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+ 2- NH 4 SO4

1 1 2 1 3 1 14 12 6 13 6 6 12 6 2 1 3 1 235 92 18 8 131 53

12 6 1 16 8 12 1 12 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 1

6 10 14 p d f 3 5 7 p d f 0 0 0 p d f

NH + 4

A werner 1866 1919

2 3Ca + 6H PO + 12OH = Ca ( PO ) + 12H O + 4PO + 3 2 4 3 4 2 2 4

3+ 2- Al (SO ) == 2Al + 3SO 2 4 3 4 + + 2- KHSO == K + H + SO 4 NaHCO == Na 3 + + HCO + 3+ 2- Kal(SO ) == K + Al + 2SO 4 2 + K [Fe(SCN) ] == 3K +[Fe(SCN) ] 3 6 4 6 3- - 3 4 + - NaCl( ) == Na + Cl K O( ) == 2K + O 2 + 2-

= 1000 ρ A% = ( / )

M =

3+ - 2+ 2Fe + 2I == 2Fe + I 2

2 1 S I

+2 0 +1-3 +5 CuSO 4+ P+ H2O Cu3 P+ H3PO 4+ H2SO4

= 100

2 CO NH+ 3-4

Al OH 3 OH-

NH + ) KHSO NaHCO NH HCO NH HCO 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 KHSO H + K+ 2-4 SO4 NaHCO HCO- 3 3 H+ H2PO - 4

Cl - ClO - ClO - 3 - H2SO4 SO2 SO3 2 H 2SO4 Mg

6 Na Cl n + 6 6n H 2 235UF 238UF 235U 238U 6 6

2 SO - 3 S 2- H 2S Fe2+ I- Br2

Ag(NH 3) 2 + AgI

2 2 2 2 3 3

Zn2+ Na2ZnO2

2 3 3 2 4 2

jì qí

Ag(NH 3) 2 + Cu(OH) 2 Cu(NH 3) NH3 Cl Br HClO NH 2 2 3 N 3

N2O NH4 + H2 HNO3 HNO HI H S HBr Fe 2+ 3 2 SO2 SO3 2 - H SO SO - HNO 2 4 4 2 3

LiNO 2 Mn(NO 3) 2 MnO2 NO2 O 2 N FeSO KNO NO +5 4 3 3 - NO 3 -

KI NO- 2 KMnO 4

11P 6P 5P 15Cu2+ 15Cu 15 6P 3P 3P 15 5P -3 +1

[ H + ] [ H PO ] [ HPO ] [ PO ] [ OH ] 2 4 4 2 4 3

3- PO 4 2- HPO H PO 4 2 4 -

2. SiO 2-3

- - 2 ( CO 3 HCO 3)

CaO Al2O 3 7SiO2 6H2O Na 2O Al 2O3 10SiO 2 6H2O

30 40 45 60

SO 2-4

56 64 64 56 = = x y 116. 112. 3 224 2 17 = 0. 672 x 2 17 ( 3 1) 22. 4 = x 112. 0. 672

44 74 100 = = x 0. 74 y 100 44 = z 0. 11

( ) =

( ) ( ) = ( / )

1 = 0.5 2 / 8 = 0.25 32 /

( ) ( ) = (22.4 / ) 13. 2 22.4 / = 6.72 44 / ( / ) = 22.4 / 32 = 1. 429 / 22. 4 / 28 / = 1.25 22. 4 / /

0. 393 22.4 / = 44.0 / 0. 20

1 22. 4 = [ 5 ( 1 2. 5%) 65] x 4 1 = 12 x x 2 1 1

4 1 = 6 x x 2 2

( ) ( / ) = ( ) 14. 3 286 / = 0.05 0. 05 0. 5 = 0.1 / 358. 4 22. 4 / = 16.0 1000 1 / + 16. 0 36. 5 / 119. / 16. 0 1331. = 12.0 /

1000 3 1.84 / 3 98 98 / 1 V = M V = 2 / 0.5 M 18.4 /

6 40 = 2 78 x 0.585 1 = 6 40 = 2 78 (0.1 0.05) z y 78 40 = ( 0. 78 0585. ) z 1 2

3. 06 0. 02 153 / = 3. 06 0. 02 153 / = 128. 0. 02 64 / =

0. 672 0. 03 22. 4 / =

1 3 1000 / 3 = 44. 64 22. 4 / 1 / 500 ( 80 20) Q = 1 20% 46 1370 = x 156. 86 5. 27 y = = 6. 67 0. 79 /

1 233 = 0. 05 / 0. 02 x 1 1 0. 02 y = 0. 05 / 0. 02 2 1 0. 02 z = 0. 05 / 0. 04 0. 20 / 0. [ H + ] = = 010. / 0. 20 + 0. 20

120x 80x = 0. 01 120 + 80

1 96x + 32 y = 1.28 2

1 y + x + y = 2 2 7. 96 ( ) 199 0. 01 0. 1 / 01. = 0. 02 0. 2 / 01. = 2( V2 V1) 106 M = 0. 106( V2 V1 ) M 1000 2 2V1 V2 M 40 = 0. 04( 2V1 V2 ) M 1000

250 0106. ( V2 V1 ) M 25 100% 106 ( V2 V1 ) M = 100% W W 250 004. ( 2V1 V2 ) M 25 100% 40 ( 2 V1 V2 ) M = % W W 106( V2 V1 ) M Na 2CO 3 % NaOH W 40( 2V1 V2 ) M % W

[ ] 17 35 Cl 17 37 Cl 17 35 37 34.9688 75.53 Cl 36.9659 17 35 [ ] 17Cl 37 34.9688 35 Cl 36.9659 17 35 37 [ ] Cl 35 75.53 Cl 17 17

= 100% W2 W3 = 100% W W 2 1 CuSO xh O W W 3 1 W2 W3 W3 W1 W2 W3 4: 2 = : = : CuSO4 H 2O 160 18

250 4 = 1 1000

( Ca 2+ Mg2+ SO 2-4 ) NaCl Ca 2+ Na CO Mg 2+ 2 2 3 NaOH SO - 4 BaCl 2 W2 W1 = 100% W

1 1 + 1931 2 2

1 12C 1 1/ 1 12 12C 1/12 12 C = 12