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1 1.1 T C P / I P T C P / I P 60 9 ( I n t e r n e t ) WA N 100 T C P / I P T C P / I P [ Lynch 1993] 1.2 Telnet FTP e-mail T C P / I P TCP UDP T C P / I P 1-1 1) 1-1 TCP/IP 2) T C P / I P I I C M P I n t e r n e t I G M P I n t e r n e t 3 ) T C P / I P T C P U D P T C P U D P 4 ) T C P / I P IP ICMP IGMP

2 TCP/IP 1 Telnet FTP SMTP SNMP L A N F T P 1-2 FTP FTP FTP TCP IP 1-2 FTP F T P F T P Te l n e t T C P I P 1-2 U N I X 1-2 1-2 F T P T C P I P T C P / I T C P / I P T C P I P I n t e r n e t (Internet Protocol Suite) F T P Te l n e t

1 3 8 0 90 ( i n t e r n e t ) F D D I I P IP Router ( R o u t e r ) g a t e w a y T C P / I P TCP/IP IBM SNA 1-3 1-3 End system Intermediate system En d - t o - e n d Ho p - b y - h o p FTP FTP FTP TCP IP I P 1-3 T C P / I P I P T C P I P T C

4 TCP/IP 1 ( m u l t i h o m e d ), T C P / I P F T P Te l n e t 1-3 20 L A N TCP /IP [Perlman 1992] 12 1.3 TCP/IP T C P / I P 1-4 1-4 TCP/IP

1 5 T C P U D P I T C P I P 17 2 2 T C P T C 26 Te l n e t R l o g i n 27 F T P 28 S M T P U D P T C P U D P 11 U D P 14 D N S : 15 T F T P 16 BO OT P U D P S N M P U D P 25 I P T C P U D T C P U D P I P 1-4 I P 3 I P 9 10 I P I C M P I P I P 6 I C M P I C M I P P i n g Tr a c e r o u t e 7 8 I C M P I G M P I n t e r n e t U D P 12 U D P 13 I G M P A R P R A R P I P 4 5 1.4 I n t e r n e t I P I P 32 bit I n t e r n e t 1 2 3 I P 1-5 A B C 7 14 21 24 16 8 D E 28 27 () 1-5

6 TCP/IP 1 32 Dotted decimal notation B 140. 252. 13. 33 1-6 1-6 IP I P I I P I P Internet Network Information C e n t r e I n t e r N I C I n t e r N I C I n t e r n e t ( I P D N S ) N I C n i c. d d n. m i l 1993 4 1 I n t e r N I C N I C I n t e r n e t I n t e r N I C r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t I n t e r N I C r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t d s. i n t e r n i c. n e t i s. i n t e r n i c. n e t I n t e r N I C 1. 8 I P 12 13 3. 4 I P 3-9 I P 0 1 1.5 I P T C P / I P D N S I P 14 D N S I P I P I P 4 Te l n e t I P 1.6 T C P 1-7 T C P I P T C P T C T C P s e g m e n ti P I (IP datagram) (Fr a m e )

1 7 1-7 46 1 500 4. 5 2. 8 I n t e r n e t T C P / I P o c t e t T C P / I P D E C - 10 8 bit 8 byte 1-7 I P p a c k e t I P I P f r a g m e n t 11. 5 IP A p p l TCP TCP IP TCP IP IP TCP 46~1500 1-7 U D P T C P U D I P U D UDP datagram U D P 8 1. 3 1-4 T C P U D P I C M P I G M P I P I I P I 8 b i t 1 I C M P 2 I G M P 6 T C P 17 U D P T C P U D P T C P U D P 16 b i t T C P U D P I P A R P R A R P

8 TCP/IP 1 16 bit 1.7 D e m u l t i p l e x i n g 1-8 T C P U D P I P 1-8 I C M P I G M P 1-4 I I P I ICMP IGMP IP A R P R A R P I P 2-4 A R P I T C P I 1.8

1 9 I1. I2. I3. I4. I 1 I 2 C1. C2. C3. C 1 T C P U D P 11. 12 U D P 18. 11 T C 1.9 T C P U D P 16 bit T C P / I P F T T C P 21 Te l n e t T C P 23 T F T P ( ) U D P 69 T C P / I P 1 1 023 I n t e r n e t Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, IANA 1 992 1 2 55 256 1 023 U n i x U n i x U n i IANA 1 1023 I n t e r n e t U n i x Te l n e t R l o g i n Te l n e t 23 T C P / I P R l o g i n U n i x Unix 80 513 T C P / I P 1024 5 000 5000

10 TCP/IP 1 I n t e r n e t ) Solaris 2.2 T C P U D P 32768 E.4 U n i x /e t c / s e r v i c e s Te l n e t TCP 23 UDP 53 TCP U n i x 1 1 023 R l o g i n 2 6. 2 1.10 T C P / I P I n t e r n e t 1) Internet I S O C Internet Society I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e t 2) Internet I A B Internet Architecture Board 15 I n t e r n e t I A B I S O C 3) Internet I E T F Internet Engineering Task Force 9 I E T F I n t e r n e t IETF Internet IESG Engineering Steering Group 4) Internet IR I F Internet Research Task Force I RT F I E T F I A B [Crocker 1993] I n t e r n e t 1.11 RFC I n t e r n e t R F C Request for Comment R F C R F 1 200 RFC 1122 R F C R F C F T P I n t e r n e t R F C

1 11 To: rfc-info@isi.edu Subject: getting rfcs help: ways_to_get_rfcs R F C R F R F C 1 ) R F C Assigned Numbers RFC I n t e r n e t R F C 1340 [Reynolds Postel 1992] I n t e r n e t R F C RFC 1340 2) I n t e r n e t RFC 1600[Postel 1994] R F C I n t e r n e t R F C R F C 3 ) R F C 11 22 1123[Braden 1989a, 1989b] RFC 1122 RFC 1123 R F C R F C [Borman 1993b] R F C RFC 1127[Braden 1989c] R F C 4) R F C RFC 1009[Braden and Postel 1987] [Almquist 1993] R F C 1.12 Te l n e t 1-9 T C P U D P T C P U D P R F C e c h o 7 7 8 6 2 d i s c a r d 9 9 8 6 3 d a y t i m e 1 3 1 3 8 6 7 c h a r g e n 19 19 864 T C P U D P t i m e 37 37 868 32 bit U T C 1900 1 1 1-9

12 TCP/IP 1 T C P / I P Te l n e t F T P S M T P N C P N C P A R PA N E T T C P N C P T C P U D P NCP 1.13 1-3 1. 4 1. 9 I n t e r n e t I P I n t e r N I C I A N Ai n t e r n e t i n t e r n e t I n t e r n e T C P / I P 100 I n t e r n e t i n t e r n e t i n t e r n e t I n t e r n e t 1.14 T C P / I P TCP 4.x BSD Berkeley Software D i s t r i b u t i o n 1-10 B S D BSD 1.0 (1989) Net/1 T C P / I P B S D AIX 3.2 Net/3 1-10 BSD TCP/IP I n t e r n e t 21. 7 12. 4 2 4. 3 1.15 TCP/IP TCP SLIP BSD 2.0 Te l n e t F T P (1991) Net/2 SunOS 4.x S V R 4 T C P / I P A P Is o c k e t T L I

1 13 Transport Layer Interface Berkeley socket AT & T X T I X / O p e n X / O p e n X T I T L I T C P / I P A P I s o c k e t s o c k e t T L I [ S t e v e n s 1 9 9 0 ] 1.16 1-11 ( ) 1-11 IP 140.252 I P B 140. 252. t u c. n o a o. e d u n o a o National Optical Astronomy Observatories t u c Tu c s o n : s v r 4. t u c. n o a o. e d u I P 140. 252. 13. 34 T C P / I P n o a o. e d u 1-11 3. 4 4. 6 s u n n e t b S L I P 2. 4 S L I P 1.17 TCP/IP

14 TCP/IP 1 T C P / I P T C P / I P I T C P U D P I P I n t e r n e t 1 1 0 0 I P I I P 1.1 A B C 1.2 F T P 27. 3 n i c. m e r i t. e d u n s f n e t / s t a t i s t i c s / h i s t o r y. n e t c o u n t N S F N E T 1. 1 3. 10 1.3 R F C [Braden 1989a] T C P / I P 1.4 R F C quote of the day R F C 1.5 T C P / I P I P I n t e r n e t 1.6 RFC 1000 R F C 1.7 I n t e r n e t i s o c @ i s o c. o r g +1 703 648 9888 1.8 F T P i s. i n t e r n i c. n e t a b o u t - i n t e r n i c / i n f o r m a t i o n - a b o u t - t h e - i n t e r n i c

2 2.1 1-4 T C P / I P 1 I I P 2 A R P A R P A R P 3 R A R P R A R P R A R P T C P / I P F D D I R S 2 32 S L I P P P P l o o p b a c k S L I P M T U M T U 2.2 IEEE 802 Digital Equipment Corp. I n t e l C o r p. X e r o x 1982 T C P / I P C S M A / C D Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection 10 Mb/s 48 bit I E E E 802 802. 3 C S M A / C D 802. 4 802. 5 802. 2 802 L L C. 2 802. 3 [Stallings 1987] IEEE 802 T C P / I P I P RFC 894[Hornig 1984] IEEE 802 I P RFC 1042[Postel and Reynolds 1988] R F C I n t e r n e t 10 Mb/s 1) RFC 894 2) RFC 894 RFC 1042 IEEE 802 3) RFC 1042 RFC 894 RFC 894 2-1 48 bit 6 802. 3 16 bit 48 bit A R P R A R P 4 5 32 bit I P 48 bit 2 80

16 TCP/IP 1 38~1492 0800 0806 38~1492 / 8035 / 0800 46~1500 46~1500 46~1500 0806 / 8035 / C R C 8 02 Sub-network Access P r o t o c o l S N A P 802 802 3 802.2 LLC 5 802.2 SNAP Destination Service Access Point, D S A P Source Service Access Point, SSAP 0 x a a Ct r l 3 3 o rg code 0 2 RFC 1340 [Reynolds and Postel 1992] C R C F C S 2-1 IEEE 802.2/802.3 RFC 1042 RFC 894 802. 3 802. 38 46 p a d

2 17 2.3 RFC 893[Leffler and Karels 1984] trailer encapsulation B S D DEC VA X I P I P T C P C R C T C P 512 A R P RFC 893 [ L e ffler et al. 1989] 11. 8 2.4 SLIP S L I P Serial Line IP I P RFC 1055[Romkey 1988] S L I P R S - 232 I n t e r n e t S L I P 1) IP E N D 0 x c 0 E N D E N D 2) I P E N D 0 x d b 0 x d c 0 x d b S L I P E S C A S C I I E S C 0 x 1 b 3) I P S L I P E S C 0 x d b 0 x d d 2-2 E N D E S C I P I P 4 IP 2-2 SLIP S L I P 1) I P I P 2) S L I P

18 TCP/IP 1 3 ) S L I P C R C S L I C R C 3 17 I P T C P 11 U D P S L I P S L I P 1984 Rick Adams 4. 2 B S D S L I P 2.5 SLIP 19200 b/s Te l n e t R l o g i n T C P S L I P T C P 1 20 I P 20 T C P 40 19. 2 R l o g i n C S L I P S L I P RFC 1144[Jacobson 1990a] C S L I P 40 3 5 C S L I P 16 T C P S L I P C S L I P SLIP CSLIP 2.6 PPP P P P S L I P P P P 1) I P P P P 8 2) L C P Link Control Protocol 3) N C P Network Control Protocol R F C I P O S I D E C n e t A p p l e Ta l k IP NCP C S L I P N C P T C P RFC 1548[Simpson 1993] RFC 1332[McGregor 1992 ] I P P P P I S O H D L C 2-3 P P P 0 x 7 e 0 x ff 0 x 03

2 19 1500 IP 2-3 PPP 0 x 0021 I P 0 x c 021 0 x 802 C R C F C S 0 x 7 e P P P (bit stuff i n g ) [ Ta n e n b a u m 1989 ] 0 x 7 d P P P 6 1) 0 x 7 e 0 x 7 d 0 x 5 e 2) 0 x 7 d 0 x 7 d 0 x 5 d 3 ) 0 x 20 A S C I I 0 x 01 0 x 7 d 0 x 21 6 1 0 32 3 S L I P P P P 2 1 P P P S L I 2-2 P P P 3 1 2 C R C I P Van Jacobson C S L I P I P T C P P P P S L I P (1) PPP I P (2) (3) I P I P (4) C S L I P T C P I P (5) 3 P P P S L I P S L I P P P PPP PPP SLIP

20 TCP/IP 1 2.7 Loopback Interface T C P / I P A 127 I P 127. 0. 0. 1 l o c a l h o s t I P I P 2-4 I P IP IP IP I P IP IP IP ARP 2-4 IP 1) 127. 0. 0. 1 I P 2) 12 3 ) I P I P I P 2-4 I P I P B S D

2 21 I P 2-4 4. 4 B S D u s e l o o p b a c k 1 0 2.8 MTU 2-1 802. 3 1500 1 492 MTU M T U s (IBM) s (IEEE 802.5) I P M T U I P f r a g m e n t a t i o n M T U 11. 5 I P 2-5 MTU 2-5 M T U RFC 1191[Mogul and Deering 1990] S L I P P P P M T U 2. 10 3. 9 n e t s t a t M T U 2.9 MTU M T U M T U M T U M T M T U M T U A B B A M T U RFC 1191[Mogul and Deering 1990] M T U M T U I C M P I P 11. 6 I C M P 11. 7 t r a c e r o u t e M T U 11. 8 24. 2 M T U U D P T C P 2.10 9600 b/s 8 bit 960 B/s / 1024 1066 ms

22 TCP/IP 1 S L I P F T 1024 533 ms S L I P Te l n e t R l o g i n F T P 533 ms 100 200 ms [Jacobson 1990a] S L I P M T U 256 266 ms 133 64 1 28 C S L I P 5 261 256 98. 1 % 1. 9 % M T U 256 2-5 M T U M T U 2 96 25 T C P I P 40 M T U I P T C P I P I P I C S L I P S L I P P P P 9600 b/s 1 5 12.5 ms 100~200 ms 40 5 1 85 ms 12.5 ms 2.11 I n t e r n e t I E E E 802. 2 / 802. 3 S L I P P P P S L I P P P P 127. 0. 0. 1 I P I P I P

2 23 M T U M T M T U S L I P C S L I P T C P / I P T C P / I 2.1 n e t s t a t( 1 ) 3. 9 M T U

3 IP 3.1 I P T C P / I P T C P U D P I C M P I G M P I 1-4 T C P / I P I P X. 25 S N A u n r e l i a b l e I P I I P I C M P T C P c o n n e c t i o n l e s s I P I P A B B A I P I P i f c o n f i g n e t s t a t I P RFC 791[Postel 1981a] I P 3.2 IP I P 3-1 I P 20 4 4 8 16 8 8 3 16 ( ) 13 1620 32 IP 32 IP ( ) 3-1 IP

3 IP 25 3-1 0 bit 31 4 32 bit 0 7 8 15 bit 16 23 bit 24~31 bit big endian T C P / I P little endian 4 I P I P v 4 3. 10 I P 32 bit 4 60 8 I P 5 TO S 3 bit 4 bit TO S 1 bit 0 4 bit TO S 4 bit 1 bit 4 0 RFC 1340 [Reynolds and Postel 1992] RFC 1349 [Almquist 1992] R F C TO S 3-2 TO S t c p d u m p 16 UDP TCP IGP 3-2 Te l n e t R l o g i n F T P S N M P Usenet news, NNTP T C P / I P TO S 4.3BSD Reno O S P F I S - I S 2. 10 S L I P

26 TCP/IP 1 TO S S L I P T C P T C P TOS I P I P 16 I 65535 2-5 M T U 6 5535 M T U I P 11. 5 65535 I P 576 T C P T C P U D R I P T F T B O O T P D N S S N M P 512 576 N F S 8192 I P I P 46 2-1 I P I P 46 I P 1 11. 5 RFC 791 [Postel 1981a] IP I P T C P U D P I P I P 1 IP T T L t i m e - t o - l i v e T T L 32 6 4 1 0 I C M P 8 Tr a c e r o u t e 1 1-8 I P I P I P I C M I G M P U D P T C P I P 0 16 bit 16 bit I P 16 bit

3 IP 27 1 1 I P I C M P I G M P U D P T C P T C P U D P I P RFC 1071[Braden, Borman and Patridge 1988] I n t e r n e t T T L 1 I P R F C 1141[Mallory and Kullberg 1990] BSD I P I I P 1. 4 32 bit RFC 1108[Kent 1991] I P 7. 3 I P 7. 4 I P 8. 5 32 bit 0 I P 32 bit 3.3 IP I P I P 9 I P U n i x 9. 4 I P T C P U D P I C M P I G M P I P I P I P I P I P I P

28 TCP/IP 1 1 I P 2 I P 0 1-5 0 next-hop router I P I I P 9. 2 I P h o p - b y - h o p I P I P I P I P 1) I P 2) 3) d e f a u l t I C M P I P 9 I P I n t e r n e t 100 b s d i I P s u n

3 IP 29 3-3 I P I 140. 252. 13. 33 140. 252. 13. 0 140. 252. 13. 32 = 140.252,13,0 s u n 2-1 I P s u n I P 140. 252. 13. 33 48 bit s u n 48 bit 140.252.13 A R P 3-3 bsdi sun b s d i I P f t p. u u. n e t I P 192. 48. 96. 9 3-4 b s d i s u n b s d i s u n I P 192. 48. 96. 9 s u n 3-3 I P s u n = 140.252.104.2 ( ) IP = 140.252.1.4 IP=192.48.96.9 140.252.1 = 140.252.1.4 ( ) IP IP=192.48.96.9 = 140.252.13.33 ( ) = 140.252.1.183 ( ) 140.252.13 IP IP=192.48.96.9 = 140.252.13.33 3-4 b s d i f t p. u u. n e t (192.48.96.9)

30 TCP/IP 1 s u n I P s u n s u n n e t b 140. 252. 1. 183 S L I P 2-2 S L I P n e t b s u n n e t b g a t e w a y 1 40. 252. 1. 4 140. 252. 1 n e t b A R P 140. 252. 1. 4 48 bit g a t e w a y I P 140. 252. 104. 2 8-4 Tr a c e r o u t e g a t e w a y 1) 2) I P 8. 5 I P I P 3) S L I P A R 9 I C M P I P 3.4 RFC 950 [Mogul and Postel 1985] I P A B 2 24 2 2 16 2 I P 1-5 0 1 2 I n t e r N I C I P B 1 40. 252 16 bit 8 bit 8 bit 3-5 254 B 16 8 8 =140.252 3-5 B

3 IP 31 B 16 bit 8 bit 8 b i t I P A B B C A A I P B 140. 252 30 400 I n t e r n e t 3-6 Rn n 140. 252. 3 50 140. 252. 1 100 3 0 C 30 B I n t e r n e t B 140. 252 I n t e r n e t I P 140. 252 I P 140. 252. 104. 1 140. 252 30 C 30 10. 8 C 3-6 I n t e r n e t g a t e w a y 140. 252. 57. 1 g a t e w a y 57 k p n o k p n o R 55 R 55 R 57 3-6 noao.edu 140.252

32 TCP/IP 1 3.5 I P I P 5 I P I P 32 bit 1 0 3-7 B n o a o. e d u 3-5 8 bit B 10 bit 6 bit 16 8 8 B 16 10 8 B 3-7 B I P I P I 1 2 3 I P A B C I P 140. 252. 1. 1 B 255. 255. 255. 0 8 b i t 8 bit I P 140. 252. 4. 5 B 140. 252 1 4 I P 3-8 I P 140. 252. 1. 22 B 140. 252 1 I P 192. 43. 235. 6 C B 16 8 8 B B 3-8 B

3 IP 33 I P I P 3.6 IP 7 I P 3-9 0 0-1 1 n e t i d s u b n e t i d h o s t i d 0 1 IP 0 0 O K 0 O K 127 O K O K 2. 7 1 1 O K n e t i d 1 O K n e t i d n e t i d s u b n e t i d 1 O K n e t i d s u b n e t i d n e t i d 1 1 O K n e t i d 3-9 IP 0 B O O T P I P 1 2. 2 3.7 3-10 140.252.1 SLIP 140.252.13.32 140.252.13 3-10 3-10 s u n S L I P

34 TCP/IP 1 4. 6 A R P 13 S L I P I 8 bit 11 b i t 8 bit 5 bit 140. 252 8 bit 11 bit RFC 1009[Braden and Postel 1987] RFC[Almquist 1993] 10 R I P R I P 2 O S P F RIP I P 3-11 11 8 bit 13 3 bit 001 010 S L I P 140. 252 140. 252. 13 s u n I P 140. 252. 1. 29 3-11 s u n 13 11 bit 16 11 5 B =140.252 ID ID 8 =13 3-11 140. 252. 13 255. 255. 255. 224 0 x ffffff e 0 5 bit 27 bit 3-10 I P 3-12 IP 1 3-12 IP 1 s u n b s d i 3-10 140. 252. 13. 63 1 40. 252. 13. 32 3-11 5 1 1 6 8 4 2 1 3 1 12 subnet-directed broadcast address

3 IP 35 3.8 ifconfig I P T C P / I P i f c o n f i g( 8 ) S L I P i f c o n f i g S L I P 3-12 2. 7 A 2. 3 S L I P S L I P L I N K 0 s l i p C S L I P 2. 5 L I N K 1 C S L I P L I N K 2 I C M P 4. 6 S L I P ping 0 b s d i a S u n O S i f c o n f i g w e 0 S I M P L E X 4. 4 B S D B S D / 386 6. 3 s l i p S L I P b s d i I P slip % /sbin/ifconfig sl0 sl0: flags=1011<up,pointopoint,link0> inet 140.252.13.65 --> 140.252.13.66 netmask ffffffe0 s v r 4 S V R i f c o n f i g R U N N I N G svr4 % /usr/sbin/ifconfig emd0 emd0: flags=23<up,broadcast,notrailers> inet 140.252.13.34 netmask ffffffe0 broadcast 140.252.13.63

36 TCP/IP 1 i f c o n f i g T C P / I P 3.9 netstat n e t s t a t( 1 ) - i - n I P M T U 9 n e t s t a t 13 3.10 IP 1. 2 I P I n t e r n e t 1) B 1995 2) 32 bit I P I n t e r n e t 3) ( f l a t ) C B C I D R Classless Interdomain Routing I P I P 4 21 I n t e r n e t 10. 8 I P I P I P n g 1993 5 IEEE Network (vol.7, no.3) C I D R R F C 1454 [Dixon 1993] 1) SIP I n t e r n e t I P 64 4 2) PIP 3) TUBA TCP and UDP with Bigger Address OSI C L N P Connectionless Network Protocol I P O S I 20 C L N P S I P P I C L N P RFC 1347[Callon 1992] T U B A [Perlman 1992] 7 I P v 4 C L N P C L N

3 IP 37 4) TP/IX RFC 1475 [Ullmann 1993] S I P 64 bit T C P U D P 32 bit 64 bit 64 T C P 32 bit T C P U D P I P v 4 C I D R I P v 4 3.11 I P I I P I A B I n t e r n e t i f c o n f i g n e t s t a t I P M T U I n t e r n e t I P 3.1 127. 0. 0. 1 3.2 3-6 3.3 16 bit A 8 B 3.4 RFC 1219 [Tsuchiya 1991] 3.5 255. 255. 0. 255 A 3.6 3. 9 M T U 1536 3.7 T C P / I P I [Clark 1988]

4 ARP 4.1 T C P / I P I P 48 bit T C P / I P P C 48 bit I P I 32 bit I P 32 Internet RFC 826 [Plummer 1 9 8 2 ] A R P 4-1 A R P 48 R A R P A R P I P 4-1 ARP RARP R A R P X 5 4.2 % ftp bsdi 4-2 1) FTP g e t h o s t b y n a m e(3) bsdi 32 bit IP D N S 14 DNS /e t c / h o s t s 2) F T P T C P I P 3) T C P I I 18 4) I P I P I P I P 5) 32 bit I P 48 bit

4 ARP 39 I n t e r n e t A R P A R P 6) A R P A R P 4-2 A R P I b s d i I P IP IP IP IP ARP ( ) 4-2 ftp ARP 7) A R P I A R P A R P I P 8) A R P A R P I P 9) I P A R P 48 bit T C P / I P 32 bit I P I P A R P 32 bit I P A R P

40 TCP/IP 1 I P 4.3 ARP A R P A R I n t e r n e t 20 a r p(8) ARP a bsdi % arp -a sun (140.252.13.33) at 8:0:20:3:f6:42 svr4 (140.252.13.34) at 0:0:c0:c2:9b:26 48 bit 6 4. 8 a r p 4.4 ARP I P A R P 4-3 A R P I P IP IP 28 ARP / 4-3 ARP 1 A R P 0 x 0806 h a r d w a r e ( ) p r o t o c o l ( ) A R P A R P I P 1 0 x 0800 I P I P 2-1 1 I P A R P 6 4 A R P 1A R P 2R A R P 3 R A R P 4 5 R A R P A R A R P I P

4 ARP 41 A R P A R P A R P 2 4.5 ARP t c p d u m p Te l n e t T C P A R P A t c p d u m p 4.5.1 A R P t e l n e t ARP Ctrl Telnet s u n e t c p d u m p 48 bit 4-4 t c p d u m p A A - 3 t c p d u m p 4-4 TCP ARP t c p d u m p 18 1 b s d i 0 : 0 : c 0 : 6 f : 2 d : 40 ff : ff : ff : ff : ff : ff 4-2 1 a r p 0 x 0806 A R P a r p i p 60 A R P

42 TCP/IP 1 42 28 A R P 14 60 1-7 60 14 64 1-7 46 14 1500 M T U 2-5 M T U I P 3 4 5 I P T C P 60 1 arp who-has A R P I s v r 4 I P b s d i t c p d u m p I P 4. 7 n A R P I 2 A R P A R P b s d i 0 : 0 : c 0 : 6 f : 2 d : 4 0A R P t c p d u m p arp reply 3 T C P (s v r 4) 1 8 t c p d u m p 1 A R P A R P 2.2 ms 0.7 ms T C P A R P 3 ms t c p d u m p s v r 4 T C P 4 A R P s v r 4 A R P b s d i A R P A R P I A R P I 4.5.2 ARP I n t e r n e t 3-10 36 6 2 63 36 Telnet 76 ARP t c p d u m p 4-5

4 ARP 43 4-5 ARP e A R P A R P 1 5. 5 2 24 3 21 T C P t c p d u m p 29. 5 t e l n e t d a t e Te l n e t 75 B S D T C P 75 18 T C P A R T C P T C P S Y N T C P A R A R P T C P t c p d u m p T C P 4.5.3 ARP A R P 4. 8 a r p 20 3 A R P 20 Host Requirements RFC 4.6 ARP A R P A R P A R P (Proxy ARP) A R P A R P 3-10 s u n 1 s u n 140. 252. 1 A R P s u n 140. 252. 1 4-6 Telebit NetBlazer n e t b s u n 140. 252. 1 g e m i n i I P 140. 252. 1. 29 s u n g e m i n i 140. 252 1 4-6 I P 140. 252. 1. 29 A R P n e t b I P 140. 252. 1 g e m i n i I P n e t b n e t b S L I P s u n

44 TCP/IP 1 140. 252. 1 s u n n e t b ARP 140.252.1.29 140.252.1 ARP Telebit NetBlazer s u n ARP ( ) 4-6 ARP g e m i n i a r p s u n 140. 252. 1 n e t b s u n I P A R gemini % arp -a netb (140.252.1.183) at 0:80:ad:3:6a:80 sun (140.252.1.29) at 0:80:ad:3:6a:80 140. 252. 1 4-6 n e t b S L I P I P S L I P I b s d i s l i p I P 3. 8 i f c o n f i g S L I P 140. 252. 1. 183 N e t B l a z e r S L I P I P I P I P I 140. 252. 1. 183 S L I P A R P s u n 140. 252. 13 1 40. 252 140.. 13 n e t b n e t b s u n 140.252.13 A R P A R P p r o m i s c u o u s A R P ARP (ARP hack) A R P A R P A R P T C P / I P 0 1

4 ARP 45 4.7 ARP A R P ARP (gratuitous ARP) A R P I P b s d i s u n t c p d u m p 4-7 4-7 ARP n t c p d u m p A R P b s d i 140. 252. 13. 35 0 : 0 : c 0 : 6 f : 2 d : 40 t c p d u m p 4-4 A R P 1) I P b s d i a : b : c : d : e : f I P 2) A R P A R P [Plummer 1982] I P A R P A R P A R P A R P A R P [ B h i d e E l n o z a h y M o rgan 1991] I P A R P ARP ARP SunOS 4.1.3 4. 4 B S D ARP SVR4 4.8 arp a A R P d A R P

46 TCP/IP 1 A R P s I P t e m p p u b - s A R P I P A R P A R P 4.9 T C P / I P A R P A R P a r p a r p A R P A R P A R A R P A R I P A R P 4.1 4-4 A R P bsdi rsh svr4 arp -a A R P ( s v r 4 a r p a 4.2 A R P 4.3 A R P 4. 2 7 A R P I 4.4 4. 5 Host Requirements RFC A R P A R P

5 RARP 5.1 I P X I P R A R P R A R I P R A R P A R P R A R P RFC 903 [Finlayson et al. 1984] 5.2 RARP R A R P A R P 4-3 R A R P 0 x 8035 R A R P 3 4 A R P R A R P R A R ( u n i c a s t ) 5.3 RARP s u n b s d i R A R P t c p d u m p 5-1 -e t c p d u m p 5-1 RARP R A R P 1 2 R A R P 2 a t s u n R A R P s u n I P 140. 252. 13. 33 3 s u n I P T F T R R Q 8 C F C 0 D 21. S U N 4 C T F T P 15 8 s u n I P 140. 252. 13. 33 I P R A R P S U N 4 C t c p d u m p 3 I P 65 U D P U D P t c p d u m p e 5-1

48 TCP/IP 1 2 4. 5 6 0 b s d i t c p d u m p r a r p d 4 2 B S D 14 28 R A R P t c p d u m p 60 t c p d u m p 60 R A R P I P T F T 16 X R A R P B O O T P T F T P R A R P 5-2 w h o t e l l 6. 55 42. 80 5. 34 6. 55 42. 79 5. 34 6. 55 1. 21 6. 55 8. 97 2. 42 8. 97 1 3. 80 4. 83 42. 80 5. 34 5-2 RARP 6-8 21 T C P 5.4 RARP R A R P R A R P A R P T C P / I P I

5 RARP 49 I P A R P 5.4.1 RARP R A R P I P U n i x / e t c / e t h e r s R A R P T C P / I P R A R P 0 x 8035 2-1 R A R P A B S D S u n S V R 4 R A R P 5.4.2 RARP R A R P R A R P 5-2 R A R P R A R P R A R P R A R P R A R P R A R A R P A R R A R P 5.5 R A R P I R A R P A R R A R P I P R A R P R A R I P 16 B O O T P I P R A R P R A R P T C P / I P R A R P 5.1 RARP A R P R A R P 0 x 0806 5.2 R A R P

6 ICMP Internet 6.1 I C M P I P I C M P I P T C P U D P I C M P IP I C M P I P 6-1 ICMP RFC 792 [Posterl 1981 b ] IP 20 ICMP I C M P 6-2 6-1 ICMP IP 4 15 I C M P I C M P I C M P 3. 2 I P I C M P 8 8 16 ( ) 6-2 ICMP I C M P 27 P i n g 9 I P I C M P 6.2 ICMP I C M P 6-3 I C M P I C M I C M P I C M P I C M P I I C M P I P 8 I C M P I

6 ICMP Internet 51 0 0 P i n g 7 3 0 9. 3 1 9. 3 2 3 6. 5 4 11. 6 5 8. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TO S 9. 3 12 TO S 9. 3 13 14 15 4 0 11. 11 5 9. 5 0 1 2 3 8 0 P i n g 7 9 0 9. 6 10 0 9. 6 11 0 0 Traceroute, 8 1 0 11. 5 12 0 I P 1 13 0 6. 4 14 0 6. 4 15 0 16 0 17 0 6. 3 18 0 6. 3 I P 8 T C P U D P T C P U D P 6. 5 I C M P 1) ICMP I C M P I C M 2) 3-9 D 1-5 I P 3) 4) I P 11. 5 5) 6-3 ICMP I C M P

52 TCP/IP 1 6.3 ICMP I C M P 3. 5 I C M P R A R I B O O T P 16 I C M P 6-4 (17 18) (0) 12 32 6-4 ICMP I C M P i c m p a d d r m a s k I C M P 140. 252. 13. 63 140. 252. 13. 32 3-1 sun % icmpaddrmask 140.252.13.63 received mask = ffffffe0, from 140.252.13.33 received mask = ffffffe0, from 140.252.13.35 b s d i received mask = ffff0000, from 140.252.13.34 s v r 4 s v r 4 s v r S V R 4 B svr4 % ifconfig emd0 emd0: flags=23<up,broadcast,notrailers> inet 140.252.13.34 netmask ffffffe0 broadcast 140.252.13.63 S V R 4 I C M P t c p d u m p b s d i 6-5 e 6-5 ICMP s u n I C M P

6 ICMP Internet 53 2-4 b s d i s v r 4 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 B S D / 386 R F C E I P sun % icmpaddrmask sun received mask= ff000000, from 140.252.13.33 sun % icmpaddrmask localhost received mask= ff000000, from 127.0.0.1 A 127. 0. 0. 1 2-4 I P 140. 252. 12. 33 I C M P 6.4 ICMP I C M P Coordinated Universal Time, UTC U T C I C M P U n i x r d a t e I C M P 6-6 (13 14) (0) 20 6-6 ICMP

54 TCP/IP 1 6.4.1 i c m p t i m e I C M P I C M P o r i g r e c v x m i t r t t d i f f e r e n c e 6-7 6-7 i c m p t i m e RT T RT T d i f f e r e n c e RT T b s d i s u n 7 ms 8 ms U T C 86 400 000 ( 24 6 0 6 0 1 000 ) 4 : 00 U T C 7 82 800 000 2 300 b s d i 0 0. 9. 4 10 m s B s v r 4 S V R 4 0 S V R 4 I C M P 140. 252. 1

6 ICMP Internet 55 s u n 3. 7 75 g a t e w a y C i s c o U T C 32 bit U T C s u n N T P stratum 1 N T P d i f f e r e n c e RT T s u n 38. 5 51.5 ms 6.4.2 1) 1. 1 2 A S C I I t e l n e t 32 b i t U T C 1 900 1 1 r d a t e T C P Telnet Telnet 2) N T P RFC 1305 [ M i l l s 1992 ] L A N WA N R F C 3) O S F D C E D T S

56 TCP/IP 1 [ R o s e n b e rg, Kenney and Fisher 1992] 4) U n i x t i m e d( 8 ) N T P D T S t i m e d 6.5 ICMP I C M P I C M P I C M P I C M P U D 11 U D P U D P U D P I C M P T F T P T F T 15 T F T P U D P 69 T F T P c o n n e c t 8888 25 c o n n e c t g e g e t U D P s v r 4 8888 t c p d u m p 6-8 6-8 TFTP ICMP U D P s v r 4 A R P 1 A R P 2 U D P 3 t c p d u m p A R P I P I C M P 4 T F T P I C M P 5 U D P

6 ICMP Internet 57 I C M P 20 U D 2924 8888 U D P 20 U D P 20 T F T P 2 9 t e m p. f o o 9 n e t a s c i i T F T P 15-1 - e I C M P 70 6-9 IP ICMP ICMP IP ICMP IPUDP 14 20 8 20 8 6-9 UDP ICMP I C M P I C M P 6-3 I P I P 8 I P 8 U D P 11-2 U D P 8888 I C M P I C M 2924 T F T P I P I P I C M P 8 U D P T C P 17-2, T C P 8 I C M P 6-10 (3) (0~15) 0 8 IP ( )+ IP 8 6-10 ICMP 6-3 16 I C M P 0 1 5 I C M 3 6-10 I C M P 32 bit 0 4 M T U 2. 9

58 TCP/IP 1 MTU 32 bit 16 bit 11.6 I C M P 8 I P 8 Solaris 2.2 i p _ i c m p _ r e t u r n _ d a t a _ b y t e s 64 E. t c p d u m p t c p d u m p 6-11 6-11 TFTP t c p d u m p 6-8 y U D P T C P I C M P T F T P B S D ( s o c k e t ) I C M P U D P c o n n e c t BSD TFTP c o n n e c t I C M P T F T P 5 5 25 T C P

6 ICMP Internet 59 T F T P R F C Solaris 2.2 AIX 3.2.2 0 5 1 5 3 5 21 I C M P U D 3.5 ms 7 P i n g 6.6 ICMP 4.4BSD I C M P I C M P 6-12 6-3 4. 4 B S D I C M P 0 0 3 0 1 2 3 4 D F 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TO S 12 TO S 13 14 15 4 0 ( q u e n c h ) T C P U D 5 0 1 2 3 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 0 0 1 0 12 0 I P 1 13 0 14 0 15 0 16 0 17 0 18 0 6-12 4.4BSD ICMP

60 TCP/IP 1 I C M P I C M P I C M P U n i x T C P 6.7 I n t e r n e t 6-3 I C M P I C M P I C M P I C M P I C M I C M P I P 8 I C M P T C P U D P 8 t c p d u m p 6.1 6. 2 5 I C M P U D P 6.2 RFC [Braden 1989a] I C M P 6.3 RFC 1349 [Almquist 1992] I P 3-2 I C M P 6.4 n e t s t a t I C M P

7 Ping 7.1 p i n g P i n Mike Muuss I C M P I C M 6-3 I C M P P i n g Te l n e t F T P Te l n e t P i n g P i n P i n g I C M P P i n g I P [Stevens 1990] 11 P i n g P i n g Te l n e t F T P I n t e r n e t I P P i n g Te l n e t 25 7.2 Ping p i n g p i n g T C P / I P P i n g 6 I C M P I C M P 7-1 (0 8) ( ) 8 7-1 ICMP I C M P

62 TCP/IP 1 U n i x p i n g I C M P I D p i n g p i n g 0 1 p i n g I P p i n g s p i n g host is alive 20 no answer 7.2.1 LAN p i n g I C M P T T L T T I P B S D p i n g T T L 8 t r a c e r o u t e T T L 0 1 2 p i n g I C M P I C M P b s d i 0 ms B S D / 386 0. 9. 4 10 ms B S u n t c p d u m p I C M P 4 ms I P s v r 4 I P 14 D N S p i n g 1 I P D N S I P t c p d u m p 7-2 3.7 ms 1 1 A R P

7 Ping 63 7-2 LAN ping 4 A R P A R P ARP 1 RT T 3 ms A R P A R P s u n p i n g BSD/386 0.9.4 0 ms 10 m s BSD/386 1.0 p i n g 7.2.2 WAN I n t e r n e t

64 TCP/IP 1 1 2 3 4 6 1 0 11 1 2 1 3 52 % I n t e r n e t N + 1 N 7.2.3 SLIP S L I P 9600 b / s 2. 10 b s d i s l i p S L I P 1200 b/s P i n g I C M P 56 20 I P 8 I C M P I 84 t c p d u m p e 2. 4 E N D S L I P 1200 b/s 8 bit 1 bit 1 bit 120 8.33 ms 1433 8 6 8. 33 2 m s 2 S V R 4 s 1. 5 1 I C M P 1 1. 480 1

7 Ping 65 8 t r a c e r o u t e S L I P 7.2.4 SLIP S L I P s u n n e t b V. 32 9600 b/sv. 42 L A P - M V. 42 b i s s u n p i n g g e m i n i 1 RT T 10 ms 10 ms s u n B 1 RT T 280 300 ms 1 ~ 2 RT T 260 ms 9600 b/s RT T 7. 2 1. 5 p i n g 60 RT T V. 42 V. 42 b i s 277 ms V. 42 b i s 330 ms V. 42 V. b i s 300 ms RT T 7.3 IP p i n g I P R R p i n g

66 TCP/IP 1 R p i n g I P I P R R I P I C M P I P I I C M p i n g I P R R R I C M P R R I C M P I C M P I I C M P I P I 3-1 I P 4 bit I P 15 32 bit 60 I P 20 R R 3 37 60 2 0 3 I P 9 I P A R PA N E T 9 I P 8 Tr a c e r o u t e I P I P R R 7-3 30 4 4 4 4 7-3 IP c o d e I P R R 7 l e n R R 39 R R p i n g 39 9 I P I P p t r 1 I P 4 I P I p t r 8 1 2 1 6 36 9 I P p t r 40 I P RFC 791 [Postel 1981a] I P p i n g R R I C M P I P 7.3.1 R R p i n g s v r 4 p i n g s l i p ( b s d i ) s v r 4

7 Ping 67 7-4 I P R R 7-4 ping b s d i I P I I C M P s v r 4 I P v t c p d u m p s u n I P 7-5 7-5 t c p d u m p o p t l e n = 40 I P 40 I P 4 R R { 39 } 39 9 I P # R R p t r I P s u n 7-4 I C M P I P I C M P 3 I P t c p d u m p 7-5 E O L I P end of list E O L 0 39 R R I P 40 0 39 R R 0 E O L

68 TCP/IP 1 I P 1 N O Pno operation 7-5 S V R 4 T T L 32 B S D / 386 255 254 b s d i 1 I C M P T T L 255 T C P / I P B S D / 386 S V R 4 R R I C M P R R I C M P SunOS 4.1.3 RR Solaris 2.x 7.3.2 9 I C M P 140. 252. 1 p i n g a i x s u n S L I P s l i p b s d i s l i p R R 9 I P I C M P n e t b a i x I C M P a i x g a t e w a y n e t b I P 7-6 a i x 140. 252. 13 I P n e t b a i x g a t e w a y g a t e w a y 140. 252. 1 150 g a t e w a y g a t e w a y I C M P a i x 9. 5 I C M P Te l n e t a i x d a y t i m e I C M P

7 Ping 69 a i x p i n g n e t b a i x n e t b g a t e w a y 9. 5 I C M P ping ping 7-6 p i n g IP 7.4 IP I P I 7-7 7-3 40 4 4 4 4 7-7 IP 0 x 44 l e n p t r 36 4 0 5 9 1 3 4 bit O F F L 7-8 0 7-7 1 I P 4 3 4 I P 4 0 I P 7-8

70 TCP/IP 1 U T C I C M P I P 1 3 I P 8 t r a c e r o u t e 7.5 p i n g T C P / I P I C M T C P / U D PP i n g I C M P L A N WA N S L I P p i n g S L I P p i n g I I P 9 IP 7.1 7. 2 p i n g 7.2 b s d i s l i p S L I P 9600 b/s RT T 56 7.3 B S D p i n g I C M P 8 0 x c 0 2. 4 7.4 S L I P C S L I P 2. 5 7. 2 p i n g 7.5 2-4 p i n g p i n g

8 Traceroute 8.1 Van Jacobson Tr a c e r o u t e T C P / I P I P Tr a c e r o u t e I P Tr a c e r o u t e I P Steve Deering Van Jacobson C. Philip Wood, Tim Seaver Ken Adelman 8.2 Traceroute 7. 3 I P R R Tr a c e r o u t e I P 7. 3 P i n g I C M P R R I P Tr a c e r o u t e U D P I P I P 9 I A R PA N E T Tr a c e r o u t e I C M P I P T T L T T L 8 bit R F C 64 15 3 2 7 p i n g I C M P T T L 255 T T L 1 1 T T L 1 RFC 1009 [Braden and Postel 1987] 1 T T L RFC [Almquist 1993] T T L

72 TCP/IP 1 T T L T T L I P T T L 0 1 T T L 0 I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e I C M P I P I P Tr a c e r o u t e T T L 1 I P T T L 1 I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e T T L 2 T T L 1 I P I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e U D P U D 30 000 U D P 6. 5 I C M Tr a c e r o u t e I C M P Tr a c e r o u t e T T L T C P / I P Tr a c e r o u t e 8.3 Tr a c e r o u t e s v r 4 s l i p b s d i b s d i s l i p 9600 b/s S L I P 1 I P t r a c e r o u t e T T L 30 4 0 2 I P 8 U D P 12 1 1 T T L T T L I P T T 3 I C M P 5 3 T T L 1 3 I C M P 20 ms 10 ms 10 ms T T L 2 3

8 Traceroute 73 I C M P 120 ms T T L 2 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e T T L N + 1 T T L N 8-1 t c p d u m p 1 b s d i 20 ms 10 A R P t c p d u m p 8-1 svr4 slip traceroute tcpdump U D P 33435 1 U D P 12 t r a c e r o u t e 40 t c p d u m p T T L 1 I P [ttl 1] T T L 0 1 t c p d u m p T T L 1 T T L 0 b s d i T T L 0 I C M P I P s l i p I C M P I C M P 6. 2 6-3 I C M P c o d e 8-2 I C M P (0 1) ( 0) 8 IP ( ) IP 8 8-2 ICMP

74 TCP/IP 1 I C M P T T L 0 c o d e 0 I C M P 11. 5 c o d e 1 8-1 9 ~ 14 T T L 2 3 3 I C M P S L I P 7. 2 P i n g 1200 b / s U D P 42 12 8 U D P 20 I P 2 S L I P 2. 4 P i n g 6-9 I C M P I I P 8 t r a c e r o u t e U D P 20 + 8 + 20 + 8 + 2 58 960 b/s RT T 42 + 58/960 104 ms s v r 4 110 ms 8-1 42804 t r a c e r o u t e U D P U n i x 32768 t r a c e r o u t e I C M P U D P t r a c e r o u t e I P T T L t r a c e r o u t e I P I C M P t r a c e r o u t e U D P U D P 1 I C M P 3 4 I C M P I U D P I I P 7. 3 I P 2 A B t r a c e r o u t e B A t r a c e r o u t e s l i p s v r 4 t r a c e r o u t e b s d i I P 140. 252. 13. 66 S L I P 140. 252. 13. 35 t r a c e r o u t e I P b s d i 8-3 L A N t r a c e r o u t e I P i f 1 i f 3 I P i f 4 i f 2 i f 2 i f 3

8 Traceroute 75 1 3 1 2 2 8-3 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e I P t r a c e r o u t e I C M P I P I P 14. 5 D N S I P 8.4 t r a c e r o u t e 8-4 s u n NIC (Network Information Center) 8-4 s u n n i c. d n. m i l t r a c e r o u t e D D N N I C n i c. d d n. m i l r s. i n t e r n i c. n e t InterNIC t u c. n o a o. e d u t e l c o m. a r i z o n a. e d u NASA Science Internet n s n. n a s a. g o v T T L 6 7 JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) T T L 11 s u r a. n e t Southeastern Universities Research Association Network T T L 12 G S I Government Systems, Inc., NIC T T L 6 2 RT T 5 90 RT T 234 2 62 I P I C M P T T L 3 1 RT T 204 T T L 2 1 233

76 TCP/IP 1 RT T 8-5 s u n 8-5 s u n. t u c. n o a o. e d u a w. c o m t r a c e r o u t e t e l c o m. a r i z o n a. e d u w e s t n e t. n e t ( T T L 6 7 ) Advanced Network & Services N S F N E T t 3. a n s. n e tt 3 45 Mb/s a l t e r. n e t a w. c o m 8.5 IP I P Tr a c e r o u t e (source routing) I P I C M P I P Tr a c e r o u t e Tr a c e r o u t e Van Jacobson Tr a c e r o u t e

8 Traceroute 77 1 988 8-6 39 4 4 4 4 8-6 IP 7-3 I P I P I I P 9 9 c o d e 0 x 83 0 x 89 l e n p t r 7. 3 L S R R S S R R I P 1 1 8-6 1 4 1 p t r 2 (outgoing interface) I P 3 4 8-7 S D R1 R2 R3 8-7 IP # 4 8 1 2 1 6 15 I P I P

78 TCP/IP 1 Host Requirements RFC T C P T C T C P T C P 8.5.1 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e - g 8 9 8-4 N I C n i c. d d n. m i l NASA Science Internet 8-8 e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t (192.31.39.21) N S F N E T 8-8 NSFNET n i c. d n. m i l t r a c e r o u t e 16 RT T 350 ms 8-4 13 RT T 322 ms 16 N S F N E T 8-5 3 I C M P n e t b b u t c h g a t e w a y. t u c. n o a o. e d u G a b b y e n s s 142. U T. w e s t. n e t We s t g a t e. Te l c o m. A r i z o n a. e d u u u - u a. A Z. w e s t n e t. n e t N S F N E T N I C 19 8. 5 e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t I P 14. 5 I P

8 Traceroute 79 I P I D N S T T L 8 RT T 5 8-4 n s n - F I X - p e. s u r a. n e t N S F N E T NASA Science Internet 8.5.2 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e G g 8-5 N S F N E T n e t b g a t e w a y b u t c h g a b b y. t u c. n o a o. e d u. t e l c o m. a r i z o n a. e d u g a t e w a y g a b b y b u t c h 8-9 8-9 traceroute T T L 3 RT T! S t r a c e r o u t e I C M P 6-3 t y p e 3 c o d e 5 T T L 3 RT T g a t e w a y g a b b y T T L 2 3 g a t e w a y T T L 2 g a t e w a y g a t e w a y T T L 1 T T L I C M P T T L 3 g a t e w a y T T L 2 I C M P 8-10 t c p d u m p s u n n e t b S L I P t c p d u m p v I D S S R R s u n U D P n e t b (w e s t g a t e) 8-7 G g a t e w a y g a b b y (w e s t g a t e) S S R R t r a c e r o u t e 15 16

80 TCP/IP 1 5 8-10 t r a c e r o u t e t c p d u m p 8.5.3 t r a c e r o u t e A B B A t r a c e r o u t e s u n b r u n o. c s. c o l o r a d o. e d u 8-11 T T L 1 ~ 11 T T L ~ 21 Internet 8-3 T T L 2 1 9 g a t e w a y. t u c. n o a o. e d u I P t r a c e r o u t e T T L 2 T T L 19 T T L 3 1 8 4 1 7

8 Traceroute 81 8-11 t r a c e r o u t e 8.6 T C P / I P t r a c e r o u t e T T L 1 U D P T T L 1 U D P I C M 2 I C M P L A N WA N t r a c e r o u t e I P 8.1 I P T T L 1 0 8.2 t r a c e r o u t e RT T RT p i n g 8.3 t r a c e r o u t e t r a c e r o u t e R 1 R 2 R 3 R 2 T T L 1 T T L 1 I P t r a c e r o u t e 8.4 T T L I C M P T T L

82 TCP/IP 1 8.5 8-8 s u n n e t b S L I P t c p d u m p v I C M P T T L n e t b b u t c h G a b b y e n s s 142. U T. w e s t n e t. n e t T T L 255 2 53 2 52 2 49 8.6 S u n O S S V R 4 l p i n g R t c p d u m p 8.7 p i n g t r a c e r o u t e 8.8 p i n g t r a c e r o u t e 8.9 t r a c e r o u t e U D P 33453 1 1. 9 1024 ~ 5000 t r a c e r o u t e S o l a r i s 2. 2 E. 4 8.10 RFC 1393 [Malkin 1993b]

9 IP 9.1 I P 9-1 I P 9-1 d a e m o n U n i x d a e m o n d a e m o n [Perlman 1992] 10 R I P Routing Information Protocol I P 9-1 I P 30 I C M P 9. 5 r o u t e n e t s t a t route netstat UDP TCP ICMP I P ( ) ( I P ) IP IP IP 9-1 IP

84 TCP/IP 1 9.2 I P I P 3. 3 I P 1) 2) 3) 0 I P I P 9.2.1 s v r 4 r n e t s t a t n I P n n e t s t a t / e t c / n e t w o r k s 1 140. 252. 13. 65 s l i p 140. 252. 13. 35 b s d i s l i p S L I P b s d b s d i f l a g U G H D 9. 5 M 9. 5 G G I P 3-3 I P 3-4 G I P 140. 252. 13. 65 140. 252. 13. 3

9 IP 85 G H G H n e t s t a t H 0 I P n e t s t a t R e f c n t Reference count T C P s v r 4 s l i p Te l n e t 1 Te l n e t 2 u s e p i n g 5 i n t e r f a c e 2 2. 7 l o 0 G H 127. 0. 0. 1 G I P 3 140. 252. 13. 33 s u n s v r 4 I n t e r n e t s u n S L I P U G s u n IP Host Requirements RFC IP Solaris 2.2 H 140. 252. 13. 32 0 5 3-11 G I P n e t s t a t 140. 252. 13. 32 140. 252. 13. 33 0 x ffffff e 0 3. 7 1) T C P / I P 2) 3) I n t e r n e t

86 TCP/IP 1 4) s l i p b s d i I P s v r 4 1) s u n 1 40. 252. 13. 33 s l i p l o c a l h o s t 140. 252. 13. 32 e m d 0 2) s l i p 1 40. 252. 13. 65 I P 140. 252. 13. 65 140. 252. 13. 65 e m d 0 3) I n t e r n e t a w. c o m 1 92. 207. 117. 2 140. 252. 13. 33 e m d 0 4) I P I ftp svr4 ftp 140.252.13.34 ftp localhost ftp 127.0.0.1 2 140. 252. 13. 3 I P 2-4 I P I I P I P I P 9.2.2 i f c o n f i g H r o u t e s v r 4 route add default sun 1 route add slip bsdi 1 3 d e f a u l t s l i p 4 ( m e t r i c ) r o u t e 0 G 0 G

9 IP 87 r o u t e 4. 4 B S D B S D / 386 / e t c / n e t s t a r t S V R 4 / e t c / i n e t / r c. i n e t Solaris 2.x / e t c / r c 2. d / S 69 i n e t SunOS 4.1.x / e t c / r c. l o c a l AIX 3.2.2 / e t c / r c. n e t / e t c / d e f a u l t r o u t e r 10 9. 6 9.2.3 s u n S L I P I n t e r n e t s v r 4 b s d i s l i p 3 ( G H ) S L I P i f c o n f i g sun % ifconfig sl0 sl0: flags=1051<u P, P O I N T O P O I N T, R U N N I N G > inet 140.252.1.29 --> 140.252.1.183 netmask ffffff00 ( n e t b), I P ( 140. 252. 1. 29 )(, n e t s t a t I P ) ( G H ) ( 140. 252. 1. 183 S L I P ), S L I P I P ( 140. 252. 1. 29 ) n e t s t a t 3 4 ( s l 0) S L I P. 9.2.4 I P

88 TCP/IP 1 I C M P 9.3 ICMP I P I C M I C M P 6-10 s u n S L I P S L I P s u n B S D 4.4 BSD s u n n e t s t a t S L I P S L I P S L I P S L I P s u n s u n I C M P s v r 4 p i n g S L I P b s d i t c p d u m p 9-2 9-2 p i n g ICMP s u n g e m i n i S L I P I n t e r n e t p i n g I n t e r n e t I P I n t e r n e t IP Internet 8-5 I P 6 N S F N E T 6 N S F N E T I n t e r n e t [Ford, Rekhter, and Braun 1993] top-level routing domain I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e

9 IP 89 5 N S F N E T Commercial Internet Exchange: C I XN A S A NASA Science Internet: NSIS p r i n t L i n k I P E B O N E 9.4 I P i p f o r w a r d i n g E B S D / 386 S V R 4 0 SunOS 4.1.x 1 0 1 1 Solaris 2.x 0 1 2 4. 2 B S D 9.5 ICMP I P I C M I P 9-3 I C M P 7-6 1) I P R 1 R 2) R1 R 2 R 2 R 1 L A N 3) R1 I C M P R 2 R 1 (1) IP (3) ICMP (2) IP R1 R2 9-3 ICMP

90 TCP/IP 1 9-3 R 1 R 2 I C M P T C P / I P R 1 R2 L A N 9.5.1 I C M P a i x, s o l a r i s g e m i n i g a t e w a y n e t b 150 10 g a t e w a y I n t e r n e t 140. 252. 1 S L I P A R P 4. 6 140. 252. 1 s u n 1 40. 252. 1. 29 n e t b A R P S L I P n e t b 140. 252. 13 I C M P s o l a r i s p i n g b s d i( 140. 252. 13. 35 ) A R P g a t e w a y p i n g 2 24. 0. 0. 0 I P 12 p i n g v I C M P p i n g g a t e w a y

9 IP 91 I C M P b s d i D I C M P G g a t e w a y (n e t b H b s d i s v r 4 I C M P s l i p b s d i, s v r 4 s l i p s u n I C M P I C M P 140. 252. 13 9.5.2 I C M P 9-4 (5) (0~3) IP 8 IP ( )+ IP 8 9-4 ICMP 9-5 I C M P I ( 1 ) I P I C M P I P ( 2 ) I P I P ( 3 ) I P I C M P 4 ~ 7 9-5 ICMP I C M P 9-1

92 TCP/IP 1 4. 4 B S D I C M P 1) 2) I C M P 3) 4) i p _ s e n d r e d i r e c t s E B S D SunOS 4.1.x Solaris 2.x AIX 3.2.2 SVR4 4. 4 B S D I C M P 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 3 9-5 9.6 ICMP I C M P RFC 1256 [Deering 1991] I C M P I C M P 9-6 I C M P 9-7 32 bit 2 (10) (0) ( 0 ) 8 9-6 ICMP

9 IP 93 (9) (0) (2) 8 [1] [1] [2] [2] 9-7 ICMP I P I P 32 bit I P 0 x 80000000 0 9.6.1 450 600 3 0 9.6.2 10 3 0 9.6.3 9-1

94 TCP/IP 1 I C M P Solaris 2.x i n. r d i s c RFC IP 9.7 I P T C P I P 5 bit I P I I P I P I C M r o u t e I C M P I C M P 9.1 I C M P 9.2 9. 4 s v r 4 s l i p 1 40. 252. 13. 65 9.3 4. 2 B S D 4. 3 B S D 140. 1 4. 2 B S D 0 ( 140. 1. 0. 0 ) 4. 3 B S D 1 140. 1. 255. 255 4. 2 B S D 4. 2 B S D 140. 1. 255. 255 I P 9.4 140. 1 A R P a r p I P 140. 1. 255. 255 1 9.5

10 10.1 r o u t e I C M P R I P (Routing Infromation Protocol) T C P / I P O S P F B G P I n t e r n e t B 10.2 routing daemon 9-1 9. 2 I P routing mechanism r o u t e routing policy I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e A S Autonomous System N S F N E T I n t e r n e t I G P Interior Gateway Protocol intradomain routing protocol

96 TCP/IP 1 I G P R I P I G P O S P F Open Shortest Path First R I P 1986 N S F N E T I G P H E L L O RFC [Almquist 1993] OSPF RIP IGP E G P Exterier Gateway Protocol E G P E G P E G P N S F N E T B G P Border Gateway ProtocolB G P E G 10.3 Unix U n i x r o u t e d T C P / I P R I P g a t e d I G P E G P [Fedor 1998] g a t e d 10-1 r o u t e d g a t e d r o u t e d g a t e d routed gated, 2 gated, 3 10-1 r o u t e d g a t e d RIP 1 1 0. 5 R I P 2 10. 6 O S P F 10. 7 B G P 10.4 RIP R I P R I P RFC 1058 [Hedrick 1988a] R F C 10.4.1 RIP UDP 10-2 11 UDP 1 0-3 I P R I IP UDP 1 2 3 4 RIP 5 6 20 8 10-2 UDP RIP

10 97 1 2 R I P 1 0. 5 2 20 address family I P 2I R I P 20 R I P 25 25 R I P 20 25 + 4 = 504 512 25 ( 0) (2) ( 0) 32 IP ( 0) ( 0) (1-16) ( 24 20 ) 10-3 10.4.2 R I P r o u t e d R I P U D P 520 U D P 520 1 0 16 16 16 30

98 TCP/IP 1 R I P 3 16 6 3 0 60 10.4.3 R I P ( h o p ) 1 10-4 4 R I P R2 N3 R 1 N 2 N 2 1 N 1 N 1 N 2 N 1 1 R 2 N 2 1 N 3 1 10-4 1 2 R 2 N 1 2 R 1 N 3 A S A S 15 R I P 15 A S 16 I P 10.4.4 R I P B 16 bit 0 R I P R I P R I P RFC 1058 [Hedrick 1988a] R I P 15 R I P 10.4.5 R1 N1 2 r i p q u e r y g a t e d

10 99 r i p q u e r y 10-3 5 p o l l 5 R I P c o m m a n d 1 0 16 1 0-5 s u n s u n r i p q u e r y n e t b sun % ripquery -n netb 504 bytes from netb (140.252.1.183): 504 140.252.1.0, metric 1 1 0-5 140.252.13.0, metric 1 1 0-5 244 bytes from netb (140.252.1.183): 244 n e t b 1 n e t b 140. 252. 1. 0 m e t r i c 1 n I P n e t b 140. 252. 13 n e t b 140. 252. 13 140. 252. 13 1 0-6 t c p d u m p - i s 10 S L I P 1 R I P 1 5 R I P 2 1 2 24 R I P 20 10-5 n e t b g a t e w a y 3 25 25 504 r i p q u e r y t c p d u m p - s 600 600 U D P R I P 10-6 r i p q u e r y t c p d u m p 4 12 12 20 + 4=244 r i p q u e r y n e t b g a t e w a y 140. 252. 13. 0 2

100 TCP/IP 1 sun % ripquery -n gateway 504 bytes from gateway (140.252.1.4): 140.252.1.0, metric 1 1 0-5 140.252.13.0, metric 2 1 0-5 10-5 140. 252. 1. 0 1 g a t e w a y n e t b 140. 252. 13. 0 2 10.4.6 R I P R I P 10-7 n o a o. e d u R n n I P 10-7 noao.edu 140.252 s o l a r i s Solaris 2.x s n o o p t c p d u m p 10-8 60 Rn P t r udp port 520 520 U D P R 6 R 4 R 2 R 7 R 8 R 3 6 R 2 140. 252. 6. 0 1 R 4 140. 252. 4. 0 1 g a t e w a y 15 s n o o p v R I P I U D P R I P R I P 10-9

10 101 10-8 s o l a r i s 60 RIP 140. 252. 1 10-7 10-8 R 10 4 10-7 3 s n o o p R I P R I P Address Metric RIP: 140.251.0.0 16 (not reachable) RIP: 140.252.9.0 1 RIP: 140.252.10.0 1 RIP: 140.252.11.0 1 B 140. 251 n o a o. e d u 10-9 g a t e w a y RIP 1 0-8 R 10 R I P s n o o p B R O A D C A S T I P 255. 255. 255. 255 1 2. 2

102 TCP/IP 1 140. 252. 1. 255 10.5 RIP 2 RFC 1388 [Malkin 1993a] R I P R I P - 2 10-3 0 R I P 0 R I P R I P - 2 1 0-10 R I P - 2 R I P - 2 (1-6) (2) (2) 32 IP 32 32 IP (1-16) ( 24 20 ) 10-10 RIP-2 (routing domain) U n i x R I P (routing tag) E G P B G P I P I P I P 0 R I P R I P - 2 R I P 20 0 x ffff 2 16 R I P - 2 12 R I P - 10.6 OSPF O S P F R I P R I RFC 1247 [Moy 1991 ] 2 O S P F 20 R I P O S P F R I P

10 103 [ P e r l m a n 1 9 9 2 ] 9. 3 O S P F R I P O S P F I P U D P T C P I P p r o t o c o l O S P F 3-1 O S P F R I P 1) OSPF I P 3-2 I P 2) I P 3) O S P F 4) OSPF I P 3. 7 1 I P 0. 0. 0. 0 0 5) I P I P 6) R I P - 2 10. 5 7) OSPF 12 O S P F O S P F O S P F R I P 10.7 BGP B G P B G P A R PA N E T E G P RFC1267 [Lougheed and Rekhter 1991] 3 B G P RFC 1268 [Rekhter and Gross 1991] I n t e r n e t B G P B G R F C 1993 4 B G P RFC 1467 [To p o l c i c 1993 ] 10. 8 C I D R B G P B G P A S I P I P I P I n t e r n e t B G P

104 TCP/IP 1 1) (stub AS) stub AS 2) (multihomed AS) 3) (transit AS) I n t e r n e t B G P E G P B G P B G P B G B G P R I P O S P F B G P T C P B G T C P B G P B G P R I B G 16 bit B G P k e e p a l i v e T C P 30 k e e p a l i v e T C P k e e p a l i v e 23 10.8 CIDR 3 B C B C B C C I D R I n t e r n e t s u p e r n e t t i n g RFC 1518 [Rekher and Li 1993] RFC 1519 [Fuller et al. 1993] [Ford, Rekhter, and Braun 1993 ] C I D R Internet Architecture Board s blessing [Huitema 1993] R F C 1467 [Topolcic 1993] I n t e r n e t C I D R C I D R I P ( s u m m a r i z a t i o n ) 16 C 16 1 I n t e r n e t 8 I n t e r n e t I n t e r n e 8 I P 8 I n t e r n e t 1) I P I P

10 105 2) 32 bit IP 32 bit 3) 32 bit 32 O S P F 1 0. 6 R I P - 2 1 0. 5 4 B G P 32 bit RFC 1466 [Gerich 1993] C 1 9 4. 0. 0. 0 195. 255. 255. 255 16 0 x c 2000000 0 x c 3 ffffff 65536 C 7 bit I P 0 x c 2000000 32 bit 0xfe000000 (254.0.0.0) 65536 C C 194 1 95 32 bit 7 bit C I D R 32 bit 194. 0. 16. 0 194.0.31.255 (16 C ) I P 1 9 4. 0. 1 6. 0 255.255.240.0 (0xfffff 000 ) 194. 0. 22. 1 C 255. 255. 240 2 54. 0. 0. 0 32 bit IP I A B C C I D R C I n t e r n e t C I D R I P I [Ford, Rekhter, and Braun 1993] 10 000 200 10.9 I G P E G P I G P R I O S P F I G P E G P B G P R I P 2 R I P O S P F B G P C I D R C I D R I n t e r n e t O S I I D R P O S I I P B G Intermediate System to Intermediate System I S - I S O S I I G P C L N P I P O S I I S - I S O S P F [Perlman 1992]

106 TCP/IP 1 10.1 10-9 k p n o g a t e w a y 10.2 R I P 30 25 25 10.3 OSPF R I P 10.4 O S P F 10.5 RFC1058 R I P 10-8 140. 252. 1 10.6 3. 4 10-7 8 140. 252. 1 100 100 30 8 10-8

11 UDP 11.1 U D P U D P I P IP T C P UDP I P UDP UDP U D P I P 20 8 11-1 11-1 UDP RFC 768 [Postel 1980] U D P U D P I P U D P T C 17 T C P U D I P M T U 2. 8 I 2. 9 M T U 11. 5 I P 11.2 UDP U D P 11-2 16 16 UDP 16 16 UDP 8 ( ) 11-2 UDP 1-8 T C P U D P I P I I P T C P U D P I P T C P T C P U D P U D P T C P U D P

108 TCP/IP 1 T C P U D P U D P U D U D P 8 0 U D P O K U D P I P 3-1 U D P I P 3-1 11.3 UDP U D P U D P U D P I P I I P U D P T C P U D T C P U D P 3. 2 I P 16 bit U D P 16 bit 0 U D P T C P 12 I P U D P I P I U D PU D P 11-3 32 IP 32 IP UDP 0 8 (17) 16 UDP 16 16 UDP 16 16 UDP UDP (0) 11-3 UDP U D P 0 1 6 5535 0

11 UDP 109 U D P I P I P U D P U D P U D P 80 U D P U D N F S Network File System U D P U D P S L I P Host Requirements RFC U D P 0 11.3.1 tcpdump U D P U D P t c p d u m p U D P 0 11-4 s o c k C 9 U D P 11-4 t c p d u m p UDP U D P 3 4 5 6 11-3 IP U D P U D TCP/IP 16 bit 16 14. 2 8 D N S D N S U D P UDP 11.3.2 [Mogul 1992 ] N F S

110 TCP/IP 1 40 11-5 I P I P A R P I 11-5 U D P T C P I C M I P T C P U D P T C P U D C R C U D P T C P 11.4 s o c k t c p d u m p U D P bsdi % sock -v -u -i -n4 svr4 discard connected on 140.252.13.35.1108 to 140.252.13.34.9 bsdi % sock -v -u -i -n4 -w0 svr4 discard connected on 140.252.13.35.1110 to 140.252.13.34.9 1 v e r b o s e - v e p h e m e r a l U D P - u T C P - i - n 4 4 102 s v r 4 1. 12 1024 2 - w 0 0 t c p d u m p 11-6 11-6 UDP t c p d u m p 1024 0 2 41 1 17 T C P 1 U D P 1108 110 1. 9 e p h e m e r a l 1024 5 000

11 UDP 111 11.5 IP 2. 8 I P I P M T U I P M T U I P I P T C P U D I P I P 3-1 I P 1 1 I P I C M P 6-3 I P I I P I P I P T C P U D U D P T C P T C P T C P I P [Kent and Mogul 1987] U D P I P T C P T C P s o c k 1500 2-1 1472 I P 20 U D P 8 1471, 1472, 1473 1 474 s o c k bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1471 svr4 discard bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1472 svr4 discard bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1473 svr4 discard bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w1474 svr4 discard t c p d u m p 11-7

112 TCP/IP 1 11-7 UDP U D P 1 2 1473 I P 1501 3 4 1474 1502 5 6 I P t c p d u m p frag 26304 3 4 frag 26313 5 6 I P 3 @ 1480 I P 1480 U D P 8 1472 I P 20 150 1 2 4 1 2 6 2 I P 8 1480 8 @ 1 0 3 5 2 1480 4 6 I P 3 bit 4 6 1 U D P I P U D 1 3 1473 11-8 1 I P I P I P I I P IP IP 20 UDP 8 UDP (1473 ) IP 20 UDP 8 IP 1472 20 1 11-8 UDP

11 UDP 113 11.6 ICMP I C M P I D F M T U M T U 2. 9 I C M P 11-9 6-10 2 32 bit 16~31 bit M T U 0 (3) (4) ( 0) MTU 8 IP ( )+ IP 8 11-9 ICMP I C M P M T U 0 RFC [Almquist 1993] I C M P I C M P n e t b s u n S L I P M T U s u n n e t b M T U S L I P s u n S L I P 3. 9 n e t s t a t M T U 25 S N M P M T U s o l a r i s p i n g b s d i 11-10 ICMP tcpdump 11-10 n e t b s u n SLIP MTU s u n t c p d u m p S L I P p i n g 500 600

114 TCP/IP 1 b s d i t c p d u m p 11-11 11-11 600 IP s o l a r i s p i n g b s d i t c p d u m p D F I P Solaris 2.2 1 M T U 1 n e t b s u n D F n e t b SLIP MTU 2 D F 600 s u n S L I P M T U 5 52 D F s u n I C M P b s d i b s d i s o l a r i s s u n 11-12 ICMP ICMP ICMP ICMP 11-12 11-11 3 6 m t u = 0 s u n I C M P M T U 11-9 25. 9 S N M P n e t b S L I P M T U 1500 ICMP DF 11.7 Traceroute MTU M T U t r a c e r o u t e 8 M T U M T U I C M P

11 UDP 115 I C M P M T U M T U M T RFC 1191 [Mogul and Deering 1990] M T U M T U s u n s l i p M T U S L I P M T U 2 96 b s d i I C M P M T U M T U T T L 2 1 b s d i I C M P T T L 2 b s d i I C M P M T U M T U 8 M T U M T U t r a c e r o u t e 15 n e t b S L I P M T U 11-12 1500 1 8 2 M T U 1500 M T U 572 RFC 1191 I C M P 1500 I C M P M T U 1006 512 M T U M T

116 TCP/IP 1 11.8 UDP MTU U D P M T U M T U Solaris 2.x 650 s l i p s l i p M T U 2 96 S L I P 268 296 2 0 8 1 U D P b s d i I C M P 11-13 M T U tcpdump DF 1 650 UDP 11-13 UDP MTU 650 U D P U D P 5 solaris % sock -u -i -n10 -w650 -p5 slip discard 11-14 t c p d u m p b s d i I C M P M T U ICMP D F 1 1 b s d i 2 D F 1 3 I C M P 4 D F 0 5 I P D F 1 I I P U D P M T U b s d i I C M P M T U I P M T U 5 76 5 544 U D P 8 U D P 20 I P I P 572 2 6 10 U D P 20 I P 7 D F 1 b s d i I C M P I P I P M T U D F 1 19 20 7 19 I P 30 D F 1 M T U 30 R F C 1191 10 i p _ i r e _ p a t h m t u _ i n t e r v a l E. 4 Solaris 2.2

11 UDP 117 U D P U D P M T U i p _ p a t h _ m t u _ d i s c o v e r y M T U U D P 11-14 UDP MTU s o l a r i s I P 576 11-13 M T U 296 s o l a r i s b s d i 11-15 s l i p t c p d u m p 11-14 5 6 11-15 solaris slip s o l a r i s D F 0 M T U b s d i I C M P M T U 11-16 t c p d u m p 6 11-14 D F 1 M T U 3 11-15 b s d i 4

118 TCP/IP 1 11-16 UDP MTU 11.9 UDP ARP U D P U D P A R P s o c k 8192 U D P 6 11. 3 A R P A R P bsdi % arp -a bsdi % sock -u -i -nl -w8192 svr4 discard A R P A R P I P 5 t c p d u m p A R P A R P 11-17 t c p d u m p 11-17 8192 UDP A R P 6 A R P I 6 A R P A R P 7 9 5 A R P A R P Host Requirements RFC A R P ARP flooding

11 UDP 119 I P A R P 4.3 ms 6 ARP Host Requirements RFC ARP s v r 4 7 6 A R P A R P t c p d u m p 5 s v r 4 I C M P I C M 8-2 c o d e 1 I P 0 30 6 0 I C M P B e r k e l e y I C M P U D P 0 A R P 5 1 I C M P I C M P T C P U D P I P U D P A R P U D P I N F S U D P 8192 A R P N F S A R P I P 11.10 UDP I P 65535 I P 3-1 1 6 20 I P 8 U D P U D P 6 5 5 0 7 socket API UDP socket U D P 8192 U D P 8192 N F S T C P / I P I 65535 s o c k U D P SunOS 4.1.3

120 TCP/IP 1 I P 32767 B S D / 386 SunOS 4.1.3 S u n I P 32786 32758 Solaris 2.2 I P 65535 Solaris 2.2 AIX 3.2.2 IP 65535 3. 2 576 I P U D 512 1 0. 4 512 U D P D N S 14 T F T P 15 B O O T P 16 S N M P 25 I P U D P B e r k e l e y socket API 4.3BSD Reno S V R 4 socket API( Solaris 2.x) UDP TLI API T C P T C 11.11 ICMP U D P I C M P (source quench) 11-18 I C M P b s d i S L I P s u n S L I P b s d i s u n 100 1 024 s o l a r i s bsdi % sock -u -i -w1024 -n100 solaris discard 11-19 t c p d u m p 26

11 UDP 121 27 26 + 7 4 2 = 174 (4) (0) ( 0) 8 IP ( ) IP 8 11-18 ICMP 11-19 s u n ICMP 2. 10 9600 b/s 1024 1 s u n n e t b S L I P M T U 5 52 20 + 8 + 1024 11-19 s u n 1 100 S L I P RFC 1009 [Braden and Postel 1987] Router Requirements RFC [Almquist 1993] s o c k U D P B S D 21. 10 T C P Unix t i m e s o c k 0. 5 11-19 0. 71 100 100 U D P s o c k 100 26 74

122 TCP/IP 1 11.12 UDP U D P U D P [Stevens 1990] U D P 1 8. 11 T C P U D P 11.12.1 IP U D P I P I U D P U D P U D P I P U D P 11.12.2 IP I P Host Requirements R F C T F T P 12 15 T F T P U D P I P socket API I P _ R E C V D S TADDR socket B S D / 386 4. 4 B S D AIX 3.2.2 S V R 4 SunOS 4.x Solaris 2.x 11.12.3 UDP 1. 8 U D P U D P U D P U D P U D P