: : : 8501168mm 1/ 32 :92 :2000 2006 1 1 : 3000 ISBN 7-80702 - 286-8/ G190 : 228.00 (10 )
( 1 ) ( 4 ) 5( 6 ) ( 9 ) 1. ( 9 ) 2. (10) 3. (13) 1 > 10,? (16) (18) (20) (21) 1. (21) 2. (24) 3. (25) 4.3129(26) (28) (31) (34) 1 1 (36) (39) 0(43) 2. (43) 1
(44) (45) (47) (49) (50) (51) (53) 7(55) (57)? (61) (64) (65) (69) (71) (73) (75)? (78) (80) 322 (86) (90) 1. (90) 2. (91) 3. (92) (94) (96) (97) (98) 2
(99) (100) (101) (102) (105) (107) (108) (110) 1.(110) 2.(111) 3. (113) (114) 1.(114) 2. (116) 3.(117) 4.(119) 5.(120) 6. (122) (124)? (125) (127) (129) (130) 1.100 (130) 2. (131) 3. 0 (132) 3
(133) 1.(133) 2. (134) 3.(135) 4.(135) (137) (138) (139) (140) (144) (145) (147)? (152) (156) (159) 1.(159) 2.(161) (163) (165) (166) (167) (169) (170) 1 1? (170) (171) (172) (173) 4
(174) (175) (176) (177) (178) (179) (180) (182) (183)? (185)? (186) (188)? (189)? (191) (192) (193)? (194) (196)? (199)? (200) (202) (203) (204) (206) (207) (208) 5
(209) (210) (211) (212) (213) (214) (215) (217) 6
,,,,,,,,, :, :,, 6, 5 ; 7, 8?,,,, 2000,,,,, 246,,,,, 1, 16 1
, : 1000, 2 3 10,? x 2 + y 2 = 1000,y = 2 3 x - 10 8,,,,,,, 8 1 :,,, ;,,, ;,,,?,,,,, :,,, 39, x y z,, 3x + 2y + z = 39, 2x + 3y + z = 34, x + 2y + 3z = 26 : 2
,,,,,, 8,,, 17,,,!,,,, x y z u,,,,,, 3
, 16,1559, A, B, C, 18, 1764,,,, 49,, 42,,,, 7, 7,,,,?,,,,,,, ( - 7 ), ( - 7),?,,,, 2000,, 5,,,,,,,,,, 4
,,,,,,,,,? x, y, x = 5A + 1, 4A = 5B + 1, 4B = 5C + 1, 4C = 5D + 1, 4D = 5E + 1, 4E = 5y + 1, 1024x = 15625y + 11529 ( * ), (, ),,,,, ( * ), x;, x1 + 15625, 6 5,, 5 6 (5 6 = 15625 ),,,,,,, 5
( * ), y = - 1, 1024x = - 4096, x = - 4-4,, - 4 + 15625, - 4 + 15625 = 15621(), - 4 : - 4,,, - 4 - l = - 5 ( ),, - 1,, - 1, ( - 4),, 5 6,,, - 4,,,,,, 2000,,,,, 5 5,, 5 5 5 ;, 5 ;, 5;, 5, 5 ;, 5 ; 6
, 5,,5, 5 ( ) 5 ;, 5, 5 3 2,, 3 5,,,,,,,,,,, 5,,, 5,, 5, 5,,,,!, 5 707,,, 100, 7
,,, 100 5,!?,,, 5 0, 76,,, 3.1415926 76 1,, : (76 + l)3.1415926 = 24.509861 24.509861,, 1,, :0.335656,,,,,,, 3.1415931,,,!,,,5,,,!, 5,, 8
1.,,, 19,,,,,, 3000 : 10 100,,,, 6,? 10 100, 10, 6,,, :,,,, = = = 9
= = 20 6, 20-6 = 14, 14-6 = 8,, 7-2 = 5,, = 85 = 1.6( ) : 1.6, 60, ( )30, ( )12,,,, 3,,, 7,,, : 240, 15, 5 2, 5, 10,20,40, 80, 10,? 240, 80, 10 240-80 = 160, 16010 = 16 : 16 2.,,,,,,,,,, 10
,,,,, :?? :,,,,,,,, : 30, 120, 300,, 11
? 50 26,,,, 50, x, 1 12 x + 1 7 x + 1 8 x + 1 4 x + 1 20 x + 1 5 x + 30 + 120 + 300 + 50 = x, 143 168 x + 500 = x x = 3360( ) :,, :,,, ; ;,,,? 1, x, 1 3 x + x + 5 2 x = 1 x = 6 23 12
: :,,?,, ;, (),,,? :,,,, 1 2,,, 1 1 2, 1 1 2 2 = 3 4 ;, 1 3 4,, 1 3 4 2 = 7 8 7 8 3. :,,,,,, 13
:,? :, 70, 94 70, 24, 24?,, 11-7 = 4, 24, : (94-710)(11-7) = 244 = 6() 10-6 = 4(), :,,,,?,,,, (3604-890)(4-2) = 275 360-275 = 85 275, 85 :, 14,,
? x, x + 1,, : 2x = ( x + l) + 2, x = 3, x + 1 = 4 :,, ;,?? :, 2 + l = 3, 2-1 = 1,, (2 + 1) (2-1) = 31 = 3() 3 + 1 = 4 () 3, 4, : 15
,,,,,,, 0, 1, : + 2= 99, 9, 99 + 29 = 99, 9 1 > 10,?,,,,,, :1 10, :,? :,,, 10,,, 1 l?, 1,10, :?, 4 ;, 8? 16
,,!, 10,! :!,, :, 10 10, :,, : 10!,,, 10,, : 4 10!,!,,, 10 4 8, 1 6 3 2 6 4,, 70, 1 2 8,,! 10, 8 1 2 8, 9 2 5 6, 10 5 1 2, 11 10 2 4, 12 20 4 8, 13 40 9 6, 14 81 9 2 14, 140, 150,,, 15, 10,, 17
,,,,,, 25, 16777 1 6, ; 26 335544 3 2, ; 30 5368709 1 2,, : 300, 10737418 2 3, 800,!,, 30 : 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + + 536870912, 1 + 2 + 4 = 222-1, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 = 2222-1, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8+ 536870912 = 222-1 30 = 1073741823( ) : 64,, 1,2, 3,, 64, 1, 3,,,,? : 1,, 32 18
, 2, 4, 6, 8,, 64 2, 1, 2,3, 4,, 32,,,, 16,, 64 64 = 2 6, 2 6, 1 64 3,, 64, 64 = 2 6, 6, 65,, 64?,, 1, 3, 1, 64, 64, 1 3, 2 64, 2, 2 k, 2 k ; 2 k + 1, 2 ; 2 k + 2, 4 2 k + m, 2m, 100, 100 = 64 + 36 = 2 6 + 36, 236 = 72 ;, 111, 111 = 64 + 47 = 2 6 + 47, 247 = 94 :,,, 1,,,, 1,,?, 65?, 128, 2 7,, 19
1 128, 2 64,, 64 8, 3, 4,? 3 : 1 2 ( 3 + 1 = 4,2 + 2 = 4), ( ) : (1) A, C, D, C (2) A 2, E (3) C 3 A (4) B, C, 5 A ( ), C 1 (5) C 1 D ; B 2 C (6)A C ; C B, B, A 1, C 1 (7) A C 1 F G (8), C, B F G ; 2 E A B C D E F G (8 ) (8 ) (3 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 20
(1 ) 2 8 3 3 0 0 0 (2 ) 0 8 3 3 2 0 0 (3 ) 3 8 0 3 2 0 0 (4 ) 8 2 1 3 2 0 0 (5 ) 8 0 2 4 2 0 0 (6 ) 1 8 1 4 2 0 0 (7 ) 0 8 0 4 2 1 1 (8 ) 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 1.,,,,,,,,, :,,?,?!,, K,,, :,,,,,, :,, 21
??, : 3, 7 :? : : 5, 6, 8, 7, 7, 3,, 7 :!, :, A Q,,, 6, 7,9, Q(12) ; A( l), 5,10, J (11) ; 2, 3,4, 8 :! : 7-6 = 1,9-7 = 2,12-9 = 3, 1, 2,3? :, : 6, 9,12 3,, 3 :? 1,5, 7, 11, ( 1 ), 1,, 7 : 2, 4, 8, 10, 10 22
!,,, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, Q(12 ), ( 14),,, : 12 : 10 : 22 :,,? :, 8 + 4 = 12,10 + 2 = 12, 8 4, 10 2, : 8 + 2 = 10, 6 + 4 = 10,, 8 2, 6 4, : Q( 12 ), :,? : Q( 12 ) :,? : 8 14 ( ), Q( 12 ) :? : 10, Q( 12) ; 12,, Q(12 ),, Q( 12 )! :,,?, : 23
2. :,,,,, 30,, :,,, ;,,,,,, 20 :,!, : 19, :, 19; 2, 1, 30,?,!, : 20 : 11, 22 ; 8, 8, 30!, 20,,!,, 24 : 21, : 12
, 18,?, :,, : 21, 21, 21, 9, 21 9,, 9 : : = (30 - ) 2; = 30 -,,,, 11, :? : 38,,,?, : 30, 38, 11, 2, 22!!, 15,! 3.,, 1 5 1,2, 4, 3, 5 1 :,,, 25
,,? 2 2,, :? : 3 : 3,, : 3? :5 1 1,, 2,3,4, 3, 3 4.3129,, :,,,? :? :,,,! :?, : 5, 6, 20,, 365, 26, : 2884
: 31, 29 :,!,?,,,?, ; : 5 315; 6 20 ( 315 + 6 )20; 29, 365 (315 + 6) 20 + 29-365 = 2884 2884 245, 3129, 31, 29 : 245?,, : (315 + 6) 20 + 29-365 = 31520 + 620 + 29-365 = 31100 + 29 + 120-365 = 3129-245, 245, 3129?,, 6, 365,,,, : 100,, : 3129,! 27
;,,!,?,,,,,,,?,,,,,, 6 1, 1,2, 3,5, 8? :,,, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,13, 21, 34,55, 89,144 1 1 2 1 / \ 3 2 / \ \ 4 3 / \ / \ 28
5 5 / \ / \ / \ \ 6 8,, 144, 12 13,,, 1,1, 2,3,5, 8,13, 21,34, 55, an = an - 1 + an - 2, an = lim 1 5 1 + 5 2 an n an + 1 = 5-1 2 n - 1-5 2 n,,, 70,, 0.168, 0.168 5-1 2, 0. 168,, 29
,,,,,, 2, 3, 5 8 13,,??,?!,,,, 13, 8, 21,,, 1313 = 169, 821 = 168, ;,,,,, 821( ), 169 168, 1?,,,,,,, 5, 8, 13, 21 13 2 = 821 + 1, 8 2 = 513-1 30, :
an2 = an - 1an + 1 1 ( n2 )?,,,, 8 13 :,, ;, ;, ;, ;,,?,, : 2 1 ; 3 1 ; 4 1 ; 5 1 ; 6 1,?,, x y z u v; h, 2x + y = h, 3y + z = h, 4z + u = h, 5u + v = h, 6v + x = h 6 5 31
( ) x = 265 191 148 h,y = h, z = 721 721 721 h, u = 129 76 h, v = 721 721 h h, x y z u v,,,,,, 250, 200 6, :, ;, ;,,?, 1 5 ; l 3 ; 3 1 100, 100? x y z, z 5x + 3y + 1 3 z = 100 x + y + z = 100 z y = 25-7x 4, 32
y, x 4 x = 4t, y = 25-7t, z = 75 + 3t x > 0, 4t > 0, t > 0; y > 0, 25 > 7t > 0, t < 3 4 7 t = 1,2, 3 : x = 4, y = 18, z = 78 x = 8,y = 11, z = 81 x = 12, y = 4, z = 84,,,, ::,,, : 7, 4 3 7 21, 4 20, 3,?,,,,,, :,,?,,, 7,,,, 33
:, 100 100, 25 75 7, 4 3, 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 101, 32123,9999,,,,,,, 68,, 1111 6 8 + 8 6 1 5 4 + 4 5 1 6 0 5 + 5 0 6 1 1 1 1 :, 34
,, 196,,,,,, 30103 30203,,, 11,, 11,, 125521 6, 11 : 11, 11,125521 1, 5,2; 2, 5, 1, (1 + 5 + 2) - (2 + 5 + 1) = 0, 11, 125521 11, 12552111 = 11411 125521,, 121 = 11 2, 12321 = 111 2, 1234321 = 1111 2,, 12345678987654321 = 111111111 2,,,, 1331 = 11 3, 1367631 = 111 3, 35
1 1 1742 6 7,,, : 6,? 20, : 6,,,, (1, 1), 1 + 1: (A) 6 ; ( B) 9, ( B) ( A),, ( A), ( B), ( B) 30,, 1937, ( B) 1930, k, k k = 2 + 10 10, k = 69 k = 18, 18,, ( ) 1937, 3 e C16038 400, 36
, 240,, x518 8, x 5,,,,,,,,, x, 1 x - 1, 3 x - 3,, p x - p, (1px - 1 ) x,, :,,,, x,,,,, ( k0 = e 49 c ),, N( N > k0 ) N1 N2, N = N1 + N2 N1 N2, s t ( s, t ), :s + t, N1 N2 ( ), s t s, t 1, 510 8 < Ne 49 c, ( 1, 1), ( 1,1),, ( s, t) ( 9,9) 1920 37
( 7,7) 1924 ( 6,6) 1932 ( 5,7), ( 4,9) 1937 ( 3,15), ( 2,366) 1937 ( 5,5) 1938 ( 4,4) 1940 ( 1, C ) 1948 ( 3,4) 1956 ( 3,3), ( 2,3) 1957 ( 1,5) 1962 ( 1,4) 1962 ( 1,4) 1963 ( 1,3) 1963 ( ) ( 1,2) 1973 :, g( 2) = 4, g( 3 ) = 9, g( 4 ) = 19 38
g(k) = 2 k +( + 3 2 ) k - 2 ( 1) xx, k = 4, ( 1), g (5) = 37 1964 k = 4, : 19g( 4)21, n < 10 310 n > 10 1409, n 19 4 g(4 ) = 19,, G( k) K, G( k)g(k ), G( k)g( k) (k )G( 2) = 4, G(4 ) = 19 G( k ) (16011665),, 8,, :,,, 2, n > 2, x n + y n = z n (1), :,, 39
,,, x 4 + y 4 = z 4 (2), n = 4 (2), x 4k + y 4k = z 4k (3) (3), x0 y0 z0 x0 4k + y0 4k = z0 4k (4) (x0k ) 4 + (y0k ) 4 = (z0 k ) 4 (2)!, P, x p + y p = z p (5), ( n > 2, 4, p ) (4) 90, 1753 8 4 p = 3, (4) p = 3 n = 4 (( 4) p ) ( 17761831 ) : x 5 + y 5 = z 5, 5 xyz (4) : x p + y p = z p p xyz, p, 40
x p + y p = z p p xyz, p,, p = 5, : p 2p + 1, 100 p, p = 3 90,,, p = 5 p = 7 p = 5, 20, 70 1825 9 11 P = 7 1839 P,, p p p,?,,, p < 100, 1857 3000, : p B2, B4, Bp - 3, p, p B2, B4, Bp - 3 5, B2 6 567, B2 6, B4 30, 76, 7 41
30 1850,, p, 100 37 59 67,, p < 100,?,, 1953,, 1983, K ( ) F (x, y) = 0, g > 1, K, Q x n + y n - 1 = 0 ( 6) g > l, g, (6), g ( n - 1) ( n - 2) g = (7 ) 2, ( 7), n > 3, ( 6)1, (x,y) (6) x n + y n = 2 n ( x 2 ) n + ( y 4 ) n - 1 = 0 ( 8) ( x 2, y 2 )( x, y), ( 1) x y, (1) x y z, x y z kx ky kz(k ) 42, n, ( 7)
, 1984, p : p q, q p - 1 q > p 2/ 3,, 1977 p < 125000,, P < 4100,,, 0 2000 1500,, 0,0, 0,, 118098 :, 0,, 0, 2. 0, :,,, 90 =?,,, 0 9, 0 0, 9 43
, 00 =?,, 0 0,,, 00,,, 0 12, 0,,,, 0 1986 3, : N, N, N, 130,,,,, : ( ),, 2, 2, 2?, 1., = 10 +,,10, 10, 1,2, 5 3 44
2., = 100 +,100, 10 = 110,20 = 210, 25,50 = 510, 4 3., = 1000 +,1000, 100 = 110 2,125, 200 = 210 2, 250 = 2510,500 = 510 2, 5,, 1000 = 110 3, 2000 = 210 3, 5000 = 510 3, 1250 = 12510, 2500 = 2510 2, ( 3), : 110-1, 210-1, 510-1, 2510-2, 12510-3,, 130 9 :, 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 125, 1000 3, 100 7, 1000 12, 10000 17 : = 3 ; = 2 4 ; = ( 3) 5, 2, 1, 5, ( 2) 5 :7, 12,17,22, 27,32, 7 1 2 4 8 16 32 64, 7 87,? : 45
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 87 64, 7, 23, 23 6, 5, 5, 7,, 3 2 1, 2 3 5 7, 87 87 2, 2, 1 1, 0 0 : 2 87 1 2 43 1 2 21 1 2 10 0 2 2 1 2 5 0 1 1, 1010111, 87 ( 2 ), : 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1, 1 ( 2 3 5 7 ) 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 46
1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1, (1 2 3 5 7) 1000000 + 10000 + 100 + 10 + 1 = 1010111, 87 47, 59, 10, 1? 10, 10,10 10, 100 (1) 1,, (2), 47
2,, 10, 9, 10, 9, 11 10, 11, 6 10, 5 9, 105 (3) 3, 11? 9 10 1 10, 2 9 10, 107 (4) 48
4 10 10 20,,? :,,,,,, 10, 12,,, 3 49
,,,, 3, 5, 7,, :,,,,? : :,,,, : 5 7, 3 2; 3 7, 5 3; 3 5, 7 2, 5 7, 3 1 70, 2 702 = 140; 3 7, 5 1 21, 3 213 = 63; 3 5, 7 1 15, 2 152 = 30, = 702 + 213 + 152-1052 = 233-210 = 23 :,, 123 3 25 37 2, 50 1 = {2,5, 8,11, 14, 17,20, 23,26,, 128, }
2 = {3,8, 13,18,23, 28,, 128, } 3 = {2,9, 16,23,30, 37,, 128, } = {23,128, 233, } 23 :,,,,,, ;, 18, 21 396, 1440,, ;,, 360, 1200, 1200, 600, 360, 240, 360 240, 120,, 1440, 720, 396, 324, 6, 54, 3 54, 162, 396 162, 234, 234 3 78, 78,?,,, 51
;, ;,, 31 :, 35, 94,? :,, 1 2 -, - ( 1 2 - ) : ( 35 94 ) ( 35 47 ) - ( 35 12 ) - ( 23 12 ),,,, 35, 70, 94, 24,,, 12,,,, : 100, 272,?, 100 400, 272, 440-272 = 128,, 128, 64 ; 36,, 52
, : 1 3, 2 5 ;, 2500, 3000,?? 1 3 2 + 2500 + 3000 =, 5 : = 20625 20625 1 3 = 6875( ), 20625 2 5 = 8250( ), 8250,, 6875,, 3000,,, : 17, 17, 1 2, 1 3, 1 9,,, 17, 2, 3 9,,?,, :, 18 18 1 2 = 9(), 53
18 1 3 = 6(), 18 1 9 = 2() 9 + 6 + 2 = 17,,,,, 1, 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 9 = 17 18, 1 18, ;,, 17,, 18 18 18, 17 18, 1, 18,, :, 2 5 ;, 2 3,?,, : 2 3 1 3 = 21, 2 5 3 5 = 23, 632, 54
7 4000,, : 7, 77,777,7777, 77777, :, : 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, :,,,,,,?, 7, 77 = 49, 777 = 497 = 343, 7777 = 3437 = 2401, 77777 = 24017 = 16807, 77 7777 = 168077 = 117649,! 20, 2, 2801 7, 7 + 77 + 77 7 + 7777 + 77777 = 7 + 49 + 343 + 2401 + 16807 = 55
1960728017 = 19607, :, :,,,,? 1202 7, 7 ; 7 ; 7 ; 7 ;,,,?,,, : 1 3, 1, 150, 17? : 1 17 = 2 51 56,, 1 3, (1-1 3 ) 1-1 3 - (1-1 3 )1 17 = 1-1 3-2 51 = 32 51
, 150 32 51 = 15051 32 = 239 1 16 150 1-1 3 - (1-1 3 )1 17 = 239 1 6 :,,,, 33,, 1, 33( 2 3 + 1 2 + 1 + 1) = 3397 7 42 = 3342 28 = 14 97 97, 14, 1 4, 1 56, 1 97, 1 194, 1 388, 1 679, 1?? 776, 14 + 1 4 + 1 56 + 1 97 + 1 194 + 1 388 + 1 679 + 1 776 : 14 + 1 4 + 1 56 + 1 97 + 1 194 + 1 388 + 1 679 + 1 776 = 14 + 1 4 + 1 56 + 1 97 + 1 972 + 1 974 + 1 977 + 1 978 = 14 + 15 56 + 15 978 + 1 977 = 14 + 15 56 + 113 9756 = 14 + 1568 28 = 14 9756 97,, 57
, :, : 20 80,,, : 17,, 4,, 1979, 2000? :,,, :,,,, :, :,,,, : ;, 58
,,,,, : 1800, 450, 12,, 3000,,,,, 1888,, 300, 250,,, :,,,, 59
, ( ), 1689 1694,, ; :,, 1892, ( ) 1736 : 7 :?, 7,,,,, :,,, 60
, :, 19 :,,,,,, :?,,, 307,, :307,, 1949,,,, 714 :, 9, :,,, 61
, 50,,, 22, 23, 2 50% : 15 1950 3 1 7 15, :,,,,, 7 25,!, 1%, :? :, 100 ; ; ;, ;, ;, ; 100 ;,, 1952 :, 62
,,, : 1914,,,, 100,,,,,, 1935, ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,, 63
, :,, 2 ;, 3 1,, 1, = 6, : 62 = 3, 33 + 1 = 10,102 = 5,53 + 1 = 16, 162 = 8, 82 = 4,42 = 2, 22 = 1, 6 3105168421, 1, = 16384 163842 = 8192, 81922 = 4096, 40962 = 2048, 20482 = 1024,1024,10242 = 512,5122 = 256, 2562 = 128, 1282 = 64, 642 = 32, 322 = 16,162 = 8,82 = 4, 42 = 2, 22 = 1, 2 14, 1, :,,,,,,, 27 1 112,,,,,,,, 1!,,,, 1 :? 63105168421; 1638481924096204810245122561286432 64
168421 421, 1 : 31 + 1 = 4,42 = 2,22 = 1 1421, 1,,,,,, 421, 1 10995 1162 7776,, 421!, :,,,, ;,,, 1998 : 1 2 + 9 2 + 9 2 + 8 2 = 1 + 81 + 81 + 64 = 227, 2 2 + 2 2 + 7 2 = 4 + 4 + 49 = 57, 5 2 + 7 2 = 25 + 49 = 74, 7 2 + 4 2 = 49 + 16 = 65, 6 2 + 5 2 = 36 + 25 = 61, 6 2 + 1 2 = 36 + 1 = 37, 3 2 + 7 2 = 9 + 49 = 58, 5 2 + 8 2 = 25 + 64 = 89, 89, :,, 65
, 15,,,,, 1926,,,,,,,,,, 20 30,,,,,,,, 1 183,,, 1 2?,,, 1000, 3, 66
,,,,, 1941,,, : 1946,,,,,,, 1968,,,,, 7000,,, 610 30,,,,, 1977,,,,, 67
,,,, 1926, 1939,, 1653,,,,?,,,, 1977 6,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 68
,, 1000 2000,,,,,,,,, = 11, = 12,,,, =,,, = =, =, = -,, - 2 + - 2 = 0, = - 5, 2 69
, = 5-1,, 2 = 5-1 2, 5-1 2,, : = 5-1 2 5 = 2.236 = 0.618,,, : 1.,, = 1 2 ; 2.; 3.,, ; 4.,,, =, = 2, : = 2 + 2 = 2 + ( 2 )2 = 5 2 ; = - = 5 2-2 = 5-1 ; 2 = = 5-1 2, 70,,
1, 1 1 = ;, 1 2, 2 : 1. 2 : 2 = 1, 2 = 1, 2 2 = 1 1 =, 2, 2. 2 1 : 1 1 =, 2 = 1, 2 1 =, 2 1 3. 2 1 3, 3 1,,,,,,,,, =,,,!,,, 303, 12821, 88888, 71
, :,, :,,,, : 8 6 + 6 8 1 5 4 + 4 5 1 6 0 5 + 5 0 6 1 1 1 1 1111 : 1 9 3 9 4 + 4 9 3 9 1 6 8 7 8 5 + 5 8 7 8 6 1 2 7 5 7 1 + 1 7 5 7 2 1 3 0 3 2 9 2 + 2 9 2 3 0 3 5 9 5 5 9 5, 19394,,, 196,,,, 72? (
, 4444 7777 ),,,,, 5477 7754,, (,, ),,,,,, 6174,, 6174, : 7 7 5 4-4 5 7 7 3 1 7 7 8 7 3 0-0 3 7 8 8 3 5 2 7 7 3 1-1 3 7 7 6 3 5 4 8 5 3 2-2 3 5 8 6 1 7 4 6 5 4 3-3 4 5 6 3 0 8 7 0378, 0, 0378 378,, 6174,,, 495,, 495?, 1900,,,, 73
,,,,, 2000,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,, 82, 1642,,,,,, 74
:?,,,,,,,,? 1971, 114, 3600, 5180,,, 1000,,,,,,, 965, 30, 75
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1021,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,,,,,,,,, 76
,,,,,,, 1246,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1039 600,,,,,,,,, 77
,, 60, 12,,,, 250 (980 1037 ) ;,, 13,,,,? 1976,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ) 78
,, 1840 1850,,, 1879,,,,,, 1899,,,,,,, 1920, 25, 1926 27, 1936 31,1943 35, 1968 40?,,,,, 1976,,, 1936 ;,, 1976,, 79
,,, 6,,,, 1, ;, (,, ) 5,, :, 220 284 220 284? 220 11, 2 4 5 10 11 20 22 44 55 110 11 284, 284 1 2 4 71 142, 220 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 11 + 20 + 22 + 44 + 55 + 110 = 284; 1 + 2 + 4 + 71 + 142 = 220,,,, 220 284, 17 17296 18416;, 9363544 9437056, 1750 60 : 80
!,, 16 1866, 220 284, 1184 1210,,, 110, 42 10 13 : 220 = 22511, 284 = 2271; 1184 = 2222237, 1210 = 251111; 2620 = 225131, 2924 = 221743; 5020 = 225251, 5564 = 2213107; 6232 = 2221941, 6368 = 22222199; 10744 = 2221779, 10856 = 2222359; 12285 = 3335713, 14595 = 357139; 81
17296 = 22222347, 18416 = 22221151; 63020 = 22523137, 76084 = 2223827; 66928 = 22224789, 66992 = 22225379; 67095 = 3335771, 71145 = 33351731; 69615 = 33571317, 87633 = 33713107; 79750 = 25551129, 88730 = 2519467;,,,220 = 22511, 284 = 2271, 220 2 2 5 11, 220 1 22 25 11 225 211 2211 511 2211, 11, 11 284; 284 2 2 71, 1 1 2 2 2 71 271, 5, 5 220, 220 284, 82
, 1000,?? 1946,, 70, 1200,,, 10,, 100, 42, 10 13,,,,,, :,,,? 3,,? 5000,,,,,, 2000, 1000,,,,,,,, : 83
,, :, : :, :,,,, 101, 101; 32123, 32123,,,,,,, 83,,, 83 + 38 = 121, 121, :,,,, : 83:83 + 38 = 121, 1 121; 68:68 + 86 = 154, 154 + 451 = 605, 606 + 506 = 1 111, 1111, 3 ; 195:195 + 591 = 786, 768 + 687 = 1473, 1473 + 3741 = 5214, 5214 + 4125 = 9339, 4, 9339?,? 84
, 196, 5, 21000,, 196,,,,,,, 10, 5 996,,, 196,,,,, 19391, 5,,, 5 11, 11, 125521 6 11 : 11, 11 125521 1 5 2, 2 5 1, : (2 + 5 + ) - (1 + 5 + 2) = 0 11, 125521 11,, 212141 = 29892: 85
1111 = 121, 22 2 = 484, 111111 = 12 321, 111 121 = 13431, 111131 = 14 541, 121212 = 25652, 121 = 11 2, 12321 = 111 2, 1234321 = 1 111 2 12 345 678 987 654 321 = 111 111111 2, 1 311 = 11 3, 1 367 631 = 111 3,,,, : ; (,, 30103 30203) 322 17 :,, 1955, 3 2000, 25,, 16, 9, 9 + 16 = 25, 3 2 + 4 2 = 5 2,, 86
,,,, :,,,,,, 3 4 5?, 5 12 13, 2 + 2 = 2 (): = 2-2, = 2, = 2 + 2,, > = 7, =, = 7 2-1 = 48, = 271 = 14, = 7 2 + 1 = 5014 48 50,, 322? 322?,,,, 19, 50, 50 322, 1900 1000,,,,,, 87
,,,, 322? 3,?, 322 ( 1) 119 169 1 3367 4825(11521) 2 4601 6649 3 12709 18541 4 65 97 5 319 481 6 2291 3541 7 799 1249 8 481( 541) 769 9 4961 8161 10 45 75 11 1679 2929 12 161 (25921) 289 13 1771 3229 14 56 106(33) 15 1,,,? 88,, :
,, 4 4, 1 322,, 322,, ( 2) 120 119 169 12 5 3456 3367 4825 64 27 4800 4601 6649 75 32 13500 12709 18541 125 54 72 65 97 9 4 360 319 481 20 9 2700 2291 3541 54 25 960 799 1249 32 15 600 481 769 25 12 6480 4961 8161 81 40 60 45 75 2 1 2400 1679 2929 48 25 240 161 289 15 8 2700 1771 3229 50 27 90 56 106 9 5 2,, 60 45 75; 90 56 106,?, 1,, 89
3 4 5, 6 8 10, 322, : = 2,, = 2-2, = 2 + 2,, > = 2, = 1 >, : = 221 = 4, = 2 2-1 2 = 3, = 2 2 + 1 2 = 5, 3 4 5 322, 2,,??,?,,,,,,! 322, 1., 20,,,,,, 90
10, 15,,? 10, 1 20 15, 1, 15,,,,,,,,,,, 2., ( ),,,,,? :,?, 91
(1),,, (2),,, 8 3 1, 2 5,4 7 9 6 10(),,, 3. : 3, 10, 10,, 5 :,,,,, 3 10 5,,,! 92
? 3 3 8, 3, 3, 2 8, 1 4 3 6 93
6 8, 3,,, 4 4 3 3, 15, 10 4, 5, 1991, 1992? : 30 + 30 + 31 + 1 = 92 (), 92 7 1, 1991, 1992, 1992, 1992?, : 30 + 29 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 1 = 152( ), 152 7 5, 1992, 1992,,, 7,,, ;,,,,,,,,,?,,, : = - 1 + [ - 1 4 ] - [ - 1 100 ] + [ - 1 400 ] + 94
, - 1 4-1 100-1 400,,, 1992-1 = 1991, 1991 4 4 4 497 3, 497, 3 ; 1992-1 = 1991 100 100 = 19 91, 19, 91,,, 31 + 28 + ( 29 ) + 31 + 30 + 1, 7,, ; 1, ; 2,,,, 1992 10 1? = 1992-1 + [ 1992-1 ] - [ 1992-1 ] + [ 1992-1 ] + (31 + 29 4 100 400 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 1) = 1991 + 497-19 + 4 + 275 = 2748 27487 = 392 4 4, 1992 10 1 1949 10 1,? = 1949-1 + [ 1949-1 ] - [ 1949-1 ] + [ 1949-1 ] + ( 31 + 28 4 100 400 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 1) = 1948 + 487-19 + 4 + 274 = 2694 26947 = 384 6 95
6, 1949 10 1 1927 8 1,? = 1927-1 + [ 1927-1 ] - [ 1927-1 4 100 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 1) = 1926 + 481-19 + 4 + 213 = 2605 26057 = 372 1 1, 1927 8 1 ] + [ 1927-1 ] + ( 31 + 28 400,,, 64,,, :,?,, :,,, 1, 2, 4, 8,,,!, :,,,,, 96
,,,,,? 1, 2, 3, 2 2-1 = 3 4, 7, 2 3-1 = 7 8, 15, 2 4-1 = 15, 2 5-1 = 31; 2 20-1 = 1048575; 2 64-1 = 19446744073709551615,,,,,,,, 550 000 000 000, 5 5??, +, -,,, =, >, <,, ( ),,,,? +,-, 1498 1514, 1631,,, 97
=, 1540 1591, 17, () >,<, 1631 ( ), 1591, 1629,1220 17 ( ),, 1985, :,, 0.27 1, ; 1 2 ; 2 3 ; 3 4, 1985 1985,? 98,
,, ( 1, 2 ), ( 1, 2 ), ( 1, 2 ) ( 0,0),, 1 (2 1,2 2 ) 2 ( 2, 2 ), 1 2, 1 = 2 1 + 2 2 = 2 2 + 2 2 2, 2 = 2 1 (, ), = 1,2, 3,4, 5,6, 3 = 2 1-2 = 2( 1-1 + 1 ) 4 = 2 1-3 = 2( 1-1 ) - 2 1 5 = 2 1-4 = 2 1 6 = 2 1-5 = 0 6 = 0, : 6 =,,,, 6 1985 = 3660 + 5, 1985, 5,, 1985 = 5,, 5 = 2( ) = 20.27 = 0.54 = 54,,,,,,,,,,?,,,, 99
, = = = =, =,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100
,, :,,,,,,,,,? :,,,,,,,,,,, : 8 9, 89 = 72; 772 = 504; 5 504 = 2520;, 2 5, 25 = 10; 110 = 10, 101
1,,, 1 ( 1, ) :,,,,, : 0, 1, 2, 3, : 0 = 5, 1 = 55 = 25, 2 = 225 = 50; 3 = 550 = 250; 4 = 2250 = 500;, 5,25, 50,250, 500, [ 1,10 ] 6, 0 2.53, [ 1, 10] 28%, [1, 10] : [ 2 1 2 58 3 ] ; [3 189, 3 1 3 ] ; [ 5, 6 ] ; [ 7 1 7, 8 ] ; [ 8 13 14, 9 ] ; [ 9 58 63, 10], 1,,, : ( )( 1 ) 102
10 21 ( 10 ),,,, : 300,, 300 1934, 2400 (),,,,, 8, 16 8 8,, 238 92 146 235 92 143, 92,, 238 92 146 146, 235 92 143 143 235 92 143,,, / ( ),,,, /, ( ) 300,, ( 4 2 2,, ),, 8000,,, 1982,, 151 ( ) 147 ( ) [ (71 ) (97.4% ) 175, 151 24 ; (69 ) 169, 147 22 103
151 147 / / ],, (,, ), 1000, 1000 1984 14 6 8, 1985 24 10 14,, 2, 8, 20, 28, 40, 50, 82, ( 1949,, 1963 ) ( ),, ( ),, (1953,,, 1975 ),,, 184 80, = 80, ( 82 ),, 184 80,, 220 20,,,38,, 1 (= 1.6 10-19 ), 102 68 34 ( = 28, ), 1 1.17, 154 64 90, 1 0.123 104
24, 1 0.0428 : 100 38 62 74 36 38 ; 1 0. 03 0.028, 38 ( 38, 38 ) ( = 38), ( = 40 ),, (), 38,,,,, /,,,,,, 1963 3, 539,,,,,,,,, 20,,,,,,,,,,,,, 105
,,,,,,,,,, 12 1,,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1502000,,, 106
2000,,,,,,,, 1817 1,,,,,, 1894 12,, 10,, 7,,,,, 1964 3 3,,,, 1520, 107
,,,,,,, 1971 5 11,,,,,,,,,,, 1971,,, 1964,,,,,,,, :, 108
;,, :,,,,,,,,,, :, 650 7.5,,,!, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 109
,,,,,, 1.,,,,,, :,!,, 1, 123 4310,,,, :, - 40-50, 1 1.3,,, : 1958 10 10, 1, 110
, 4 1,,,, 3, 1 3 0 2.,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 111
,, 20 50,,,, 1975,,, 80,, 40 30,,? : :,, :,, :,, :,,, (1 ), ; (2),,,, ; ( 3), 112
,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,?, :,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ), 113
,, ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, 1. 1948 2,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, 114
,,!,, :,??,,,,,,,,,, ;, 3005000 2, 20, 1200,, 7 :,,,, 30,? 115
,,,,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 116
, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,?,, 117
, 1912, 10, 8 16, 100,,, 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 100,, 3?, 10 20, 9, 196,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 118
4.,,,,,,,,,,,, 1624,,,,,,,, 1637, : 17 60,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, ;,,,,,, 119
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 5.,,,,, ;,, ;,,, 1982 6 18 10,,,,, 10 15,,,,,,, 10 30, 1/ 5, 10 50, 10 58, 120
,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, 1972, 23,?, :,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 121
6. 1985 1 3 11,,,, 11, :,, ; 4622;,,,, 22 46,,,?,,,,,, 1933 9 13,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 122
,,,,,,,,,, 1979 7 20,,,,,, :!,!,,,?,,,,,,, 6000,,,,,,,,,,,,., ;, 123
,,,,,,,,,, 3, 1,,,,?, 737,, :? :,,,, 1000,,,,,,? :, 1000,,, 124
1000,,,,, 2000,, 2000, 100, 1000, 1000 + 100 = 1100 /,,!,,,,,?,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8090%,,,,, 125
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 19 50,, 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 126
:,,,,,,,,,,, 16, :,, 19,,,, 20 30,,, 1800,,,,,,,,,, 1956, 127
1964,,,,?, :,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 3,,,, 128
1974 1976, 6,,?,,,,,,,,,,,, 1974, : :, = 12; :, = 0 = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) : = ( ) = ( )() 1977,,, : = + +,, 1 2,,,??,, :,?,, 129
, :,, ;,, :,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1.100,,,,,,,,?, 130
, 100, 100,,,,,, 100, 100,,, 100,,, 100,,, 100,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,! :,,,,,,,,,,, 131
3. 0, 0, 0 :0 0 0 0, 0, 0 0, 1 0 0 80,, 80 0 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0 0, 0,, 200, 10 500 0,? :, 200 10 1 : 1 = 1 / ()200 (10 - )= (2000-200 ) 500 0 0 2 : 2 = 80 / 500 = 40000, 500 0 3 : 3 = 1 / ()500 ( - 0 )= 500, 2000-200 = 40000 + 500 = - 54.2 132
, 0 0,,?,, 0 500 0 0 : 80 / 500 = 40000 200 10 0 : 1 / () 200 10= 2000, 2000 = 25 0 0 80 / 0 0, 0 500-25 = 475, 0200 + 25 = 225 1. ( 20 ),,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 133
, 2.,,,?,, :,,, :,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,!,, (1 2 ):,,,,,, 134
,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,, 4.,, (),,,,,,,, (),,, 135
,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ) 136
,,?,?,,,,, ;,,,, :,,,???,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 10 137
,,,,,, 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 138
,?,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, 139
,,,,,,?,, ; ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,, 1960, 140
20 60,,, ;,,,, 30,,, 100,, :,, 1978,,,,,,? :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1975,,, 141
1976, 7, 1977,, 1982, 1985 8 6,, 8, 6 24, 7, 1989 2 23,,,,,,,,,,, 1972,, 20, 17, 20, 142
,,,,,,,, 1, 100,, ; ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 143
, ( ), :, 300,?, 350 /,,,,,,,,,,,, 11, 160,,,,,,,,,,, 80 / 144
,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1981, :,,,,,,,,,, 145
,,?,,,,,,,,,,, 1/ 3/ 4 ( 250260 ), ( ),,, 4,, : 2,,,, 0. 001, 2,, 4, 2, 8,,,,, 4,,, 146
,,,,,,,, 2000,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 40,,,,,,,,,,,, 147
,,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,, 50, 15,,,, 1949,, 3 91304 10, 1959,,,,,,,,, 148
, :,,,,,,,,,,, 2530, 24,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,, 1970, 149
,,,,, 1973,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,25,,,,,, ;, ;,, ;, ;,, ; ;,, ; 150
,, ;,,,,, ;, ;,,, ;,,,,,, 13, 11.4, 8 9, 8.55, 6, 8 2 3,???,?,?,,, ; ; ;,, ;,,, 151
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 90, 56 152
,, 17,,, 30,, 4 2 1, 25 5,,,, 50, 10,,, 4.9, 35,,,,, 2800, 2000,, 1500,,, : 150,,,, 700,,,, 153
,,,,,,,,!?,?,,, 200,, 1965,,, 56 :,,, : : 154
??,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 155
,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,, 1989, : 1988, 156
,,,, :,,, 5,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1900, 60, 1959,, 3,40, 230 9,,?,, 157
,,?, 17,,,,,, 1972 6,,, 238, 0.3%,? 238,,, 6 500, 10 100, 50??,?!,, : 20,,,,,,,,,, 158
, 1., 4,,, 1000, 655, 200300, 1550, 14, 800, 1200, 13, 11, 200?,, 1868, :,,,,, 159
,,,, 12000 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, 160
, 9,,,,, 19,, 100, 2. 1936 6, 248 226, :, 15,,,,, 2.6, 9,, 1,, 3,, :,,, 3,, 18 2000, 10, :, 161
?,,,,,, 5,,,,?,,,,,,, 18, 5%,,, 1938,,! 2000,?,,,?,,,,, 162
,, 2000,,,,,,,,,,? 1930,,,,,,,,, :?, 1932,,,,,,, 1933 163
,, 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,???,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 21, 164
, 30, 299792.458,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, 20, 25,?,,,,,, :,,, 30,,,, 165
,,,,,,, 3 120,, 4,,, 3 345 7 7, 10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 166
1938, - 269-271,,,, - 271-272,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,?, 21,, 167
? :, 12 118133, 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 168
,,,,,,,,,,? :,,,,,, :, 169
, 1, 12, 7,, 1000, 0.999, 1000, 1,,,, 0.999999, 37%0.999999, 0.999999999999, 100, 1,, 2.5%, 2.4%, 0.21%, 0.99%,,,,,,,, 1 1? :,? :,!,, 170
,,,,,,,, : 1 = 1 + ; 1 = 1 + :,,?,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,, 60,,,, 30, ; 300 171
, 200, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 172
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (250 200 ),,, 3,,,?,,,,,,,, ;,, 173
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 174
,,,,,,, 10, 4,,,,?,,,, 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 175
,,,,,,,, 60,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,?,,,,,,,,,,, 10 3 10 5,,,,, 176
,,, 515 ;,,, 3000,, 1,,,,,,, ;,, 1675,,,, 20 70,,,, 20 80,,,,,,, 1020, 300 500 177
, 5,, 48,, 10, 2?,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,?, 1.33, 1,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,?,,,, 178
,,,,,,,,,,,, 15,, :,,,,,,?,,,, 179
,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 180
,,,,,,,,,?,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? 181
, 63, 100, 40,,, 107, 107,,, 63,,, 20, 92 92, 4 19371940, 4 3 92, 93, 94, 1976, 107,, 107,,,,? 93,,,, 182
,,,,,,98 470, 100 15, 103 8,107, 1, 110,,,,, 108 114 126 164? 1983,, 109 120,,, 109, 58209 107,,,, ;,,, 107 108 109,,,,,,,, 183
,,,, ( ),,, 10,,,?,,,,,,, ;, 1982,,,,,, 100, 9001300 510,,,, 80, 184
,,,?,,,,,,, 250,,,,,,,,,,,!,, 1000 3,,,, 185
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,! 186
,,,, :?,,,,,,,,,,,, : + 2 + 2,,,, 200,,,,,,,,, :, : 2 2 + 2 2 4 + 2, : 2 + 2 +, 187
,,,, 3, 8,,,,,,, 5000,, 6000?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 188
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20,,, 189
? 2,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,, 1, 6,,, 200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,?,,?,, 190
,,,, 21?,,,,,?,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 47! :,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, 191
,,,,,,,,, 19,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,,, ; 192
,, ;, ;,,,,,,,, :,???,,,, : 1 2 ;,,!,, : 193
; ;,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,?,, 29.2%, 70.8%, 194
,, 13 7,,,,,?, :,,,,,,,,,,, 0.85% 5%, 10%, / 800,,?,,,,, 75%,,, 6600,,,,?,,,,,,, 195
,,, 30, 99%,,,?,, 1983 5060,,, 10, 3/ 4,?,,,,, 17,,,,,,,,, 13,, 196
,,,,, :, 1 1 53,,, 11 53,, 11 53,,, 53 ;, 6 2 53 2 3 11 53,,,, 5 10.3, 1 ; 11, 10,,,,, ( ) 197
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 198
? 1990, 15.5,, 1880, 7 1980 80 0.6 :1850, 7 6 20 80 1989 7, 7, 7,,,,, 1991,,,, 100 25% 90%, 55 1958, 11%,, 1%,,,,, 21, 25, 1, 30 199
100,, 1,, 5,,,,, 18%,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, 21%,,, ; 500, 400 ;,, 1898, :, 500, 200
,,,,,,, 5% - 10%, 6070,?,,,,,3,,,,,,, 4070,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 201
,,,,,,,, 5 6.7, 1.37,,,,,,!,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, 202
4000,,,,,,,,,,, 400,,, 1986 10, 2,,,,, 60%, 1,,,,,,,,, (, ), 203
,,,,,?, ;,,,,,, 1965,,,, ( ),, 55.6, ( ),,,,, 1974,,,,, 56,,, 2000,,,,, 204
2000,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 200, 55.6, 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 205
,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,? :,,,,,,,,,,,,, (, ), 206
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, 207
,,,, 23,,,,,,,,,,,, 1,,,,,?, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, 208
,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,, 3,?,,,,,, 209
, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,,? 30% 25% 10.11,,?,,,,,,,,,, 210
,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, 20,, ;,, 20,,,,,,, 80;,, 211
10, 70; 45.5%, 54.3%, 0,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, 212
,,, :,,, :,,,, 1981 6 9,, 1, 50 :,,,,,?, 1979 9 17,,?,,, 19,, 213
,,,, 20%,,,,,,,, 5075%,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 214
,,? 90%,, :,,,,?, :,,, - 4+ 15,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,, 215
,, 1934,,,,,,,,, 0 ;, 24%, 35%,,, 12%,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,,,,,,, 216
: ;, 1, 5.3, 36,,,,,,, 21%, 0.03%,,,,, 10%,,,,,,, 1957, 70,,,,,,,,,, 217
,,,?,,,,,,,,?,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, 218