8,,,,,,, (CIP) /,.:, 2004.7 ISBN 7 5629 2077....T U723.3 CI P ( 2004 )004440 : 122 : 430070 http:/ / www.techbook.com.cn E mail: yangxuezh@ mail.w hu t.edu.cn : : : 7871092 1/ 16 : 14.5 : 370 : 2004 7 1 : 2004 7 1 : 3000 : 22.00,, : ( 027) 87394412 87383695 87384729,
1991 5,, R.E.Wenstney 90,,,,,,,,,,, 8, : 1 2 1 2 3 5, 2 4 3, 4, 5 6 7, 8,, 2004. 5
1 ( 1) 1.1 ( 1) 1.1.1 ( 1) 1.1.2 ( 3) 1.1.3 ( 4) 1.1.4 ( 5) 1.2 ( 7) 1.2.1 ( 7) 1.2.2 (10) 1.2.3 (12) 1.2.4 (15) 1.3 (20) 1.3.1 (20) 1.3.2 (23) 1.3.3 (24) 1.3.4 (26) (26) 2 (27) 2.1 (27) 2.1.1 (27) 2.1.2 (27) 2.2 (29) 2.2.1 (30) 2.2.2 (31) 2.2.3 (33) 2.2.4 (33) 2.3 (34) 2.3.1 (34) 2.3.2 (34) 2.3.3 (39) 2.4 (41) 2.4.1 (41) 2.4.2 (43) 2.4.3 (45) 2.5 (46) 2.5.1 (46) 2.5.2 (47) 1
2.5.3 (47) (48) 3 (49) 3.1 (49) 3.1.1 (49) 3.1.2 (52) 3.2 (54) 3.2.1 (54) 3.2.2 (58) 3.2.3 (61) 3.3 (63) 3.3.1 (20 50 80 ) (63) 3.3.2 ( 20 80 90 ) (64) 3.3.3 (65) 3.4 (67) 3.4.1 (67) 3.4.2 (69) 3.5 (70) 3.5.1 (70) 3.5.2 (72) 3.5.3 (75) 3.5.4 (76) (81) 4 (82) 4.1 (82) 4.1.1 (82) 4.1.2 (82) 4.1.3 (83) 4.1.4 (85) 4.2 (86) 4.2.1 (86) 4.2.2 (87) 4.2.3 (89) 4.2.4 (89) 4.3 (91) 4.4 (94) 4.4.1 (94) 4.4.2 (95) 4.4.3 (97) 4.4.4 ( 100) 4.5 ( 102) 4.5.1 ( 102) 2
4.5.2 ( 102) 4.5.3 ( 103) 4.5.4 ( 105) ( 107) 5 ( 109) 5.1 ( 109) 5.1.1 ( 109) 5.1.2 ( 111) 5.1.3 ( 114) 5.2 ( 122) 5.2.1 ( 122) 5.2.2 ( 124) 5.2.3 ( 131) 5.2.4 ( 135) 5.3 ( 137) 5.3.1 ( 137) 5.3.2 ( 138) 5.3.3 ( 140) ( 141) 6 ( 142) 6.1 ( 142) 6.1.1 ( 142) 6.1.2 ( 143) 6.2 ( 146) 6.2.1 ( 146) 6.2.2 ( 147) 6.2.3 FIDIC ( 147) 6.2.4 ( 150) 6.3 ( 151) 6.3.1 ( 151) 6.3.2 ( 153) 6.3.3 ( 156) 6.3.4 ( 157) 6.3.5 ( 160) 6.3.6 ( 162) 6.3.7 ( 163) 6.4 ( 164) 6.4.1 ( 164) 6.4.2 FIDIC ( 169) 6.4.3 ( 174) 6.4.4 ( 177) 6.5 ( 178) 3
6.5.1 ( 178) 6.5.2 ( 180) 6.5.3 ( 183) 6.5.4 ( 184) ( 186) 7 ( 188) 7.1 ( 188) 7.1.1 ( 188) 7.1.2 ( 189) 7.1.3 ( 189) 7.1.4 ( 190) 7.1.5 ( 190) 7.2 ( 191) 7.2.1 ( 191) 7.2.2 ( 191) 7.3 ( 197) 7.3.1 ( 197) 7.3.2 ( 199) 7.3.3 ( 199) 7.3.4 ( 199) ( 199) 8 ( 201) 8.1 ( 201) 8.1.1 ( 201) 8.1.2 ( 201) 8.1.3 ( 204) 8.1.4 ( 205) 8.2 ( 205) 8.2.1 ( 205) 8.2.2 ( 205) 8.2.3 ( 206) 8.2.4 ( 206) 8.3 ( 212) 8.3.1 ( 212) 8.3.2 ( 213) 8.3.3 ( 214) 8.3.4 ( 214) 8.3.5 ( 215) 8.3.6 ( 215) 8.3.7 ( 215) ( 219) ( 220) 4
1 : ; ; ; ; 1. 1 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 1. 1, 20 80,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, 1996,,,,,,,,,
2 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,1997 18,,,,, : ( ),,, 1. 1. 1. 2, : (1 ),,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,
1. 1 3,, (4 ) () (), 3 :, ( ),, 5, (5 ),, ( ),, 1. 1. 2,, (1 ),,,, (2 ) :,,, ;,,,,,, (3 ), ;, (4 ),,,,
4 1,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, 1. 1. 3,,,, : (1 ),,, ;,,, (2 ), ;,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 )
1. 1 5,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 1. 4, 1. 1. 4. 1 1. 1. 4. 2,,,,, 1. 1 1.1 (1 ),,,,,
6 1, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,,,,, (6 ),, (7 ),, 1. 1. 4. 3, 1. 2,,, : 1. 1. 4. 4,,,, 1. 1. 4. 5,, 7 :
1. 2 7 1.2 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ), (6 ) (7 ),, 1. 2 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 1. 1,, :,
8 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2. 1. 2 (1 ),,,, (2 ) :,,,, 1. 2. 1. 3, (1 ),,, :,,,
1. 2 9,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( ),, 1%, 1 % 75 %,,,,,,,,,,,,, ()
10 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 2. 2,
1. 2 11,, 1. 2. 2. 1 : ; ; ; ;, ;, 1. 2. 2. 2 (1 ),,,,,,,,, 20 90,,, 1998,,,,,, (2 ) 1997, 1983, 1988,,,, ( ),, 1996,,,, ( ),, 1998,, ( ),,,
12 1,,,, 1. 2. 2. 3, ;,,, 20 90,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 3. 8,,,,, 1. 2. 2. 4, ; ; ;,,,, 1. 2. 3 1. 2. 3. 1, (1 ),,
1. 2 13,,, 2000,,,,,, (), 1100, 34, 5 13, () :,,,,,,,,, A. As hworth, 2000, 2000, (2 ),, 1957,,, 1958, 1953 1958,, ( ) 1958 1976,, 1967,,, 6, 1973 1 1, 1973, 1977 1990 1977 1983,
14 1 1988,, 1992,, 1992,,,,, 1995 1997, 1997, 20 90, ( ) 20 50,,,,, 1. 2. 3. 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,,
1. 2 15, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),,, WTO,,, 2003 2003 7 1,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, 1. 2. 4 1. 2. 4. 1, 16,
16 1,, ( Quantity SurveyorQS ), 19,,,, ( ),,,,,,, 1868 ( Royal In stitut e of Chart ed SurveyorsRICS),, RICS,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 20 30 40,,,,,,, : (1 ),,,, (2 ),,, (3 ),, ;, 20 50 60,,
1. 2 17 1951 ( Au s- tralian In stitute of Quantity SurveyorsAIQS ) 1956 ( A- merican Association of Cost Engineers AACE) 1959 ( Canadian Institute of Quantity SurveyorsCIQS), 20 70 80,, 70 80,20 80 90,,, ( Life Cycle CostingLCC),, ( T otal Cost ManagementLCC), 1992 ( The Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering Int ernationalt CM ), 20 90,,, 21,,20 90 1. 2. 4. 2 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, :, (DGS)( GSA), ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,
18 1,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( SMM ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,, ENR ( Engineering N ews Record) ENR,, ENR,,, ENR 20 2, ENR, ENR, (4 ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,
1. 2 19,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ( 10 % ), : : + 30% - 20% ; : + 15% - 10% ; : + 10% - 5 %,,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,, FIDIC,, JC T ( Joint Contract T riounal ) ACA( ) ICE ( ) JCT, JCT,,,, (6 )
20 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 1. 3 1. 3. 1 J. P. P rentice, 1978 B. J. Mitchell ( ) ( ), R. S. Berry, I. Gaines, T. V. Long II TOSCA,,, ( ), ( ), Total Cost ManagementTCM 20 80, ( ),, Er nst Young ( E &Y ) ( ), ( ) E &Y ( ) : ( ) ( ), ( ),
1. 3 21 20 90, E & Y ( ),,,, J. Hollmann E &Y ( ), ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ) :, ( )( ),,, ( ), ( ),,,,, 20 90 ( ) R. E. Wenstney 1992 10, 1991 5 90,, ( );,,,,,, 1991,,,, ( ),,, R. E. Wenstney :,,, :
22 1 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; R. E. Wenstney,,? R. E. Wen stney,,, ( ),,, 21,,, ( ) 21 5, :,, (),,,, (), R. E. Wenstney 21, :,,,,,,
1. 3 23 1992,, ( AACE I),, 20 90,,, 1. 3. 2 R. E. Wenstney,, 1993 11 COS T E NGI N E ER I NG( ), :,,, :,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,
24 1,,, :,,, A ACE I Joh n Hollmann, A ACE I, : :, (),, ;,,,, 1. 3. 3 :, ;, ;,,, ;,,,, : 1. 3. 3. 1,,,,,,, 1. 3. 3. 2,,
1. 3 25,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 1. 3. 3. 3, ;,,,, ( ),,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1. 3. 3. 4 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
26 1 1. 3. 4,, 20 50,,,,,,,, : ; ;, ;,, TCCCE ( ),, TCCCE, 1. 2. 3.? 4. 5.? 6.?? 7.??
2 : ; ; ; ; ;, 2. 1 2. 1. 1,,,,,,, 2. 1 2. 1. 2 1978, ( ), 2. 1. 2. 1 : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),,
28 2 2. 1 (5 ),, (6 ) (7 )( 4) (8 ),, (9 ) (10) (11) (12) (11) (13) (14),, (15),,,,, 2. 1. 2. 2 (1 ) :,,
2. 2 29, (2 )( ) (3 ) (, ) (4 ) (, ) (5 ) (6 ) 2. 1. 2. 3 (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 )( ),,,,, 2. 1. 2. 4,, ( ),,,, 2. 2,,,, (2. 1 ) : = + ( 2. 1)
30 2, ; 2. 2. 1,,, 2. 2. 1. 1,,,, 2. 2. 1. 2,,,,,, : (1 ) : = (1 + ) ( 2. 2) (2 ) : = ( ) ( 2. 3) (3 )( ), : = ( 2. 4) (4 ) (1 )( 3) (5 ) (1 )( 4) (6 ), (7 ) (1 )( 6) (8 ) (1 )( 5) (7 ) (9 )
2. 2 31, : = - ( 2. 5) = ( 2. 6) (10), : = {[ (+ + ) (1 + ) (1 + ) + ] (1 + ) - }( 1 + ) + + + ( 2. 7) 2. 2. 2,, 2. 2. 2. 1 (1 ),,, ;,, (2 ),, ( ) ( ) :,,, (3 ),, ( F OB), ; ( CFR ) ( CI F ), :,, ( FOB) :,, ;, ; ; :,,, ;, ;, 2. 2. 2. 2 : = + + + + + + + + + ( 2. 8)
32 2 (1 ) ( FOB),, (2 ) () (),, : () = ( FOB ) ( 2. 9) () = (2. 10), (3 ) ( ) (),, : = ( ( FOB) + )(1 - ) (2. 11), (4 ), : = ( FOB ) (2. 12), 0. 4% 0. 5% (5 ), 1. 5% : = ( ( F OB ) + + ) (2. 13) (6 ) : = ( CI F ) (2. 14), ( CIF ) ( FOB ), ; (7 ),, : = (2. 15) = + + (2. 16),, 17% (8 )
2. 2 33 (), : = (+ )( 1 - ) (2. 17), (9 ) : = (2. 18), 0. 3% (10) : = (+ + + ) (2. 19) 2. 2. 3 2. 2. 3. 1 (1 ) ( ) ; ( ) (2 ), (3 ) (4 ),,,,,,,, 2. 2. 3. 2, : = (2. 20), 2. 2. 4,,, : = (2. 21)
34 2 2. 3 2. 3. 1 2. 3. 1. 1 (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),,, (4 ),, 2. 3. 1. 2 (1 ),,, (2 ), 2. 3. 2 2. 2 2. 2 2. 3. 2. 1
2. 3 35 (1 ) : = ( ) (2. 22),, () : = ( ) + ( ) ( 2. 23 ), : = ( ) + + ( 2. 24 ),, (2 ),,,,, (a),,,, ( b), () (c) ( d) (e), ( f),
36 2 ( g), ( h ) (i) : (a) : = (2. 25) ( b ) : = (2. 26) (3 ),,, (a) a. b. c. d. e. f. g., h. i. ( b )
2. 3 37 a. : b. : 2. 3. 2. 2 = (2. 27) = (2. 28),,, (1 ), : (a) ( b ) () (c) ( d) (e) ( f)2% ( g), 1. 5% ( h ) ( ) 6 (i) (j) ( k ) (l),, ( ), (2 ) :
38 2 : = (2. 29) : = (2. 30) 2. 3. 2. 3 (1 ) : : = ( + ) (2.31) : = (2.32),,,,,,, (2 ) 3% : = 3% (2. 33),,,,,,, : = (2. 34), 7% ;, 5% ;, 1 % 3%, : = 3% (2. 35)
2. 3 39,,,, 2. 3. 3 2. 3. 3. 1,, 2. 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2. 3 (1 ), ;, (2 ), ; ;, ;, (3 ),, (4 ) ( 25% 30% ), ( 70% 75% ), :
40 2 ; ; ;,, (),, 30% 38% (5 ),, ;, 10% 20%, :,,,, ( ),, (6 ), 10% 15%, 30%,, 2. 3. 3. 2 (1 ) :,
2. 4 41,,,,,,,,,, SMM7, ( ), (2 ),,,,, : A = a( 1 + K1 ) (1 + K2 ) ( 1 + K3 ) ( 2. 36 ) : A; a; K1 ; K2 ; K3 2. 4,,,, ; ; 2. 4. 1,,,
42 2, 2. 4. 1. 1,, 20, : (1 ) ( ), 610,,, (2 ), (3 ), 34, 15 (4 ),,, 1 % 4 % (5 ),,, (6 ),,,, 2. 4. 1. 2,,,, (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,
2. 4 43 (3 ),, : (4 ),, 3099, 50 (5 ),,,,, 2. 4. 2 2. 4. 2. 1 : (1 ) (2 ) () 2. 4. 2. 2, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), ; ; 6 35 / m 2, 810 / m 2, 1012 / m 2 2. 4. 2. 3
44 2 2. 4. 2. 4, 2. 4. 2. 5, : (1 ), (2 ) 35 / 2. 4. 2. 6,,, (,,,,, ) 2 4; (,,,,,,, )3 6; (,,,,,,,,, ) 3 6 2. 4. 2. 7,, 110kV,, 2. 4. 2. 8, ( ) :, 0. 5% 1% 2. 4. 2. 9, (1 ),
2. 4 45,, (2 ) (3 ) ( ) (4 ) (5 ) (0. 5% ) (6 ) 0. 3% 0. 5% 2. 4. 2. 10,, 6% 8%, ( ) 4% 6% 2. 4. 3 2. 4. 3. 1,, :,,, 2. 4. 3. 2, : (1 ), (2 )
46 2,, 2. 4. 3. 3,, 600800 / 2. 5 2. 5. 1, 2. 5. 1. 1, : (1 ), ; (2 ) (3 ), = (+ + ) (2. 36) 2. 5. 1. 2 :,,,,, : : PF ; n; PF n = It [ (1 + f ) - 1] ( 2. 37 ) t = 0 It t,
2. 5 47 ; f 2. 5. 2 (1 ), : F = P( 1 + i) n (2. 38) = F - P : P ; F; i ; n (2 ),,, : qj - 1 = Pj - 1 + 1 2 Aj i ( 2. 39 ), ; 2. 1,,, 300, 600, 400, 12 %,, : q1 = 1 2 A1 i = 1 2 30012 % = 18 q2 = ( P1 + 1 2 A2 ) i = ( 300 + 18 + 1 2 600 )12% = 74. 16 q3 = ( P2 + 1 2 A3 ) i = ( 318 + 600 + 74. 16 + 1 2 400 )12% = 143. 06, = q1 + q2 + q3 = 18 + 74. 16 + 143. 06 = 235. 22 2. 5. 3,,,,,, ( ) ( ) 2. 5. 3. 1,, 0 5% 10 % 15% 30 %, ;
48 2, 0 5% 15% 30% ;, 0 10 % (1 ),,,,, 5%, ;, 5% ;, 30%,, 30%,, 15% (2 ),,, ;,, 10% 2. 5. 3. 2 : 2. 5. 3. 3 ;, ;,, 2. 5. 3. 4,,,,, 1. 2.? 3.,? 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.?
3, ; ; ;,, 3. 1 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 1. 1, : ( ) ( ) ( ) : (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 )
50 3,,,,,, (3 ),,, :,,,,,, ( )( ) (4 ),, (5 ) ;, (6 ),, 3. 1. 1. 2 (1 ),,,,,, ;,,,
3. 1 51,,,,, : 18 :,,, 12 :,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,
52 3,,, ;,,,, (3 ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 1. 2 3. 1. 2. 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1 ),,,,
3. 1 53 3. 1. 2. 2 (1 ),,,,,,,, 1978,, :,,,,,,, 1991 (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 1. 2. 3,,,,,
54 3,,, :,,, (894 ) ;,,,,, + (, ) ;,,, +, ( ) 3. 2 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 1. 1,,,, ;,,, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,, ;,,,, ( ), ( ),, ;, (
3. 2 55 ),,, ( ), ( ) (),,,, 60% 70%,, 3. 2. 1. 2 ( Stan dar d Method of Measu rement o f B uil ding Works), 45 ( 1970 ), 10,,,,,,, 6, 4, ( 6 ), ( ) ( ) (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ) ( ),, : : () ( )( ) ( ) () ()
56 3 (3 ),, 3. 1 3.1, ; A ),,,,,,,,, a),,, b),,, c),, d),
3. 2 57,,, B) a), b),, c),, C), D),,,,,,, (3. 2 ) Yes N o 3.2
58 3 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 2. 1,,,, 20 70,,, :, ( ),,,,, :, :,,,,, ( SMM) ( 3 ) ( SMM ) ( Hong K ong S tandar d Method o f Measurement f or B uilding Works),,,,, 3. 2. 2. 2 ( SMM) ( SMM),,,, 1979 3, SMM SMM: (, ) : ( )SMM 3. 2. 2. 3 (1 ) SMM, 17, 18 :
3. 2 59 (),,, 5% 20 %,, 10%,,, (),, (2 ), ( ),,, ( ),, (),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), (),,,,,,,,,
60 3,,,,, 25%, ( )18%, 5 % 10 %, 55%,, ;,,,,,, 15% 25 % ;,, 8% 15%,,,, 5%, 2. 5%,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, : ( ),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ;,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,
3. 2 61,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 2. 3 3. 2. 3. 1,,, ( CSI), ; N ASA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 2. 3. 2,,, ( Cost Engineering),, : ( ),, ;,,,, : ( Cost Estimation) ( Cost Budget) ( Cost Control and Forecast) ( Dat a Analysis ) ( Dat a Development ) ( P rogram ) ( Outside Dat a)
62 3,,,, : ;, ;,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, ( Work Breakdown StructureWBS ), WBS WBS, WBS,,,,,,,, (,, ) : () :,,,,,,,,
3. 3 63,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,,, 3. 3 3. 3. 1 ( 20 50 80 ) 3. 3. 1. 1,,,,,, 1957 1955 ( ) 1957,,, 1978 9,,, ;, ;,, 1979 9,1981 ( ), 1983 27,,,, 3. 3. 1. 2 20 50,,
64 3,,,,,, 20 80,, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 3. 1. 3 :, ;, ;,, ;,,,,,, 3. 3. 2 ( 20 80 90 ) 3. 3. 2. 1, ;, :1985, 1986, 19851986, 1983, 1993
3. 3 65 : 1991, 1991 3. 3. 2. 2,,,,,, : + +,,,, ( ),,, 1984 [1984] 123,,,,,1985 [ 1985] 352,, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, 1988 ( [1988] 30 ), :,,,, 5,,,,,, 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 3. 1 1994, ([ 1994] 551 ),,,,,,,, :
66 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 3. 3. 2,,, 20 80 90,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 20 90, 1999,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ), ; ; ;,,,,
3. 4 67,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 4 3. 4. 1 3. 4. 1. 1 (1 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ),
68 3, ;,, 3. 4. 1. 2 (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), (3 )
3. 4 69,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 4. 2 3. 4. 2. 1,,,,,,,,,,, 20 90, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 4. 2. 2, (1 ) ( 3. 3) (2 ) : ;
70 3 ( ) ( ) 3.3 ; ; ; ; ; ;, ; ;, ; 3. 5,,,,,, 3. 5. 1,,,,,,, 3. 5. 1. 1 :,,, 3. 4, :,,
3. 5 71 3.4 = ( 3. 1), = ( 3. 2), = + + + + ( 3. 3) = ( 3. 4) = ( 3. 5) 3. 5. 1. 2,,,, 5. 1 (1 ), ( ),, ( ),, ( ) (2 ),,,,
72 3,,,, ;,,,,, :,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 3. 5. 2,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,
3. 5 73,,,, 3. 5. 2. 1, : (1 ),, ( ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),, ;,, (5 ),,,,,,,,, 3. 5. 2. 2, (1 ),, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),
74 3,,, ( ),, (5 ),,,,, ;,,,, 3. 5. 2. 3,,,, WTO,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,, (2 ) 2000 ( ),, (3 ),,,, 3. 5. 2. 4,, : (1 ),,,,,
3. 5 75 ;, ;,, ;,, ;,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 3. 5. 3,, 3. 5. 3. 1,,,,,,, 3. 5. 3. 2,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,
76 3,,,, (2 ),,,,, :,,,, ( ),,,,, 3. 5. 4 3. 5. 4. 1 (1 ),,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, ;,,
3. 5 77,,,, 3. 5. 4. 2, (1 )( 3. 1) 3. 1 : : : : ( ) ( ) ( ) (2 )( 3. 2) 3. 2 : : ( ) : ( ) : : : : ( ) ( ) (3 )( 3. 3) : 3. 3 ( ) : ( 3. 4 ) ( 3. 4)
78 3 (4 ) ( 3. 4) : 3. 4 ( ) : ( 3. 5 ) ( 3. 5) (5 ) ( 3. 5) : 3. 5 () 1 2 3 4 5 : ( 3. 6 ) ( 3. 7) ( 3. 8 ) (6 ) ( 3. 6) : 3. 6 ( ) :,
3. 5 79 (7 )( 3. 7) : 3. 7 () : (8 )( 3. 8) : 3. 8 () 1 2 : (9 ) ( 3. 9) : 3. 9 1 2 3 ( ) :,,,
80 3 ( 10 ) (3. 10) 3. 10 : : : : : () ( 11 ) (3. 11) : 3. 11 () ( 12 )( 3. 12 ) : 3. 12 () :
81 1.? 2.? 3.? 4.?
4,,, 4. 1 4. 1. 1,,, 4. 1. 2 4. 1. 2. 1,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, : (2 ),,,
4. 1 83 (3 ),, 4. 1. 2. 2,,,, (1 ),,, ( ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ),,,, 4. 1. 2. 3,,,,,,, 4. 1. 3 4. 1. 3. 1 : ; ;,,,,,, : (1 ),,, (2 )
84 4,,,,,,,, (3 ), ;,,,,,, 4. 1. 3. 2,,,,,,, 4. 1. 3. 3,, : (1 ),,, K, K T L,,,, 20% 30 % ;,,,,,,, (2 ),, (3 ), : ; ; ; ( ) ;,,,, 10cm, 1. 2% 1. 5%, 1m, 1. 8% 3. 6%, 3%,, 2. 8m,,,, (4 ),,
4. 1 85,,,,, (13 ) ( 46 ) ( 79 ) (10 24m ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,, ;,,,, (6 ) ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,, 70%,,,,,, 4. 1. 4,,,, 75% 95% ;
86 4, 35% 75% ;, 5% 35%,,, 1%, 1%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 2 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 1. 1,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 2. 1. 2, ;,,,,,,,,,,,
4. 2 87,,, 4. 2. 2 4. 2. 2. 1 (1 ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) : V = F/ C : V; F; C,,,,,,, (4 ),, ;, ;, ;, 4. 2. 2. 2 (1 )
88 4,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,, 01, 04,,,,,,, (3 ),, :,,,,,, 1,,,, ; 1,,,,,,,,,,,
4. 2 89,,,, 4. 2. 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 4. 2. 4 4. 2. 4. 1,,,,, 4. 2. 4. 2,,, ;,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
90 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),, ( ), 90%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A.,,, 1990 :, 5 % 12% ;, 2 % 5% ;,, 20 % 40 % B.,, 1991,, 2 % 3%, 3% ; 3 % 5%, 5% ; 5% 10 %, 10% ; 10 %, 20% ;,,,,,, 5% 10%
4. 3 91 4. 2. 4. 3 (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 90%, 10 %,, 15% 20 %, 80% 85%,, 4. 3, A B C A :,, 92%, 1248 / m 2 B :,, 88%, 1002 / m 2 C :,,, 80%, 838 / m 2 1 (1 ), ( F1 ) ( F2 ) ( F3 )( F4 ) ( F5 ) (2 ), ( F2 ) ( F1 ), ( F3 ), ( F4 ) ( F5 ), F1 = F2 > F3 > F4 = F5, 04, 04,,
92 4 : 4, 0 ; 3, 1 ;, 2, 4. 1 4. 1 04 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F 1 2 3 4 4 13 0. 325 F 2 2 3 4 4 13 0. 325 F3 1 1 3 3 8 0. 200 F 4 0 0 1 2 3 0. 075 F5 0 0 1 2 3 0. 075 40 1. 000 (3 ), 4. 2 4. 2 A B C ( F 1 ) 0. 325 10 3. 25 10 3. 25 7 2. 275 ( F 2 ) 0. 325 9 2. 925 8 2. 6 7 2. 275 ( F3 ) 0. 2 10 2 9 1. 8 8 1. 6 ( F 4 ) 0. 075 9 0. 675 8 0. 6 8 0. 6 ( F 5 ) 0. 075 10 0. 75 10 0. 75 9 0. 675 9. 6 9 7. 425 0. 37 0. 35 0. 28 4. 3 4. 3 A B C 1248 1002 838 0. 40 0. 32 0. 28 4. 4
4. 3 93 4. 4 A B C 0. 37 0. 35 0. 28 0. 40 0. 32 0. 28 0. 93 1. 09 1, B, B 2, B,, 4. 5 234, 186 4. 5 ( ) 0. 106 28. 08 0. 118 25. 74 0. 424 88. 92 0. 352 93. 60 1. 000 234. 00,,,,, : (1 ) 4. 6 4. 6 ( V ) 0. 106 0. 12 0. 88 0. 118 0. 11 1. 18 0. 424 0. 38 1. 12 0. 352 0. 40 0. 88 : = / 4.6, V < 1,, V > 1
94 4,,, (2 )4. 7 4. 7 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) (4 ) (5) = 186(2) ( 6) = ( 4) - (5) 0. 106 0. 12 28. 08 19. 72 8. 36 0. 118 0. 11 25. 74 21. 95 3. 79 0. 424 0. 38 88. 92 78. 86 10. 06 0. 352 0. 40 93. 60 65. 47 27. 86 4.7,, : 4. 4 4. 4. 1 4. 4. 1. 1,, ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ) ( ), 4. 4. 1. 2 (1 ),,,,,,,,
4. 4 95 (2 ), (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ),,, 4. 4. 2 4. 4. 2. 1 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,, (3 ),, ( ),, 4. 4. 2. 2 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) 4. 4. 2. 3, 4. 1
96 4 4.1 (1 ),,,,,,, ;,,, (2 ), 4. 2 ( ) 4. 2
4. 4 97 (3 ), 4. 3 4. 3 4. 4. 3 4. 4. 3. 1,, ; (1 ),,
98 4,,,,,, () (),,,, A., 100m 2, B., : = + () - () ( 4.1),, A.,,, B., : C= AK : C; ( 4. 2) K = a% k1 + b% k2 + c% k3 + d% k4 + e% k5 + f % k6 ( 4. 3) A( ) ; K; a% b% c% d% e% f % k1 k2 k3 k4 k5, : a% = (/ )100 % ( 4. 4) (2 ) k6 k1, : = () () ( 4. 5)
4. 4 99, : = ( ) ( 1 + ) (4. 6 ), : A. (),, : = (/ ) ( 4. 7) B.,, = (/ ) ( 4. 8) A.,,, B.,,, C.,,,, ( ) = ( % ) ( 4. 9) D.,,, = (/ ) (4. 10) 4. 4. 3. 2, (), (1 ), : ( ) (2 ), ;
100 4, 4. 4. 3. 3,, : 4. 4. 4 4.4.4.1 (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,, 4. 4. 4. 2 (1 ),,,,,, ;,, (2 ),,, (),,,
4. 4 101,,, (3 ),, 10 %,, (),,,,,,,,, 25%,, ( ),,,,,, 4. 4. 4. 3 (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,, ; ; ; ; (3 ),,,,
102 4,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 4. 5 4. 5. 1 4. 5. 1. 1, 4. 5. 1. 2 (1 ), (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ) (5 ),,, 4. 5. 1. 3,,,,,,, ( ), 4. 5. 2,, :
4. 5 103 (1 ),,,,,, (2 ), (3 ),,,,,, (4 ) () 4. 5. 3 4. 5. 3. 1 (1 ) 3. 1,,,,,,,, : = ( ) ( 4. 11 ), (2 ),, :,,,,
104 4,, : A.,, B.,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;,,,,,,,, : = (- ) (4. 12) = ( - ) (4. 13) = (4. 14),,,,,,, (,, ),,,,,,,,,
4. 5 105 4. 5. 3. 2 (1 ),,,,,,,,, : = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) ( 4. 15 ) (2 ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 5. 4 4. 5. 4. 1 (1 ), (2 ),, (3 ),,, (4 ),
106 4 (5 ), 4. 5. 4. 2,, (1 ), ( ),,, (2 ), (,, ), (3 ),,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 4. 5. 4. 3 (1 ),, (2 ), : ; ; ; (3 ) ; ;,
107, (4 ),,, 1.? 2.? 3.?? 4.?? 5.? 6.? 7.?? 8.? 9.? 10.,? 11.A B C,, 4. 8 4. 8 A B C F 1 9 8 9 0. 25 F 2 10 10 8 0. 35 F3 7 9 10 0. 25 F4 10 9 9 0. 10 F 5 8 6 8 0. 05 ( / m 2 ) 1121. 00 1230. 00 18330. 00 : ( 1) 4. 9, ( ), ( 2)
108 4 4. 9 ( / m 2 ) A B C 12., A B C D, F 1 F 5 : F3 > F1 = F4 > F5 = F2 4. 10 4. 10 A B C D F 1 9 10 9 8 F2 10 10 8 9 F3 9 9 10 9 F 4 8 8 8 7 F 5 9 7 9 6 ( / m 2 ) 1422. 00 1231. 00 1160. 00 1358. 00 : (1) 04, (2),
5, 5. 1 5. 1. 1 5. 1. 1. 1 (1 ),,,, : ; : (, ) (2 ),,,,,,,, 5.1.1.2 1984,,, 1991 11 21,,,, 1991,
110 5 1992 12 30, 1994 12 16,,,, 1999, 1999 3 15, 10 1,, 1999 8 30, 2000 1 1,, 2000 5 1, ; 2000 7 1 2001 7 5 : ; ;, 79 ; 89 ( 2003 1 1 ) ; 107 ; 5.1.1.3 ( ),,,,,, (1 ) :, :,,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,, (2 ),,
5. 1 111,,,, :, ;,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ) :, ;,, ( ) : : ;,,,,,, ; ;, 5.1.2 (,, ;, ; ),,,,,,,,, 5.1.2.1
112 5,,, : (1 ),, (2 ) (3 ),, (4 ), ( ) (5 ), ( ) ( ) (6 ) (7 ),,, 5.1.2.2 : (1 ) (2 ),,,, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) (6 ), (7 ), 5.1.2.3, : (1 ) (2 ) ; ;
5. 1 113 (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) 5.1.2.4 (1 ); (2 ) ; (3 ); (4 ) :,,, ; (5 ) 5.1.2.5 (107 ),,, (1 ) ( ), :,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, A.,,,,
114 5 B.,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, :, 5.1.2.6 (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,, (5 ),,, 5.1.2.7, (1 ),, (2 ) ; ; (3 ), : 5.1.3,,
5. 1 115, 5.1.3.1,,,,, (1 ), ; (2 ) (3 ) (4 ),, (5 ) 5.1.3.2 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ),, 5.1.3.3 (1 ), GB505002003, 5.1 (2 ),,,, (3 ),,,,
116 5 5.1,, 5. 1 5.1
5. 1 117,,,,, 5.2 5. 2 1 4.4 1.1 4.5 1.2 4.6 1.3 1.4 4.7 1.5 4.8 1.6 4.9 1.7 4.10 1.8 4.11 1.9 4.12 1.10 4.13 1.11 4.14 2 5 2.1 5.1 3 5.2 3.1 5.3 3.2 5.4 4.1 4 5.5 4.2 5.6 4.3 5.7
118 5,,,, 5%,,,, 5.1.3.4 (1 ),, (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, (3 ),,,, (4 ),, (5 ),,, ;,,,,, (6 )
5. 1 119,,,,,,, 5. 2 ( ) 5.2 5.1.3.5,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,
120 5,,,,,,, : ( ), ( ), ;,, ;,, ( ),,, (),,, (),,, 5. 1 A B, 5.3,, A, B,, 5.3 5.3 (m 3 ) (m 3 ) (/ m 3 ) A 5000 7500 100 B 3000 2000 80 (1 ) 5000100 + 300080 = 740000 (2 ) A B 25%, A 125 ; B 60 A B 5000125 + 300060 = 805000
5. 1 121 65000,,,,, B, A x, : A 112 / m 3 5000 x + 300060 = 740000 x = 112 / m 3, A B 5000112 + 300060 = 740000, A 125 / m 3 B,,, 5.4 A B 5.4 (m 3 ) (m 3 ) (/ m 3 ) A 5000 7500 112 B 3000 2000 60,,,,, A B :,, 7500100 + 200080 = 910000 7500112 + 200060 = 960000 960000-910000 = 50000 A,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,
122 5,,,,,,, (),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 23,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),, :, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,, 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.1.1, 18km, 30 m, 3m,
5. 2 123 9m, 0. 5 m, 4m, [ 3 + ( 92 ) + ( 0. 52 ) + ( 42 ) ] m :,,,,,,, 10k m,, 15m, T,,, 12,,, 5. 2.1.2 ( 5. 9 ) :, 2%, 90 60, 22 10%, 10 %, 10%, 5 %, 1 1 3% 60 %,, 30 0. 05%/, 5%,,, ( 20 % ),, 5. 2. 1. 3 (1 ),,,, 10%,,,,,, (2 ), ( 11 2 3 ),,,, (3 ),,, 5km,
124 5 (4 ),,, 4% ;, 35 %,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, 400500 / 5. 2. 2 5. 2. 2. 1, : () ; ;,,, ( ), :,, ; ( ) ;, 5. 2. 2. 2 (1 ) :,,,,, 12, 8 ( 2 ) 7,, (2 ), : 149997m 3, 101667m 3,
5. 2 125 251664m 3 90105kW,, 1. 51. 9m 3 1/ 4, 1/ 4, 3/ 4251664 = 188748m 3 340568m 3,, : 340568-188748 = 151820m 3,, : 251664 + 151820 = 403484 m 3 420m 3,, 25 () : 403484 ( m 3 ) 2 ( / )12()25(/ )420( m 3 / ) 2, 1. 6/ 2 = 80%, 1 810t 340568m 3 :1/ 4251664 = 62916m 3 :340568-62916 = 277652 m 3 5km, 60m 3 10, 77% 277652 2122560 = 1. 6, (): = 7. 7 1. 51. 9m 3, 15t 1,10t 2 1 3,, T, 8 74115m 3, : 74115( m 3 ) 8()25(/ )16 ( h/ d ) = 23.16m3 / h 30m 3 / h 1, 1 1 400L, ( 46m 3 ) 2 400L, 3 T, 10t, 570, 2 (), () (3 )
126 5,,,,, ( )200m 2, 500m 2, 100m 2, ( )150m 2, 5. 2. 2. 3 (1 ) 150, 200, 10% (, ) 20% : 1501. 325 = 7. 8 / 2001. 325 = 10. 4 / (2 ), ( ) : : : :60 / t : 40km0. 2 / ( tkm) = 8 / t :3 / t : 3% ( 60 + 8 + 3 ) = 2. 13 / t : 2% ( 60 + 8 + 3 + 2. 13 ) = 1. 46 / t 74. 6 / t 5. 5 (3 ),,, ;,,, ;, ( ),,,,,,, 5. 6
5. 2 127 5. 5 ( ) 1 ( ) t 74. 60 2 6cm, m 3 4. 50 3 24cm, m 3 5. 50 4 ( ) m 3 6. 00 5 m 3 4. 50 6 6 10 t 430. 00 7 12 22 t 450. 00 8 18 24 36 m m m 8. 50 12. 00 20. 00 9 ( ) m 3 400. 00 10 t 210. 00 11 kg 0. 40 12 m 3 0. 05 13 kwh 0. 12 14 kg 1. 20 5. 6 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 90kW 90kW 1. 5m 3 1. 9m 3 0. 5m 3 16t 10t 10t 10t 10t 30m 3 / h 400L 6m 3 50kVA 9m 3 4m 3 5m 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 85370 25000 106000 20000 25000 29200 56000 52000 6000 150000 75000 27500 150000 7000 67000 4000 5000 7000 8000 2000 12000 6000 9000 50% 100% 50% 100% 100% 50% 50% 100% 50% 50% 80% 80% 80% 50% 50% 80% 60% 50% 50% 50% 100% 50% 50% 42685 25000 53000 20000 25000 14600 28000 52000 3000 75000 60000 22000 120000 3500 33500 3200 3000 3500 4000 1000 12000 3000 4500 38 934070 611485
128 5,,,,,,,,,,,, :, :, 5% : 853705% = 4268. 5 20%, 17074 12 25 / 2 0. 8( ) = 480, 3.5 42685 + 4268.5 + 17074 480 136. 9 : : 250001.25 480 136.9 + 68.6 2 103 / ( ) = 133.4 + 3.5 = 68.6 = 102.75,, 28000 ( 5. 6 ), : 28000 611485-28000 = 0.0480.05,, 5%,, 5. 7,,, 5. 7
5. 2 129 5. 7 : (/ ) ( ) ( ) 1 90kW 103 25. 8 2 1. 51. 9m 3 98 19. 5 3 95 18. 5 4 85 17. 0 5 16t 85 17. 0 6 10t 73 14. 0 7 h 20 4. 0 8 10t 90 18. 0 9 10t 110 21. 5 10 30m 3 / h 190 36 11 400L 20 4. 0 12 6m 3 100 20. 0 13 5m 3 90 18. 0 14 20 4. 0 5. 2. 2. 4, (1 ) 10,, 1, 1, 4 ( 1 ), 2, 2 400 / 10 400 / 24 = 96000 6 ( 1 ), 4 ( 2, 2 ) 500 /, 250 / ( 650024 ) + ( 425024 ) = 96000 (4 2 ), 800, 20% 8002241. 2 = 46080 238080 (2 ) 2500 4500 4000 1000, 0.75%/, 2% ( ), 10% (
130 5 ), 3% ( ), 20%, : {[ 1000 (2% + 10% 2 + 10% 2 + 3% ) ] + ( 86. 7 20% 2 )}0. 75 % = (450 + 34. 68 )0. 75% = 36351 4% 400000, 110000, 20000, 6%, 35 %, 1000 6% 35% = 210000 787351 (3 ) : 20 20 / 24 = 9600 () 20000 ( ), 50%, 42000, 21000 30000km, 25%, 200, 20700 71300 (4 ) 35 / m 2, 950m 2 35 / m 2 = 33250, 850m(5 m ), 148000 ( 50 % ) ( 100 ) 42400 223650 (5 ),,, 120 10%,, 132000 150000 2% 200000 6% 600000 1. 5% 150000 1232000 (1 )( 5) 2552380
5. 2 131, ( )1000, 25. 52% 2552380 = 34.27% 10000000-2552380,, (6 ),,,,, 10 %,,, : 10 % (2/ 2 )1. 2 ( ) = 12 % 2, 1. 2,, 5. 2. 3 5. 2. 3. 1, :,, 51. 29, 34. 27%, 68. 87, 5. 8,,,, 7. 836 60,,,, 5. 9, 5. 8 5. 9, (,, )
132 5 5. 8 ( ) 316 : : m 3 : 74115 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1) (2 ) (3) ( 4) (5 ) (6 ) = (4 )(5 ) (7 ) 11 t 74. 60 0. 338 25. 21 12 m 3 6. 00 0. 890 5. 34 13 m 3 4. 50 0. 540 2. 43 14 kg 0. 21 1. 0 0. 21 15 m 3 400 0. 00212 0. 85 16 m 3 0. 05 1. 18 0. 06 17 1. 70 35. 80 1.12 40. 10 2972011. 5 21 10. 4 0. 41 4. 26 22 7. 8 0. 62 4. 84 9. 10 674446. 5 31 190 0. 0052 0. 99 32 100 0. 01 1. 00 1. 99 0. 10 2. 09 154900. 4 (1 + + ) 51. 29 ( 34. 27% ) 17. 58 68. 87 68. 87 / m 3 68. 8774115 = 5104300
5. 2 133 5. 9 ( ) 502 : : :73050 ( ) ( ) ( ) (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5) (6 ) = (4 )( 5) ( 7) 11 t 74. 6 0. 017 1. 27 12 m 3 6. 0 0. 052 0. 31 13 m 3 4. 5 0. 0324 0. 146 14 m 3 400 0. 0029 1. 16 15 kg 1. 2 0. 081 0. 094 16 0. 15 3. 13 (1. 12) 3. 50 255675 21 10. 4 0. 055 0. 57 22 7. 8 0. 22 1. 71 2. 28 166554 (400L) 20 0. 004 0. 08 0. 004 0. 084 6136. 2 (+ + ) 5. 864 ( 34.27% ) 2. 273 8. 137 8. 137 / 8. 13773050 = 594407. 85 5. 2. 3. 2 (1 ), ( ),,,,
134 5, ( 5. 10 ) 24. 80%, 24. 80/ (100-24. 80 ) = 32. 98% ( 5. 85. 9 32. 98% ) 5. 10 ( ) ( ) 100 m 2 5039615. 00 0. 12 604753. 80 105 m 3 149997. 00 2. 10 314993. 70 106 m 3 101667. 00 2. 30 233834. 10 1071 ( ) m 3 188748. 00 2. 40 452995. 20 1072 m 3 151820. 00 4. 50 683190. 00 108 ( ) m 3 159945. 00 8. 70 1391521. 60 200 ( ) m 3 125175. 00 7. 49 937560. 75 316 m 3 74115. 00 68. 20 5054643. 00 406 ( ) t 494. 25 606 299515. 50 4131 45cm m 14077. 00 13. 20 185816. 40 4132 60cm m 11230. 00 18. 20 204386. 00 4133 91cm m 17987. 00 29. 40 528817. 80 500 m 73050. 00 7. 836 572419. 80 502 m 3 2207. 00 18. 30 40388. 10 5061 360. 00 160 57600. 00 5062 719. 00 98. 2 70605. 80 511 m 930. 00 17. 24 16033. 20 6011 1 4500 4500. 00 6012 12 2500 30000. 00 700 () m 2 146100. 00 1. 6 233760. 00 11377334. 75 ( ) 1061 ( ) m 3 882. 00 2. 10 1852. 20 1062 ( ) m 3 421. 00 2. 30 968. 30 1063 ( ) m 3 130. 00 7. 60 988. 00 110 m 3 26. 00 4. 90 127. 00 4021 m 58. 00 40. 00 2320. 00 4022 m 120. 00 40. 00 4800. 00 4023 m 120. 00 40. 00 4800. 00 4051 m 3 703. 00 68. 20 47944. 60 4052 ( ) t 73. 82 635. 8 46934. 75 406 m 120. 00 30. 00 3612. 00 500 m 3 453. 00 18. 30 8289. 90 122636. 75 11499971. 5 :,,
5. 2 135 (2 ),,,,,,, :,,,,, 24500,,, 28800, 53300, 45600,, ( 10% ) (3 ), 250000 (4 ), 5. 11 5. 11 ( ) : : 11499971. 50 11377334. 75 122636. 75 98900. 00 53300. 00 45600. 00 250000. 00 11848871. 50, ( ), 5. 7, 5. 2. 4 5. 2. 4. 1,, 5. 12
136 5 5. 12 ( ) ( % ) 1 11499971. 5 100 2 21 22 23 8647971. 5 1632994. 0 5922483. 3 1092494. 2 75. 2 14. 2 51. 5 9. 5 3 31 311 312 313 2852000. 0 238080. 0 96000. 0 96000. 0 46080. 0 24. 8 2. 07 32 321 322 323 900400. 0 2500. 0 4500. 0 4000. 0 7. 83 324 325 326 327 328 41400. 0 460000. 0 126500. 0 20000. 0 241500. 0 33 34 35 351 71300. 0 223650. 0 728570. 0 151800. 0 0. 62 1. 95 6. 33 352 353 354 36 172500. 0 174270. 0 230000. 0 690000. 0 6,,, 5. 2. 4. 2 38, 934070 ; 21 532570 ; 17, 401500 50 %, 100% 611485 ( 5. 6), 322585, 20000 21000,,, 363585 52. 7%, 5. 2. 4. 3, 12 % 5. 2. 4. 4,
5. 3 137,, 10% ;,, 25 %,,,,, :, 5. 3 5. 3. 1, : (1 ),, :, ;,,,, ;, (2 ),,, :,,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,
138 5,, :, ;, ; 5. 3. 2 ( ),, : 5. 3. 2. 1,,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, (2 ), ( ),,,,, 10%,,
5. 3 139 5. 3. 2. 2,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, 6. 4 5. 3. 2. 3,, : ;,,, (1 ),, : C = Cd + Cd P ( 5. 1) : C ; Cd ; P,, (2 )
140 5 : : F C = Cd + F ( 5. 2),,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,, : : C0 ; C= Cd + F ( Cd = C0 ) ( 5. 3) C= Cd + F + F ( Cd < C0 ) ( 5. 4) C= Cd + F - F ( Cd > C0 ) ( 5. 5) F(,, ),,,, (4 ),,,, ;, ;, ;,,, 5. 3. 3,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,
141 (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ) :, ( ), ( ),,,,,,,, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
6 ( ),, 6. 1 6. 1. 1,,,,, 6. 1 ( ), : 6.1
6. 1 143 6. 1. 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6. 1. 2. 1 : (1 ), 6. 2 6.2 (2 ),,,,, 6. 3
144 6 6.3 (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 6. 1. 2. 2 :, ( ), :, 6. 4 ; ( S ), 6. 5 : (1 ),, 6. 4 ; (2 ), ( ),, 6. 4 (3 ) ( ), :, : : Qt t ; qn n ; t, 6. 1 Qt t = qn ( 6. 1) n = 1
6. 1 145 6. 4 : ( : ) 6. 1 : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 8 11 9 7 4 2 5 13 24 33 40 44 46 (4 )Qt, S, 6. 5 S, S ( ), 6. 6, S,,,,,,,,,
146 6 6. 5 ( S ) 6. 6 a ; b 6. 2,,,,,,,, 6. 2. 1 6. 2. 1. 1 6. 2. 1. 2,, : ( ) ; ; ;,, (1 ),, : ; ; ;
6. 2 147,,,,,,, (2 ),, (),,, 6. 2. 2 6. 2. 2. 1, 14,, 14, 7,,, 14 6. 2. 2. 2 ( ): ( ), ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ; ( ),, (1 ),,, :, ;,, ;,, (2 ),,,, 6. 2. 3 FIDIC 6. 2. 3. 1 FIDIC F IDIC, FIDIC,
148 6 1977, 1988, 1999 : ( 1 ) ; ( 2 ) ; (3 ) E PC/ ; ( 4) F IDIC,,, FIDIC F IDIC,,, F IDIC F ID- IC, 6. 2. 3. 2 FIDIC,, ( ), (1 ),, : ( ),, (, 15% 25% ),,, (2 ) FIDIC (1999 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,
6. 2 149 : ;, ;, 6. 2. 3. 3,, : (1 ), ; (2 ), ; (3 ),,,,, : A. 10 % (1988 15 % ) ; B. 0. 01% ; C. 1%,,, 10% (15% ), 6. 1C20 1200m 3, 600 / m 3,, C20 1800m 3,, 500 / m 3, :1200600 = 720000 10% : 1200( 1 + 10% ) = 1320m 3 :1800-1320 = 480 m 3 :1320600 + 480500 = 1032000 (, ),, :,,,,,,,,,,,
150 6,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, :,,,, ;,, (),, 6. 2. 3. 4 ( ),, 6. 2. 4, 6. 7 6.7,,,,,
6. 3 151,,,,,,, 6. 3 6. 3. 1 6. 3. 1. 1,,,,,,,,,, ;, ( ), 6. 3. 1. 2,, 5 : (1 ) ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 1 ; 12 ; 13 ; 14 ; 15 ; 16 ; 17 ; 18, : ;
152 6 ; ; ; ; (2 ) ; ; (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,
6. 3 153 6. 3. 2 6. 3. 2. 1,,,, 6. 8, : (1 ), ( ), 28, 28, (), 28, 28,,, 28,,,,,,, (2 ), 6. 3. 2. 2 FIDIC (1999 ) (1 ) FIDIC (),, 28 28,,, 42,,, (), : A. ; B., ( ),
154 6 ; C. 28,, 6.8
6. 3 155 42,,,, (2 ) FIDIC,, 6. 2 6. 2 FIDIC1999 1 1. 3 T + C + P 2 1. 5 T + C + P 3 1. 8 T + C + P 4 1. 9 T + C + P 5 1. 13 T + C + P 6 2. 1 T + C + P 7 2. 3 T + C 8 3. 3 T + C + P 9 4. 7, T + C + P 10 4. 10 T + C + P 11 4. 12 T + C 12 4. 20 T + C 13 4. 24 T + C 14 5. 2 T + C + P 15 7. 4 T + C + P 16 8. 3 T + C + P 17 8. 4 T( + C + P) 18 8. 5 T 19 8. 9 T + C 20 10. 2 C + P 21 10. 3 T + C + P 22 11. 8 C + P 23 12. 3 10% T + C + P 24 12. 4 C
156 6 6.2 25 13 T + C + P 26 13. 7 T + C 27 13. 8 C 28 14. 8 T + C + P 29 15. 5 C + P 30 16. 1 T + C + P 31 16. 4 T + C + P 32 17. 4 T + C( + P) 33 18. 1 C 34 19. 4 T + C 35 20. 1 T + C + P : T ; C ; P 6. 3. 3,,,,,,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10) (11) (12) (13), (14) (15) (16) (17)
6. 3 157 6. 3. 4 : (1 ) :,, (),,,,, :, ;,,,, :, ;, ;, ;,, ; ;, ;,,,, : ;, ;,, (2 ),, : ; ; ; :,,, :,,
158 6, :,,,,,,,,,,, 6. 3 6. 3 ( ),,,,, :,, ;,, ;, : : = ( 6. 2) : = ( 6. 3),,
6. 3 159 (3 ),,,,,,,, : ; ; (, ) ;, ;, ;,,,, (4 ),,,,,, 10%, 40% 50%,, : :,,,, :,,, :,, :,, :,, :,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,
160 6 6. 3. 5 6. 3. 5. 1,,,, ; 6. 9 6. 9,,,,, 6. 3. 5. 2,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,, = ( 6. 4) 6. 2782. 63, 12%, 6%, 5%,
6. 3 161 16. 5, ( 450 ) : 782. 63 5% = 37. 27 1 + 5% :782. 63-37. 27 = 745. 36 : 745. 36 6% = 42. 19 1 + 6% :745. 36-42. 19 = 703. 17 : 703. 17 12% = 75. 34 1 + 12% :703. 17-75. 34 = 627. 83 : 782. 63 450 = 1. 739 : 16. 5 1. 739 = 75. 3410 450 = 9. 5 = 10 = 1. 67 :1. 676 % = 0. 1 : ( 1. 67 + 0. 1) 5% = 0. 089 = 1. 67 + 0. 1 + 0. 089 = 1. 86 (2 ),,,,, : = - ( 6. 5),,, :,, ; ( ) ;, ; ;,, (,, ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,
162 6 (3 ),,,,, : (),,,,,,, : = - ( 6. 6),,, 6. 3,,? : (1 ):,, ;, (2 ): (3 ): ; (4 ) :, (5 ):,, (6 ): (7 ): (8 ) : (9 ):,, 6. 3. 6, ;,,,, ;,
6. 3 163 : (1 ),,,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, (5 ),,,, (6 ),, : (1 ) (2 ),, 6. 3. 7 (1 ),,,, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; (2 ),, :,,,,,,,,,,
164 6 (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6. 4,, ( ) 6. 4. 1 6. 4. 1. 1, : (1 ),, ( ),,,, (2 ) 12, 100,, (3 ),,, :
6. 4 165, 20% ;, 30% ;, 20% ;, 10% ;, 15%,, (4 ),,,, (),,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, (5 ) 6. 4. 1. 2,,,,, 7, 7,, 7,,,, ( ),,,,, (1 ), ( ),,
166 6 : = ( 6. 7), 365 ; (, ), (2 ),,, :,, ( 20% ),,,, ( ) :, : T = P - : T, ; P; M ; N : M N ( 6. 8) = ( - ) ( 6. 9) = (6. 10) 6. 4 200, 24, 60 %, :? : T = P - M N = 200-24 60% = 160( ) 160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
6. 4 167,,,, 6. 4. 1. 3 ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ),,,,,,,, : (1 ), :, 7 (), 24,,,, 7, 8,,,, (), (2 ) :,,,, (3 )( ) ( ) : 14,,,,,,, 15,,
168 6,, 6. 4. 1. 4 ( ), (),, : (1 ),, ( ), 10%, ( ), 5% (2 ) 5%,,, 95 %, 5%,, : 14, 6. 4. 1. 5,,, ( ): (1 )28,,, (2 ) 28, 14 (3 ) 28, 29, (4 )28, 56,,, (5 )28,,,, ;, (6 ),,,,,, : = + - - (6. 11)
6. 4 169 6. 4. 2 FIDIC 6. 4. 2. 1 F IDIC : ; 6. 10 6.10 FIDIC (1 ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, :
170 6 A. B.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,, FIDIC, : A.,,, (5% 10% ),, : a. ; b. ; c.,,,,, 28,, 14,, FIDIC, 10% 20%,,, B.,,
6. 4 171,,, ( 70% 80%, 50 % 60 % ),, ;,,,,, ( ) 5%,,, FIDIC (1999 )14.9,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, 6. 4. 2. 2 (1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ),
172 6 (4 ), (5 ),,,, 6. 4. 2. 3 (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,, 6. 11 28 28 28 56 28 28 84 56 28 56 6.11,,,,
6. 4 173,,,, 28 28,,,,,, 28,,, 84,, : A., ; B., ; C.,, 28 28 28,,,,, 14 56,,, : A.; B.,,,, : 28,, : A.; B., 28,
174 6 56,, 56 28,, (3 ),,, 28,,,,, 6. 4. 3,,,,,,,, ( ),, (1 ) (),, ( ), 6. 5, 600, 1995 1,1995 11,, 1995 1 100. 02, 1995 11 100. 25? = (2 ) = 600100. 25100. 02 = 601. 34 (6. 12),,
6. 4 175,,,, (3 ) ( ),, (4 ) (5 ) (6 )( ),,,, :,,,,,, :,, 10 %,, ;, ( ) 49,, 1,,, : P = P0 a0 + A a1 A0 + a2 B B0 + a3 : P ; P0 ; a0, ; a1 a2 a3 C C0 + a4 D D0 (6.13) a4 (: )
176 6, a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 = 1; A0 B0 C0 D0 a1 a2 a3 a4 ; ABCD 49 a1 a2 a3 a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
6. 4 177 : ( 24 % 10 % + 5% 40% + 4 % 50 % )85% = 5 % :26% 10% 85% = 2 % :12% 40% 85% = 4 % :4 % 50 % 85 % = 2% (2 )2001 9 : P = P0 0.15 + 0.45 A A0 + 0.11 B B0 + 0.11 C C0 + 0.05 D D0 + 0.05 E E0 + 0.02 F F0 + 0.04 G G0 + 0.02 H H 0 = 10% 100 [0. 15 + 0. 45( 116/ 100 ) + 0. 11( 187. 6/ 153. 4 ) + 0. 11( 175. 0/ 154. 8 ) + 0. 05 ( 169. 3/ 132. 6 ) + 0. 05 ( 192. 8/ 178. 3 ) + 0. 02 ( 162. 5/ 154. 4 ) + 0. 04( 162. 0/ 160. 1) + 0. 02(159. 5/ 142. 7 ) ] = 11. 33,, 2001 9 1. 33 6. 4. 4 6.7,, A 2300m 3, B 3200m 3, A 180 / m 3, B 160 / m 3 : 20% ; 1,, 5% ; 10%,, 0. 9 ; 1. 2 ; 25 ;, 50% 6. 5 6. 5 : m 3 3 4 5 6 A 500 800 800 600 B 700 900 800 600 : ( 1)? (2 )? (1 ) : (2300180 + 3200160) 20 % = 18. 52 (2 )1 3 : :500180 + 700160 = 20. 2 ; :20. 21. 2(1-5% ) = 23. 028
178 6 25, 2 4 : :800180 + 900160 = 28. 8 ; :28. 81. 2(1-5% ) = 32. 832 ; :32. 832 :23. 028 + 32. 832 = 55. 86 3 5 : :800180 + 800160 = 27. 2 ; :27. 21. 2(1-5% ) = 31. 008 ; :18. 5250 % = 9. 26 ; :31. 008-9. 26 = 21. 748 25, 4 6, A 2700m 3, 2300m 3 400m 3, 10%, : 10% : 2700-2300( 1 + 10% ) = 170m 3 ; :1800. 9 = 162 / m 3 A : (600-170) 180 + 170162 = 10. 494 ; B 3000m 3, 3200m 3 200 m 3,, B : 600160 = 9. 6 ; A B :10. 494 + 9. 6 = 20. 094 ; :20. 0941. 2(1-5% ) = 22. 907 ; :18. 5250 % = 9. 26 ; :22. 907-9. 26 = 13. 647 :21. 748 + 13. 647 = 35. 395 6. 5,,,,,, 6. 5. 1,, : = - (6. 14) : = (6. 15) = ( 6. 16 ), ;,
6. 5 179, :,,, 1 = - (6. 17), : 2 = - (6. 18),, : = ( ) (6. 19), ;, 2,,,,,, : (1 ), :, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, :, = - = (6. 20),,,,,,,, 1, 1000 10,,, (3 ), : = (6. 21)
180 6, : = =,, : = = (6. 22) (6. 23) (6. 24) (6. 25), 6. 5. 2 (1 ),,, 6. 12,,,, (2 ),, 6. 13 () ( ) 6. 13, :4 3, 3 4 3, 4 10, ( 2) 6.13, ( 3), : 5, : 20 + 6 + 4 = 30 : 5 = - = 45-30 = 15 : 15 5 = - = 40-30 = 10 : 10
6. 5 181 6. 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( 1) 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 3 3 ( 2) 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 106 112 115 118 ( 3) 5 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 4 4 ( 4) 5 15 25 35 45 53 61 69 77 85 94 103 112 116 120 6. 13 ( : ) : 1. 2. ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3 ) ; ( 4 )
182 6 10, :80 + 63 = 98 10 = 85-98 = - 13, : 13 10 = 90-98 = - 8, : 8 (3 ),,,, ;,, 6. 6 6. 6 ( 1) 011 012 013 ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) = ( 4) ( 5) 50 66 80 ( 7) ( 8) = ( 4) ( 7) 60 100 60 ( 9) (10) (11 ) = (7 )( 9) + ( 10) 70 80 80 (12) = ( 11) - (6) 10-20 20 (13) = ( 11) (8) 1. 17 0. 8 1. 33 ( 14) = (12 ) (15) = ( 11) (8) (16) = ( 6) - ( 8) - 10-34 20 (17) = ( 6) ( 8) 0. 83 0. 66 1. 33 ( 18) = (16 ) (19) = ( 6) ( 8) (4 ) ( S ),, a, b p, 6. 14, a b
6. 5 183, p,,,,, 6. 14 (S ) 6. 5. 3,,,,,,, 6. 15 6.15,,,,,
184 6,,,,, 6. 5. 4 6. 8 2000 12, 20, 2001 1, ( 6. 16 ), 6. 16 : ;, :, 6. 7 D E F 6. 7 A B C D E F G H ( m 3 ) 8600 9000 5400 10000 5200 6200 1000 3600 ( m 3 ) 8600 9000 5400 9200 5000 5800 1000 5000, 1000 / m 3,, 6. 8
6. 5 185 6. 8 ( % ) 2000 2001 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 115 105 110 115 110 110 120 110 110, H 1, H 1 : (1 ) ( ), 6. 9 (2 ) H (3 ), 6. 9 (4 ) 8 ( ) (1 ),, ; ; (2 ) H 69 : 50004 = 1250m 3 / H 69 : 12501000 = 125 H : 6 : 125110% = 137. 5 7 : 125120% = 150. 0 8 : 125110% = 137. 5 9 : 125110% = 137. 5 (3 )6. 9 6. 9 (1) ( 3)( : ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 880 880 690 690 550 370 530 310 880 1760 2450 3140 3690 4060 4590 4900 880 880 660 660 410 355 515 415 125 880 1760 2420 3080 3490 3845 4360 4775 4900 1012 924 726 759 451 390. 5 618 456. 5 137. 5 1012 1936 2662 3421 3872 4262. 5 4880. 5 5337 5474. 5
186 6 (4 ) = - = 5337-4775 = 562 562 = - = 4900-4775 = 125 125 1. 2.? 3. 4. 5. 6.? 7. F IDIC 8. FIDIC? 9. FIDIC? 10. 11.? 12.1500m 3, 18 / m 3, 10%,16 / m 3 1800m 3,? 13.,,, : ( 1) 25 /,, 4 / ( 2) : 300 / ; :70 / ;:30 /,, 70 % ( 3) : 6 8 6 21, 35 ( 5 30 ) 6 10 6 21, 30 6 20 6 23, 35 :,? 14.300, 63 %,
187 25 %, : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 18 48 42 30 36 30 57 39 : ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) 15., 600, 2000 5, 2001 8, 45 % 12% 11 % 5 % 5% 3 % 4 % 15% 2000 5 100 100. 6 102. 0 92. 6 100. 2 94. 4 95. 4 2001 8 110. 2 98. 0 112. 6 94. 9 98. 8 92. 1 117. 7 16., / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 9 9 13 13 18 14 8 8 3 5 14 23 36 49 67 81 89 97 100 5 5 9 4 4 12 15 11 11 8 8 3 5 10 19 23 27 39 54 65 76 84 92 95 5 5 9 4 4 13 17 13 13 7 7 3 5 10 19 23 27 40 57 70 83 90 97 100 : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) S ( 4) 6 10,
7 7. 1 7. 1. 1,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ),,, ( ) :,,,,, : (1 ),, (2 ),,,, (3 )
7. 1 189,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 7. 1. 2,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ),,,, 7. 1. 3, 7. 1
190 7 7. 1 1. 2. 3., : 1. 2. 7. 1. 4 (1 ); (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ); (5 ) ; (6 ),, : () ; (7 ) ; (8 ); (9 ); (10) 7. 1. 5 ( 1998 ) 4, : (1 ),,, : (),,,,, (2 ),
7. 2 191,, ;, ( ), (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) (6 ) (7 ) (8 ) 7. 2, [ 1998 ] 498, 7. 2. 1,,,, : (1 ); (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ); (5 ) ; (6 ) 7. 2. 2 ( 7. 1)
192 7 ( 7. 2 ) ( 7. 3 ) ( 7. 4) ( 7. 5 ) ( 7. 6 ) ( 7. 2 ) ( 7. 7) ( 7. 3 7. 4 ) ( 7. 6 ) 7. 1 (1 )( 7. 2) 7. 2 ( ) ( ) (2 ) ( 7. 3)
7. 2 193 7. 3 ( ) ( ) : ( m 2 ) ( ) t m 3 t (3 ) ( 7. 4 ) 7. 4 : 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 6. 7. : 1. 2. 3.
194 7 7. 4 1. 2. 3. 4. : : : (4 )( 7. 5 ) 7. 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (5 )( 7. 6) ( ) 7. 6 () () ( ) () (6 ) ( 7. 7)
7. 2 195 7. 7 ( m 2 ) ( ) ( ) () ( ) : : (7 ) ( 7. 2 ) A. B. C. a. b., c., d., ( 7. 3), : A., B., C.
196 7 D.,,, E. F.,,, ( 7. 4),, : A.,, B., C. D., ;, ;, E. : = + + + + + - - ( 7. 1) ( 7. 5), A. B. 2 6 7 8, ( 7. 6 ),,, ;, ( 7. 7 )
7. 3 197 (8 ),, : A. B., 7. 4,, C., 7. 4, 7. 5 7. 6 D., () E. F. G. 7. 5, 7. 3,,, 7. 3. 1, 1000 1500 2000,,,, (1 ), (2 ), ;, ; ;
198 7, (3 ),,,,, :,,,,,,,,, : A. ; B. ; C.,,,,,,, 7. 1 7. 8 7. 8 2000 800 1200 60 120 40 400 200 400 : = 400 + 200 + 400 60 = 15 2000 + 800 + 1200
199 = 400 120 = 24 2000 = 400 40 = 8 2000 = (400 + 200 + 400 ) + ( 15 + 24 + 8) = 1047 7. 3. 2,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),,, 7. 3. 3 ( ), 7. 3. 4, ( ), 1. 2.? 3.?? 4.?? 5.,,?? 6.,? 7. ( : ),?
200 7 2400 500 1000 80 120 50 600 200 400
8, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, 8. 1 8. 1. 1,,,, C. E.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; 8. 1. 2,,
202 8,,,, : (1 ),,,, :, (2 ),,,, (3 ),,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),, :, :,,,, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,
8. 1 203 (8 ),,, : (9 ),, :,, (10),,,, (11), ( ),,, ;,,,,,, (), :,,, ( ),,,,,,,
204 8 8. 1. 3, (1 ),,,,, : (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,, (4 ),,,,,,,, (5 ),,,,, (6 ),,, (7 ),,,,,, (8 ) :,,,,,
8. 2 205,, 8. 1. 4,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8. 2 8. 2. 1,,,,, :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, 8. 2. 2,, :,,,,
206 8,, ;, ;,,,,,, 8. 2. 3,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) :,,, :,,,,, :, : ; ;,,,,,, 8. 2. 4 8. 2. 4. 1,,, ; ;,,, ;,
8. 2 207 : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8. 2. 4. 2,,,,, ( ) ( ) ()( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
208 8,,,,,,,,,, 8. 2. 4. 3 (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,, (6 ) :, ;, ;,, ;,,, (7 ),,,,,,,,,,,,
8. 2 209,,,,,,, 8. 2. 4. 4,,,,,,,, : ; ; : :,,, :, : ; ; ; :,,,, 8. 2. 4. 5, :,,,,,, : ( ) ( ),
210 8,, ;, : (1 ),,, (2 ),, ; (3 ),,,,, ; (4 ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8. 2. 4. 6,,,,,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) ;
8. 2 211 (6 ),,,,, ; ;, : (1 ),,, (2 ),, (3 ), (4 ),, 8. 2. 4. 7,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,, (2 ),,, (3 ),, 8. 2. 4. 8,,
212 8 : ; ;,,,,,,,, : ; 8. 2. 4. 9,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8. 3 8. 3. 1,,,, ;,, 8.1, 8. 1,,,,
8. 3 213 8.1 8. 1 8. 3. 2,, : ; ; ;,, :,,
214 8, ;, ;, 8. 3. 3,,,,,,,,,, 8. 3. 4,,,, (1 ),,,,,,,, 8. 2 8.2 (2 ) :, :,,,,
8. 3 215, (3 ), (4 ),, (5 ), : 8. 3. 5 :,,,,,,,, : (1 ), ;, ; (2 ),,, (3 ),,, ; ; 8. 3. 6,,,,,, 8. 3. 7,, :,
216 8,,,,, 8. 3. 7. 1, 8. 3 8.3 (1 ),, ; ( ), : ; ; ( ), (2 ),,, ;,,, ;,,, (3 ),,, 8. 3. 7. 2, 8. 4 (1 ),,,,
8. 3 217 8.4 (2 ),,, (3 ), :, ;,,,, (4 ), 8. 3. 7. 3 8. 5 (1 ),,,, (2 ), : ; (3 ): ; ;,,, (4 ): ; ;
218 8 8.5 8. 3. 7. 4 :,, 8. 6 (1 ),,,, (2 ) ( ),, ;,,, (3 ),, 8.6
219 1.? 2.? 3. 4. 5.? 6.? 7. 8. 9.,??
1.. :,2003 2.. :,2003 3.FIDIC. :,2002 4,.. :,2003 5,,.. :, 2001 6.. :,2003 7.. :,2001 8.. :,2002