,,,,, (1 ) 30 40,,, 50,, (2 ),,, 15,,,, 55, (3 ) 30, 5 6 min,,,, 24
,,, (4 ),, 2., (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),, ;, (4 ),, ;,,, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),, : = 1 0. 5 0. 3 ( ),, ;,,,,,,,,, ( 15 25min ) 25
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( - ) ( ) ( ),,, ( ), (1 ) 26
,,,, 0. 1 30 ;, 8 12 (2 ),, : ; ; H2 S ; ; ;,, ;, (3 ), ( ),, ph ph,, p H 27
, mg/ kg, : 100mL 1 mg 1, : 1mg = 0. 74mg 2-6 2-6 ( CaCO 3 )/ ( m g/ kg ) / 50 < 2. 8 50 100 2. 8 5. 6 100 150 5. 6 8. 4 150 250 8. 4 14. 0 250 350 14. 0 19. 6 > 350 > 19. 6,,,,,,,, 2. ph ph, p H,, ; ph p H, ph, p H,,, ph 6. 0, p H p H, ph 7 8, ph 28
, ph,, ph 3.,,,,,,,, 30,,,, ; 30 ;, 40, 50, (1 ), ;,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ) (5 ),,, (6 ),,,,, 29
,, :, ;,, 1.,,, 100g 8. 5g 4. 3g72. 2g 22mg 210mg 1. 6mg, B1 B2, 4 5,, 50%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, 100g 13. 24g,,,,, 100g 4g 74g B1 0. 57mg B2 0. 12mg 1. 6mg 0. 19mg E 5. 59 22. 36mg 29mg 240mg 4. 7mg,,, :, 30
,, 3.,,, ;,,, 100g 8. 4g 2. 7g 75. 6g 7mg 188mg 4. 1mg,,, 4.,,,, A B1 B2 C,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,, 31
,,,,,,,,, ( ), (1 ),, 99 %,, (2 ),,,,,,, (3 ),,, 2. 5%,, 97% ( ), 32
,,,,,,,, 1%, 0. 6%,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4.,, 1672kJ/ 100g,,, ( ),,,,, 2.,,,,, 3. 33
,,,, 4., 80 %, 16 % 28 33, 15 25,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,, 34
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, 35
,,,,,,,, :,,, :,, 1.,, ( ) ( ),,,,,,, 2.,,,, 36
,, 20 % 24%, 10% 12%, 5 % 7%,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 4. 75%,,,, 5.,,,, 37
, ( Na2 CO3 ),,, Na2 CO3 + H2 O Na H CO3 + Na + + O H - Na HCO3 + H2 O H2 CO3 + Na + + O H - H2 CO3 CO 2 + H2 O,,,,,, p H,,, Na2 CO3 + Ca( HCO3 ) 2 2Na H CO3 + CaCO3 2Na2 CO3 + Mg( HCO3 ) 2 + 2 H2 O 4Na HCO3 + Mg (O H ) 2,, 3., B, p H 7. 2,,,, 38
,,, :, Na2 SO3 7 H2 O,,,,,,,, 4 6g,, ( B1 ), 30 mgso2/ kg,, ( ), C14 H10 O4,,, : O C O O O C, 28%, CaCO3 Ca3 ( PO4 )2 CaSO4 MgCO3 39
,,,,,, A E K,,,,,, : 60mg/ kg 0. 3g/ kg, : ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( SSL), 40
(1 ) 0. 5%,,, 2% 4% (2 ),, 1 5,, 5,, 15 85,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),,,,,, 41
- ( ), : ; ; : ; ; : ( VC) ( ADA) ( ),, ;, ;, ( ) ( ), (1 ),,, 60 : 2Na HCO3 Na2 CO3 + CO2 + H2 O,,, 42 (2 ),
,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,, 43
,,,, (, ),,, ( ),,,, 30 80 % 60 min 38 85 % 30 60m in 44 3-1
,,,,, 3-1, ( ) (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ) ( ) (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, 45
, (4 ),,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,, (6 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 46
,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 60%, 40 % 7. 5%,,,, : ;, ;,,,,, ; p H, p H 4 7, ph,, 3., S S + SH S S SH, ( 3-2 ),,,, 47
3-2 CO2,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,,,,,,, 4.,, 48
(1 ) -,,,, 1/ 2 1/ 3,, 10%,, - (2 ),,,, -,,,, -,,,, -, (3 ) -,,,,,,, 5.,, : 100 86 14 12 74 49
, 45% : 145 86 14 + 45 = 59,, 44% ;, 46% ;,,,, 10%,,,,, ;,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 50
,,,, : ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, ( M. T. D),, ( ) ;,,,,,,, CO2,, 30 % 60%, 15 30 r/ min, 60 80 r/ min, 100 300r/ min 1000 3000r/ min 51
,,, 12 15min,, 10 12min (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,, 43%, 4.,,,, 52
,,, (1 ) :, (2 ), : T2 T1 = 3 - ( + + ) : = 4 - ( + + + ), 2 4, 4 8,, (3 ),, : = 3 - ( + + ) : 24, 23, 4, 28, 33 = 4 - ( + + + ) : 25, 24, 30, 8, 33, 45 (4 ),, 35,,, 53
, 5., 1 %, 1%,,, 1%, 0. 6%,,, 2%, 3%,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, :,,,, ( ), ( 3-3 ) ( 3-4 ), 50 200kg,, ( ) 54
3-3 3-4 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, :,,, ( ) (1 ) ( ),,,,,,,, (2 ) 55
,,,,,,,, (3 ),, ;,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,,, ;, 56
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5 30 ;, 10, 40 45 10 20min,, 5%,, 50 30,,, 0, - 10, 3.,,,,,, ;,, p H 6. 5,, ; 57
, p H ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ) 58
,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),, 5 6min ( ),,,,,, :,,,, ;,,, :,,,,, 59
,,,,,,,, :, 15min,, :,,,,, ( ) (1 ),, (2 ),, 3 5min,,, (3 ),,, 2min,, 1min (4 ),,,, 5min, 10 min, (5 ) (6 ),,,,, (7 ),, 10min (8 ),, 60
,, (9 ) (10),, (11),, ( ) 3-1 3-1 ;, ;, ; ;,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 61
,,,, ( ), A B C D, 3-2 3-2 A B C D,, 3-2, A,, 3-3 3-3 1 5 2 6 3 7 4,, 62
(1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ) (4 ) ( ) (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,, ph,,,,,,,,,,,,, 63
,, ( ),, ( ),, - - -, - : [ C6 H10 O5 ] n [ C6 H5 O5 ] n C12 H22 O11,,,,,,,, C12 H12 O11 2C 6 H12 O6 3. 5min, 64
, C12 H12 O11 C 6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6,, 3-5 3-5,,,,,,, ph, ph, ph 5. 0, p H 5. 0 p H 6. 0,, ph 5. 0 65
,,,, ph, p H 36h ph ( 3-6 ) ph,,, : C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2 O + 2871kJ 3-6 36h ph,,,,,, : C6 H12 O6 2C2 H5 OH + 2CO2 + 100 kj 66
ph,,,, :,, ph,,, p H (,, ),, : C6 H12 O6 C6 H12 O6 2CH3 CH O H COO H + 83. 6kJ CH3 CH2 O H + O2 CH3 COO H + 489kJ CH3 CH2 CH2 COO H + 2CO2 + 2H2 + 75. 3 kj, p H,,, Stickland,, p H 67
,, ph,,,,,,,, : : : :,,,,,,, SH S S,,,,,,,,,,,, 68
, ( ) 1.,,, 35, 3h,,,, 27. 5,,,,,, 26 32,, 30, 35 35,,,, 2. ph, ph 5 6, 3.,,,,, 4% 6 %, 2% 3% 1. 5 %, 3% 4., ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 69
5.,,,,,,,,, ( ) 1.,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), 3.,,, 70
, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ; ; 38, 90min, 38, 38,,,,,,, : ph ( ) 71
,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, (3 ),,,,, ;, 26 33, 70% 80%,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 72
, ;,,, ;, ;,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, p H 3. 5 3. 6,, p H, ph, 10g, 100mL,, p H ph p H,,,,,,,,,,,, 73
,,,,,,,, ( 3-7) 3-7,,, 3-8, ;,, 74 3-8 1 ; 2
,,,,, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 10kg ),,,,,,,,,, ( 3-9 ),, D,,, :,,,,,,,, ;,, 75
3-9 1 ; 2 ; 3,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ; (6 ) ( ) ( 3-10 ), 76
,,, 0 2cm,,,,,, 1 3cm, 3-10,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,, 40,, ( ), ( ), 77
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3-11, 3-12 3-11 3-12 :,,, ;,,,, ; 78
, ; :,, ( ),,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,, : :,,,, ;, ;, (, ) (2 ),,,,,,,,, :,,,, 90,, 79
, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 80
,,,,,,,,,, :,, ( ),,,,,,, : :,,,,, (4 ),,,,, ( ),, 81
,,, (1 ),, :,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 82
,,, ( ) (2 ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( 3-13),, 83
3-13,,,,, 3.,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, 0. 6 0. 8mm, 1. 5 2. 0mm,, 84
, 400mm 600 mm 500mm 500 mm,,,,,, 10 14,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 85
,,,,, 3.,,,,, p H, 4.,,,,, ( ),,,,, 2m,,,,,,, 10,,,,,,, 86
2 4,,, 3-14,, 3-14,,, ;, ;,, 3-15 3-15,,,,, 87
,,,,,,,,, 3.,,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ), ( ) 1.,, 30, 38,, 38 40,,,, ;,,,,, 55,, 88
,,, ;,,,,,, 70% 90%, 60%,,,,,, 95%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 50 80 min 89
,, :, ;,,,, 1. 5 2. 5 ;, 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 90
,, ;,, 4.,,,,, ;,, 5.,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 1. 91
,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, ;, 92
,,,,, ( ),,,,, 100, 101 ( ),, ( ) ( ),,,,,, : > > 10min,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 49,,,, 93
,,,, 77,,,,,,, 60,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ph p H 3-16 3-16 p H 3-16, ph,,, CO2,, CO2 p H,,, p H, ph,, 94
,,, ( ) ph ( ),,, 55,,,,,, 83, -, - 95,,,, 70,,, 30,,, 80,,, 80, ( ) 100g 3-4,, 35, 5min,, 40, 95
3-4 10-6 61 10-5 122 10-1 20 5 min 10-3 152 10-5 103 10-1 20 10 min 10-2 55 10-2 32 15 min 20 min 25 min, 45,, 50, 10min, 60, ( 35, 48 50 ), 5 min, 50,,, 10min 50,,, 60 10 min, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 96
,,,,,, :,, ( 3-17 ),,,,,, 3-17,, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 140g 500 600 1. 5m, 97
,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, (5 ) (6 ),, (7 ),,,,,,,, 98
:,,, ( ),, ;,, 135g, 0. 02 0. 04MPa, 26 27min,,,, 100g, 22min, 100. 5 2 min,, 2min, 25 g 50g 75g 100g 120g 9min 14min 18min 22min 24min, ;, ; 3.,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, 99
,,,,, ( ) 0. 01M Pa, 0. 06MPa,,,,,,,,, 50 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100
,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 30min,, ( ) 50 60,,,,,,,,,,,,, ; 50 %,,, 101
,,,,,, 32 35,, 3.,,,,, 4.,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ), (5 ), (6 ),,,,,,, 102
,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, 103
, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) (1 ) (, ), ( 2% 4%, 0. 3 % 1. 0% ),,, 104
3mm (2 ),, 30 35, 40 60 min,,,,, 3. (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ), ; ;,,, 4. 35 40 70% 90%,,,, 5.,, - 50 105
,, 30 90min, - 20 6., - 18-23 10 12 12, 7.,,, 10 15min, 15 25min,,,, ( ), ( ),,, ( ) 3. ( ),,,, 106
,,,, 3. 5 % 5. 5%, 1. 5 % 2. 5%,, 15 30 min,, 18 24 3. 20 25,, 30min, 4.,,, 80g 5.,,,,, 30 35, 15 20min, ( ) 1.,,,,, 90%, 20, 5 10min ( ), 107
- 34-40, 16. 8 19. 6 m 3 / min 50 75g 30 40min, - 20-25 3.,,, 4. - 18-23 6 12 12, ( ) 1., ( 1), 4 10 15h, 32 38, 65% 75 % 30 50min (2 ), 25 30 60% 70 %, 90 120min,, 2.,,,,,,, ( ) 108
( ),,, (1 ),, 10 20min,, p H 6. 5 7. 0, (2 ),,, ( ),, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,, 109
, - 20 (5 ), - 18-23, 6 3.,,,, 5 15min,, 40 80s 150 180 5 10 min 110
,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 50 80min,,,,,, 111
,,,,,, 1, 30 50 m 2 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,,,,, 5., ( ),,,,,,,,, 3.,, 112
( ) 100kg, 36 42 kg, 300 400g ( 1kg ), ( ) ( ) 1., 12 15min,,, 30 35 2.,, 3. 38 40, 85% 90% 60 min, 4.,,,,, 113
60% 80 %,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), 3.,,,,, 1/ 2, 4. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),, 114
,, (3 ),, ph,,, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 60 min,, 80min, 3.,,,, ( ) : 100 kg, 36 42kg, 0. 16 0. 2 kg ( 500g ), 50 100g, 60 % 80%, 70% 90% ; ( ) 115
(1 ) 70 %, 80% ( ),, 3 4min,,, 28 32 (2 ),, 30 33, 70% 80% 50 80min,,, (3 ),, 8 12min,,,,,, 33 35, (4 ),, (5 ), 38 40, 80 % 90 % 60min, 1 (6 ),,, 116
( ),,,,,,,, +,,,,,,,, 3.,,, 15 40,,,, 4., 117
,,, 5.,,,,, 6. ph,,,,,,, 7.,,,,,, 35 ( ) ( ) 33% ( ), ( ) 65%, 2 %,, ( ) ;,,,, 118
, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, :, 1 1,, 1 2h, :, 1 1 0. 5,, 0. 1% ; 5 % 10%,, ; 1%, 3.,,, 37% 42%, 4. (1 ),,,, ( ),,,, 119
(2 ),,,,,,,,,,, B (3 ), 100kg 100 600 g, :,,,,, :,,, ;,, ; ; :,,, ; ;, :,,, ;,, ;, :,, ;,, ;,, :,,,, ; ; p H :, 10, p H p H ph 6. 4 6. 7, ; ph 6. 4, 6. 7,,, 120
p H (4 ) ph,,,, ( ) (1 ), ( ) (2 ),, (3 ),, (4 ),,, 42, 50 ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3 3. 121
,,, 8 10 min,,,, 4., 5.,,,,,,, 6.,,,,,,,,,,, 122
,,, 3.,,, 25 40,,, 4.,,, 5.,,,, 6. ph,,,,,,, 7.,,,,, 123
25kg, 3 5kg, 20kg, 20g 500 1000g, 10 12kg, 20 150g (1 ),,, 10kg, 4kg, (2 ),, 25 30, 3 4h ;, ;,,,,, (3 ),,, 11 13min,,,,,,,,, ( )( ),, 124
,,,, (1 ) ( ) 12 16 h,,,, 20min (2 ),, 12 mm, 30 40 min, 2. ( 30 ),, 4kg 30 g,,, 3. 25 30, 24 48h,,, (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ),, 125
25kg, 8kg, 0 20g, 50 100g, 5kg 3. (1 ) 20kg, 3kg, 4 5 min, (2 ), 30 35, 70% 80%2 4h,, (3 ) 5kg, 7 10min,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 15 min 126
,,, ( ), 35%, 45 %,,,,,, ;,,,,, ( ) 100, 108,,, 50%,,,, 127
70%,,,, 50% 60% ( 80% 90% ) 90 %,, 2., 5% 10 % 3% 4%, ( 35% ), ( 12 % ),,,,, 3. 1. 5% 3 %,,,,, 5 %,,, 5% 4.,, 0. 5% 1. 5%, ( ) 5. ( 2-2 ),, ( A ) 128
,,, 20 40 g 60 85 g 280 g, D,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0. 5g/ kg,, 10mg/ kg,,,,, 129
,, ( ) ( SB/ T 10139 93 A) A1 A1. 1 A1. 2 :, ;, A2 A2. 1 : 38 0. 1 A2. 2 : 0. 5g; 0. 1g A2. 3 A2. 4 : 50mL A2. 5 : National Mig. Co. A3 A3. 1 : 100g, 1g (38 ) 48mL,, 3min, 38 1 h, 3min 15 min, 20min ( ), 40 60min A3. 2,,, A4 A4. 1 : : 100 35, : 20, 15 ; 65, : 10, 15, 20, 15, 5 A4. 2 :, 4 5, 130
A1 / m L / cm ( 6. 5 cm ) ( 35 ) / g / ( ml/ g ) 20 2. 30mL/ g, 0. 1 1 15 10,, : 12. 1 15 ; : 9. 1 12 ;,, : 1 9 : 8. 1 10 ; : 6. 1 8 ; : 1 6 : 12. 1 15 ; : 9. 1 15 12 ; 1 9 ( 65 ), : 16. 1 20 ; : 20 12. 1 16 ; : 1 12 15 5 : 12. 1 15 ; : 9. 1 12 ; : 1 9 : 4. 1 5 ; : 3. 1 4 ; 1 3 100,,,,, ;, ( ),, ;, ;, 131
,,,, ( 5-1 ) 5-1 ( ) ( )/ ( / g) 2000 ( )/ ( / g) 10000 ( )/ ( / g) 50000 ( )/ ( / 100g ) 30 ( )/ ( / 100g ) 50 ( )/ ( / g) 50 ( )/ ( / g) 100 ( ) s GB 5009. 56 85 GB 4789. 24 84 GB 4789. 15 84 5-2 5-2 / ( m g/ kg ) 30 ( As )/ ( m g/ kg ) 0. 5 ( Pb )/ ( mg/ kg) 0. 5 ( Sn )/ ( mg/ kg) 200 ( SO 2 )/ ( mg/ kg ) 10 B 1 / ( g/ kg) 5 GB 2760 86 132
GB/ T 5009. 11 85 GB/ T 5009. 12 85 GB/ T 5009. 16 85 GB/ T 5009. 34 1996 B1 GB/ T 5009. 22 1996 B1,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;,, ;,, 108,,,, 6h ;,,,, 133
,,,,,, ( ), ( ) (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, 2.,, ;, 3.,,,,,,,, 4.,, 134
,,,,,, 5.,,, 6.,,, 7. ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 135
3., 0. 15% 0. 25%, 40 30 35,,, 4.,,, ph 6. 4 6. 7 5.,,,,,, 50 60 0. 5 1. 5,, ( ) 1.,,,, 0. 015MPa, 136
( ) 1. ; ;, ;,,,, ( ) 1., ;,,,, ( ), 1.,,,,,, ( ) 1. ; ;, ;, ; ( ) 1. 137
, ;,, ;,,,,, ;,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, ( ) (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,, ;,,, ;, 138 3.,
,, 4. 50, 60 5.,,,, 6. 45, ;,,,, 7.,,,,,,, ;,,, ( ),,, 3 5min, ;, 6 12min, 10 15min, 3. ph 6. 4 75 kg 50g 139
4., 50, 40, 30 35, 35 5., 6. 45,,, 7.,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ),,, ;, (2 ),,,, 2. (1 ) ; ;,, (2 ),,, ;, ; ;, 140
3. (1 ), (2 ),,, 4. (1 ), ;, ;, ; ;,, (2 ),, 0. 06M Pa,,,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ) ;, ; ; ;,,, 60 % 90%,, ;, (1 ) ; ; 141
;, (2 ),, ;, ;, 3. (1 ),,,,,,,,, ;, (2 ) ;, ; :,, ( ) 35% 45%,,,,, 100 108,,, 3.,, 142
4.,,,, ; 30 45,,, 30, 6h ( ) 10 5 / g, 50 / 100g,,,,, ( 30 45 ), ( 18 25 ),,,, 3.,,,,, 4.,, 143
,, ( ),,,,,, 2d,, 3. (1 ), 30,,,, 30 12h, 10 20 24h; 6h, (2 ), 12h, 8h (3 ) 16h, 70%, 20,,, 24h,,, 144
, 6h, 24h, (4 ) :,,,, ;,,,,,,, 0. 085% ( ) 0. 08% ( ) 3848h 145
( ) 50kg, 80 100g, 50 90g, 16 19 kg (1 ) 80%,, (2 ) 30 35, 70% 90%, 70 100min,, (3 ),, 6 10min,, (4 ) 2. 5kg, 20, (5 ),,, (6 ), 30 50min, 146
(7 ), 0. 03 0. 04M Pa 24 28 min (100 140g ) (8 ), 10 15 min,, 3.,,,,, ( ) ( ) 25kg, 50g, 30 60g, 10 12kg (1 ),, 8 12min,,, 33 (2 ) 30 35, 70% 90%, 50 90min, (3 ), 3 5min,,, 2. 5kg, 10 15, (4 ),, 80 140g,, (5 ),, 50 70 min, (6 ), 0. 03 0. 04MPa 22 28min (7 ), 10 15 min,, 3.,,,,, 147
( ),, 50kg, 70g, 19 kg,, 20 30, 3. 3cm 70 100g, 10cm,,,, 20 30min,, 0. 03 0. 04M Pa 25 28min 3.,,,,, ( ) 25kg, 3 kg, 100g, 37. 5g, 50g (1 ) ( 750g ), ( 6h, 12h),, (, ), 5h (, ), (, ),,,,,, ( 2 3d,, 5 7d ),,,, 148
(2 ) ( 2. 25kg ), 2. 25kg,,,, (, ),, ( 100g ) ( ),, ( 6h, 12h, ), (3 ) 25 ( 40 ) 10 kg,,, 12 h ( 24h, ),,,, ( 100g ),,, ( 25 50 g) ( 4 ) ( 23. 5kg ),, ( 30 ), 8 10,, 70g,, (, ),, 20 22min,,,, 3.,,,,,,, ( ) 10kg, 2 kg, 400g, 200g 149
(1 ) 400g 100g 1. 5kg 1. 5kg, ( 5h ) (2 ) 8kg 1. 8kg ( ),, 2kg, ( ) 1kg,, (3 ) 200,, ( 20min, 30 min) 2cm, 22min 3., ( ) 50kg, 70g, 19 kg, (1 ),, 50 70min, (2 ), 20 30, 3. 3cm 100 140g, 10cm,,, (3 ), 20 30min,, 0. 03 0. 04MPa 27 30 min 3.,,,, ( ) 500g, 80g ( 60g, 150
110g), 30175g ( 20, 50 ) (1 ) 100 g, 350g,,, 50g,,,,,, (2 ),,, ( ), 20,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 20min 3., ( ),,,,,,,, (1 ) 25kg, 2. 5kg, 2kg, 6 8kg (2 ),,, 15 25min,,, 151
,, 5min, 60 100g,,,,,, 0. 03M Pa 20 25min (3 ),,, 3. (1 ) 25kg, 30g, 20 50 g, 6 9kg (2 ), 3 5 min, 2 3h,, 60 100g,,,,,, 0. 03M Pa 20 25min (3 ),, 4. (1 ) 25kg, 30g, 30 60g, 6 8 kg (2 ), 3 5 min, 3 4h,, 400 500g,,, 152
, 0. 03M Pa 30 35min, 100g, (3 ),,, ( ) (1 ) 17kg, 8kg, 50g, 500g, 20g, 10kg (2 ),, 6 10min 10, 50min, 0. 03M Pa 23 27min (3 ),,, (1 ) 17kg, 8kg, 50g, 700g, 30g, 10kg (2 ),, 6 10min 10, 50min, 0. 03M Pa 23 27min (3 ),,, 3. ( 1) 17. 5kg, 7. 5kg, 70g, 10kg (2 ), 6 10min 5, 50 min, 0. 03M Pa 23 27 min 153
(3 ),,,,, 4. (1 ) 21. 5kg, 3. 5kg, 75g, 250g, 15g, 11kg (2 ) 60,,, 8 12min 15,, 40 60min, 0. 03M Pa 22 25 min (3 ),,, ( ) 5kg, 1kg, 100g, 2 (1 ) ; ; 1 2 (2 ) 3kg, ( 2 1 ), ; 30 322 3h,,, 2 3h, (3 ),,,,, 15min (4 ), 154
15 20 min,,, 3.,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 25kg, 100g, 50g, 2. 5kg, 250g, 750g, 25g, 125g, 75g, 12kg (1 ) ( ) (2 ),, 2 min, 6 10min, (3 ) 1kg, 20 30, 20g, (4 ), 60 80min, 2 (5 ), 0. 02 0. 03M Pa 15min (6 ) 20min,, 10 3.,,,,,,, 60 75 g ( ) 155
10kg, 2kg, 20, 500g, 1 (1 ),,, 200g 2. 5kg,, 0. 5 1h, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), 300 g, 50 80g (4 ),, 20 25 min,, 3.,,, ( ) 10kg, 1 kg, 150g, 50g, (1 ),,,,, (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),,,,,,,,, 200, 30min (5 ),,, 22 min, 3. 156
,,,, ( ) 500g, 250g, 100g, 20g, 3g (1 ) 300g ( :, ; : ), (2 ) 100g (3 ),, 100g,, (4 ) ( 256 ),,,, 20,, 20min 3., ( ) 500g, (1 ),,,,, (2 ) 12,,, 22min,,, (3 ) 3 4, 3., 157
( ) 25kg, 100 g, 1000, 11 kg, (1 ) 80%, 4 6 min,, 60min (2 ), 6 10 min, (3 ) 10,, 2cm,, 20cm, M,,, (4 ), 40 60min, (5 ), 0. 03 0. 05M Pa 25 28min 3.,, ( ) 25kg, 1 kg, 75g, 30g, 11. 5kg (1 ), 4 6min,, 60min (2 ), 8 12 min,,, (3 ), 50 70min, (4 ), 0. 03 0. 05M Pa 24 27min 158
3., 10 ( ) 50kg, 150g, 0. 5kg, (, 100 ) 5kg, 21kg (1 ),, 10 15min, (2 ) 75g,,, (3 ), 40 60min, (4 ), 0. 03 0. 05M Pa 23 25min 3.,, 1 ( ) A 50kg, 10kg, 120g, 15kg (1 ), 15min, (2 ),, (3 ) 65 80g,,, (4 ) :, 50 70min, (5 ), 0. 03 0. 05M Pa 22 25min 3. 159
,,, ( ) 25kg, 20kg, 25g, 120g, 110g, 5kg (1 ),, 15min, (2 ),, (3 ) 65 80g,,, (4 ) :, 50 70min, (5 ), 0. 03 0. 05M Pa 22 25min 3.,,,, ( ), 50kg, ( ) 2kg, 150g, 50g, 21kg (1 ), 4 6min,, 60min (2 ), 8 12 min,,, 160
(3 ), 50 70min, (4 ), 0. 03 0. 05M Pa 24 27min 3.,,,,, ( ) 50kg, 150 g, (1 ),,, (2 ) 10, 0. 3cm,,,, 3 4, 5cm ( ), 4cm,,,, (3 ), 60 80min, 0. 03M Pa 27 29 min, 3.,,, ( ) 25kg, 80g, 1kg, (1 ), (2 ) 20kg, 10kg, 161
,, 50min (3 ), 10, 0. 3cm,,,,,, 25g,,,, 10cm, (4 ), 40 60min, 0. 03M Pa 15 18min, 3., ( ) 25kg, 80g, 3kg, (1 ),, 11kg 50min (2 ), 10,,,,,, 25g,, (3 ), 40min 0. 03M Pa 12 15min, 3., ( ) 25kg, 80g, 500g, 162
(1 ),, 12kg 50min (2 ), 700g, 10, 20cm 0. 5cm 12cm,,,,, 3cm, 40 (3 ), 40, 30min 0. 03MPa 12 15min, 3., ( ) 25kg, 100 g, 2 kg, (1 ),, 10 kg, 50min (2 ), 10, 25 g,, 8cm,,,,,, (3 ), 30min 0. 03M Pa 12 15min, 3., ( ) 163
400g, 750g, 100g, (1 ),,, 170g,, (2 ), 25g,,,, 1/ 3, 1/ 2, (3 ) 30min,, 13 15 min 3., ( ) 5kg, 500g, 2. 5kg, (1 ),,,, (2 ), 25g, 8cm,, ( ), ( ),,, 2 3,,, (3 ) 30min,, 3., ( ) 25kg, 100g, 2 kg, 500g, 164
(1 ) 22kg,, 11kg, 50min (2 ), 400g, 10,, 3mm,,,,, 50g 5 10,,,,,, (3 ) 30 50min 0. 03M Pa 20 22 min 3., ( ) 30kg, 120 g, 2 kg, (1 ) 25kg,, 14kg, 50min (2 ), 10,,,, 25g,,,,,,,,, (3 ), 20 30min 0. 03M Pa 12 15min, 3., ( ) 165
2kg, 3. 5kg, 500g, (1 ),, 750 g, (2 ),,, 25 g,,,,,,,, (3 ) 15min,, 12 15 min 3., ( ) 1. 5kg, 3. 5kg, 500g, (1 ),, 600g, (2 ),, 25g,, 6. 5cm,,,, (3 ) 20 30min,, 12 15 min 3., ( ) 1. 5kg, 5kg, 500g, 166
(1 ),, 600g, (2 ), 25g 20cm,,,, 4 5,,, (3 ) 20 30min,, 10 12 min 3., ( ) 25kg, 100 g, 2 kg, (1 ) 22kg, 11kg,, (2 ), 15, 5mm,,,, (1 = 50g),,,,,, (3 ), 20 40min, 3., ( ) 25kg, 100 g, 2 kg, 167
(1 ) 22 kg, 11kg,,, (2 ) 15 5mm,,,, 50g (3 ),, ( 3 4, ),,,, (4 ), 20 40min, 3., ( ) 20kg, 60kg, 12. 5kg, 5kg,, 300g (1 ), 10kg,, (2 ), 15,,,,,, 100g,,,, (3 ),, 60 70min, 0. 03 0. 04M Pa 23 26 min 3.,, ( ) 168
25kg, 75g, 400g, 5kg,, 12kg (1 ),,, 12min,,, 50 70min, (2 ) 10, 3mm,,, 2. 5cm 3cm,,, 10cm,,, ( 3), 40 60min, 0. 03 0. 04MPa 25 28min 3.,, ( ) 300g, 500 g, 100g,, (1 ),,, 150g,, (2 ) 10,,,,,, 25g,, (3 ),, 40 60min, 0. 03 0. 04M Pa 12 15 min 3.,,, 169
( ) 25kg, 75g, 500g, 5kg,, 11kg (1 ),,, 12min,,, 60min, (2 ) 10, 3mm,,, 3cm 4cm,,, ( 3), 40 60min, 0. 03 0. 04MPa 25 28min 3.,,, ( ) 25kg, 75g, 2kg, 4kg,, 11kg (1 ),,, 12min,,, 50 70min, (2 ) 10, 5mm,,, 3cm 4cm,,, ( 3), 40 60min, 0. 03 0. 04MPa 170
22 25min 3.,, ( ) 50kg, 150 g, 5 kg, 5kg, 50g, 5kg, (1 ) 45kg, 22kg,, (2 ) ( ), ( ) (3 ),,,,, 3cm (4 ), 40 60min, 3., ( ) 500g, 200g, 15g, (1 ),, 250g,,,, (2 ) 3. 3cm, 14, 3mm,,,,,,,, (3 ), 30 50min, 18 20 min 171
3., ( ) 25kg, 200 g, 12kg, 2. 5kg, 100g, 50g, 250g (1 ),, 20min (2 ) 2kg,, 500g,,,, (3 ) 40 50min 0. 03 0. 04MPa 35min 3.,, ( ) 10kg, 50g, ( ) 2kg, (1 ), 4. 5kg,, (2 ), (3 ), 5mm,, 4cm, 5cm, (4 ) 40 60min, 22 25min 3.,, 172
( ) 10kg, 20kg, 100g, 1. 3k g, 80g (1 ) 15 kg, 40g 45g, 6. 5kg 700g, 7 8min, (2 ) 5kg 55g 40g, 6. 3kg 600g, 5 6min, (3 ) 2kg, 10, 5mm, 5mm,, 4cm, 5cm, (4 ) 50 70min, 0. 03MPa 26min 3., ( ) 300g, 200g, 100g, 50g, 10g, 100g, (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),, 173
,,,,,,,, (4 ), 30 40min, 30min 3.,, ( ) 10kg, 20kg, 120g, 80g (1 ) 15 kg, 55g 40g, 6. 5kg, 7 8 min, (2 ) 5kg 65g 40g, 6. 3kg, 5 6 min, ( 3) 2 kg, 10, 5mm 2kg, 5, 5mm 5 mm,, 4cm, 5cm, (4 ) 50 70min, 0. 03MPa 28min 3.,, ( ) 11kg, 20kg, 120g, 2kg, 80g (1 ) 15 kg, 55g 40g 174
, 6. 5kg 1kg, 7 8min, (2 ) 5kg 65g 40g, 6. 1kg 1kg, 6 7min, ( 3) 2 kg, 10, 5mm 2kg, 8, 5mm 5 mm,, 3cm, 4cm, (4 ) 50 70min, 0. 03MPa 26min 3.,, ( ) 2. 5kg, 25kg, 120g, 2kg, 80g (1 ),, 80, 10 kg 65g 40g, 5. 5 kg, 6 7min, (2 ) 15 kg, 55g 40g, 6. 5kg, 7 8min, ( 3) 2 kg, 10, 5mm 1. 8kg, 10 4mm 5 mm,,,, 2. 5cm, 3cm, 175
(4 ) 50 70min, 0. 03MPa 22min 3.,, ( ) 5kg, 25 kg, 100g, 80g (1 ) 15 kg, 50g 40g, 6. 5kg, 7 8min, (2 ) 10 kg 50g 40g, 6. 3k g, 6 7min, ( 3) 2 kg, 10, 5mm 2kg, 8, 5mm 5 mm,, 3cm, 4cm, (4 ) 50 70min, 0. 03MPa 25min 3.,, ( ) 25kg, 120g, 1kg, 1. 25kg, 12g, 50g, (1 ) 23 kg, 11kg, 5 min, 50 70min, 176
(2 ),, 8 10 min,, 1. 5kg,, 13 18min,, (3 ) 15 20, 5mm,, 5mm,,,, 2. 5cm, 3cm (4 ),, 60 80min, 1. 5 0. 03M Pa 22 25 min 3.,,,,,, ( ) 250g, 750g, 125g, 50g, (1 ), 3 4 (2 ),,, 100g, (3 ),, 25g, 10mm,,,,,,, S (4 ) 30 40 min,, 12 15 min 177
3., ( ) 800 g, 300g, 200g, 400g,, (1 ) 100g,,, (2 ),,, 100g, 5mm,,, ( 70mm) (3 ), 40 min, 28min, 13mm 3., ( ) 250g, 500g, 75g, (1 ),, 3 4 (2 ),, 125g,,, 10min (3 ), 25g,, 7cm,,,,,,, (4 ) 10min,,, 12 15 min 178
3., ( ) 5kg, 500g, 2. 5kg, 750g, 750g, 500g, 250g, (1 ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ), 20min, 30 35min, 3., ( ) 450g, 50g, 50, 230g, (1 ), (2 ),, 15min (3 ), 2cm, 50, 0. 8cm,,,,, 179
, 1 (4 ),, 15min, 10min 3., ( ) 450g, 50g, 125g, 25g, 25g, 50g, 25g, 200g, (1 ), (2 ),, 15min (3 ),, 7mm,,, 2. 7cm ; 40, 2. 4cm, (4 ), 20min, 12min 3.,, ( ) 200g, 50g, 20 g, 20g, 50g, 100g (1 ), (2 ),, 10min (3 ), 40cm 25cm 180
, (, ) ;,,,, 1. 5cm,,, (4 ) 20min,, 15 min 3., ( ) 1kg, 200g, 2g, 50g, 500g (1 ),, (2 ), 1. 7cm,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 20min, 28 30min 50g 1, 3.,, ( ) 1kg, 40, (1 ),, 20 (2 ), 6 181
,,,,,,,, 20min 3.,,,, ( ) 1kg, 1kg, 170g, 150g, 100g, 200g, (1 ),, 1kg ; ;, (2 ) 20g,, (3 ),, (4 ), 3cm,, (5 ) 30min,, 3.,, ( ) 500g, 600g, 100g, 182
(1 ),, (2 ),,, 200g,, 10min (3 ), 25g 12cm,,,,,,,,, (4 ) 15min,,, 12 15 min 3., ( ) 300g, 500g, 150g, 75g, (1 ),,, 150g,,, (2 ), 25 g,, 6cm,,,,, (3 ) 20min,, 12 15 min 3., ( ) 5kg, 30g, ( ) 10kg, 183
(1 ), (2 ), 2 kg 10, ( ) 1 2 mm, 20cm (3 ), 1cm 5cm,, ( 4), 10 20min, 15 20 min, 50g 100g 3.,, ( ) 750g, 100g, 15g, 150g, 75g (1 ), 300g,,,, (2 ), 2/ 3,,,,,,, 7,,, 7 8,,,, 10cm,, 7,, 12cm 10cm 0. 2cm, 1, (, ),,, (3 ), 184
, 10 13min,, 3.,,, ( ) 1kg, 2, (1 ),, (2 ) 4mm,,,, (3 ) 22 25min, 4cm,, 3., ( ) 750g, 50g, 75 g, 50g (1 ) 0. 3cm,,,,, S, (2 ) 0. 7cm,,, S, (3 ),, (4 ) 20 30min, 3.,, 185
( ) 750g, 200g, 100g, 75g, 15g (1 ), 0. 3cm,, 1/ 6, 1/ 3, 1/ 2,, (2 ), 1/ 3,, (3 ), 3.,, ( ) 100 (, ), 3, 0. 5, 3 5, 45 50 0. 15, 0. 2 0. 3, 0. 1 0. 3, 0. 1, 55 65, (1 ),, (2 ) :,, 10 12min 30 35 30 60 min, 186
(3 ) 4kg, 10,, 1kg,, 35 40 40 60min, (4 ) 0. 03M Pa 40 45 min 200 250g, 3. (1 ),, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) ( ) 70 80 (, ), 20 30, 0. 2, 5, 45 50 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 05 0. 2 ( ), 55 60 (1 ) 80, (2 ) 5 10h,,, 2,,,, 60, 5 12h,, 3. (1 ),, 30 35 30 50min, 187
,,, (2 ), 5, 1kg, (3 ) 40 60min, 0. 03M Pa 40min 200 250g 4. (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ), (4 ) ( ) 70 80 (, ), 20 30 ( 80 100 ), 0. 2, 5, 45 50 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 05 0. 1, 55 60 (1 ),,,,, 30 35 40 60 min, (2 ), 5 1kg, 1. 5 2cm,, (3 ),, 20min 35 40 40 60min, 2 0. 03M Pa 40 188
50 min, 200g 3., ( ) 100 (, ), 4, 0. 5, 5, 45 50 0. 3, 0. 2, 0. 05 0. 1, 55 60 (1 ),,,,, 30 35 40 60 min, (2 ), 5 1kg, 1. 5 2cm,, (3 ),, 20min 35 40 40 60min, 2 0. 03M Pa 40 50 min, 200g 3.,, ( ) 2. 5kg, 500g,, 50 g, 500g (1 ),,, 189
(2 ) 1 kg,,,, (3 ), 1h 3. ( ) 500g, 50g, 150g, 25g, 50g, (1 ), 250 300g,, (2 ),, 50g,,,,,, 2 3h,,,, 18min 3., ( ) 1kg, 300g, 25g,,, 200g (1 ),,,,,, 190
(2 ), ( 1. 5cm ),,, 3., ( ) 500 g, 50g, 100 g, 250g, 50g,, (1 ),, (2 ),, 1. 5cm,,,, 40min 3., ( ) 500g, 150g, 150g, 50g, 100g (1 ), (2 ),,,,, 1cm,,,, ( 40 min ), 191
3., ( ) 500g, 75g, 250g, 75g, 75g, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ), 1. 5cm,, (, ),,, (4 ), 35 min,, 3.,, ( ) 500g, 100g, 100 g, 200g, 100g, (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, 192
,,,, 1h, 3., ( ) 750 g, 250g, 150g, 150g,, 50g (1 ),,,, (2 ), ( ),,,, ( ),,, (3 ) 1h,, 3., ( ),,,,,, 1kg, 50g, 200g, 300g, 500g, 200g (1 ),,,,, 193
, ( 200g), (2 ) ( 300g ) (3 ), 1/ 3 ; 1/ 3, ;,,, 3. ( ) 6kg, 5kg, 6kg, 1. 5k g, ( ) 0. 25kg, (1 ) 10 min,,,, (2 ),, 1/ 2 (3 ),,, 3 5min,,,,,,,,, (4 ) ( ),,, 194
3. :,, : :,, :,,, : ( ) 500 g, 500g, 450g, 250g,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,, 20min,,, 3. ( ) 350g, 500g, 500 g, 400g, 15 g, 10g, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,, 15min,,,, 20min, 195
, 3cm 10cm, 3., ( ) 350g, 500g, 500g, 50g, 50g, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, ( ),,, (4 ),,,, 25min, 3., ( ) 500g, 500g, 500 g, 200g, 150g, 200g, 200g, 60g, 150g, 50g, 60g (1 ), 0. 4cm ;, 0. 4cm,,, 196
,, (2 ),, 2. 8cm ;, 30min, ( ), 5cm 3.,, ( ) 1. 5kg, 750g, 750g, 500g (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),, ( ),,,,,,, 3., ( ) 31kg, 30kg, 27kg, 2kg4kg, 1kg, 2kg, 2kg, 6 kg, 1kg (1 ),,,, 197
(2 ), (3 ),,,,,,, ( ) 3.,,,,,,, ( ) 500g, 100g, 125g, 125g, (1 ), ( 280g ),,, (2 ) 7cm, 200g, 30cm,, 1cm 12cm,,,,, (3 ),,, 35min,, 50g 3., ( ) 1kg, 250g, 75g, 100g, 25g,,, 550g 198
(1 ) (2 ) (3 ), 50g, 150g,,, 15cm 65cm, ( ),, (4 ) 150g, ( ),,, 40min 3.,, ( ) 500g, 150g, 25g, 125g, 12. 5g,, (1 ), 250g, 25g,, (2 ) 16cm 66cm, 16cm,, 2. 5cm (3 ),,,,, (4 ), 40min,, 8cm, 3., 199
( ) 500g, 250g, 50g, 250g, 50g, (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, 40min, 3., ( ) 400g, 150g, 5g, 25g, 50g, 100g, 3 (1 ),, 200 g,,, (2 ),, ;,, ; ; ;,,, (3 ),,, 20 200
,, 25g,,,, 3.,,, ( ) 27kg, 50g, 4kg,, 12kg (1 ) 23 kg,, 3 5min, 50 70min, (2 ) 2kg, (3 ) 2kg, 8 10min, 2kg 10,, 70 80g,,, (4 ), 40 60 min 0. 03M Pa 23 25 min 3.,, ( ) 25kg, 70 g, 10k g, 8kg, (1 ),, 40 kg, 40g,, 2 3h,, 201
,,, (2 ) 20kg, 10kg, 6 8min, 60 min, (3 ) 5kg,, 2kg 10,, 50 80g, ( ) 2 3mm, 100g,,,, (4 ), 50 70 min 0. 03M Pa 20 23 min 3.,,,,, ( ) 1kg, 500g, 150g, 50g, 25g, 100g, (1 ),,,,,, 500g 50g,,,,, (2 ), 500g,,,, 50g,,,, 202
3.,, ( ) 500g, 500g, 75g, 25g, 50g (1 ), (, ) (2 ), 25g,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, 3., ( ) 500g, 2. 5g, 15g, 100g, 300g (1 ),, 250g, (2 ),,,,, ( ), (3 ), 30min 3.,, ( ) 203
1kg, 500 g, 250g, 100g, 100g, 50g, (1 ),, 5g, ( ),,,,,,,, (2 ) 100g, 250g,,,,, (3 ), 500 g,,, 25g,, 15g,,, 3.,,, ( ) 500g, 50g, 250g, 25g, 100g, (1 ), 250g, (2 ),, (3 ),,, 25g,,,,, 204
3.,, ( ) 500g, 100g, 300 g, 225g, 15 g, 10g (1 ),, 25g, (2 ) (3 ) 3cm, 22,,,,, 15min 3. ( ) 500g, 150g, 75g, 75g, 25g, 25g,, (1 ),, (2 ), 240g, (3 ),, 3cm 50g,,,,,,,, (4 ), 20min 3. 205
( ) 500 g, 75g, 150 g, 75g, 75 g,, (1 ),,,,,,,,, (, ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),, 25g,,,, 10min (4 ), 10min, ( ),,, 2min 3.,, ( ) 500g, 150g, 100g, 10g, 10g, 30g, 100g, 90g, 25g,, (1 ), ( 240g ),,,, (2 ),,, 5g, 206
(3 ) 2cm,,,,, (4 ),,, ( ) (5 ),, 3., ( ) 2. 5kg, 750g, 150g,, 250g, (1 ), 6mm,,,,, (2 ),, 1kg,,,, 25g,,,,, 3.,,, ( ) 1kg, 1kg, 150g, 100g, 100g, 25g, (1 ), 207
,,,,, (2 ), 500 g,,,, 25g,,,,,, 5 6min, 3., ( ) 750 g, 200 250g, 10g, 100g, ( ) 250g, 5g (1 ) ( ) 750g,,, 200 250g, 15 min, 2,,, (2 ) 3cm,,, ( ),,, 3cm,,,, (3 ),, 12 15 min, 3.,,,,, ( ) 208
250g,, 100g (1 ), (2 ), (3 ) 12, 25 g,,, 4, 3., ( ) 10kg, 50g, 4. 5kg,, 2kg (1 ),, 10 12 min, 80 min, (2 ) 2kg, 10,, 50 70g,,,,, (3 ) 30min, 0. 03MPa 22 26 min 3.,, ( ) 25kg, 80g,, 11 kg, 5kg (1 ),, 10 min 209
,, 50 60min (2 ), 2kg, 10,, 70 100g, 20g,, ( 3 ), 60 70min, 0. 03M Pa 22 26min 3.,, ( ) 750g, 200g, 250 g, 150g, 50 g, 50g, 50g, 30g, 30g,, (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ), 2 h,,,,,,, (3 ), 350g,,, (4 ) 3cm, 50g,,,, (5 ),, 20min 3., 210
( ) 500g, 100g,, 500g, 200g, 100g, 50g, 50g, 75g, 10g, 7. 5g, 5g (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),, 250g,, (3 ), 35g,,, 30g,, (4 ), 15min 3.,,, ( ) 500g,,, 500g, 50g, 100g, 15g, 10g, 20g, (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),,, 10 min, 211
(4 ),,, 25g,,, 15min, 3., ( ) 500g, 50g, () 500g, 50g, 50g, 150g, 50g, 4g, 1g, 15g, 10g, 1g, 1g (1 ) 400g,, 15min 100g 75 g, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,, 20, 20, 16. 5cm,,,,,, 15 min 3., ( ) 212
500g,, 500g, 200g,, 15g,, 20g, (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ) ;,, ;,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,,,,,, 3., ( ) 1kg, 5g, ( ) 500g, 7. 5g, 125g, 125g, 75g (1 ), 420mL, ( 30mL ),,, 3cm, 46 (2 ) 7mm,, ( ) (3 ), 20g, 213
,,,,, 12 15min, 3.,,, ( ) 500g, 150g, 75g, 25g, 150g, 12. 5g, 35g, 30g, 75g,, (1 ), 20min,,, 20g,,,,, (2 ), 15g,,,,, 75g,,,,,,, (3 ),, 230g,,,,, 2cm, 12g,,,, (4 ), 10min 3., ( ) 500g, 150g, 250g, 150g, 214
150g, 150g, 50g, 25g, 25g, 15g, (1 ), 250g, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ), 2cm, 15g, 6cm,,,, (4 ), 10min 3., ( ) 500g, 400g, 150g,, (1 ) 250g,,, (2 ),, ( 500g 350g),,,, (3 ),, 250g,, (4 ) 2cm,,,, 215
, (5 ) 3., ( ) 500g, 150g, 120g, 120g, 25g, 12g, 12g, 12g, 5g, 12g,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ), 250g,,,, (4 ) 2cm, 25g,,,,, (5 ), 12 15min 3., ( ) 500g,, 300g, 100g, 200g, 50g, 15g,,, (1 ),, 216
, (2 ),, ;, ;, (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),, 15g,, ( ),, 10min, 3., ( ) 500g, 5g, 500g, 500g, 100g, 50g, 25g, 25 g, 25g,,,, (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,, (3 ) 250 g, 250g,,,, 12. 5g,,, (4 ) ( ), 217
, 6 7min 3.,, ( ) 5kg, 5kg, 400g, 150g, 150g, 55g,, 35g (1 ),, 4L, 3. 5L, 5 6,, (2 ), 2. 5L (,, ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,, 15g,, 20g, 18 21 (4 ) 32 35cm,,,, 3.,,, ( ) 750g, 250g, 200g, 750g, 150g, 3 g, 25g, 10g, 50g, 15 g, 15g, 218
(1 ) 250 g 250g,, 500 g,,, (2 ), 150g,,,,,, (3 ),, 7 8min 3. ( ) 500g, 100g, 500g, 100g, 5, 100g, 25g, 15 g, 50g, 5g, 50g, 10g, (1 ),,, (2 ), (3 ),,,, (4 ), 15min 3. ( ) 750g, 250g, 15g, 10g, 30g, 25g, 10g,, 5g, 8g, 90g 219
(1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,, (, ),,,,, 5min,, 3.,, ( ) 500g, 50g, 250g, 250g, 25 g, 15g, 50g, 5 g,, (1 ), 100g,,,, (2 ),, 20,,,,,,, 3., ( ) 500g, 250g, 200g, 100g, 50g, 7. 5g, 220
, (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, 25g,,,,,,,,, 3.,, ( ) 5kg, 1. 5kg, 2. 5kg, 2kg, 250g, 250g, 1k g, 250g, 50g, 50g, (1 ) 3. 5k g, 1. 5kg,,, (2 ),, ;, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ),, 8g,,,,, 6 7min 3., 221
( ) 500g,, 500g, 300g, 20 g,,, 15g,, 15g, 50g, 20 g,, 200g (1 ),,, (2 ),,, 30 min, (3 ) ;,, ;,,, ; (4 ),,,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),,,,,, 3., ( ) 5kg, 50g, 10g, 2. 5kg, 2kg, 250g, 50g, 20g, 600g, 50g, 222
(1 ), 100g,,, 3 4h, 7mm (2 ),, ; 500g,, (3 ), 2. 3 kg, (4 ),, 60g,,, 30 40min, 22 25min 3.,, 223
1,.. :, 1985 2.. :, 1991 3. ( ). :, 1983 4. 500. :, 1999 5,,.. :, 1994 6,.. :, 2000 7.. :, 1994 8.. :, 1999 9.. :, 2001 10,,.. :, 2001 11.. :, 2001 12.. :, 1996 13.. :, 1992 14,.. :, 1991 15.. :, 1986 16,,.. :, 1984 17,.. :, 1999 18.. :, 1998 19,,.. :, 1990 20,.. :, 1997 21.. :, 2002 22.. :, 1996 23.. :, 1995 224
24.. :, 2001 25,.. :, 2002 26.. :, 2002 27.. :, 1999 225