nm 1nm=10-9m
CO 2 CO 2 1 1 A+B=AB 2H + O 2H O 2 2 2 AB=A+B A+BC=AC+B MnO 2 2KClO3 2KCl3O2 Zn+2HCl==ZnCl +H AB+CD=AD+CB NaOH+HC==NaCl+H O 1-2 S + O2 SO2 CuO + H Cu + H O 2 2 2 3 2Fe + 3CO 2 Fe O + 3CO
3 MnO 2 2KClO 2KCl + 3O Fe O + 3CO 2 2Fe + 3CO 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 2 3 2 C2KMnO K MnO + MnO + O DCaCO CaO + CO
2 2 2 CMnO + 4HCl MnCl + 2H O + Cl (1)2H + O 2H O (2)4P + 5O 2 2 2 2P O 2 2 5 (3)2KClO MnO 2 3 2KCl + 3O2 (4)2HgO 2Hg + O 2 (5) WO + 3H W + 3H O 3 2 2
1 H3O+ H+
2+ 2- + - Cu SO4 NaCl CuSO4 BaCl 2 2-2+ CuSO4 BaCl 2 Ba 2-2+ SO 4 + Ba == BaSO 4 2+ 2-2+ - 2+ - Cu + SO 4 + Ba + 2Cl == Cu + 2Cl + BaSO 4 2+ 2- Ba + SO 4 == BaSO 4
2- CO 3 2- + CO 3 + 2H == H 2O + CO 2
2+ 2-1 Ba +SO == BaSO 2-2+ B SO 4 + Ba == BaSO 4 2+ 2- D Cu + SO == CuSO 4 + + 2- - AK H SO 4 OH + 2+ 2- - B Na Ca CO NO + + - 2- C Na H Cl CO 3 + 2+ - 2- D Na Cu Cl SO 3 4 3 4 4 4
+ 2-42H + CO == H O + CO 3 2 2
H O(g) 2 2 CO(g) + H (g) H2COCH4 CO2 s solid
1 10 10t 11013 m3 11010 t 5.6 8.4 262.9 3.4.1 99.3 0.2 0.7 67.2 0 0 1.0 8.3 42.5 241.0 0.3 0.5 101.9 54.0 24.2 0 21.6 14.8 82.2 2.4 0.8 99.0 95.8 98.0 954.5
1 2 ( ) 3
2- + (3) CO +2H == CO + H O 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 MnO +4HCl( ) MnCl + Cl + 2H O HCl 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 (2)C + 2H SO ( ) CO + 2SO + 2H OH SO 2- B CO + 2H + == H CO 3 2 3 - C HCO + H + == CO + H O - D CuSO + 2OH == Cu(OH) + SO 2-2 4 3 4 2 2 gas
+ 2+ 2- AH Ca Cl CO3 + 3+ 2- - BNa Fe SO OH 4 2+ 2+ - 2- DCu Ba Cl SO4 (3)CH + 2O 2H O + CO - (4)AgNO + Cl == AgCl + NO (5)CO 4 2 2 2 2-3 3 + 2H+ == H CO 2 3-3
liquid
*
2Na + O Na O 2 2 2
(1) (2)
2NaHCO Na CO + H O+ CO 3 2 3 2 2
Na CO (s) HCl NaHCO (s) 2NaHCO +Ca(OH) ==Na CO +CaCO +2H O Ca(OH) - 2+ - 2HCO 3 + Ca + 2OH == CaCO 3+ CO 3 2- + 2H2O
2-1 gcm -3 Li 3 0.534 180.5 1347 Na 11 0.97 97.81 882.9 K 19 0.86 63.65 774 Rb 37 1.532 38.89 688 Cs 55 1.879 28.40 678.4 2-2 nm Li 3 Na 11 K 19 Rb 37 0.152 0.186 0.227 0.248 Cs 55 0.265 2 1 2
4Li + O 2 2Li2O
Li 3 Na 11 K 19 Rb 37 Cs 55 1
n = N N A (SI)7 m ( ) kg s [] A [ ] K [] mol [ ] cd
2-35.5g 1mol SO 96g 4 SO 2-96g / mol 4 M = m n n = m M
m(h2so 4) n(h2so 4) = M(H SO ) 2 4 24.5g = 98gmol 1 = 0.25mol + 2-2 71g Na 2SO4 Na SO4 + 2- Na 2SO 4 = 2Na + SO4 + 2- Na 1mol SO 4 n = m M + 2-71gNa SO Na SO 2 4 m(na2so 4) n(na 2SO 4) = M(Na SO ) 71g = 142gmol = 0.5mol 2 4 + 2- Na 1mol SO 0.5mol 4-1 4 + 2-71g Na SO Na 1mol SO 2 4 4
V(Fe) = m(fe) ρ(fe) 56g = 7.8gcm = 7.2cm 3-3
V(H ) = m(h ) 2 2 ρ(h ) 2 2.016g = 0.0899gL 1 = 22.4L
V m = V n
n = V V = 1 V m 22. 4Lmol n(co ) = m(co ) 2 2 M(CO ) 2.2g = 44gmol 1 2 = 0.050mol = m V = m V = 1.92g 0.672L = 2.86 g / L
c B = n V B
c = n V B B
n(nacl) = m(nacl) M(NaCl) = 23.4g 58.5gmol -1 n(nacl) c(nacl) = V[NaCl(aq)] 101.325 kpa 101 B
n(h SO ) = m(h 2SO4 ) 2 4 M( H2SO4 ) 1803g = 1 98gmol m(naoh) w(naoh) = 100 m( NaOH) + m( H2O) = 6g 100 80g V = c 1V 1 2 c2 = 1mol L 1 025. L 1 12molL
n = N N A n = m M n = V V m n = V Vm V = 22.4Lmol 1 n = V ρ w M c = n V
2 H + _ SO 4 _
ρ A w c = M Bc ρ M = w
M Cc = m V m Dc = M V
aq NaClaq
Cl 2 + H 2O = HCl + HClO
2NaOHCl = NaClO NaClH O 2 2 2Ca(OH) 2 2Cl 2 = Ca(ClO) 2 CaCl 22H2O
2 + CO 3 + 2Ag = Ag 2CO3 2 CO 3 AgNO3 Cl 2 CO 3
2+ + 2 ABa Cl Na SO + + BAg NO K CO 3 4 2 3 D Na + OH - K + 2 SO 4
41 ( ) F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I 53 F Cl Br I (100g ) 1.69g/L 219.6 188.1 3.214g/L 101 34.6 226cm 3.119g/cm 7.2 58.78 4.16g 4.93g/cm 113.5 184.4 0.029g
H F = 2HF 2 2 H + Br =====2HBr 2 2 500
F Cl Br I 2 2 2 2 4 12
+ Cl + Ag ==== AgCl ( ) + Br + Ag ==== AgBr ( ) + I + Ag ==== AgI ( )
6.02 10 26.0210 1 6.0210 2 6.0210 23 23 23 23 2NaOHH SO = Na SO 2H O 2 1 0.1mol n(h2so 4) ν( NaOH) n( NaOH) = ν( H SO ) n( H SO ) 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 1 010. mol n(h SO ) 2 2 4 = 0.05mol 1mL=1cm3
m( ) w( MnO2 ) 30g 76. 6% n( MnO2 ) = = 1 M( MnO ) 87gmol 2 V[HCl(aq)] = 4 0.26mol 1 1 12molL 0.26mol 22.4L V(Cl 2 ) = 1mol (1)n(NaClO) 58. L 1 mol 22. 4L (2)c(NaOH) 58. L 2 mol 0. 40L 22. 4L
BNO 3
42 /t /t O 3.35 10 I 2.3 10 H 0.4 10 Fe 0.4 10 Cl 7.2 10 Sn 1.1 10 Na 4.0 10 Cu 1.1 10 Mg 0.5 10 Ni 0.8 10 S 0.3 10 Al 0.8 10 Ca 0.2 10 Mn 0.8 10 K 0.1 10 Ti 0.4 10 Br 2.5 10 Ag 1.4 10 F 0.5 10 Ba 0.8 10 P 2.7 10 Au 1.5 10
F Cl Br I 9 17 35 53 7 7 7 7 2 3 4 5 F Cl Br I 1.69g/L 3.214g/L 3.119g/cm 4.93g/cm H HF HCl HBr HI H O O HCl HClO
2 2 SO I CO 4 3
51 1 1 1 1 /kg 9.109 10 1.673 10 1.675 10 1/1836 1.007 1.008 A X A Z Z Z A Z X (A Z) Z
5-3
52 K L M N O P 2 He 2 10 Ne 2 8 18 Ar 2 8 8 36 Kr 2 8 18 8 54 Xe 2 8 18 18 8 86 Rn 2 8 18 32 18 8
53 1 20 K L M N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 54 K K 3 n 2n
N 11 5 Cl 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 42 1 Ca [ ] 20
5-5 118 1 2 H He 0.037 nm +1 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 0.152 0.089 0.082 0.077 0.075 0.074 0.071 nm +1 +2 +3 +4 4 +5 3 2 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 0.186 0.160 0.143 0.117 0.110 0.102 0.099 nm +1 +2 +3 +4 4 +5 3 +6 2 +7 1 0
56 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 10 11 18 57 3 9 0.152nm 0.071nm 11 17 58 1 2 +1 0 3 10 +1 +5 11 18 4 1 0
Al O + 2NaOH ==== 2NaAlO H O 2 3 2 2
59 Na Mg Al ( ) NaOH Mg(OH) Al(OH) 510 Si P S Cl H SiO H PO H SO HClO H SO Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
7 511 1 2 3 4 5 6 H He 2 1 Fr 112 1999 114 116 118
1 2 3 H H( D) H( T) 1 1 1 1 2 3 H HH 1 1 1 B vb
1 2 3 H H H 1 1 1 16 17 18 12 13 14 8 O 8 O 8 O 6 C 6 C 6 C 234 235 238 U U U 92 92 92 2 3 235 H H U 1 1 92
1829 (Dobereiner && 17801849)
5-13 104 Rf 1964 1969 [] [] 105 Db 1967 1970 [] 106 Sg 1974 1974 [] 107 Bh 1976 1981 [] [] 108 Hs 1984 [] 109 Mt 1982 [] 110 Uun 1994 [] 111 Uun 1994 [] 112 Uub 1996 []P S 114 1999 [] [] 116 1999 [] 118 1999 []
6 14 23 24 7 14 8LiN NaMgLiC 3 7 11 12 3 6 2 1 2 Na ( H O) ( H O) 1 2 1 2 1 A H OH O 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 B H OH O 2 1 C H OH O 1 2 1 2 2 1 D H OH O NaOH 1 2 1 2 2
+ 2 62H2H H 21 H
514 Na Cl
O H H
pi5 d1o chu1n
Z A X Z (A Z) Z 1 3 4 6 7 ( )
A A B B 3 0 1 Cl 17 35
15 A A A A A A A A A 0 2 E F 3 A C D G R 4 B H
O S Se Te Po 6-1
2H O MnO 2 2H O + O 2 2 2 2 JDvan der Waals, 1837-1923
+ 2- H SO + H SO ==== 2H SO 2 4 2-4 4
Na 2 SO 4 6-2 Na 2 CO 3 BaCl 2 2- SO 4 2+ 2- Ba SO4 CO3 2-2- SO 2- CO BaCl Ba(NO ) 3 4 2- SO 3 2 4 2
2- A SO4 + B Ag + 2- C Ag SO4 + 2- D Ag SO 4 - + C HCO 3 H = H 2 CO 3
O S Se Te 8 16 34 52 6 6 6 6 2 3 4 5 O 2 S Se Te 1.43g/L 2.07g/cm 3 4.81g/cm 3 6.25g/cm 3 H 2 O H 2 S H 2 Se H 2 Te SO 2 SO 3 SeO 2 SeO 3 TeO 2 TeO 3 H 2 SO 4 H 2 SeO 4 H 2 TeO 4
2-2SO 4 2- Ba(NO ) SO 3 2 4 Na 2 SO 4 NaHSO 4 NaCl Na 2 S0 4 NaCl MgCl 2 KCl K 2 CO 3
+ + - 2- AK H NO SO + + 2- BNa H CO SO + 2+ - CK Ba Cl SO 3 3 4 2-4 2-4
(1)Cu CuSO 4 O (2) Cu 2 CuO CuSO (2) Cu 2+ H + 2- SO4
C Si Ge Sn Pb 7-1
7 1 nm C 0.077 +2,+4 g cm -3 3.51 3550 4827 2.25 3652 3697( ) 4827 2.32 Si 0.117 +2,+4 1410 2355 2.34 Ge 0.122 +2,+4 5.35 937.4 2830 Sn 0.141 +2,+4 7.28 231.9 2260 Pb 0.175 +2,+4 11.34 327.5 1740
7 2
H2SiO3
( ) Fe Cu Mn Cr Co
C Si Ge Sn Pb Si Si+O 2 SiO 2 SiO 2 SiO 2 +2NaOH=Na 2 SiO 3 +H 2 O
2+ 2-6 Ba +SO = BaSO 4 4
2- + ) SO K 4
+ 2- A SO + H O = 2H + SO 2 2 2- + B CO + 2H = CO + H O 3 2+ 2- C Ba + SO 4 = BaSO4 3 2 2
2- + + - ACO3 H Na NO 3 + + - 2- BH Ag Cl SO 4 + - - 4 + CK NH Cl OH - - + + DOH MnO K Na 4 n m n m A B 265. n + m n m m n + 265. C D 27. 5 975. 16( 100 a) n 16( 100 a)( m + n) A B a an 16a( m + n) 1600n C D 100n a m m A mol B mol 635. 32 98n n C mol D mol 22. 4 22. 4
2+ 3+ - 2- - Cu Al Cl SO OH 4
sh0
NaOH MgCl 2 AlCl 3
- - (KIO 3) IO3 I I2
m V1m( d 1) V1 ( d 1) = V V 1971 212
V1 m( d 1) V AV1m( d 1) = S SV A M MSV N = = AV1m( d 1) AV1 m( d 1) SV