JTJ

JTJ JTJ051 93 Test methods of soils for highway engineering 1993 06 05 1993 12 01

JTJ 051 93 1993 12 1 1993

68

[1993)583 ( JTJ 051 93) 1993 12 1 1985 (051 85) 1993 6 5

1 2 M 0101--93) 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 (T0101--93) 4 (T0102--93) 5 5.l (T0103--93) 5.2 (T0104--93) 5.3 (T0105--93) 5.4 (T 0106--93) 6 6.1 (T0107--93) 6.2 (T0108 --93) 6.3 (T0109--93) 6.4 (T0110--93) 6.5 (T0111--93) 7 7.1 (T 0112--93) 7.2 (T 0113--93) 7.3 (T0114--93) 8 8.1 (T 0115--93) 8.2 (T 0116--93) 8.3 (T0117--93). 9 9.1 (T0118--93) 9.2 (T0119--93) 9.3 (T0120-93) 10 (T0121--93).. 11 (T0122--93) 12 (T0123--93) 13 13.1 (T 0124--93) 13.2 (T 0125--93) 13.3 (T 0126--93) 13.4 (T 0127--93) 14 (T 0128--93) 15 15.1 (T0l29--93) 15.2 (T 0130--93) 16 (T0131--93) 17.

17.1 (T6132--93) 17.2 (T 0133--93) 18 (CBR) (T0134--93) 19 19.1 (T 0135--93) 19.2 (T0136--93) 20 20.1 (T0137--93) 20.2 (T 0138--93) 21 (T 0139--93) 22 22.1 (T 0140--93) 22.2 (T0141--93) 22.3 (T 0142--93) 22.4 (T 0143--93) 23 23.1 (T 0144--93) 23.2 (T0145--93) 23.3 (T0146--93). 24 (T0147--93) 25 (T0148--93). 26 (T0149--93). 27 (T0150--93) 28 (T0151--93) 29 29.1 (T0152--93) 29.2 ( )(T0153--93) 29.3 (T0154--93) 29.4 ---- (T 0155--93) 29.5 ---- (T 0156--93) 29.6 ----EDTA (T0157--93) 29.7 ---- (T 0158--93) 29.8 ----EDTA (T 0159--93) 29.9 ---- (T 0160--93) 30 ( )( T 0161--93) 31 ( )(T0162--93) 32 32.1EDTA---- (T 0163--93) 32.2 ---- (T016493) 33. 33.l (T 0165--93) 33.2 (R 2 O 3 ) 33.3 (T0167--93) 33.4 (T 0168--93) A B C D ( g/ml)

l 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3. 4 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7 7.1 7.2. 7.3 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 9. 9.1 9.2 9.3 10 11 12 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4. 14 15. 15.1. 15.2. 16 17

17.1 17.2 18 (CBR) 19. 19.1 19.2 20 20.1 20.2 21 22 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 23 23.1. 23.2. 23.3. 24 25 26 27 28 29 29.1 29.2 ( ) 29.3 29.4 ---- 29.5 ---- 29.6 ----EDTA 29.7 ---- 29.8 ----EDTA 29.9 -------- 30 ( ) 31 ( ). 32 32.1EDTA---- 32.2 ----. 33 33.1 33.2 (R 2 0 3 ) 33.3. 33.4

1 1.0.1,,. 1.0.2 1.0.3 1.0.4, A 1.0.5 GBJ123 88 GBJ145 90 2 (M010-93) 2.1 2.1.1 ( ' ') 2.1.2 2.1.2.1 2.1.2.2 ( L ) ( p) (Ip) 2.1.2.3 2.1.3 (T0115-93) (T0118-93) 2.4.8 2.1.4 2.1.4 ( ( ( ) ) ) 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.5 2.1.6 (Cu) (Cc)

Cu=d 60 /d 10 (2.1.6-1) Cc Cc=(d 30 ) 2 /d 10 *d 60 (2.1.6-2) d 10 d 30 d 60 10% 30% 60% (mm) 2.1.7 ( L ) (Ip) 2.1.8 2.1.8.1 B Ba Cb Cba G Ga (C M ) F ( )( ) Sl 2.1.8.2 2.1.8.3 2.1.8.4 S M C O W P H L Y E R St 2.1.9 ( ) ( ) B

2.2 2.2.1 50% 2.2.1 1 B Ba 2 Cb Cba 2.2.1.1 75% ( ) 2.2.1.2 75%-50% ( ) 2.2.2 50%-15% ( ) 2.2.3 15% 2.2.4 ( ) 2.2.4.1 50% B 2.2.4.2 50% Cb 2.2.5 ( ) 2.2.5.1 50% BS1 2.2.5.2 50% CbS1 2.2.6 ( ) 2.2.6.1 SIB 2.2.6.2 SICb 2.2.6.3 ( ) 2.3 2.3.1 50% 2.3.2 50% 2.3.2 2.3.2.1 5% (1) Cu>=5 Cc=1--3 GW (2) 2.3.2.1(1) GP 2.3.2.2 5%--15% GF 2.3.2.3 15% 50%

G Ga (1) A GM (2) A GC 2.3.3 50% 2.3.3 2.3.3.1 5% (1) Cu>=5 Cc=1--3 SW (2) 2.3.3.1(1) SP 0.5mm 50% 0.25mm 50% 0.074mm 75% 2.3.3.2 5%--15% SF 2.3.3.3 15% 50% (1) A SM

(2) A SC 2.4 2.4.1 50% 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.2.1 25% 2.4.2.2 25%--50% 2.4.2.3 2.4.3 ( 2.4.3) L<50 L>50 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.3 2.4.4.1 A B CH B Ip=10 CL 2.4.4.2 A B MH B Ip=10 ML

2.4.5 2.4.5.1 2.4.5.2 A 2.4.5.3 B A A 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.4.4 : 2.4.7.1 S 2.4.8 105--110 24h (T0151-93) 2.4.9 2.4.3 2.4.9.1 A B CHO B Ip=10 CL 2.4.4.2 A B MH B Ip=10 ML 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.2 2.5.2.1 (CLY) A L<40% 2.5.2.2 (CHE) A L>50% 2.5.2.3 (MHR) A L>55%

2.5.3 2.5.3 ( % ) 0.3--1.0 0.3--0.5 1--5 0.5--2 5--8 2--5 >8 >5 Cl - /SO 2 4 >2 Cl - SO 2 4 =2--1 Cl - SO 2 4 =1--0.3 Cl - /SO 2 4 <0.3 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.2 2.4 2.6.3 2.6.3.1 2.6.3.2 2.6.3.3 2.6.4 2.6.4.1 2.6.4.2 2.6.4.3 2.6.5 3mm 2.6.5.1 1 2.6.5.2 1--3 2.6.5.3 3 3 2.6.6.1 2.6.6.2 2.6.6.3 2.6.7 2.6.7.1 2.6.7.2 2.6.7.3 2.6.8 2.6.2 2.2 2.3 2.6.9 2.6.3 2.6.7 2.6.9

2.6.9 - -- (mm) -- -- -- 3 -- MLO 2--3 -- -- ML 1--2 -- CL CLO CLO 1--2 -- MH <1 -- -- MHO -- <1 CLO CH CHO 2.6.10 2.6.10.1 2.6.10.2 2.6.11 2.6.11.1 2.6.11.2 3 (T0101-93) 3.0.1 3.0.1.1 ( ) 3.0.1.2 10 ( ) 0--0.05m,0.05--0.25m,0.25--0.50m,0.50--0.75m,0.75--1.0m 3.0.1.3 3.0.1-1 3.0.1.4 ( ) ( 3.0.1-2)

3.0.1-1 (mm) 30--50 30--50 10cm*10cm*10cm 10cm*20cm 50 50 >5 2--10 >2 0.5--7kg <2 200--500g 100--400g 10cm*10cm*10cm >5 2kg 500g 500g 500g 10cm*10cm*10cm 500g 5kg 5kg 3kg 3kg 4--5kg 2kg 10cm*10cm*10cm 10cm*10cm*10cm 1kg 997 20cm*20cm*20cm 10cm*20cm 20cm*20cm*20cm 10cm*20cm

5kg 10cm*10cm*10cm 1.5--3kg 3kg 10cm*10cm*15cm 10cm*20cm 1kg --------- ( )----- -- -- -- -- -- -- ---- -- -- 3.0.1-2 ------------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ ----------- -- -- ------- ------------- -- ----- ------- -- ----- -- ----- --------------- -- ----- ----------------- --------------- ----------------- ---------------------- ----- ------- ---------------------- ---- - ------- 3.0.2 3.0.2.1 3.0.2.2 3.0.2.3 ( ) ( ) 3.0.2.4

5 3.0.3 3.0.3.1 ( 3.0.3) - - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3.0.3 ( ( ) ) m m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13... 30 31 32 1 2 3.0.3.2 3.0.3.3 4 (T0102-93) 4.0.1 4.0.1.1 4.0.1.2 4.0.1.3 0.5 mm 2 5 ( ) 4.0.1.4 2 1--5 4.0.2.2 ( )

4.0.1.5 ( ) 1% 4.0.1.6 4.0.1.1--4.0.1.4 4.0.2 4.0.2.1 m s =m/(1+0.01 h) m s -- m--- ( ) m h -- ( ) % 4.0.2.2 m w =m/(1+0.01 h)*0.01 m w -- m--- h-- % -- % 4.0.2.3 m=(1+0.01 h ) d V m-- d -- / V-- h-- % 4.0.2.4 : m w =0.01( - h ) d V m w -- 4.0.3 4.0.3.1 4.0.1.3 5 2 4.0.3.2 2 4.0.3.3 4.0.1.1 4.0.1.4 4.0.4 4.0.5 4.0.5.1 4.0.5.2 4.0.1 4.0.3 0.01g 4.0.5.3 0.1g 4.0.5.4 4.0.5.5 1--2 0.1/ 2% 4.0.6

4.0.6.1 4.0.5.2 4.0.6.2 4.0.5.3 4.0.5.5 4.0.7 4.0.5.3 > 0.1g/ >2% 4.0.8 10-4 cm/s 10-4 cm/s 4.0.9 4.0.9.1 4.0.9 4.0.9.2 4.0.9.3 0.1g 4.0.9.4

4.0.9.5 4.0.9.6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 4.0.9.7 3d 4.0.9.8 0.1g 4.0.9.9 <95% 4.0.10 4.0.10 4.0.10.1 4.0.10.2

4.0.10.3 4.0.10.4 4.0.10.5 4.0.10.6 4.0.9.1 4.0.9.2 4.0.10.7 4.0.10.8 ( 4.0.10) 4.0.10.9 4.0.10.10 0.1g 4.0.11 2 200 1 3/4( ) 1/4 0.5mm 1 /2 105--110 1/2 10 0.1mm 105--110 8h 4.0.12 4.0.12.1 : Sr=( - d )Gs/e d Sr-- % Sr= Gs/e -- / d -- / e-- Gs-- -- % 4.0.12.2 4.0.12

4.0.12 --- --- ----- --- d(g/c m s h m w (g/c d(g/c (%) m m 3 ) V (%) (%) ( m (g) m 3 ) m 3 ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (cm 3 ) L) (g) 1.70 16 81 137.8 5 144. 6 15.2 159. 8 158. 40 198.7 7 1.9 6 15.4 1.70 199.5 158. 7 1.9 7 15.0 1.71 199.0 159. 5 1.9 6 15.9 1.69 1.70 16 100 170 5 178. 4 18.7 197. 1 198. 50 248.0 0 1.9 8 16.5 1.7 100 - - - - 1.65 15 189. 7 50 239.. 3 188. 3 1.8 9 14.8 1.65

5 5.1 (T0103-93) 5.1.1 5.1.1.1 105--110 5.1.1.2 5.1.2 5.1.2.1 105--110 5.1.2.2 0.01g 5.1.2.3 ( (3--6 ) 5.1.3 5.1.3.1 15--30 50 5.1.3.2 105--110 8h 6h 5% 65--70 5.1.3. ( 0.5--1h ) 0.01g 5.1.4 5.1.4.1 =(m-m s )/m s *100 -- % m-- m s -- 0.1% 5.1.4.2 5.1.4 ( ) 5.1.4 1 2 3 4 (g) (1) 20 20 20 20 + (g) (2) 38.87 40.54 40.65 40.45 + (g) (3) 35.45 36.76 36.16 35.94 (g) (4)=(2)-(3) 3.42 3.78 4.49 4.51 (g) (5)=(3)-(1) 15.45 16.76 16.16 15.94 (%) (6)=(4)/(5) 22.1 22.6 27.8 28.3 (%) (7) 22.4 28.1 5.1.5 5.1.5

5.1.5 (%) (%) 5 0.3 40 <=1 40 <=2 5.1.6 5.1.6.1 5.1.6.2 5.2 (TO104-93) 5.2.1 ( ) 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 ( ) 5.2.2.2 0.01g 5.2.2.3 95% 5.2.2.4 5.2.3 5.2.3.1 ( 5--10 20--30 ) 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3 5.2.3.4 5.2.3.3 5.2.3.4 5.2.3.5 0.01g T0103 5.3 (T0105-93) 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.2.1 500 5.3.2.2 1000 0.5 5.3.2.3 5.3.3 5.3.3.1 200--300 5.3.3.2 1/3 1--2mi n 5.3.3.3 1min 5.3.3.4 0.5g 5.3.4 5.3.4.1 = m(gs-1)/gs(m 1 -m 2 )-1]*100 -- % m-- m 1 --

m 2 -- Gs-- 0.1% 5.3.4.2 5.3.4 ( ) 5.3.4 (g) (g) (g) (%) (%) (T0103-93) 5.4 (T0106-93) 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.2.1 5.4.2 ( ) HKC-200 40 200 0--12%( 14.3%) 100 0--27 % HKC-30 30 0--31% 15 0--90% 5.4.2.2 5.4.2.3 200 0.1g 5.4.2.4 HKC-200 5.4.2.5 ( ) 5.4.2.6 5.4.2.7 ( ) 5.4.3 80.66% 3 1 300L HKC-200 200 12% 48 6 ( 8 ) HKC-30 30 31% 16 2 5.4.4 5.4.4.1 5.4.4.2

5.4.4.3 HKC-200 200 HKC-30 30 1--2 5.4.4.4 5.4.4.5 HKC-200 6 HKC-30 2 5.4.4.6 5.4.4.7 ( ) ( 45 ) 20 100 0.5--1min 1 2 3 5.4.4.8 5.4.4.9 5.4.4.10 HKC-200 100 HKC-30 15 5.4.4 ( ) 12% 27.3% 5.4.5 5.4.5 ( ) 5.4.5 --- (g) (g) (%)

6 6.1 (T0107-93) 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.2.1 : 6--8cm, 2--3cm, 1.5--2mm 6.1.2.2 0.1g 6.1.2.3 6.1.3 6.1.3.1 6.1.3.2 6.1.3.3 m 1 0.1g 6.1.4 6.1.4.1 =m 1 -m 2 /V -- / m 1 -- m 2 -- V -- d -- / -- % 6.1.4.2 6.1.4 ( ) 6.1.4

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 100 100 100 100 100 100 (2) + (3) (4) (3)-(2) 178.6 181.4 193.6 194.8 205.8 207.2 / (5) (4)/(1) 1.79 1.81 1.94 1.95 2.06 2.07 % (6) 13.5 14.2 18.2 19.4 20.5 21.2 / (7) (5)/1+0.01*(6) 1.58 1.58 1.64 1.63 1.71 1.71 / (8) 1.58 1.64 1.71 6.1.5 0.03 / 6.1.6 6.1.6.1 6.1.6.2 (%) 6.1.6.3 ( / ) 6.1.6.4 d( / ) 6.2 (T0108-93) 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.2.1 6.2.2

(1) (15) (14) (2) (1) (11) (3) (9) (8) (4) (10) (2) 50mm*50mm 70mm*70mm 100mm*100mm (5) : (4) (12) (6) DC24V(36A.h) 50--70r/min 35 6.2.2.2 1000 1 ( 10 ) 1000 0.1g( 7 ) 6.2.2.3 6.2.3 6.2.3.1 6.2.3.2 6.2.3.3 6.2.3.4 6.2.4 =m 1 -m 2 /V d = /1+0.01 -- / m 1 -- m 2 -- V-- d -- / -- % (T0107-93) 6.2.4-1 6.2.4-2

7 7.1 (T0112-93) 7.1.1 7.1.1.1 105--110 4 7.1.1.2 7.1.1.3 5 7.1.2 7.1.2.1 100( 50) 7.1.2.2 200 0.001g 7.1.2.3 1 7.1.2.4 7.1.2.5 7.1.2.6 0--50 0.5 7.1.2.7 ( ) 2 5 7.1.3 7.1.3.1 0.001g 7.1.3.2 5 10 0.001g 7.1.3.3 5 0.002g 7.1.4 7.1.4.1 15 100 ( 50 12 ) 7.1.4.2 30min 1h 7.1.4.3 ( ) 0.5 7.1.4.4 7.1.4.3 7.1.4.5 7.1. 4.3 7.1.4.4 7.1.4.6 ( ) 100kPa 1--2h( ) 7.1.4.3 7.1.4.4 7.1.4.7 0.001g 7.1.5 7.1.5.1 Gs=m s /m 1 +m s -m 2 *G wt :Gs-- m s --

m 1 -- m 2 -- G wt --t ( ) 0.001 7.1.5.2 Gs=m s /m 1 +m s -m 2 *G kt m 1 -- m 2 -- G kt --t ( ) 0.001 7.1.5.3 7.1.5 7.1.6 0.02 7.1.7 7.1.7.1 7.1.7.2 Gs ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (4)-(3) (5)+(6)-(7) (5)/(8)*(2) 1 15.2 0.999 34.8 86 49.831 14.945 134.714 144.225 5.434 2.746 2.7 2 15.2 0.999 34.2 87 49.227 14.940 134.696 144.191 5.445 2.741 5 7.2 (T0113-93) 7.2.1 5 20 10% 7.2.2 7.2.2.1 ( ) 2000 1/1000 5 10--15 10--20 ( 7.2.2) 7.2.2.2 5 20 7.2.3 7.2.3.1 500--1000

7.2.3.2 7.2.3.3 7.2.3.4 7.2.3.5 0.5 7.2.4 7.2.4.1 Gs=m s /m s -(m2 -m1 )*G wt m1 -- m2 -- 0.001 7.2.4.2 7.2.4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (4)-(5) (3)*(2)/(3)-(6) 15.5 0.999 989.5 717.8 100 617.8 2.659 15.5 0.999 989.5 717.7 100 617.7 2.658 15.0 0.999 989.5 718.5 100 618.5 2.664 15.0 0.999 989.5 718.5 100 618.7 2.665 2.66 2.67 7.2.4.3 Gs=1/[P 1 /G s1 +P 2 /G s2 ] :G s1 -- 5

G s2 -- 5 P 1 -- 5 % P 2 -- 5 % 0.01 7.2.5 7.1.6. 7.3 (T0114-93) 7.3.1 5 20 10% 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2 7.3.2.2 10 1 7.3.2.3 2000 7.3.2.4 5 20 7.3.3 7.3.3.1 1000--7000 7.3.3.2 ( ) 7.3.3.3 7.3.3.4 7.3.3.5 0.5 7.3.3.6 7.3.3.7 1 7.3.4 7.3.4.1 Gs=m s /(m 1 -m 0 )-(m-m s )*G wt m-- m 1 -- m 0 -- 0.01 7.3.4.2 (T0113-93) 7.3.4.3 7.3.4

( ) 7.3.4 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (6)-(5) (4)-(3) (3)*(2)/(7)-(8) 1 15.5 15.5 0.99 9 0.99 9 1979.0 2000 272.4 1040.0 767.6 21.0 2.647 1979.0 2010 272.4 1049.4 777.0 31.0 2.649 2.65 2 15.5 15.5 0.99 9 0.99 9 1978.5 2000 272.4 1039.0 766.6 21.5 2.652 1970.0 2000 272.4 1045.0 772.0 30.5 2.651 2.65 (T0112-93) 7.3.5 7.1.6 8 8.1 (T0115-93) 8.1.1 0.074mm 8.1.2 8.1.2.1 ( ) 60 40 20 10 5 2 2 0.5 0.25 0.074 8.1.2.2 5000 5 1000 1 200 0.2 8.1.2.3 8.1.2.4 8.1.3 8.1.3.1 2 100--300 8.1.3.2 10 300--900 8.1.3.3 20 1000--2000 8.1.3.4 40 2000--4000 8.1.3.5 40 4000 8.1.4 8.1.4.1 (1) 2

(2) 2 2 (3)2 100--800 2 10--15min (4) 1% (5) 1% (6) 2 10% 2 10% 8.1.4.2 (1) (2) (3) 2 2 (4) 2 0.074mm 0.074mm 0.074 (5) 0.074mm (6) 2mm 2--0.074mm 0.074mm (7) 0.074 10% 8.1.5 8.1.5.1 X=A/B*100 X-- % A-- B-- 8.1.5.2 2 X=a/b*p*100 a-- 2 b-- 2 p-- 2 8.1.5.3 ( ) (%) 8.1.5.4 Cu=d60/d10 Cu-- d60-- 60% min d10-- 10% 8.1.5.5 8.1.5 8.1.6 8.1.6.1 8.1.6.2 8.1.6.3 Cu ( ) 8.1.5

=3000 2 =810 2 =81 2 =27% (mm) (mm) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%) (%) (%) 2 2190 810 100 27.0 60 1 2410 590 72.8 19.7 40 0 3000 100 0.5 2740 260 32.1 8.7 20 350 2650 88.3 0.25 2920 80 9.9 2.7 10 920 2080 69.3 0.074 2980 20 2.5 0.7 5 1600 1400 46.7 2 2190 810 27.0 8.2 (T0116-93) 8.2.1 0.074mm 8.2.2 8.2.2.1 (1) 20 1000-5--50 0.5 (2) 20 0.995--1.020 0.0002 8.2.2.2 1000 60 350 10 0--1000 8.2.2.3 2 0.5 0.25 0.074 8.2.2.4 100 0.1 100 0.01 8.2.2.5 : 0--50 0.5 8.2.2.6 8.2.2.7 8.2.2.8 50 3 8.2.2.9 (500 ) (400 ) 8.2.3 25% (NaOH) (Na2C2O4) (NaPO3)6 (NaP4P2O7. 10H2O) 10% 5% 10% 5% 6% 8.2.4 2 ( 50

) 30 0.01 m=ms(1+0.01 ) m-- ms-- -- % 8.2.5 8.2.5.1 8.2.5.2 20 20 8.2.5-1 8.2.5.1 ( ( ) mt mt ) mt mt 10.0-2.0-0.0012 20.0 +0.0 +0.0000 10.5-1.9-0.0012 20.5 +0.1 +0.0001 11.0-1.9-0.0012 21.0 +0.3 +0.0002 11.5-1.8-0.0012 21.5 +0.5 +0.0003 12.0-1.8-0.0011 22.0 +0.6 +0.0004 12.5-1.7-0.0011 22.5 +0.8 +0.0005 13.0-1.6-0.0010 23.0 +0.9 +0.0006 13.5-1.5-0.0010 23.5 +1.1 +0.0007 14.0-1.4-0.0009 24.0 +1.3 +0.0008 14.5-1.3-0.0009 24.5 +1.5 +0.0009 15.0-1.2-0.0008 25.0 +1.7 +0.0010 15.5-1.1-0.0008 25.5 +1.9 +0.0011 16.0-1.0-0.0007 26.0 +2.1 +0.0013 16.5-0.9-0.0006 26.5 +2.2 +0.0014 17.0-0.8-0.0006 27.0 +2.5 +0.0015 17.5-0.7-0.0005 27.5 +2.6 +0.0016 18.0-0.5-0.0004 28.0 +2.9 +0.0018 18.5-0.4-0.0003 28.5 +3.1 +0.0019 19.0-0.3-0.0002 29.0 +3.3 +0.0021 19.5-0.1-0.0001 29.5 +3.5 +0.0022 20.0-0.0-0.0000 30.0 +3.7 +0.0023 8.2.5.3 2.65 2.65 8.2.5-2

8.2.5-2 (CG) (CG ) 2.50 1.038 1.666 2.52 1.032 1.658 2.54 1.027 1.649 2.56 1.022 1.641 2.58 1.017 1.632 2.60 1.012 1.625 2.62 1.007 1.617 2.64 1.002 1.609 2.66 0.998 1.603 2.68 0.993 1.595 2.70 0.989 1.588 2.72 0.985 1.581 2.74 0.981 1.575 2.76 0.977 1.568 2.78 0.973 1.562 2.80 0.969 1.556 2.82 0.965 1.549 2.84 0.961 1.543 2.86 0.958 1.538 2.88 0.954 1.532 8.2.5.4 1000 20 20 8.2.6 ( ) 25% 30 1 ph 8.2.6.1 (ph<6.5) 30 0.5mol/L 20mL 20gNaOH( ) 1000 8.2.6.2 (ph=6.5--7.5),30 0.25mol/L 18 33.5gNa2C2O4( ) 1000 8.2.6.3 (ph>7.5),30 0.083mol/L 15 51 (NaPO3)6 ( ) 1000 8.2.6.4 ph 8 30 0.125mol/L 14 55.8???? 1000

( ) ( 2 )100 2h 2 0.083mol/L 15 3 4--6 25 5--10min 30 ( ) 8.2.7 ( ) 8.2.7.1 8.2.7.2 5 8.2.7.3 3--5 10% 5% 10% 5% 8.2.8 8.2.8.1 200 8.2.8.2 40min( ) 8.2.8.3 1min 0.074mm 1000 1min 0.074mm 1min 0.074mm 100 8.2.8.4 8.2.8.5 1000 ( 25% 0.5mL 1000 ) 8.2.8.6 1min 30 8.2.8.7 0.5 1 5 15 30 60 120 240 1440min 10--20s (0.5 1min ) 0.5 8.2.8.8 (20 ) 0.5min 1min 8.2.8.9 1 0.1 0.001, 0.0001 0.001 0.1 8.2.9 8.2.9.1 (1) X=100/ms*CG(Rm+mt-GD) X-- % ms-- ( ) CG-- 8.2.8-2 CG= S/( S- W20)*(2.65- W20)/2.65 S-- / W20--20 / mt-- 8.2.8-1

GD-- Rm-- (2) X=100V/ms*CG [(Rm -1)+mt -CD ] W20 V-- (=1000 ) CG -- 8.2.5-2 mt -- 8.2.8-1 CD-- Rm -- 8.2.9.2 8.2.9-1 d = 4 1800 10 L -G g t ( G ) s wt w4 8.2.9-3 d-- -- 10-6 kpa.s W4-- / ; Gs-- GWT-- T t (981) / ; (8.2.9-3) L t d = k 8.2.9-4 4 1800 10 k--- d = 8.2.9-2 G -G g ( ) s wt w4

8.2.9.3 ( ) ( 8.2.9-3) 8.2.9.4 8.2.9 ( ) 8.2.9 2.74 0.981 4 Rm=R+ RH=Rm d( ( ) T( ) R (mt) CD mt+cd +CG L( ) ) (%) 1 17.5 31.7-0.7-1.3 29.7 29.14 12.2 0.048 97.1 5 17.5 30.6-0.7-1.3 28.6 28.06 12.5 0.022 95.3 30 18.0 25.7-0.5-1.3 23.9 23.46 13.2 0.009 79.7 120 18.5 19.8-0.4-1.3 18.1 18.1 14.2 0.0047 59.2 1440 18.1 6.6-0.5-1.3 4.8 4.8 16.8 0.015 15.7 8.3 (T0117-93) 8.3.1 0.074mm 8.3.2 8.3.2.1 0.001g 8.3.2.2 25 ( 8.3.2)

8.3.2 ( ) 8.3.2.3 8.3.2.4 1000 50 ( ) 8.3.3 8.3.3.1 10--15 20 8.2.8.1 8.2.8.5 8.3.3.2 0.5 (8.3.3) 0.05mm 0.01mm 0.005mm 0.002mm t=l/2/9*10-4 *g*r 2 *( s- WT)/ t-- g-- 981 / r-- (d/2) ( ) s-- / WT--T / -- 10-6 kpa.s L-- 10 8.3.3.3 50 0.001g 8.3.3.4 (1) (2) 8.3.3.5 30 1min 8.3.3.6 10 10 8.3.3.7 25 (2)180 8.3.3.8 (2)180 (25 ) (1) 8.3.3.9 105--110 0.001g 8.3.4 8.3.4.1 X=A*1000/25*B*100(%) X=C/B*100(%),C=A*1000/25 X-- A--25 B-- C--1000 8.3.4.2 8.3.4

( ) 8.3.4 >0.074mm (%) <0.074mm (%) 9.8g 10 2.65 ( ) + 1000 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (%) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (3)-(4) (6) 9.8/100*(7) (7) <0.05 30.0324 29.7874 0.2450 9.80 100 <0.01 20.3034 20.1686 0.1348 5.39 55 <0.005 22.0665 21.9538 0.1127 4.51 46 <0.001 23.2475 23.1642 0.0833 3.33 34 9 9.1 (T0118-93) 9.1.1 9.1.1.1 9.1.1.2 0.5mm 5% 9.1.2 9.1.2.1 LP-100 100 30 9.1.2.2 5 4--5 9.1.2.3 200 0.01g 9.1.2.4 ( 0.5mm) ( ) 9.1.3 9.1.3.1 0.5mm 0.5mm 0.5mm 200 (a ) (c ) (b ) 18h a 20( 0.2) c 5 c 5 9.1.3.2 9.1.3.3 ( ) 9.1.3.4 5 h 9.1.3.5 ( 1 ) 9.1.3.3 9.1.3.4 h 2 h 1 h 3 0.5mm h 1 h 2 h

9.1.3.6 10 ( 0.01g) 1 2( 0.1%) 9.1.3.7 9.1.3.2 9.1.3.6 9.1.3.8 ( ) 5 9.1.4 9.1.4.1 h a b c h-- a b c (a h p - L h P h p h-- ab ac 2% a 2% 9.1.4.2 h-- h=20 w L 9.1.4.3 9.1.4.2 L h p ( 9.1.4-2) h p 9.1.4-1 h p p L--h p ( M0101-93 T0115-93) L-- h p h p h p 9.1.4.4 9.1.4 9.1.4 1 2 3 h1 4.68 9.81 19.88 ( ) h2 4.73 9.79 19.12 (%) 1/2(h1+h2) 4.71 9.80 20 ( ) 20 + ( ) 25.86 27.49 30.62 + ( ) 24.51 25.52 27.53 ( ) 1.35 1.97 3.09 ( ) 4.51 5.52 7.53 (%) 29.9 35.7 41.04 p I p 27.2 14.0 26.2 15.0 L =41.2

9.1.5 9.1.5.1 9.1.5.2 L p Ip 9.2 (T0119-93) 9.2.1 0.5mm 9.2.2 9.2.2.1 200 *300 9.2.2.2 0.01g 9.2.2.3 3 9.2.3 9.2.3.1 9.1.3.1 50 9.2.3.2 9.2.3.3 3 3 3 3 9.2.3.4 3--5 9.2.4 9.2.4.1 p =(m 1 /m 2-1)*100 p-- % m 1 -- m 2 -- 0.1% 9.2.4.2 (T0103-92) (

9.2.5 (%) <=2% <=1% 9.2.6 9.2.6.1 9.2.6.2 9.3 (T0120-93) 9.3.1 0.5mm 5% 9.3.2 9.3.2.1 ( ) 4.5--5cm 2--3 9.3.2.2 0.01g 9.3.2.3 9.3.2.4 9.3.2.5 1/50 9.3.2.6 : 9.3.3 9.3.3.1 9.3.3.2 9.3.3.3 9.3.3.4 9.3.3.5 0.01g 9.3.3.6 9.3.4 9.3.4.1 : 105--110 s = -(V 1 -V 2 )/m S * *100 s-- % -- % V 1 -- ( ) V 2 -- m S -- w -- 1 / 0.1% 9.3.4.2 Is= L - s Is-- L -- % 0.1% 9.3.4.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 0.1% 2% 1%

9.3.4 I II 1 2 3 4 L (%) 49 60 + m 116.4 117.2 118.6 119.4 1 + m 98.0 98.8 97.5 98.3 2 m 3 62 63 62 62.5 (%) (m 1 -m 2 )/(m 2 -m 3 )*100 51.1 51.4 59.4 58.9 V 1 38.2 38.5 37.6 38.0 V 2 23.4 23.6 20.2 20.6 S (%) -(V 1 -V 2 )/(m 2 -m 3 )* w *100 10.0 9.8 10.4 10.3 9.9 10.4 Is L - S 39.1 49.6 9.3.6 9.3.6.1 9.3.6.2 s Is 10 (T0121-93) 10.0.1 10.0.2 10.0.2.1 10.0.2 70 4 5 0% 10 4 10.0.2.2 61.8mm 20 10.0.2.3 0.05mm*12.5mm 0.01mm 10.0.2.4 10.0.3 4.0.6 4.0.7 4.0.8 ( ) 0.1g 10.0.4 10.0.4.1 10.0.4.2 30 1--4h 0.1g 6--24h I 4 10.0.4.3 105--110 0.1g 10.0.4.4 (T0109-93)

10.0.5 10.0.5.1 =(m t /m s -1)*100 : -- % m t -- m s -- 10.0.5.2 e sl =R t -R 0 /H 0 *100 e sl -- % H 0 -- R 0 -- R t -- 10.0.5.3 e s =V 0 -V 1 /V 0 *100 e s -- % V 0 -- ( ) V 1 -- 10.0.5.4 10.0.5 I II s I II 10.0.5.5 10.0.5 10.0.5 d.h ( (%) ( ) (1/100) ( ) ) ( ) 14.15 0 0 0 120.12 31.12 15.8 19.3 0.19 0.95 118.3 29.3 16.0 50.0 0.50 2.50 113.7 24.7 16.8 63.0 0.63 3.15 112.2 23.2 16.0 94.5 0.95 1.75 109.3 22.3 17.8 97.6 0.98 4.90 108.7 1937 18.0 110.8 1.11 5.55 107.1 18.1 35. 0 32. 9 27. 7 26. 1 22. 8 22. 1 20. 3 =20 =30 =35% =1.48 / =89 =1.71cm =5.80cm

18.8 116.6 1.17 5.85 106.6 17.4 19.8 124.8 1.25 6.25 105.3 16.3 21.8 129.8 1.30 6.50 104.6 15.6 23.8 134.0 1.34 6.70 104.0 15.0 25.8 139.0 1.39 6.95 103.4 14.4 27.8 142.0 1.42 7.10 402.7 14.1 29.8 146.0 1.46 7.30 102.4 13.4 31.8 155.0 1.55 7.75 101.1 12.1 2.8 163.0 1.63 8.15 99.7 10.7 4.8 168.0 1.68 8.40 97.9 8.9 19. 5 18. 2 17. 6 16. 9 16. 2 15. 8 15. 0 13. 6 12. 0 10. 0 6.8 168.1 1.68 8.40 95.7 6.7 7.5 8.8 168.1 1.68 8.40 94.8 5.8 6.5 (%) 24.6 0.37 (%) 12.3 10.0.6 10.0.6.1 10.0.6.2 e s (%) 10.0.6.3 e sl (%) 10.0.6.4 s (%)

11 (T0122-93) 11.0.1 11.0.1.1 11.0.1.2 (T0103-93) LP-100 11.0.2 11.0.2.1 LP-100 11.0.2.2 5--6 3--4 11.0.2.3 11.0.3 11.0.3.1 (T0103-93) 11.0.3.2 1 ( ) 5 3 11.0.3.3 LP-100 (T0118-93) 9.1.3. 3 9.1.3.8 11.0.3.4 3--5 ( 1 ) 11.0.4 11.0.4.1 L Ip c c = L - /Ip 11.0.4.2 h lgh= + lg lgh= + lg( L -Ip c ) L p h p Ip h (11.0.4-3) c 11.0.4.3 h p 11.0.4 c 11.0.4.4 11.0.4 11.0.5 11.0.5.1 11.0.5.2 c

11.0.4 h(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 h(mm) h p (mm) c 12.5 12.3 12.5 12.5 12.7 12.5 3 0.36 11.0.4 12 (T1023-93) 12.0.1 12.0.1.1 12.0.1.2 12.0.1.3 5 2--5 15% 12.0.2 12.0.2.1 500 1000 6 12.0.2.2 1.2cm ( 12.0.2-1) 12.0.2.3 1.5cm ( 12.0.2-1) 12.0.2.4 ( 12.0.2-1) 12.0.2.5 12.0.2.6 12.0.2.8 12.0.2.6

(1) 250 5 12.7cm (2) 1000 10 12.7 12.0.2.7 ( 12.0.2-2) 12.0.2.8 : 1.25 150 50 ( 12.0.2-3) 12.0.2.9 1 12.0.3 12.0.3.1 (1) 1.5kg ( ) (2) 1000 (3) 700 1 1--2 (4) 5 (5) 5 (6) 12.0.3.2 (1) 4 12.0.3.1 (2) 600--800 ( 1/3) 1000 150--200 /min 30--60 /min ( 5--10min) (3) (4) 12.0.3.8 (5) 1 12.0.4 12.0.4.1

dmin =m/v max dmax =m/v min dmin-- / dmax -- / m-- V max -- V min -- 0.01 / 12.0.4.2 : e max = W Gs/ dmin -1 e min = W Gs/ dmax -1 e max -- e min -- Gs-- 0.01 12.0.4.3 D r =(e max -e 0 )/(e max -e min ) D r =( d - dmin )* dmax /( dmax - dmin ) d D r -- e 0 -- d -- / 0.01 12.0.4.4 12.0.4 12.0.5 0.03 / 12.0.6 12.0.6.1 12.0.6.2 D r 12.0.4 +(g) (1) 2162 2165 (g) (2) 1750 (g) (3) (1)-(2) 400 420 412 415 ( ) (4) 335 350 250 ( / ) (5) (3)/(4) 1.20 1.20 1.65 1.66 ( / ) (6) 1.20 1.66 Gs (7) 2.65

(e) (8) 1.21 0.59 ( / ) (9) 1.30 e 0 (10) 1.04 Dr (11) 0.27 13 13.1 (T0124-93) 13.1.1 13.1.1.1 13.1.1.2 13.1.2 13.1.2.1 50 1 13.1.1.2 10 20 31.8mm 13.1.1.3 50--60 4--5 13.1.1.4 ( 13.1.2) 13.1.1.5 200 0.01g 13.1.1.6 0.5mm 13.1.3 5% 13.1.4 13.1.4.1 0.5mm 50 105--110 13.1.4.2 10 13.1.4 13.1.4.3 ( ) 13.1.4.4 13.1.4.3 0.1g

13.1.4.5 30 5 5% 13.1.4.6 10 ( 10 ) 50 13.1.4.7 5h 0.1mL 0.2mL 13.1.5 13.1.5.1 Fs=(V-V 0 )/V 0 *100 Fs-- % 1% V-- V 0 -- 13.1.5.2 13.1.5 13.1.5 0.5mm 50 10 (h) ( ) (%) ( ) 2 4 6 8 10 Fs 1 2 9.64 1 16.2 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.8 68 9.65 2 16.4 16.6 16.8 16.9 16.9 69 9.70 3 18.0 18.3 18.5 18.7 18.7 87 9.72 4 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 18.8 88 69 88 13.1.6 Fs>=60% 8% Fs<60% 5% 13.1.7 13.1.7.1 13.1.7.2 Fs (%) 13.2 (T0125-93) 13.2.1 13.2.1.1 13.2.1.2 13.2.2 13.2.2.1 13.2.2 58 35 15 13.2.2.2 13.2.2.3 10 0.01mm

13.2.2.4 200 0.01g 13.2.2.5 ( ) 13.2.3 13.2.3.1 1 13.2.3.2 2 0.01g 13.2.3.3 1 13.2.3.4 13.2.3.5 13.2.3.6 5 10 20 30min 1 2 3 24h 24h 13.2.3.7 0.01g 13.2.3.8 0.01g 13.2.4 13.2.4.1 V H = H/20*100 H=R t -R 0 V H -- t % H-- t R t -- t R 0 -- 13.2.4.2 =(m-m s )/m s *100 e 0 = s / d0-1 m-- m s -- s -- / d0 -- / 13.2.4.3 H e H H =(m H -m s )/m s *100 eh= s / dh -1 :m H -- dh -- / 13.2.4.4 13.2.4.5 13.2.4 13.2.4 : V 1 =53 10

+ (g) (1) 181.4 + (g) (2) 161.2 (g) (3) 56.3 (g) (4) (1)-(3) 125.1 (g) (5) (2)-(3) 104.9 (g) (6) 20.2 (%) (7) (6)/(5)*100 19.3 ( ) (8) V 1 (1+V H ) 60 ( / ) (9) (4)/(8) 2.09 ( / ) (10) (5)/(8) 1.75 (11) 2.72 (12) (11)/(10)-1 0.55 (d) (h) (min) (d) (h) (min) 15 8 30 0 VH (Rt-R0)/20*100 R( ) (%) 9 30 0.10 0.5 10 1 30 0.40 2.0 12 3 30 0.50 2.5 18 9 30 1.00 5.0 16 8 23 30 1.60 8.0 18 15 3 6 30 1.90 9.5 19 8 3 23 30 2.2 11.0 18 4 9 30 2.4 12.0 20 8 4 23 30 2.5 12.5 22 8 6 23 30 2.6 13.0 23 8 7 23 30 2.6 13.0 3.2.5 13.2.5.1 13.2.5.2 V H (%) 13.3 (T0126-93) 13.3.1 13.3.1.1 13.3.1.2 13.3.2 13.3.2.1 10

(T0125-93) 13.3.2.2 13.3.3 13.3.3.1 1kPa 3 4 13.3.3.2 0.01mm 5 13.3.3.3 2h 0.01mm 13.3.3.4 13.3.3.5 3--4 13.3.4 13.3.4.1 V HP =(Rt+Rp-R 0 )/Ht*100 V HP --P(kPa) % Ht-- Rt-- Rp--P R 0 -- 13.3.4.2 (T0125-93) 13.3.5 13.3.5.1 13.3.5.2 V HP (%) 13.4 (T0127-93) 13.4.1 13.4.1.1 13.4.1.2 13.4.2 (T0141-93) 13.4.3 13.4.3.1 (T0136-93) 1kPa 13.4.3.2 13.4.3.3 ( - = ) 13.4.3.4 13.4.3.5 2h 13.4.3.6 13.4.4 13.4.4.1

Pe=W*m/A Pe-- kpa W-- N A-- m-- 13.4.4.2 13.4.4 13.4.5 13.4.5.1 13.4.5.2 Pe (kpa) 13.4.4 (d h min) 4 8 ( ) ( 50N) (N) (N) (kpa) (m m) 10 48.2 1.8 7 0.01 =30 16 46.0 4.0 16 0.03 + =172 26 40.5 9.5 38 0.04 + =175.8 50 35.7 14.7 57 0.06 + =159 10 14 33.1 16.9 68 0.07 =57 58 31.1 18.9 76 0.08 =12.8% 11 44 30.2 19.8 80 0.09 =16.2% 12 36 29.7 20.3 82 0.09 =1.7 / 14 42 29.5 20.5 82 0.09 =2.72 16 42 29.5 20.5 82 0.09 =0.6 (kpa) 1:12 14 (T0128-93) 14.0.1 14.0.1.1 14.0.1.2 14.0.1.3 14.0.2 14.0.2.1

4.0--4.5cm 3 10 10 1 14.0.2 14.0.2.2 ( 0.01g) 14.0.3 14.0.3.1 1-2- 3-4- 5-6- 7-8-M10 9- ( (1) 10-11- 12-13- 14-14.0.3.2 5 ( 2.0--2.5kg ) 14.0.3.3 14.0.3.4 14.0.3.5 0.5--1.0cm 14.0.3.6

14.0.3.7 30.60min 14.0.3.8 14.0.4 14.0.4.1 h t h t 14.0.4-1 h-t h n = nt 14.0.4 n,m 14.0.4.2 h 14.0.4-2 A A B B hc 14.0.4.3 14.0.4

14.0.4 (cm) 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 (%) 34.3 33.2 30.7 27.0 26.2 24.8 23.2 21.0 14.0.5 14.0.5.1 14.0.5.2 h C ( ) 15 15.1 (T0129-93) 15.1.1 15.1.1.1 15.1.1.2 3--4 15.1.2 15.1.2.1 (70 ) 15.1.2 40 10 0.6cm 15.1.2.2 15.1.3 15.1.3.1 15.1.2 15.1.3.2 3--4 1

15.1.3.3 2--3 2 15.1.3.4 15.1.3.5 3--4 0.1g 1--2 2 15.1.3.6 15.1.3.7 15.1.3.8 15.1.3.9 15.1.3.10 15.1.3.11 15.1.3.12 1/3 H/L 15.1.3.8 15.1.3.11 15.1.4 15.1.4.1 d=ms/ah e=gs/ d-1 ms=m/1+ h, m-- h-- % d-- / A-- h-- e-- Gs-- 15.1.4.2 KT=QL/AHt KT-- T / Q-- t L-- ( L=100 ) H-- H=(H1+H2)/2 t-- 15.1.4.3 K20=KT* T/ 20 K20-- (20 ) /

T--T kpa,s; 20--20 kpa,s; T/ 20-- 15.1.4-1 T/ 20 15.1.4-1 T/ (10-6 )kpa.s T/ 20 (10-6 )kpa.s 20 5.0 1.516 1.501 15.5 1.130 1.119 5.5 1.493 1.478 16.0 1.115 1.104 6.0 1.470 1.455 16.5 1.101 1.090 6.5 1.449 1.435 17.0 1.088 1.077 7.0 1.428 1.414 17.5 1.074 1.066 7.5 1.407 1.393 18.0 1.061 1.050 8.0 1.387 1.373 18.5 1.048 1.038 8.5 1.367 1.353 19.0 1.035 1.025 9.0 1.347 1.334 19.5 1.022 1.012 9.5 1.328 1.315 20.0 1.010 1.000 10.0 1.310 1.297 20.5 0.998 0.988 10.5 1.292 1.279 21.0 0.986 0.976 11.0 1.274 1.261 21.5 0.974 0.964 11.5 1.256 1.243 22.5 0.963 0.953 12.0 1.239 1.227 23.0 0.952 0.943 12.5 1.223 1.211 24.0 0.941 0.932 13.0 1.190 1.194 25.0 0.919 0.910 13.5 1.175 1.178 26.0 0.899 0.890 14.0 1.160 1.163 27.0 0.879 0.870 14.5 1.144 1.148 28.0 0.859 0.850 15.0 1.144 1.133 28.0 0.841 0.833 15.1.4.4 e--k 15.1.4.5 15.1.4-2 h=30cm L=10cm ms=3200g A=78.5 Gs=2.65 e=0.95 ( 20 ) (cm/ T/ 1 2 3 H1 H2 H (c s) 20 K20 (s) m 3 ) (m/s)

t J Q KT T (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (3)-(4) (4)-(5) [(6)+(7)]/ 2 (8)/(10) (10)/A (9)(2) (11)*(1 3) (14)/n 1 518 45.0 43.0 41.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.20 110 0.0135 13.5 1.176 0.0159 2 520 45.0 43.0 41.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.20 111 0.0135 13.5 1.176 0.0159 3 200 43.8 39.4 35.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 0.44 92 0.0135 13.5 1.176 0.0159 4 20 43.6 39.2 34.8 4.4 4.4 4.4 0.44 93 0.0135 13.5 1.176 0.0159 5 125 44.3 36.5 28.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 0.78 105 0.0137 13.5 1.176 0.0161 6 125 44.3 36.5 28.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 0.78 105 0.0137 13.5 1.176 0.0161 0.016 15.1.5 3--4 e 2*10 -n 15.1.6 15.1.6.1 15.1.6.2 K 20 ( / ) 15.2 (T0130-93) 15.2.1 3--4 15.2.2 1-2- 3-4- 5-6- 7-8- 9-10- 11-12- 13-15.2.2.1 15.2.2-1 15.2.2.2 ( 55 ) 1 1 15.2.2-2 15.2.2.3 15.2.2-3

15.2.2.4 15.2.3 15.2.3.1 15.2.3.2 15.2.3.3 15.2.3.4 15.2.3.5 200 15.2.3.6 15.2.3.7 15.2.3.8 0.1 1 0.5 15.2.3.9 15.2.3.8 15.2.3.10 ( ) 15. 2.3.8 15.2.4 15.2.4.1 15.2.4-2 KT=Q/AJt KT-- T / Q-- t

A-- ( ) J-- J=[(h1+h2)/2+H]/hi ( ) J=[1/2(h1+h2)+13.6N]/hi ( ) h1 h2 N 15.2.2-2 H-- 15.2.4.2 K20 e-k (T0129-93) 15.2.4.3 15.2.4 Gs=2.71 A=32.2cm 2 ( e=0.85 ) hi=4cm t T 20 H T / h 2 ( Q J T h 1 20 K 20 13.6N) K T K 20 t t 1(d 2(d (10-6 cm (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm 3 ) h mi h mi (s) /s) n) n) (10-6 cm /s) (10-6 cm /s) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (2)-(1) [(h1+h 2)/2+ (6)]/hi (10)*(1 1) (12)/ n 25 8 30 25 8 40 25 9 40 25 8 40 25 8 55 25 9 16 600 240 232 200 18 109.0 11.0 8.55 1.261 10.78 900 232 225 200 26 107.1 11.5 8.38 1.243 10.42 960 225 219 200 28 105.5 11.5 8.59 1.243 10.68 10.63 16 (T0131-93) 16.0.1 25 38 16.0.2 16.0.2.1 ( 16.0.2-1) 16.0.2-2) 16.0.2

(c (cm) (kg) m) (c (c (kj (cm) /m 3 ) (mm) m) m 3 ) I.1 5 2.5 30 10 12.7 997 3 27 598.2 25 I I.2 5 2.5 30 15.2 12 2177 3 59 598.2 38 II II.1 5 4.5 45 10 12.7 997 5 27 2687.0 25 II.2 5 4.5 45 15.2 12 2177 3 98 2677.2 38 16.0.2.2 16.0.2.3 0.01g 16.0.2.4 10 5 16.0.2.5 38 25 19 5 1 16.0.2.6 400 *600 70 16.0.2.7 16.0.3 (cm) (mm) (kg) 10 5 3 10 a 25 4.5 15.2 38 6.5 10 25 5 3 b 15.2 38 5 6 10 25 5 3 c 15.2 38 5 6

16.0.3 16.0.3 16.0.3.1 ( ) 50 ( ) 3 6. 5kg - 16.0.3.2 ( ) 5 ( 2--3% ) 16.0.3.3 ( ) 38 2%--3% 16.0.4 16.0.4.1 16.0.1-1 ( ) 16.0.1-2 ( ) 16.0.4.2 3-- 5 800--900 ( 1/3) 400--500 ( 1/5) 900 ( )--1100 ( ) 1 700 5 6 16.0.4.3 1 16.0.4.4 0.1% 16.0.4 ( ) 5.1.5 16.0.4 ( ) ( ) <5 15--20 2 5 50 1 19 250 1 38 500 1 16.0.4.5 ( ) 16.0.3 2%--3% m w =m i /(1+0.01 1 )*0.01( - 1 ) m w --

m i -- 1 1 -- % -- % ( ) 16.0.3 16.0.5 16.0.5.1 d= /(1+0.001 ) d-- / -- / -- % 16.0.5.2 ( 16.0.5) 16.0.5.3 ( 16.0.5) d=(1-0.01va)/(1/gs+ /100) d-- / Va-- % Gs-- -- % 16.0.5.4 38 38 P 38 ( 38 30% ) dm=1/[(1-0.01p)/ dm+0.01p/gs ] dm-- / dm-- 38 / P-- 38 % Gs -- 38 0.01. 0 = 0(1-0.01P)+0.01p 2

45 997 27 4.5 5 1 2 3 4 5 (g) 2907.6 2981.8 3130.9 3215.8 3191.1 (g) 1103 1103 1103 1103 1103 (g) 1804.6 1878.8 2027.9 2112.8 2088.1 (g/cm 3 ) 1.81 1.88 2.03 2.12 2.09 (g/cm 3 ) 1.67 1.71 1.8 1.83 1.76 + (g) 33.45 33.27 35.60 35.44 32.88 33.13 33.13 34.09 36.96 38.31 + (g) 32.45 32.26 34.16 34.02 31.40 31.64 31.36 32.15 24.28 35.36 (g) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 (g) 1.0 1.01 1.44 1.42 1.48 1.49 1.77 1.94 2.68 2.95 (g) 12.45 12.26 14.16 14.02 11.40 11.64 11.36 12.15 14.28 15.36 (%) 8.0 8.2 10.3 10.1 13.0 12.8 15.6 16.0 18.8 19.5 (%) 8.1 10.2 13.0 15.8 19.0 =15.8% =1.83g/cm 3 : 0 -- % 0-- 38 % P-- 2-- 38 % 16.0.5.5 16.0.5 16.0.6 16.0.6.1 16.0.6.2 0(%) 16.0.6.3 dm( / ) 17 17.1 (T0132-93) 17.1.1 17.1.1.1 ( ) 17.1.1.2 0.074 15%

17.1.1.3 60 17.1.1.3 17.1.2 17.1.2.1 ( 17.1.2 ) 550 *550 200 0--60 0--2 17.1.2.2 17.1.2 17.1.2.3 ( 17.1.2) 17.1.2.4 12 15 17.1.2.5 13.8kPa 17.1.2 (kg) (mm) (cm 3 ) (mm) (mm) 60 34 14200 280 250 40 34 14200 280 250 20 11 2830 152 305 10 11 2830 152 305 25 5 <5 11 2830 152 305 13 17.1.2.6 50 0.025 17.1.2.7 : 0.1% 280 50 6 152 ( 30 2 17.1.2.8 180 17.1.2.9 60 40 20 10 5 0.074 17.1.2.10 17.1.3 17.1.3.1

17.1.3.2 (T0115-93) 17.1.3.3 60 17.1.3 d=d/mr :D-- d-- Mr-- Mr=D max /d max D max -- d max -- 60 40 20 10 P Mr =P p P Mr -- Mr ( ) d % P p -- D % 17.1.3.4 17.1.4 17.1.4.1 (1) (2) ( 1/3) (3) (4) (5) 50 0.5mm 60 0.35 50 10min 60 8min (6) 17.1.4.1 (2) (5) (7)

(8) ( ) 12 ( R i ) ( R f ) (9) 0.2% (10) dmax (11) 17.1.4.1 (1) (10) ( 2% ) 17.1.4.2 (1) ( ) 1/2h 4.5kg 1000 M w =Ms( w / d -1/Gs) M w -- d -- / Ms-- w -- 1000 / Gs-- (2) ( 1/3) 2--3min (3) 17.1.4.1 (3)(4) (4) 17.1.4.1 (5) (5) 17.1.4.1 (3) (5) (6) 17.1.4.1 (8) (7) 17.1.4.1 (9) 17.1.5 17.1.5.1 dmax =M d /V dmax-- / M d -- V-- V=[V c -A c ( H/10)]*10-6 V c -- A c -- H=(R i -R f )+T p ( )

=(R f -R i )+Tp( ) R i -- 0.01mm R f -- 0.01mm T p -- / dmax / 17.1.5.2 dmax =M m /V(1+0.01 ) :M m -- -- % 17.1.5.3 (1) 17.1.5 dmax M r M r =1 Dmax (2) dmax =a+blnmr a b Mr=1 dmax= Dmax a= Dmax dmax = Dmax +blnmr Mr=1 Dmax 17.1.5.4 17.1.5.5 dmin( dmax T0123-93) d Dr (12.0.4-6) 60 D K K= D / Dmax *100 17.1.5.6 17.1.5-1 17.1.6 17.1.5-2 17.1.5-1 CR21 XBKD 60 1.33 :50 0.5mm 3*10min

1 2 + (kg) 42.700 42.850 (kg) 12.800 12.800 M d (kg) 29.900 30.051 M m (kg) Vc (cm 3 ) 14200 14200 Ac (cm 2 ) 615.75 615.75 R i (mm) 42.275 46.350 R f (mm) 33.250 36.405 (mm) 21.025 21.945 H= R i -R f +Tp V=[Vc-Ac( H/10)]*10-6 (m 3 ) 0.0129054 0.0128488 M d /V (kg/m 3 ) 2316.9 2338.7 Mm/[V(1+0.01 ** )] (kg/m 3 ) ( ) dmax (kg/m 3 ) 2327.8 ( ) (%) 0.94 S (kg/m 3 ) 11.4 *Tp= 12mm * = % 17.1.5-2 S(kg/m 3 ) ( ) % <5 13 2.7 5--60 22 4.1 17.1.7 17.1.7.1 17.1.7.2 17.1.7.3 dmax( / ) 17.1.7.4 17.2 (T0133-93) 17.2.1 (T0132-93) 17.1.1 17.2.2 17.2.2.1 17.2.2 0.75--1kW, 45--50 50 2.5--4.2kN 17.2.2.2 15 2--5 13.8kPa 17.2.2.3 (T0132-93) 450 17.2.2.4 170--250

17.2.2.5 (T0132-93) 17.2.2.6 350 *25 *3 ( * * ) 17.2.2.7 0.5mm 17.2.2.8 : 600 *500 *80 ( * * ) 17.2.2.9 (T0132-93) 17.2.3 17.2.3.1 (1) (T0132-93) 17.1.4.1 (1) (2) 17.1.4.1 (2) (3) (4) 6min (5) 17.2.3.1 (2) (4) (6) 15 0.5mm H 0 (7) dmax (8) 17.2.3.1 (1) (7) 17.2.3.2 (1) (T0132-93) 17.1.4.2 (1) (2) ( 1/3) (3) 6min (4) 17.2.3.2 (2)(3) (5) 17.1.4.2 (6) (6) dmax (7) 17.2.3.1 (8) 17.2.4 17.2.4.1 dmax( / ) dmax =M d /V

:M d -- V-- V=Ac(H/10)*10-6 A-- H-- 17.2.4.2 dmax =M m /V(1+0.01 ) M m -- -- % (T0132-93) 18 (CBR) (T0134-93) 18.0.1 18.0.1.1 18.0.1.2 25 38 18.0.2 18.0.2.1 38 25 20 5 1 18.0.2.2 : 152 170 50 151 5 0 18.0.2-1 (T0131-93) 18.0.2.3 : 50 4.5 450 18.0.2.4 50 100 18.0.2.5 50kN 1 18.0.2-2 18.0.2.6 3 18.0.2.7 ( ) 18.0.2-3 18.0.2.8 ( ) 18.0.2.9 18.0.2-4

18.0.2.10 150 52 1.25 4 18.0.2-5 18.0.2.11 25 18.0.2.12 0.1% 18.0.3 ( 50 ) 5 50 38 38 25 4 6 (T01 31-93) 16.0.4 18.0.4 18.0.4.1 (m 1 ) 18.0.4.2 1 (T0131-93) 16.0.1-1 II-2

18.0.4.3 3 3 ( (T0131-93) (16.0.4)) 24h 12h 1h 2h : 3 9 30 50 98 95% 100% 9 55 18.0.4.4 3--5 ( ) 900 ( )--1100 ( ) 1700 ( 1/3 1--2 ) 10 18.0.4.5 (m 2 ) 18.0.4.6 (1) 4 (2) ( ) (3) 2 5 4 (4)

= / (=120 )*100 (18.0.4) (5) 15min (m 3 ) 18.0.4.7 (1) 4 (2) 45N (3) 1--1.25mm/min ( 20 40 60) 250*10-2 5 30*10-2 18.0.5 18.0.5.1 (p) (L) P--L 18.0.5 L 2 O O 18.0.5.2 2.5 (CBR) CBR=p/7000*100 (18.0.5-1) CBR-- % p-- kpa 5 CBR=p/10500*100 (18.0.5-2) 5 2.5 5 18.0.5.3 =(m 2 -m 1 )/2177 -- / m 2 -- m 1 -- 2177-- 18.0.5.4 d = /1+0.01 d-- / -- 18.0.5.5 a =m 3 -m 2 a-- m 3 -- m 2 -- 18.0.5.6 18.0.5-1 18.0.5-2 18.0.6 3 C V 12% 2 C V 12% 3 0.03 / 3 3 0.03 / 2 18.0.7 18.0.7.1 (%) ( / ) 18.0.7.2 (%) 100 5% 100 10%

18.0.7.3 (%) 18.0.5-1 1.69 / 18% 27 C=239.8N/0.01mm A=19.635 P=C*R/A L=2.5mm p=611kpa CBR=p/7000*100=8.7% L=5mm p=690kpa CBR=p/10500*100=6.6% R P(kPa) (0.01mm) L(mm) 0.9 110 60.5 0.61 1.8 220 106.5 1.07 2.9 354 151 1.51 4.0 489 194 1.94 1.8 586 240.5 2.41 5.1 623 286 2.86 5.4 660 335 3.34 5.6 684 383 3.83 5.6 684 488 4.88 18.0.5-2 1 2 3 (1) ( ) ( ) (2) 120 120 120 ( ) (3) 128.6 136.5 133 (%) (4) [(3)-(2)]/(2)*100 7.167 13.75 10.83 (%) 10.58 m 1 (g) (5) 6660 4640 5390 + m 2 (g) (6) 10900 8937 9790 (cm 3 ) (7) 2177 2177 2177 (g/cm 3 ) (8) [(6)-(5)]/(7) 1.948 1.974 2.021 (%) (9) 16.93 18.06 26.01 d(g/cm 3 ) (10) (8)/1+0.01 1.666 1.672 1.604 (g/cm 3 ) 1.647 + m 3 (g) (11) 11530 9537 10390 a(g) (12) (11)-(6) 630 600 600 (g) 610

19 19.1 (T0135-93) 19.1.1 19.1.2 19.1.2.1 : 1500N 19.1.2-1 19.1.2.2 50 80 19.1.2-2 19.1.2.3 : 152 170 50 151 50 19.1.2.4 19.1.2.5 19.1.3 (T0131-93)

19.1.4 19.1.4.1 ( ) 19.1.4.2 p p=50--100kpa p=100--200kpa 1--2 1min 19.1.4.3 4--6 1min 1min 19.1.5 19.1.5.1 L L= - (19.1.5-1) 19.1.5.2 p ( ) L ( ) p--l 19.1.5 19.1.5.3 E= pd/4l(l- 2 ) :E-- kpa; p-- kpa; D-- L-- -- 0.35 19.1.5.4 p--l 19.1.5.5 p--l 19.1.5.6 5% 19.1.7 19.1.7.1

19.1.7.2 19.1.7.3 E (kpa) ( ) No.2 : N (0.01m (kpa) m) (0.1mm) (0.1m m) 1 25 5 8.91 9.04 8.98 9.48 9.62 9.55 0.57 0.38 22670 2 50 10 8.15 8.29 8.22 9.08 9.25 9.17 0.95 0.76 22670 3 100 20 6.50 6.72 6.61 8.27 8.40 8.34 1.73 1.54 22375 4 150 30 4.96 5.11 5.04 7.39 7.64 7.52 2.48 2.29 22571 5 200 40 3.30 3.42 3.36 6.53 6.69 6.61 3.25 3.06 22522 19.2 (T0136-93) 19.2.1 19.2.2 19.2.2.1 : CBR (T0134-93) 19.2.2-1 CBR 19.2.2.2 152 170 50 151 50 5 5 19.2.2-1

1-2-- 3-4- 5-6- 7-19.2.2.3 50 80 19.2.2-2 19.2.2.4 200 10 5 19.2.2-3 19.2.2-4 19.2.2.5 19.1.2 19.2.3 19.1.3 19.2.4 19.2.4.1 19.2.4.2 19.1.4.2 19.2.4.3 : 4--6 19.2.4.3 p p 19.2.5 19.2.5.1 19.1.5.1 p--? 19.1.5.2 p--l 19.2.5 19.2.5.2 19.1.5.3 0.25--0.30 19.2.5.3 19.2.5 (T0135-93) 19.2.5 ( ) 500 No.8 N (0.01m (kpa) m) (0.1mm) (0.1m m) (kpa) 1 80 6.56 7.19 7.03 7.11 7.38 7.22 7.30 0.19 145090 2 160 13.12 6.68 6.56 6.62 7.07 6.95 7.01 0.39 141370

3 240 19.67 6.24 6.08 6.16 6.78 6.62 6.70 0.54 153151 4 320 26.23 5.73 5.63 5.68 6.49 6.37 6.43 0.75 147025 5 400 32.79 5.26 5.14 5.20 6.16 6.06 6.11 0.91 151468 6 480 39.34 4.74 4.60 4.67 5.88 5.76 5.82 1.15 143828 20 20.1 (T0135-93) 20.1.1 20.1.1.1 20.1.1.2 20.1.2 20.1.2.1 20.1.2 50 2 20.1.2.2 : 61.8 79.8 20 20.1.2.3 0.2--0.5 20.1.2.4 10 0.01 20.1.2.5 20.1.3 20.1.3.1 20.1.3.2 20.1.3.3 0.1 20.1.4 20.1.4.1 20.1.4.2 20.1.4.3 1kPa 20.1.4.4 50kPa 100kPa 300kPa 400kPa 25kPa 20.1.4.5 20.1.4.6 1 0.5 0.25

1000kPa e--1g p 20.1.4.7 15 1min 2min15s 4min 6min15s 9min 1 2min15s 16min 20min15s 25min 30min15s 36min 49min 64min 100min 200min 400min 2 3h 24h 24h 10-5 / 20.1.4.8 ( ) 20.1.5 20.1.5.1 e 0 = s (1+0.01 0 )/ 0-1 20.1.5.2 S i = h i /h 0 *1000mm/m 20.1.5.3 e i: e i =e 0 -(1+e 0 )*S i /1000 20.1.5.4 a a=(e i -e i+1 )/P i+1 -P i =[(S i+1 -S i )(1+e 0 )/1000]/(P i+1 -P i )kpa -1 20.1.5.5 Es a v Es=[(P i+1 -P i )/(S i+1 -S i )/1000]*[(1+e i )/(1+e 0 )kpa] a v =1/E s =a/(1+e i ) e 0 -- s -- ( ) / 0 -- / 0 -- / S i -- h i -- ( ) h 0 -- e i -- P i -- kpa 20.1.5.6 S i e p 20.1.5-1 20.1.5.7 Cc Cs Cc( Cs)=(e i +e i+1 )/(lgp i+1 -lgp i ) 20.1.5.8 Cv (1) 90% t

d(mm) t d-- t 20.1.5-2 d-- t ds( ) 1.15 d-- t 90% t Cv Cv=0.848h 2 /t 90 cm 2 /s h=(h 1 +h 2 )/4 : (2) 68% t 68 d( ) 1gt(min) d--1gt 20.1.5-3 t 1 d 1 t 2 =t 1 /4 d 2,2d 2 -d 1 d s1 d s2 d s3 d s4 d s d s 10 t 68 Cv=0.380h 2 /t 68 cm 2 /s (3) 50% t 50 d s d--1gt d 100 d 50 =(d 0 +d 100 )/2 20.1.5.9 Pc

e--1gp ( 20.1.5-4) Rmin0 O OA O B AOB OD OD C E E P c 20.1.5.10 20.1.5-1--20.1.5-3 20.1.6 20.1.6.1 20.1.6.2 a(mpa -1 ) 20.1.6.3 E(MPa) 20.1.6.4 Cc 20.1.6.5 Cs 20.1.6.7 Cv(cm -2 /s) 20.1.6.8 Pc(kPa) ( ) 20.1.5-1 + + (g) (g) (g) (%) (g) (g) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (1)-(2) (2)-(3) (4)/(5)*100 ( ) 22.17 17.94 7.0 4.23 10.94 38.6 17.50 14.61 7.0 2.89 7.61 38.038 127.8 102.6 16.2 25.2 86.4 29.0

+ (g) (g) (g) (cm 3 ) (g/cm 3 ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (1)-(2) (4) (3)/(4) ( ) 166.3 46.5 119.8 64.4 1.86 158.1 46.5 111.6 57.0 1.96 Gs=2.75 (%) 38.3 29.0 (g/cm 3 ) 1.86 1.96 1.04 0.80 100 100 ( ) 20.1.5-2 (mi n) (kpa) 50 100 200 400 0 10:20 0.964 1.358 2.355 0.25 0 10:20 1.104 10:20 1.445 10:20 2.355 1 0.410 1.014 1.522 2.405 2.25 0.510 1.062 1.590 2.423 4 0.602 1.107 1.644 2.438 6.25 0.749 1.140 1.688 2.450 9 0.800 1.168 1.722 2.460 12.25 0.834 1.192 1.748 2.470 16 0.854 1.208 1.766 2.480 20.25 0.869 1.228 1.782 2.488 25 0.897 1.232 1.792 2.495 30.25 0.886 1.240 1.806 2.500

42.25 0.896 1.253 1.820 2.515 60 0.906 1.258 1.836 2.530 23h 11:20 0.962 1.331 1.945 2.636 24h 0.966 1.355 1.948 2.640 (m m) (mm) 0.040 1.358 1.948 2.640 0.040 1.358 0.062 0.074 0.926 0.050 1.886 2.564 ( ) h 0 =20mm Cv=0.848h 2 /t 90 Cv=0.197h 2 /t 50 Cv=0.380h 2 /t 68 e 0 =1.04 (k (m (MP (MPa - 10-3 (c (h) Pa) (m (mm/ (cm) (mm) m/m) (mm) a) 1 ) m 2 /s) m) m) h i /h 0 *1 h i h= s i = e i =e o -s i h i /h 0 *1 (1+e o )/ 000 000 1000 h=(h 1 + h 2 )/2 s 2 -s 1 Es a h=(h 1 + h)/4 Cv 0 0 0 20.000 0 1.04 19.537 46.3 1.03 1.80 0.977 2.18 24 50 0.926 19.074 46.3 0.95 18.883 19.1 2.45 0.80 0.944 2.02 24 100 1.308 18.692 65.4 0.91 18.403 28.9 3.14 0.60 0.920 1.90 24 200 1.886 18.114 94.3 0.85 17.775 33.9 5.15 0.35 0.896 1.62 24 400 2.564 17.436 128.2 0.78 24 800 3.330 16.670 166.5 0.70 17.053 38.3 8.70 0.20 0.889 1.61 20.2 (T0138-93) 20.2.1 20.2.2 (T0137-93) 20.2.3 1h

20.2.4 20.2.4.1 h i =(h i )t=(h n )T/(h n )t=k(h i )t h i -- (h i )t-- 1h (h n )t-- 1h (h n )T-- K=(h n )T/(h n )t 1 20.2.4.2 ( ) ( ) 20.2.4 (T0137-93) 20.2.4 h0=20mm K=(h n )T/(h n )t=1.031 (h) (kpa) (m (m (m (mm) m/m) m) m) p (h i )t h i =K(h i )t S i = h i /h*1 h=h 0 - h i 00 1 50 1.20 1.24 18.76 0.062 1 100 1.98 2.04 17.96 0.102 1 200 2.76 2.85 17.15 0.142 1 400 3.53 3.64 16.36 0.182 1 800 4.24 4.37 15.63 0.219 800 4.37 21 (T0139-93) 21.0.1 ( ) 21.0.2 (T0137-93) 21.0.3 ( ) 0.03 / 21.0.4 21.0.4.1 21.0.4.2

21.0.4.3 1kPa 21.0.4.4 50kPa 10min 20min 30min 1h 0.01mm 21.0.4.5 100kPa 150kPa 200kPa 21.0.4.4 21.0.4.6 200kPa 21.0.4.4 50kPa 400kPa 21.0.4.7 21.0.4.8 50kPa 21.0.4.9 21.0.4.5 21.0.4.7 21.0.4.10 21.0.5 21.0.5.1 e=h/h s -1 h s =h 0 /(1+e 0 ) :h-- h s -- h 0 -- e 0 -- 21.0.5.2 ( 21.0.5) e m =e p -e p ' :e m -- e p --pkpa e p '--pkpa 21.0.5.3 i m =e m /(1+e 0 ) i m -- e 0 --

21.0.5.4 21.0.5 21.0.5 h 0 =20 e 0 =1.114 h s =h 0 /(1+e 0 )=9.461 50 100 150 200 ( 200kP a ) 9 30 0.000 11 00 0.250 13 00 0.408 15 30 0.570 18 00 0.766 9 40 0.223 11 10 0.378 13 10 0.527 15 40 0.700 18 10 2.030 9 50 0.240 11 20 0.389 13 20 0.541 15 50 0.720 18 20 2.070 10 00 0.242 11 30 0.391 13 30 0.549 16 00 0.730 18 30 2.090 10 30 0.247 12 00 0.400 14 00 0.558 16 30 0.749 19 00 2.118 11 00 0.250 12 30 0.405 14 30 0.563 17 00 0.756 19 30 2.135 13 00 0.408 15 00 0.568 17 30 0.761 20 00 2.143 15 30 0.570 18 00 0.766 20 30 2.150 21 00 2.157 23 00 2.160 0.250 0.408 0.570 0.766 2.160 0.021 0.029 0.034 0.037 0.037 0.229 0.279 0.536 0.729 2.123 (h) 19.771 19.621 19.464 19.271 17.877 (e) 1.090 1.074 1.057 1.037 0.89 (e m ) e m =e p -e p=1.037-0.89=0.147 (i m) i m =e m /(1+e 0 )=0.147/(1+1.114)=0.07 22 22.1 (T0140-93) 22.1.1 22.1.2 22.1.2.1 22.1.2

22.1.2.2 61.8mm, 20 22.1.2.3 10 0.01mm 22.1.3 (T0102-93) 3.0.6 4 3.0.1 3.0.7 22.1.4 22.1.4.1 22.1.4.2 22.1.4.3 22.1.4.4 1h 1h 0.05mm 22.1.4.5 0.02 /min 22.1.4.6 t f =50t 50 t f -- min t 50 -- 50% min 22.1.4.7 4 6 22.1.4.8 22.1.5 22.1.5.1 L=20n-R L-- 0.01mm n-- R-- 22.1.5.2 =CR

-- kpa C-- kpa/0.01mm 22.1.5.3 P s C 22.1.5-1 22.1.5.4 C L -- L 22.1.5-2 22.1.5.5 22.1.5 22.1.6 22.1.6.1 22.1.6.2 C 22.2 (T0141-93) 22.2.1 10-6 / 22.2.2 22.1.2 22.2.3 22.1.3 22.2.4 22.2.4.1 22.2.4.1 22.2.4.4 22.2.4.2 0.8min/min 22.2.4.5 22.2.4.8 22.2.5 22.2.5.1 22.2.5.1 22.2.5.4 22.2.5.2 22.2.5-1 22.2.5-2

22.2.6 22.1.6 22.3 (T0142-93) 22.3.1 10-6 / 22.3.2 22.1.2 22.3.3 22.1.3 22.3.4 22.3.4.1 22.1.4.1 22.1.4.3 22.3.4.2 0.8min/min 22.1.4.7 22.1.4.8 (T0140-93) 22.4 (T0143-93) 22.4.1 22.4.2 ( ) 22.2.5-1 ------- ------- Gs=2.70 ------- 1 2 3 4 5 (g/cm 3 ) (1) (1) 1. 76 1.9 3 1.9 1.94 1.75 3 1.9 4 1.7 5 1.9 4 1.7 1.94 4 1.9 4 1.95 1.7 5 1.9 4 1.95 (%) (2) (2) 1 6. 4 27. 7 27. 28.8 16.4 8 28. 8 16. 4 27. 7 16. 28.8 4 27. 7 28.7 16. 4 27. 7 28.8 (g/cm 3 ) (3) d (1)/[1+(2)/ 100] 1. 51 1.5 1 1.5 1.51 1.50 1 1.5 1 1.5 0 1.5 2 1.4 1.51 9 1.5 2 1.52 1.5 0 1.5 2 1.52 e (4) 10Gs/(3)-1 0. 79 03 79 0.7 0.79 0.80 9 0.7 9 0.8 0 0.7 8 0.8 0.79 1 0.7 8 0.78 0.8 0 0.7 8 0.78 Sr (%) (5) Gs(2)/4 5 6. 0 94 37 95. 98.4 55.4 0 98. 4 55. 3 95. 8 54. 98.4 6 95. 8 99.3 55. 3 95. 8 99.6 2mm 1 2 S r =( - d )/ d *e*gs

( ) ---- ---- ---- -------------- 6r/min-------- 300kPa----- c=6.21kpa/0.01mm----- 23h------- 4min50s------ 0.853mm----- 152kPa------- (k (mm) Pa) (0.01mm) (k (mm) Pa) (0.01mm) (0.01mm) (0.01mm) (1) (2) (3)=(1)*2 0-(2) (4)=(2)* C (1) (2) (3)=(1)*2 0-(2) (4)=(2)* C 1 1.6 18.4 10 16 21.2 298.8 131 2 9.0 31.0 56 17 21.8 318.2 135 3 11.0 49.0 68 18 21.8 338.2 135 4 12.5 67.5 78 19 22.2 357.8 138 5 14.0 86.0 87 20 22.8 377.2 142 6 14.5 105.5 90 21 23.0 397.0 143 7 15.3 124.7 95 22 23.3 416.7 145 8 16.6 143.4 103 23 23.6 436.4 147 9 17.0 163.0 105 24 24.0 456.0 149 10 17.6 182.4 109 25 24.5 475.5 152 11 18.3 201.7 114 26 24.5 495.5 152 12 19.0 221.0 118 27 24.5 515.5 152 13 19.7 240.3 122 28 24.8 535.2 154 14 20.0 260.0 124 29 24.8 555.2 154 15 20.8 279.2 129 22.1.2 22.4.3 22.4.3.1 2 120 (T0102-93) 4.0.1 22.4.3.2 0.1g m=v d V-- d -- / m-- 22.4.4 22.4.4.1 22.4.4.2 22.4.4.3 22.2.3.2

22.4.4.4 22.4.5 22.1.5.1 22.1.5.2 22.4.5.2 22.4.5-1 22.4.5.3 22.4.5-2 (T0140-93)

23 23.1 (T0144-93) 23.1.1 23.1.1.1 (UU) 23.1.1.2 Cu 23.1.2 23.1.2.1 ( 23.1.2-1) 23.1.2.2 (1) ( 23.1.2-2) ( 23.1.2-3) (2) ( 23.1.2-4) ( 23.1.2-5) ( 23.1.2-6) (3) ( 23.1.2-7) ( 23.1.2-8) 23.1.2.3 200 0.01 1000 0.1g 23.1.2.4 200 0.01g; 1000 0.1g 23.1.2.5 1/100 23.1.3 23.1.3.1 1% 5kPa 23.1.3.2 1.5*10-5 /kpa 23.1.3.3 23.1.3.4 23.1.4 23.1.4.1 3--4 23.1.4.2 35 101 2--2.5 23.1.4 60

23.1.4 (mm) (mm) <100 1/10 >=100 1/5 23.1.4.3 23.1.4.2 23.1.4.4 (T0102-93) 4.0.1 3--5 5--8 23.1.4.5 1/3 5kPa

23.1.4.6 D 0 =(D 1 +2D 2 +D 3 )/4 D 1 D 2 D 3 23.1.5 23.1.5.1 (T0102-93) 4.0.9 23.1.5.2 : 20kPa 1 23.1.5.3 : 10--50kPa 30kPa u/ 3>0.98 23.1.6 23.1.6.1 23.1.6.2 23.1.6.3 23.1.6.4 23.1.7 23.1.7.1 0.5%--1% 23.1.7.2 0.3%--0.4% 3% 0.7%--0.8% 23.1.7.3 5% 15%--20% 23.1.7.4

23.1.8 23.1.8.1 1 = h i /h 0 1-- % h i -- h 0 -- 23.1.8.2 A a =A 0 /(1-1 ) A a -- A 0 -- 23.1.8.3 1-3 =CR/A a *10 1-- kpa 3 -- kpa; C-- N/0.01mm; R-- 0.01mm 23.1.8.4 ( 1-3 ) 15% ( 1f + 3f )/2 ( 1f - 3f )/2 (f ) - (23.1.8) 23.1.8.5 (T0145-93) 23.1.9 23.1.9.1 ( ) 23.1.9.2 Cu(kPa); u( ) 23.2 (T0145-93) 23.2.1 23.2.1.1 (CU CU) 23.2.1.2 C CU CU C 23.2.2 23.1.2 23.2.3 (T0142-93)

23.2.4 23.2.4.1 20--40 1 23.2.4.2 23.2.4.3 23.1.6 23.1.5.3 23.2.5 23.2.5.1 (T0135-93) 20.1.4.7 95% 23.2.5.2 23.2.6 23.2.6.1 23.2.6.2 0.05%--0.1%; 0.1%--0.5% 23.2.6.3 23.1.7.2 23.1.7.3 23.2.6.4 23.2.7 23.2.7.1 h c =h 0 (1- V/V 0 ) 1/3 :h c -- V-- 23.2.7.2 A c =A 0 (1- V/V 0 ) 2/3 A c -- 23.2.7.3 A c =A c /(1-1 ) 23.2.7.4 23.1.8.3 (1) 1= 1 -u 1-- kpa u-- kpa; (2) : 3= 3 -u (3) 1/ 3=1+( 1-3 / 3 ) 23.2.7.6 (1) B=u 0 / 3 :B-- u 0 -- kpa (2)

A f =u f /B( 1-3 )f A f -- u f -- kpa 23.2.7.7 23.2.7-1 23.2.7.8 23.2.7-2 23.2.7.9 23.2.7-3 23.2.7.10 23.2.7-4 : =sin -1 tga -- a-- : C =d/cos C -- kpa d-- kpa 23.2.7.11 23.2.8.4 (( 1f+ 3f)/2 ( 1f- 3f)/2 ( 23.2.7-5)

23.2.7.12 23.2.7 ( ) 23.2.7-1 -------- ----------- CU------ ------------- (kpa) 350 D(cm) 3.91 u 0 (kpa) hl(cm) 8.00 7.96 6.80 A(cm 2 ) 12.00 11.76 V(cm 3 ) 96.00 93.60 m(g) 188.54 192.50 193.21 B= / 3 f(%) 6.9 (g/cm 3 ) 1.96 2.06 ( 1-3 )(k d(g/cm 3 ) 1.60 Pa) 101 1f 201 B 0.53 f= f / 1f (g) 10 10 1 148 + (g) 21.86 22.43 3 47 (g) 11.86 12.43 193.21

[ 1 / 3 ]max 3.15 [ 1/ 3]max (g) 9.63 10.12 153.90 Af= (g) 2.23 2.31 39.31 f/b( 1-3 )f ( ) ----- ------ 100kPa--- ---- ----- (min) 0 3 (c (min) (k (c m 3 ) (c Pa) (kpa) m 3 ) (c m 3 ) m 3 ) 20:30 30 10 17 17 25.8 0.2 0.1 328 78 27.7 0 20:50 60 40 38 21 26.0 0 0.5 328 78 27.2 0.5 21:20 90 70 67 29 26.9 +0.9 1 328 78 27.05 0.65 7:38 120 100 93 26 27.0 +1.0 5 328 75 26.8 0.9 8:08 150 130 122 29 27.2 +1.2 9 325 72 26.7 1.0 8:58 180 160 152 30 27.3 +1.3 16 322 67 26.6 1.1 9:58 210 160 25 317 61 26.5 1.2 10:08 181 29 36 311 56 26.4 1.3 10.8 210 190 185 27.4 +1.4 64 306 49 26.2 1.5 12:08 240 220 215 30 27.5 +1.5 105 299 39 26.0 1.7 14:08 270 220 144 289 30 25.9 1.8 14:18 244 29 220 281 22 25.7 2.0 15:08 270 250 250 27.7 +1.7 300 272 13 25.55 2.15 17:30 300 250 420 263 6 25.4 2.30 490 255256 5 25.35 2.35 1 (-) (+) 2

( ) ------- CU----- 100kPa------- --------- --------- --------- ------------- h=0.04cm C=7.455N/0.01mm----------- 0.08mm/min------- h c =7.96cm-------- Ac=11.76cm 2 ( 1-1= 1= Aa= R 3 )=RC/Aa*10 (0.01m ( 1 - h i /h c Ac/(1- (0.01m 0 1/ 1 m) 3)+ 3 1)(cm 2 3 3 ) m) 0 0 11.76 0 0 255 5 94 1.06 20 1.25 11.79 0.7 6 106 256 6 100 64 1.78 60 0.75 11.85 0.9 50 150 286 36 114 53 2.36 100 1.25 11.91 8.0 72 172 297 37 125 47 2.75 170 2.14 12.02 11.6 82 182 303 53 129 44 2.94 210 2.64 12.08 13.8 85 185 306 56 129 45 3.09 300 3.77 12.22 14.9 90 190 307 57 133 43 3.14 350 4.40 12.30 15.3 92 192 308 57 135 42 3.26 420 5.27 12.41 15.9 95 195 308 58 137 42 3.28 500 6.28 12.55 16.5 98 198 308 58 138 42 3.40 550 6.91 12.63 17.1 101 201 308 58 143 42 3.39 600 7.55 12.72 17.9 105 205 306 56 149 44 3.36 700 8.80 12.89 18.4 106 206 305 55 151 45 3.28 850 10.65 13.16 19.9 112 212 301 51 161 49 3.26 1000 12.57 13.45 21.3 118 218 298 48 170 52 3.26 1160 14.59 13.77 22.2 120 220 296 46 174 54 3.22 1250 15.70 13.95 23.0 123 223 294 44 179 56 3.20 23.2.8 23.2.8.1 ( ) 23.2.8.2 Ccu, cu 23.2.8.3 C, 23.2.8.4 A f 23.3 (T0146-93) 23.3.1 23.3.1.1 23.3.1.2 C d d 23.3.2 23.1.2 23.3.3 (T0142-93)

23.3.4 (T0145-93) 0.003%--0.012% 23.3.5 23.3.5.1 (T0145-93) 23.3.5.2 A a =(V c - V i )/(h c - h i ) V i -- h i -- 23.3.5.3 23.1.8 23.3.5.4 (T0145-93) 23.3.5.5 (T0145-93) 23.3.5.6 (T0144-93) 23.1.8 ( 23.3.5) 23.3.5.7 (T0145-93) 23.2.7 23.3.6 23.3.6.1 ( ) 23.3.6.2 C d d

24 (T0147-93) 24.0.1 24.0.1.1 60 24.0.1.2 24.0.1.3 30 *60 30 *75 24.0.2 24.0.2.1 ( 24.0.1-2) (1) 50KN (2) ( ) (3) (4) 24.0.2.2 (1) ( (2) ( 10t 30t ) (3) ( 5 ) (4) ( 24.0.2-2) (5) (6) 100 50 (7) 5 1 (8) 100 0.1g (9) ( ) (10) (11) (12) ( ) 24.0.3 24.0.3.1 24.0.3.2 24.0.3.3 24.0.3.4 24.0.3.5 24.0.3.6 1/3 3/4

24.0.3.7 24.0.3.8 24.0.4 24.0.4.1 (1) (2) ( 5 ) ( 0.5mm) (4) 5% 5% ( 5 ) p i =(100-p m )/(p m -p 5 )(p oi -p 5 )+p oi p i -- % p 5 -- 5 % p m -- 60 % p oi -- % (5) 0.5--60mm ( a ) 0.5--60mm ( m s ) (m) a (%)=(m-m s )/m s *100 24.0.4.2 (1) 30 60 75 (2) ( 6 ) 0. 5mm 0.5mm (3) m w =( d - 1 )m s m w -- d -- % 1 -- % 10.5--60mm % m s -- m i --0.5--60mm n--0.5--60mm (4) 0.5 (5) ( ) 1/6 (6) (7) ( ) (8) 2 (9)

(10) 24h 24.0.5 24.0.5.1 24.0.5.2 24.0.5.3 200kPa ( ) SK 5 ( 100kPa 150kPa 200kPa 250kPa) 24.0.5.4 KS 3 ( ) 24.0.5.5 ( ) 24.0.5.6 ( 1.5mm/min 24.0.5.7 1 0.5mm 1 2 5kPa 24.0.5.8 5 10min 5 24.0.5.9 SK 3 SK 1 SK 1 SK 1 SK 3 24.0.5.10 SK3 SK 4 SK 2 SK 4 SK 2 SK 3 24.0.5.11 SK 3 24.0.6 24.0.6.1 1 1 (1) P P=CR (24.0.6-1) P-- N C-- 10N/0.01mm R-- 0.01mm (2) 1 1 = h/h 0

h-- h 0 -- (3) V V= V 1 + V 2 V 1 -- ( ) V 2 -- ( ) V 2 = d 2 /4* h=44.2 h( d=7.5cm) (4) Aa A a =(V 0 + V)/(h 0 - h) V 0 -- (5) 1-3 =P/Aa (6) 1 1 =P/Aa+ 3 24.0.6.2 C (1) 1max (2)C ( 1max + 3 )/2 ( 1 max- 3 )/2 C 24.0.6 =arc sin(m-1)/(m+1) C=b/2 m 0.99 2 m=[ ( 3 1max )-1/n( 3)( 1max)]/[ 3-1/n( 3) 2 ] n-- 1max -- 3 -- 24.0.6.3 24.0.6 ( ) 24.0.6-1

70% 20% (kg) 93.3 h 0 (cm) 59.9 ( / L ) 0.5 d(cm) 30 (mm/min) 1.5 Aa(cm 3 ) 706.86 (kpa) 50--100--150--200 V 0 (cm 3 ) 42 340.82 C(10N/0.01m m) 1109048 d(cm 3 ) 2.2 ( ) (c (cm 2 ) (cm 3 ) V =0.01 =0.0 m 3 ) (cm 3 ) 10N mm 1mm (10 2 kpa) (10 2 k Pa) R( ) P=CR h h/h 0 V V 1 = V 1 - V 10 V 2 =44. 2* h A Q =(V 0 + cm 2 V)/(h 0 - h) 1-2 = P/A a 1 0 0-300 3 =100 kpa 106 168 211 239 259 274 285 294 1261.9 1 2000.0 0 2511.9 1 2845.2 6 3083.3 4 3261.9 2 3392.8 7 3500.0 1-4=0-660 100 0.0017-690 -390-4.42-394.42 701.44 1.80 2.80 200 0.0033-680 -380-8.84-388.84 702.71 2.85 3.85 300 0.0050-650 -350-13.26-363.26 704.32 3.57 4.57 400 0.0067-605 -305-17.68-322.68 706.19 4.03 5.03 500 0.0083-560 -260-22.10-282.10 708.06 4.35 5.35 600 0.0100-515 -215-26.52-241.52 709.94 4.59 5.59 700 0.0117-460 -160-30.94-190.94 711.99 4.77 5.77 800 0.0134-410 -110-35.36-145.36 713.97 4.90 5.90

301 304 3 =150 kpa 304 3583.3 5 3619.0 6 3619.0 6 900 0.0150-360 -60-39.78-99.78 715.95 5.01 6.01 1000 0.0167-310 -10-44.20-54.20 717.94 5.04 6.04 895 1015 0.0169-555 -255-44.86-399.86 713.95 5.07 6.57 25 (T0148-93) 25.0.1 25.0.1.1 25.0.1.2 25.0.2 25.0.2.1 25.0.2-1 25.0.2.2 (T0144-93) 25.0.2-4 25.0.2.3 4 10 2 5.0.2-2 25.0.2.4 10 0.01 25.0.2.5 ( 0.1g) 25.0.3 25.0.3.1 25.0.3.2 40 10 2 2.0--2.5 25.0.4 25.0.4.1 0.1g D 0 D 0 =(D 1 +2D 2 +D 3 )/4 :D 0 -- D 1 D 2 D 3 -- 25.0.4.2 25.0.4.3 25.0.4.4 1%--3%/min (6--12r/min) 8--2 0min

25.0.4.5 3% 0.5% 3% 1% 25.0.4.6 3%--5% 20% 25.0.4.7 25.0.4.8 25.0.4.3 25.0.4.7 25.0.5 25.0.5.1 1 = h/h 0 h=n L-R 1-- % h 0 -- h-- n-- L-- 0.01mm R-- 0.01mm 25.0.5.2 A a =A 0 /(1-1 ) A a -- A 0 -- 25.0.5.3 =10CR/A a -- kpa; C-- N/0.01mm R-- 0.01mm; A a -- 25.0.5.4 - ( 25.0.5) 15% q u 1 2 25.0.5.5 St St=q u /q u

q u -- kpa; q u -- kpa 25.0.5.6 25.0.5 25.0.6 25.0.6.1 25.0.6.2 q u (kpa) 25.0.6.3 St 25.0.5 h 0 =-----cm D 0 =---------cm A 0 =-------cm 2 =-----------g/cm 3 q u =-----kpa q u =---kpa m=-----g C=---------N/0.01mm R(0.01mm) L(cm) h(%) 1 (%) Aa(cm 2 ) P(N) (kpa) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (2)-(1) (3)/h 0 A 0 /[1-(4)] (1)*C (6) (5) 26 (T0149-93) 26.0.1 26.0.2 26.0.2.1 26.0.2.2 26.0.2.3 100 0.01g 26.0.3 26.0.3.1 ph4.01 10.21 105--110 (KHC 8 H 4 O 4 ) 1L 26.0.3.2 ph9.18 3.8g (Na 2 B 4 O 7.10H 2 O ) CO 2 1L ph ( 2 ) 26.0.3.4 (KCL) KCL 26.0.4 26.0.4.1 26.0.4.2 1 10 50 ( 1 5) 3min 30min 26.0.4.3 ph 25--30 50

( ) 2min ( ) ph 0.01pH 26.0.4.4 26.0.5 C 26.0.6 26.0.6.1 26.0.6.2 ph 27 (T0150-93) 27.0.1 27.0.2 27.0.2.1 1300 27.0.2.2 100 27.0.2.3 27.0.3 27.0.3.1 950 0.5h (0.5--1min) 0.5h 27.0.3.2 1 ( 100--105 8h)1--2 ( 0.0001g) 0.5h 0.5mg 27.0.4 27.0.4.1 (%)=[m-(m 2 -m 1 )]/m*100 m-- m 1 -- m 2 -- + 27.0.4.2 27.0.4 27.0.4 ( ) 1 2 m(g) 1.790 2.103 + m 2 (g) 21.602 20.395 m 1 (g) 19.876 18.366 (%) 3.536 3.537 (%) 3.5365

27.0.5 C 27.0.6 27.0.6.1 27.0.6.2 (%) 28 (T0151-93) 28.0.1 15% -- 28.0.2 28.0.2.1 200 28.0.2.2 28.0.2.3 : 28.0.2.4 :0--250 1 28.0.3 28.0.3.1 0.0750mol/L1/6K 2 Cr 2 O 7 -H 2 SO 4 ) : 105--110 4 4.1231g 800 ( ) 1000 2L 28.0.3.2 0.2mol/L ( ) (FeSO 4.7H 2 O )56 (N H 4 ) 2 SO 4 FSO 4.6H 2 O)80 15 ( 1.84g/mL ) 1 L 28.0.3.3 (C 12 N 8 N 2.H 2 O)1.485 (FeSO 4.7H 2 O)0.695 1 00 Fe 2+ [Fe(C 12 H 8 N 2 ) 3 ] 2+ 28.0.3.4 ( ) 2 28.0.3.5 (H 2 SO 4 ) ( 1.84g/mL) 28.0.3.6 200 0.25mm 700--800 1--2h, 28.0.4 ( ) K2Cr 2 O 7 3 20 150 60 3--5 ( ) ( ) 0.0001mol/L 3 ( ) 28.0.5 28.0.5.1 100 0.1000--0.5000 0.0750mol/L1/6K 2 Cr 2 O 7 10 ( 3 ) 28.0.5.2 8--10 ( 1--2 ) 185--190 170--180 170--180 5min 28.0.5.3 250 60--70 3--5 ( ) ( ) 0. 01mL