rrna DNA RNA DNA trna mrna
DNA DNA DNA qqqqqqqqq DNA 2DNA DNA 2 DNA 2 3 qqqqqqqqqqq 2
DNA R 2 S 3 S R S S 4 R + S 5 S DNA DNA+ R S DNA 2 + R S 3 + R S 4 + R S DNA 2 - DNA - 2-2 DNA DNA DNA 3
4 DNA DNA? DNA DNA 2 3 99% DNA 35 S 32 P DNA 2 35 S 32 P 3 4 5 35 S 32 P RNA RNA 3 3
5 2 4 4 2 RNA 5 RNA 5 3 6 6 DNA RNA DNA DNA DNA A B C D DNA DNA DNA B
6 DNA DNA DNA 2 32 P 35 S T 2 32 P 3 P 32 S 35 S DNA 2 3? C H O N S P C H O N P S DNA 32 PDNA DNA DNA 32 P 3 P 35 S 3 P 32 DNA 32 P 3 P DNA 2 35 S 32 S 35 3 DNA DNA 3 TMV HRV RNA RNA 7 atmv btmv RNA chrv
7 7 dhrvrna ehrv TMV RNA f TMV HRVRNA ab cd 2bd 3e RNA 4f RNA RNA DNA RNA RNA 2 RNA 3TMV RNA 4HRV HRV A B DNA C D 2 A DNA B DNARNA C RNA D DNARNA 3 2 A DNA B C DNA
D DNA 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 A B C DNA D DNA 7 A B C DNA D E F 8 A B C D 9 A B C D 0 T 4 A DNA B DNA C D 8
9 2 DNA BA C D 944 S DNA R S DNA R 2 DA B C DNARNA DNA RNA DNARNA 3 CA DNA B D 2DA B C 4 C 5 B DNA 6 B 7 C F 8 C 9 D DNA RNA DNA RNA DNARNA 0 B DNA DNA DNA 2 DNA DNA qqqqqq 2 3? 4
0 2 DNA 3 DNA DNA RNA 2 3 4 RNA DNA RNA DNARNA 4 DNA % DNA A B C D DNA C DNA 5 84%DNA 4% % % DNA DNA 84% DNA
DNA 6 A B C D A C D D A B DNA C D 2 A B C D 3 2 3 A DNA B DNA C DNA D 4 32 P 5 N A 5 N B 32 P C 5 N 32 P D 5 N 32 P 5
2 A B C D 6 DNA 2 3 DNA 7 A B C D 8 B DNA DNA 2 D 3 D 2 C 3 A 4 C PN DNA DNA 32 P 5 N DNA DNA 5 B 6 2 3 7 D 8 DNA qqqqqqqqq DNA 2DNA 3DNA
DNA 2 3DNA DNA 2DNA 3 4DNA 5DNA 6DNA qqqqqqqqqqq DNA DNA 2 8 8 P 3 A G 2 C T 4 A 4? DNA DNA DNA 9 2 DNA DNA 0 3
4 9 0 3 2 4 DNA 2 953 DNA T G C 2 AT2 CG3 3 DNA A=T C=G A+G=C+T
5 4 DNA 2 DNA DNA DNA 2 3 4 DNA 5 DNA 2 DNA A-T T-A DNA DNA 2 3 4 5 6 7 DNA 0 4 4 0 = 048576 DNA 4000 3 DNA DNA DNA 2 3 DNA DNA DNA 2 3 DNA DNA DNA 2
6 DNA 3 DNA 4 DNA 2 3 ATP 4 DNA DNA 5 3 DNA DNA DNA 3 2 3 DNA = + 6 DNA DNA A B C
7 D A T C G C RNA 2 DNA C 32 26% DNA A A 26% 32B 24% 288C 3% 56D 2% 44 DNA A T C G A T C G A= -26% 2 = 2 24% C32 26% DNA 32 26% = 200 A24% A 24% 200=288 B A=T C=G 3 20 DNA DNA A 4 20 B 20 4 C 4 60 D 60 4 DNA DNA 20 60 DNA A T C G 60 604 4 DNA 4 C DNA
8 DNA 4 5 N DNA 5 N 4 N 4 DNA 4 N 5 N A 3 B 2 C D 7 DNA DNA DNA 5 N DNA 5 N 4 N DNA 2DNA 5 N 4 N 5 N 5 N 4 4 4DNA 8 5 N 4 4 N 5 N=6 2=3 A DNA DNA DNA DNA A B C D 2 DNA A B C D 3 A B C D DNA
9 4 DNA A A+T=C+G B A+C=T+G C A+G C+T D A T C=G 5 DNA G C T A A+C G+T B G+C A+T C A+G C+T D A T G C 6 DNA A B C D 7 DNA 500 3 DNA A 2000 B 3000 C 4000 D 8000 8 32 P DNA 200 32 P A 0 5% B % C 2% D 50% 9 DNA 22% A % B 22% C 28% D 44% 0 A B C DNA D DNA 4 DNA a b A b 0 5 B b 0 5 C a - D b - 2b 2a A+T 2 DNA 400 C+G = 2 5 DNA A 300 B 400 C 600 D 200 3 ATP A B C D 4 DNA DNA
20 A B C DNA D 5 DNA A B C D E 6 4DNA 2 3 4 5 2 3 5 N 5 N 4 32 P 4 32 P 7 DNA 3 H DNA DNA 2 DNA 3 H 3 DNA 3 H 4 DNA 3 H DNA CA RNA B D 2 D DNA 3 A DNA AT CG 4 B
2 A=T C=G A+G=T+CA+C=G+T 5 B DNA DNA B DNA C D 6 CA B G T A D 7 C G =3 =500 x G 500 DNAA=T C=G DNA 4000 4000 8 A 4 DNA 200 200DNA 400 32 2 P 400 =0 5% 9 C =A+T+C+G=2T+C=2T+22% T=28% 0 D DNA C A=a b a b A=T C=G a b -2 a 2=a - A=T DNA 2b 4 b 0 5 A B 2 C A+T DNA 400 C+G = 2 5 DNA A200 T200 C500 G500 DNA 4 DNA DNA DNA DNA T4 200=800 200 DNA 800-200= 600 3 DA DNA ATPB C D 4 AC DNA 5 ADNA 6 2 3 4 5284 33 4 7 DNA 2 3 4 6
22 2 6DNA 32 32 = 6 qqqqqq DNA O HO POH OH 5 HO O CH2 OH C C4 H H H 2 H C C 3 H OH A NH2 G O N HC 2 C 6 5C 4 3 C N 7 N 8 CH N9 H C 6 HN 5C C2 4 3 C H2N N 7 N 8 CH N9 H C NH2 C 4 N3 5CH T O C 4 HN3 5C CH3 O C2 6CH N H O C2 6C H N H 2 9
O C C C C O HHO OH H H H H 4 2 3 H NH2 5 C N C C C N 2 3 4 5 6 H H CH2 OH -H2O 2 3 5 O 2 6 3 5 4 NH2 H H O C C C C OH H 4 3 H C N C C C N -H2O H H H 2 O OH 5 CH2 OHH O POH 5 DNA? 3 5 3 3 5 DNA 3 5 5 3 DNA 5 AT CG 6 DNA 20A 23
24 5 AT GC 6
25 4 G T AT CG 2 6 AT G C 6 DNA CG 3 DNA A=T C=G A+G=C+T 2 DNA A+T = A+T C+G C+G 3 DNA A+C A+C =m = T+G T+G m 4 DNA A+T C+G = A+T C+G 5 DNA DNA Cs + Cl - CsCl CsCl DNA CsCl DNA CsCl DNA DNA DNA
26 2 DNA 4 N 5 N 5 N DNA ~2 DNA DNA CsCl DNACsCl 6000/ DNA 3 7 7 DNA DNA 4 N DNA
DNA 5 3 3 5 DNA 2DNA 5 3 DNA 3 8 DNA DNA 8 5 A+T DNA C+G =a A a B C D - a a A T A+G T+C A T C G A 2 T 2 C 2 G 2 A +T DNA =a A C +G =T 2 C =G 2 T =A 2 G =C 2 A 2 +T 2 = T +A =a C 2 +G 2 G +C A 2 6 DNA A+T 40% C 20% 2 C DNA A+T=40% 4 A+T 40% 2 A+T 2A+T+C+G =40% A+T A+T+C+G =40% G 2 C A+T=40% C20% G=-40%-20%= 40%2 C=40% 40% 27
28 DNA 7 32 P 3 P DNA 32 P 3 P 3 G 0 G 0 32 P 2 G G 2 G 0 G G 2 DNA 9 DNA 23 DNA 9 G 0 G G 2 DNA G 0 G G 2 2G 2 23 DNA 3 2 DNA P 2 4 DNA DNA DNA DNA CsCl DNA DNA G 0 DNA 3 P DNA G G 0 DNA 32 P DNA DNA 3 P 32 P DNA G 2 G 32 P DNA DNA 3 P 32 P DNA DNA 32 P
A B D 2 0 3 3 P 2 3 P 32 P 4 DNA DNA DNA A B C D 2 DNA A DNA B DNA C DNA D DNA T+C 3 DNA A+G =0 4 DNA A 0 40 6 B 2 5 0 C 0 40 4 D 0 6 0 4 30%A 30%C 20%G 20%T A DNA C RNA B DNA D RNA A+T 5 DNA G+C =0 3 DNA A T G C A 2 2 3 3 B 5 5 5 5 C D 2 2 5 5 6 DNA m Ax A m-x B 2m-x C m-2x D m-x 2 2 2 7 3 C DNA 2 C n DNA 2 C 3 C A 2 n B 2 n -2 n C 2 n -2 2 29 D 2 n - 8 DNA A AT B G C2 G C0 5
30 C A T C G= 2 3 4 4 3 2 D G T= 2 C A= 2 9 DNA GC 35 8% TC 32 9%7 % TC 0 20 DNA A 32 9%7 % B 3 3%8 7% C 8 7%3 3% D 7 %32 9% DNA A 20 B DNA C DNA 3 5 D DNA DNA 2DNA3RNA4ATP 5 A 24 B 234 C 245 D 2345 2 DNA 40% DNA 40% 3 5 NDNA DNA 4 N DNA DNA 5 N 4 NDNA DNA 5 N DNA 4 N DNA DNA DNA 4 0-8 gdna 000 0 34nm 3 4 0 5 km DNA 5 Kornberg
3 ATPDNA DNA 2 ATP 3 DNA 4 DNA 6 4 N DNA 4 N DNA 5 N DNA 5 N DNA 4 N Ⅰ Ⅱ 2 2 2 Ⅰ DNA 2 Ⅰ 5 N DNA 2DNA 22 3 22 C 5 3 2 C DNA 3 5
32 5 3 DNA 3 B A = T T =A C =G G =C T+C 0 4 T+C A+G A+G T+C A+G = A+G = T+C = 0 4 =2 5 DNA A=T C=G = 4 B A T C G RNA DNA A T C G DNA 5 B A+T C+G = A+T A+T C+G C+G DNA 0 3 6 D DNA m 2m A=T=x C+G=2m-2x C=G 2C=2m-2x C=m-x 7 D DNA 3 C C 3 C 2 C 2 C n 2 n DNA 2 n 2 3 C 2 n 2-2 2=2 n - 8 C A T C G= 2 3 4 A T C G=2 4 3 T 9 B DNAC+G=35 8% 2M M = 32 9% C M =7 % A M =32 9% G M =7 % C+G 2M = 7 % DNA C+G 2M =35 8% C+G 2M =8 7% G C C=G C 8 7% A+T T 3 3% = C+G A+T C+G = -35 8% 35 8% A=3 3% G=8 7% T=3 3% C=8 7% 0 A DNA DNA 5 3 DDNA 2 40% DNA 40% DNA 0% CG 3 AT 2 3 0 2 6 DNA 8 DNA DNA 2 5 N DNA 4 DNA 2 DNA 5 N
33 DNA 8 5 N DNA 5 N DNA2 6 4 N 4 0-3 g 3 4 0 5 km 3 4 0 5 km 0 3 m km 0 34 0-9 =0 8 m=0 8 m 0-8 g 000 =0-3 g 5 DNA 2 DNA 3 DNA 4 6 23 4 N 5 N 2 23 3 DNA qqqqqqqqq 2 DNA 3 4 5 DNA 2 3 4 2 DNA 3 4 5RNADNA 6 7 8 9 瑏瑠 DNA 瑏瑡 qqqqqqqqqqq DNA
34 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 2 RNADNA DNA RNA mrna trna rrna A G A G C T C U C 5H 0O 4 C 5H 0O 5 P P
35 DNA RNA 5 A T C G U 8 DNA RNA 2 DNA RNA 3 RNA ATP DNA 4 24 DNA RNA DNA DNA A DNA 24 mrna trnarrna mrna DNA
36 O C HN3 4 5C H O C2 6C H N H UT 5 CH3 2 RNA RNA 2 3ATP mrna 20 trna 4 25 mrna trna mrna trna mrna 25 DNA mrna DNA mrna 2 mrna 3
37 DNA RNA DNA DNA DNA 2RNA RNA RNA 3DNA RNA 4RNA DNA 5RNA mrna 4 3 =64 2 AUGGUG AUG GUG 2 UAA UAG UGA 6 trna 6 3 20 trna trna 2
38 2 DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA mrna 20 烄 mrna DNA 2DNA RNA 烅 trna 烆 rrna? A-T T-A C-G G-C A-U T-A C-G G-C A-U U-A C-G G-C DNA DNA DNA mrna mrna trna DNA RNA =6 3 DNA RNA 30 AG2 RNADNA CT A 2 B 8 C 24 D 30 DNA RNA mrna 2AG DNA 2T C mrna 30 8AG 8TC 2+8=30 D DNA RNA A-U T-A C-G G-C DNA A+ G=T+C DNA RNA 2 60 DNA T+C=A+G= 2 60=30
39 DNA A TC G 2 RNA U A G C A 4 5 B 5 4 C 5 5 D 5 8 DNA 4 A T C G RNA 4 U C G 5 8 D DNARNA N A C G TU 3 200 A 00 B 200 C 300 D 400 DNA mrna =6n 3n n 200 200 6 =200 B mrna DNA 6n n 4 26 2 4 3 36 4 R E
26 A G C T= 2 3 4 E 5 A B DNA C D RNA RNA E mrna 2 4 3 3 6 DNARNA 4 U C G A= 2 3 4 5 C DNA DNA RNA DNAA U RNA 5 27 a b DNARNA 30 27 a d a d 2b c b c 40
4 3d a ad DNA a DNA DNA d RNA bc RNA bc DNA RNA b DNA RNA DNA RNA DNA 30 c RNA DNA 2RNA 30 0 3 DNA RNA DNA mrna A DNA B C D DNA 2 A B C D 3 A AAA B UUU C GTA D GUC 4 20 A 4 B 20 C 6 D 64 5 DNA 46% 28%22% RNA mrna A 22% 28% B 23% 27% C 26% 24% D 54% 6% 6
42 A 4 4 5 B 5 4 4 C 4 5 4 D 5 4 5 7 000 mrna mrna A 0002000 B 20004000 C 30003000 D 30006000 8 26DNA 2DNA 24000 DNA A 8000 B 4000 C 6000 D 20 9 A 5 4 4 B 4 4 4 C 8 4 5 D 8 4 4 0 20 m 5 n A 5m C 5m-85-n B 5m-5n D 5m-8n DNA A DNA DNA B C D 2 RNA CGA RNA A GCU C GGA B GAG D UAC 3 A DNAB DNA C DNA D RNA 4 RNA RNA A B C D 5 DNA
43 DNA 2 DNA 3DNA 4 DNA 5 DNA A 234 B 345 C 35 D 45 6 A B C DNA D 7 A DNA B mrna C trna D 8 RNA A B C D DNA 9 DNA A B C D 20 28 28 2 3 2 4 3 2 DNA GCAGTACCGCGTCAT CGU GUA CAU CCG GGC
44 GCA DNA mrna 2 DNA 3 RNA 4 DNA A+T % DNA C+G % mrna A+U % 22 DNA CAC ACG AAG UGC GUG UUC DNA 2 T T C C RNA RNA A C G 2DNA2 3 RNA 23 29 A B D E C F DNA G H 29 A C G 2B4 3DF 4EF 5FG 6FH 24 30 DNA RNA DNA
45 2 30 3 4 25 3 3 2 3 A B D
46 4 C mrna DNA 5 A B C D DDNA DNA DNA 2 B DNA mrna 3 C mrna T 4 C4 4 3 =64 UAA UAG UGA 5 C DNA A+T C+G = A+T C+G A 28% C 22%T 26%G 24% mrna A T CG RNA A26% C 24% 6 A DNA T C G RNA U C G DNA RNA T C G U 7 D DNA mrna =6 3 8 D 20 9 D DNARNA DNA RNA DNAA T C G RNAA U C G DNA RNA DNA RNA DNA A T C G RNA A U C G 0 C5 5m 5-n 8 5m-85-n C DNA 2 A trna CGA mrna trnamrna GCU 3 B 4 D RNA RNA mrna 5 D2 DNA
47 DNA 3 RNA DNA 6 D 7 A DNA 8 A 9 B DNA DNA 20 2 3 2 CGUCAUGGCGCAGUA 2 3 GCA 4 40% 60% 40% 22 2 TGC 3UUC GUG DNA 23 2 A G C T3 DF 4 E F5 F G 6HF 24 2 3 4 25 2 3mRNA 4 RNA TACCGAAGAAAG 5 D qqqqqq DNA 2 32 3 32 DNA
4 2 5 DNA 2 DNA DNA 23 DNA 3 0 9 0 2 HGP HumanGenomeProject 990 3 3 0 9 4 24 2 DNA 3 DNA 4 5 5 9999 48
% 3 D 3S 360 30Mb 3000 5000 500 DNA 22% 56 206 6 2 3 4 5 mrna DNA 2 20 60 DNA DNA 3 5 5 3 49
50 DNARNA DNARNA DNARNA T DNA U RNA DNA DNA ATGC DNA A=T G=C DNA RNA 2 RNA RNAmRNA 2 RNAtRNA RNA trna trna C G 33 trna mrna RNA trna A ATP trna
5 98 trna 76 3 RNArRNA 60% mrna rrna mrna mrna5 3 RNA DNA RNA mrna DNA 2 mrna 3 mrna U C G 3 4 3 =64 C G A 6 mrna CAG CGA ACG AGC GCA GAC 64 RNA RNA DNA RNA RNA DNA RNA
52 DNA RNA DNA RNA RNA DNA 2DNA DNA DNA DNA 3DNA DNA 4 DNA RNA RNA DNARNA 6 032 0 4 20 300 A 220 B 90900 C 8800 D 70928 n n- n 20-n- 8=.032 0 4 n=0 DNA mrna =6n 3n n 0 6=606 m- DNA 606 606-2=604 300 606-606-2 8=70928 D DNA mrna =6n 3n n 7 mrna U C UC5 mrna A 4 B 6 C 8 D 6
UUU CCC 2 U C UUC UCU CUU C U UCC CUC CCU C mrna U C5 8 34 53 34 3 2 DNA RNA RNA DNA RNA RNA DNA DNA RNA 2 DNA mrna RNA RNA DNA mrna DNA RNA
9 2000626 24 0 30 24 24 2 3 4 5 22 DNA XY DNA 22 X Y 24DNA A T C G DNA A-T T-A C-G G-C 3 DNA mrna 22 X Y DNA 2 3 A T C G 4 A-T T-A C-G G-C 5 DNA 54
55 DNA RNAA30% U 20% RNA DNA A+T C+G A 0 2 B 0 3 C 0 5 D 2 RNA A B 2 C 3 D 0 3 2 98 mrna AG200 RNADNA CT A 400 B 200 C 600 D 800 4 A RNA DNA B RNA C RNA D DNA RNA 5 5 DNA 6 0 9 000 n m n m A 30 2 0 5 B 60 2 0 5 C 30 0 5 D 5 4 0 5 6 A UAAUAGUGAUAA B UUAUUGGGGCCC C GUUCGUUAAUAA D AAGGUGAUGUGA 7 ATC trna A TAC B AUC C UAG D UAC 8 A B C D 9 RNA A trna
56 B RNA C trna D trna A T T a C G 0 a C b T A G A C G A 00% B 50% C 25% D 2 5% A RNA mrna B DNA C D DNA 3 5 2 DNA DNA RNA A trna C mrna B rrna D trnamrna 3 mrna mrna AGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAGAG P AAUGAAGAAAUGAAUGAAAUAUGG Q A B C D P 2 2 Q 4 3 4 5 4 40% A mrna B DNA C D 5 35 A 2 4 B 2 4 9 C 2 3 7 9 35
D 2 4 3 7 6 2 A B C D 6 999 22 22 22 22 A B mrna C DNA D DNA 7 A mrna DNA B DNA mrna C DNA D DNA mrna TCGA AGCU 8 DNA M3DNA A23% T36% G2% C20% DNA 2 50000 300 DNA 2% DNA 9 978 DNA mrna 2 49 2 57
300 mrna 90 3 4 DNA 20 0 05μg DNA 2 3 DNA DNA 4 2 Ros RNA A B A 40 RNA DNA 2B RNA A 2B 22 RNA 58
59 2 RNA DNA RNA DNA 3 DNA 4 DNA 5 DNA RNA RNA 6 7 RNA 8 2 900 3 23 30 0 3% 2 DNA 3 4 5 DNA 6 DNA 7 8 D mrnadna DNA DNA A 20% T 30% C G A+T 50% C+G =50% 50% = A+T C+G = A+T 2 DmRNA C+G 3 C
60 200 DNA mrna =6 3 mrna 600 DNA 200 DNA = A+G=C+T= 2 200= 600 4 A RNA DNA 5 C DNA 5 5 DNA m =30 n = 6 0 9 2 30 000 =05 6 A 7 C ATC TAG mrna AUC UAG 8 D 9 D trna 6 20 0 B a b a b C G G C B DNA 2 C DNA DNA mrna trna rrna 3 D P mrna AGA GAG Q mrna AAU AUG UGG GAA AUA 4 A mrna 5 D 2 B 6 D 24 DNA 7 D 8 DNA DNA A=T C=G 2 2 25 0 9 50000 300 3 =2 25 0 9 2% 9 2 306 4364 3708 3 4 20 2 3 4 2 DNA RNA 2 RNA
RNA 22 RNA DNA DNA 熿 RNA 2 300 299 RNA 燀 RNA RNA DNA DNA RNA mrna RNA 900 3 =300 300-=299 3 DNA DNA 23 22AA+XY 22AA+XX A 2 60 30 30 2=60 3 23 05 4 0 =08 0 5 =0 3 5 30 2 2=20 6 30 2=60 7 5 23 30 DNA 0 8 6 qqqqqqqqq 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 Dd 4 2 3 4 5 6 7
62 qqqqqqqqqqq F2 F P G F F 2 2 2 3 4 5 2 2 3 4 F F 5 3 2 A D Y a d y
3 4 D D d d 5 D d 烄 A b 烅 A 2 B 3 烆 A a C c AC c ac c 4 2 Dd 3 4 DD 5 F F 2 n F n P F F 2 =3 63
64 2 F 2F 2 3 3 4 F 2 3 3 2 3 DD dd 2 D d F D d? 3F Dd 4F Dd D d 5 6F 2 DD Dd dd 2 =3 F F 2 F Dd dd 3 F Dd d 4 Dddd 5 F
2 3 AAAa 20~25 30 = + 2 3 a b 65 2 3 Aa AA AA AA AA Aa AA Aa= AA a Aa Aa Aa AA Aa a= 2 =3 Aa a Aa a= = a a a
66 2 F 3 2 4 3 a AAAa A 2 Aa 3 Aa Aa 4 AA AAAa Aa Aa 4 2 4 " 4 AAAa aa 2 bb A B
67 C D C 2 R r A r B RR C Rr D Rr? r r A 3 A F B F C F 3 B F A F F 4
68 C F 2 C 4 A a aa A a Aa Aa Aa aa 4 AA 4 Aa 2 aa 4 AaAa 4 F F 2 2 2 Aa Aa Aa 2
69 2 a 2 a= 4 aa 2 A 2 A= 4 AA 2 2 A a = 2 2 Aa AAAa 4 +2 4 =3 4 5 B b B b P B B bb 2 bb b Bb Bb Bb bb B B b A B C D 2 A B C
70 D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 A C DNA B D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 8 A F 2 B F C D F 2 9 A B C D 0
7 A B C D A B C D 2 Aa 00 a A 00B 50C 25D 0 3 A B C D E 4 A B C D A B C 5 Bb 9 8 9 A BB Bb bb C Bb BB bb B bb Bb BB D Bb Bb bb 6 A B C D 6 8 4 2 7 F F F 2 85
72 A 48 B 67 C 85 D 5553 8 A 3 B 9 C 6 D 6 6 6 6 9 Dd A B 3 C 9 D 4 4 6 20 G g 400 400 2 0 398 298 98 3 4 2 P F F F 2 A a P F 2 F 2 F 3 4 5
73 22 b 2 3 4 3 23 36 A a 2 3 4 8 5 6 36 2 3 24 A a AA aa F F F 2 F 2 F 2
74 2 aa AA F AaF Rr B 2 D AB C 3 C 4 DA B C 5 A 6 B 7 D 8 B F 9 D 0 B C 2 B 00 50 A 50 a 3 D 4 D Aa Aa AA 2Aa aa A B C 5 C B bb B bb B bb B
75 6 A Rr 2 r 2 r= 4 r 4 4 = 6 7 D F Aa F F 2 F 2 4 3 4 85 3= 5553 8 C3 Bb 4 4 3 4 3 4 =9 6 4 4 = 6-9 6-6 = 6 6 C 9 CDd Dd DD 2Dd dd 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 =9 6 20 GG Gg gg= 2 2 =3 3 4 2 AA aa Aa 2 AAAa aa Aa 3 4 5 22 2 3 2 4 3 9 4 3 4 AaAa Aa AA 2Aa aa 2 AA2Aa aa 3 2 4 aa 2 a 2 a= 4 aa 3 9 2 3 2 3 2 3 Aa 2 3 Aa 4 9 AA 2Aa 4 aa 9 4 = 9 4 3 4 AaAa 2 A 2 A+2 2 A a = 3 2 4 23 AA aa 2
76 Aa Aa 3 24 3 AA Aa 2 4 qqqqqq 2 3 4 2 A B O I A I B i 5 S S 2 S 5 3A B O I A I A I A i A A B O 2I B I B I B i B 3I A I B AB 4 i O
77 2 RR r Rr 3 ABO AB I A I B 4 5 Dd 2
3 2 =3 D d D d D d? 2 D d D d D d 3 D d 3 D d D d D d 4 D d D d D d D d D d Dd 2 3 Dd 78
79 3 F F F 2 3 4 2 2 Rr Rr? 3 2 2 3 Rr R R R r
2 F 2 3 2 DNA 2 烅烄烆 2 37 80
8 37 6 Rr A RRRRr B RrRr C Rrr D rrr E rrrr F RrRRr Rr r R r 2 R R r r r Rr RRr r F 7 A B O I A ii A I A A I B i I B I B B I A I B AB i O A B AB O O O 2 AB O 3 A B 4 B B 2 3 4
82 O O i i i O AB O 2AB O I A I B i I A i I B i A B 3A B I A i I B i I A I B AB I A ia I B ib io 2I A I A I B i I A I B AB I A ia 3I A I A I B I B I A I B AB 4I A i I B I B I A I B AB I B ib 4 B B I B I B I B I B I B I B B I B i I B I B I B I B B I B ib A AB I B i I B i I B I B B I B ib io O 2 A 3 AB 4 B 8 A B =3 C D A a A A aa a Aa a C 9 38 Ⅲ 7 Ⅲ 8 38
83 Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6 Ⅲ 7 Ⅲ 8 B b Ⅲ 7 bb Ⅲ 9 bb Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6 Bb Ⅲ 8 BB Bb 3 2 3 3 BB bb 3 Bb 2 2 3 Bb bb=2 3 2 Bb= 3 Bb 3 + 3 =2 3 Ⅲ 7 Ⅲ 8 2 3 A B C D 2 Bb A B 7 C 7 D 9 8 8 6 6 3 ABO I A I B i O A A OB B OC A BD AB O 4 A B C D 5 A B
84 C D 6 Aa A = C =3 7 B A a= D Aa n n A 2 n B - 2 n C 2n + 2 n+ D 2n - 2 n+ 8 Aa F A 8 B 6 C 4 D 2 9 0 9 0 A 9 B 3 C D 0 4 2 4 0 A B C D A F B C D 2 t TT Tt A 2 3 B 2 C 3 2 D 3 3 5 A B C D 4 20
85 20006 DNA 5 8 7 0 4 DNA 2 Rh 8 Rh 3 % 4 A B C D 5 A a F F 2F 3 F 6 39 6 7 8 9 2 A a 3 7 36 9 47 8 5 6 9 7 I A I A I A i I B
86 39 4 4 A 24 2 A 3 B A 4 A B AB O 8 70 9 23 2 A DNAB C D 3 D
2 B Bb Bb BB 2Bb bb 2-2 = 2 F 2 2 F 3 = 2 2 2 = 8 F 3-8 = 7 8 3 D A B AB O A I A I A I A i B I B I B I B i AB I A I B O i AB O I A i I B i O 4 D 5 B AA aa A a 2N 3N Aa AAa Aa Aaa 6 D 7 AAa Aa AA 2Aa aa F 2 F 2 F 2 2 F n 2 2 n = 8 CAaAa 2 2 Aa Aa A Aa a AAA AAa aaa Aaa 9 B Bb Bb Bb BB 2Bb bb 3 4 0 C B 2 C TT t Tt TT 2Tt t 3 B C D 4 500 2 5 0 30 23 8 8 7 0 4 23 =500 2 7 C 2 8+C 8=7 3 4 C 5 2Aa Aa 3 =3 6 2 Aa Aa aa 3 0 2 3 4 4 5 6 4 4 3 7 = 8 8 4096 87
88 C 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 - = 350 8 8 4096 3 8 3 8 8 3 8 = 9 4096 4 3 8 8 3 8 8 = 9 4096 I A I A I A i I A I A I A i I B i I B i I B I B 2I B i i A 2 IA I A 2 IB i 2 2 2 = 8 I A i 2 IA I A 4 i 2 4 = 8 I A i 2 IA i 2 IB i 2 2 4 = 6 I A i 2 IA i 4 i 2 4 2 = 6 I A i A 8 + 8 + 6 + 6 = 3 8 B 8 AB 3 8 O 8 2 4 2 A 8 420 9 A a aa Aa AA Aa 2 Aa 3 70 70 2 3 = 2 20 2 2 = 4 2 20 4 = 420 Aa 2 Aa 3 2 3 2 3 4 = 9 9 2 A 3 23 23 qqqqqqqqq F 2 2 3 4 5
89 2 3 YyRr 2 F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 YyRr qqqqqqqqqqq F 2F F 2 2 F 2 35 0 08 32 9 3 3 =35+0 08+32 3 2 =35+08 0+32 3 2 3 烄 3 3 4 4 9 6 烅 4 3 烆 6 9 3 3
90 烄 3 2 4 4 3 6 烅 4 烆 6 4 Y y R r YYRR yyr 2 YYRR YR yyr yr F YyRr 3F YyRr YyRr F 2 4F Y y Rr Y y Rr YR Yr yr yr 5 F 6 6 6 9 4 Y R YYRR 2YYRr 2YyRR 4YyRr 9 Y r YYr 2Yyr 3 3? yyr yyrr 2yyRr 3 yyr yyr 6 F YyRr yyr 2 F YR Yr yr yr yyr yr 3 YyRr Yyr yyrr yyr 4 F F
9 2 3 2 YyRr 2 YyRr 40 2 YRyrYryR 3 YyRr
92 YR yr 2 Yr yr YR Yr yr yr 4 YyRr YR Yr yr yr 5 YyRr YR Yr yr yr YR Yr yr yr 2 3 2 2 2 3 F F 2 F 2 9
93 P AABB aabb F AaBb F2 4 F2 A B AABB 2AABb 2AaBB 4AaBb A bb 2 AAbb 2Aabb aab 3 aabb 2aaBb aabb 4 aabb Ⅰ F 2 4 6 Ⅱ F 2 4 6 8 Ⅲ 6 Ⅳ Ⅴ F 2 A B aabb 9 6 + 6 =0 6 A bb aab 3 6 +3 6 =6 6 2 YyRr YyRR Yy Yy Rr RR =3 2=6 =2 =2 2
94 3 2 F 2 A 3 8 B 3 8 5 8 C 5 D 8 6 P F YYRR yyr YyRr F 2 9Y R 3Y r 3yyR yyr 9 6 6 9 6 + 6 =0 6-0 6 =6 6 YYr yyrr F YyRrF 2 9Y R 3Y r 3yyR yyr 9 6 + 6 =0 6 B YYRR yyr YYr yyrr F 2
95 2 A a B b Aabb A abb AB Ab ab ab Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb ab AaBb Aabb aabb aabb AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aabb aabb= 2 2 A B A bb aab aabb=3 3 AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aabb aabb= 2 2 =3 3 3 B b D d F 3 8 3 8 8 8 B D B dd F bbdd bd BbDd Bbdd F
96 = 3 8 + 3 8 8 + 8 =3 = 3 8 + 8 3 8 + 8 = 3 BbDd Bbdd 4 A 3 4 4 B 3 8 8 C 4 D 4 4 8 A a b B aabb aabb A B AaBb aabb 2 Aa aa 2 2 3 Bb Bb 4 4 = = 2 3 4 =3 8 = = 2 4 = 8 B
97 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 F 2 A B C D 4 AaBb A AB Ab ab ab B AB ab ab AB C Ab Ab ab D AB ab Ab ab 5 AaBB AABB A AaBBAABB B AaBB C AABB D 6 A BbDD B DdCc C EERr D AAbb 7 A B C D 8 D d T t A ddt B ddtt C DDt D DDTT 9 W w D d A WwDd wwdd B WWDd WWdd
98 C WwDd wwdd D WwDd WWDD 0 DdCc 8 A 8 B 4 C 2D B b D d 28 9 A BbDdBbDd B bbddbbdd C bbddbbdd D bbddbbdd 2 AaBb aabb A 5 B 3 C D 8 4 2 4 3 F 2 A B C D 3 4 8 6 8 4 AaBb AA A B C D 5 A BbSs bbs B BbSs bbss C BbSS BBSs D BBSs bbs 6 A d A B C D 3 2 4 8 8 7 F F F 2 3966
99 A B A 7932 B 3966 C 983 D 322 8 DDRR ddr A DdRr DDRR DDRR C DDRR DdRr DdRr B DDRR DdRr DDdRRr D DdRr DdRr DdRr 9 42 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 2 4 Bb A b Aa AB A b 2 3 42 AaBb Aabb 4 Aabb 20 Y y R r 43 2 3 4F F F 2 43 5 2 C cr r
00 0 8 0 6 2 25 0 0 0 3 0 8 7 9 4 4 0 3 5 0 0 32 2 2 3 2 22 A B A Aabb B aabb 2 B 2 A 3 C 4 B A 4 D 3 C Aabb 5 B 6 D
0 7 D 8 A 9 B W dd A 4 B 2 CD 0 0 C 8 8 Dd D d 2 Cc C c 2 dc dc 2 2 = 4 4 8 =2 B bb D 28 9 3 Dd 2 D A B aab A bbaabb A bb 2 4 = 8 aabb 2 4 = 8 8 + 8 = 4 3 B YYr yyrr YyRr YyRr YYr 6 yyrr 6 6 + 6 = 8 4 D AaBb AA 5 CA B D B S B s 6 C AaDd aadd A dd 2 4 = 8 7 C F AaBb AaBb AaBb Aabb 2 6 aabb 6 3966 983 8 B DDRR DdRr DDdRRr 9
02 2 4 AB Ab ab ab 3 6 9 4 4 4 8 4 AB A bb aab aabb=3 3 20 3 2YyRr yyrr 3 =3 3 4 YyRRYyRr 8 YyRR yyr YyRr yyr 4 4 2= 5 8 4 2 2 245 2Ccr ccr 2CCr ccrr 3CcRr ccr 4CcRr ccrr 5ccRr ccrr 3 4 49 22 4 4 4 2 64 Aabb aabb aabb aabb 4 4 4 4 = 64 qqqqqq 2 3 F F F F 2 F 2 F 2 F 2 2 4 3 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 n 2 n 4 n 3 n 2 n 2 n 3 n
03 50 2 2 3 3 4 5 F 2 2
3 AaBbCc AABbcc Aa AA 2Bb Bb 3Cc cc 2 Aa AA AA Aa Bb Bb BB 2Bb bb BB 2Bb bb Cc cc Cc cc Cc cc Cc cc Cc cc Cc cc AABBCc AABBcc 2AABbCc 2AABbcc AAbbCc AAbbcc AaBBCc AaBBcc 2AaBbCc 2AaBbcc AabbCc Aabbcc 2 Cc cc 2 3 04
05 4 00% 5 6 7 5 F F F 2 AB Ab ab ab AaBb Aabb aabb aabb A aabb AB B AaBb Ab C AAbb ab D AABB ab F 2 AB Ab ab ab F AaBbF F 2 F AaBb-AB=ab Aabb-Ab=ab aabb-ab=ab aabb-ab=ab F ab F ab aabb F AaBb ab AB P aabb AB ab AB F AaBb ab ABAbaBab ab AaBb Aabb aabb aabb F 2 AB Ab ab ab
06 A 6 E ef f E F P F 3 8 5 8 A EEFf eef B EeFF Eef C EeFf eef D EeFf Eef E F E f eef eef A EeFf Eef= = B EEFf 2EeFf eeff= 2 =3 C EeFf Eef eeff eef = 3 D 6 EEFf EeFf EEf Eef eeff eef= 2 2 =3 5 3 8 5 8 D EF EEFF EeFF EeFf EEFf 7 AaBbCCaaBbcc A B 3 C 5 D 3 4 8 8 4 A B C aab cc aab 0 A B C Aa aa A 2 Bb Bb B C A B C 2 3 4 =3 8 3 4 CC cc
07 B aabbcc AaBbCC 8 D d T t DDTTddt F 2 F 2 A B 2 C 3 D 4 6 6 6 6 ddttddtt ddtt F 2 P DDTT ddt F DdTt F 2 ddtt 4 4 = 6 A A B C D 2 23 A 2 B 2 23 C 23 2 D 3 AaBbCc ABc A abc AbC abc C ABC abc abc B Abc abc D ABc abc
08 4 AaBbcc AABbCC AAbbCc A B C D 6 8 4 32 5 3 A B C D 2 4 6 8 6 AaBb aabb A AaBb Aabb aabb aabb B AAaBbb AaaBbb Aaabbb aaabbb C AaaBBb AAABBB AAaBBB Aaabbb D AAaBBb AAabbb aaabbb aaabbb 7 A Aa B aabbccdd C AaBb D Aabb 8 AABbDdeeFf 5 A 4 B 8 C 6 D 32 9 A B C D 0 4 A B C D 6 8 4 2 49 52 50 5 A MmNnPP B mmnnpp C MmNNpp D MMNnPp
2 Y y R r F F = 3 3 F A YyRr B YyRr yyr C Yyr yyrr D YyRr yyrr 3 YYRR YYr YyRR Yyr YYRr YyRr = 2 2 Y y Rr A YYRR YYRr B YYRr YyRr C YyRr YyRr D YyRR YyRr 4 A B O MN MN L M L N A MN O MN B M B MN A MN AB MN A B C D 5 429 A B O I A 0 24 I B 0 06 i 0 70 O A 200 B 20 C 220 D 230 09 6 F f E e AB CD C A 2D A 3C B 4D B A B C D 2 3D B C B 4 C B D B 7 2
0 3 4 3 8 A a R r P P 2 2P P 2 F 3 F 2 9 B b E e F 2 F 2 2F 2 3 F 2 20 0 20 4 F 2 5F 2 F 2 20 A-a B-b D-d A BB D dd AaddBB aaddbb 2 A 2 B
n n 2 n 3 D ABc AaBbCc abc abc 4 B Aa AA Bb Bb cc CC AA 2 bb Cc 4 AAbbCc 2 4 = 8 5 D 3 2 3 2 2 2 = 8 6 D AaBb aabb 2 AB Ab ab ab AB ab AAaBBb Ab ab AAabbb ab ab aaabbb ab ab aaabbb 7 C A Aa A a B abcd abcd C AB Ab ab ab D Ab ab 8 B AA A Bb B b Dd D d ee e Ff F f 222 2 2 2=8 9 D
2 0 A a B b C c D d AaBbCcDd A 2 B 2 C 2 D 2 ABCD 2 2 2 2 = 6 C C 2 D F YyRr yyr 2yyr yyr 3Yyr yyr n n n n 0 0 0 4n 0 0 2n 2n 4yyRr yyr 0 2n 0 2n 4 F YyRr yyrr 3 B yy y Y y YY Yy R r RR Rr r=2 4 2= 2 Rr YYRr YyRr 4 D A B O MN I A I A L M L N I A il M L N O I A il M L N I B I B L M L M I B il M L M 2 I A I A L M L N I A il M L N 2 I A I B L M L N A OMN 2 4 2 4 =2 32 B O MN O C BMN 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 4 2 =3 32 D B MN 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 = 4 A B C D 5 B O i i 0 7 i 0 7 0 7=0 49 429 49% O 429 49% 24 20 6 A FFEE B FfEe
3 C FfEE D FFEe 2 B A 3 FFeeFfee feefee 4 6 3 fee fee 2 FFee Ffee 2 feeffee 2 2 = 4 fee Ffee fee 2 2 = 4 F 2 fee 4 4 = 6 7 2 3 4 8 2 F 3 9 4 2 4 3 EeBB EEBB 4 9 eebb EEbb F EeBb F 2 F 2 2 2 = 4 F 2 EEBB EEbb eebb eebb F 2 E B EEBB F 2 9 6 EEBBF 2 6 F 2 6 9 6 = 5Bbee BBee 9 3 20 8 AAAdddBBB AAadddBBB AaadddBBB aaadddbbb AAaDddBBb AAadddBBb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb= AaddBB Aa AAA AAa Aaa aaa dd ddd BB BBB AaddBB AaddBB AaddBB AAAdddBBB AAadddBBB AaadddBBB aaadddbbb= BB AaddBB aaddbb Aa aa AAa aaa= dd Dd Ddd ddd= BB dd BBb AaddBB aaddbb
4 AAaDddBBb AAadddBBb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb= BB 2 aaadddbbb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb AaaDDdBbb AaadddBbb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb= =6 aaddbb aa aa aaa Dd DDD DDd Ddd ddd= bb bb bbb aaddbb aaddbb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb aaadddbbb= A aaddbb AaddBB a Aa Aa a= Dd dd DDd ddd= bb BB Bbb addbb AaddBB AaDDdBbb AadddBbb adddbbb adddbbb= = 2 =6 qqqqqqqqq XY 2 3 4 5 6 XY 2 3 2 3XY 4XY 5 6 7 8 9 0
qqqqqqqqqqq 2 3 烅烄烆 6-29 6-28 4 XY XO ZW 5 XY XX XY ZW XY 44 5
6 44 X Y Z W 6 7 XY 2A+XX A+X 2A+XX 2A+XY A+X A+Y 2A+XY A = 2 3 X X Y X Y= 2 X Y
7 3XX XY 45 8 X Y 2 3 b X Y 獉獉獉獉 B X Y Z W 2 X b Y X b X b aax b Y 3 X b Y X B X b 4 X B Y X b Y X B X B X B X b X b X b
8 5 X B Y X B X B X b Y X B X B X B Y X b X b X B Y X B X B X B Y X B X b X b Y X B X b 0 0 00% 0 X B Y X b Y X B X B X B X b X B Y X B X b 50% X B Y X b Y X b X b X B X b 50% X b Y X B X b 50% X b Y X b X b X b Y X b X b 00% 00% 6.8% 0.5% 6 X b Y X b X b X B X b 7 X B X B 46 46 2 5 2 5
9 8 47 4 Y Y 2 X 2 3 4 5 3 X 2 3 D A B C D X 2 B X X b Y X b X b X
20 2 A a X F F A X a X a X A Y X A X a X a Y B X A X a X a Y X A X a X A Y C X a X a X a Y X A X A X A Y D X A X A X A Y X a X a X a Y X X A Y X a Y X A X A X A X a X a X a X A X a Y F X A X a X a X A Y X a Y X A X a X a F X a Y F X A X a A X XY 3 A 75% B 50% C 25% D 2 5% A Aa 4 2 XY XX XY 2 2 4 2 = 8 D 2 4 X bb BBBb A B C D X XY bb BBBb
XX X b X b X B X B B X b X Bb X B Y X b Y X B X b X b Y X B X b X b X b X B Y X b Y C X Y X B Y X b Y 5 48 B b Ⅲ 7 Ⅰ 2Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6 3Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6 48 X XY X b Y X b X b X B Y X B X B X B X b X B X b Ⅲ 7 X b Y Ⅲ 7 X b Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 5 48 X B X b Ⅱ 6 X B Y Ⅱ 5 X Ⅰ Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ 5 X b Ⅰ 2 Ⅰ 2 X b Y Ⅱ 5 X b Ⅰ Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6 X B X b X B Y 2 2 = 4 2 0=0 2 X B X b X B Y 3 4 0 Ⅰ 2 X X b Y X b X b X B X B X B X b X B Y X
22 A 46 +XYB 23 +XY C 44 +XYD 22 +XY 2 A B X C Y D 3 X A C B D 4 A 44+XX44+XY B 22+X22+Y C 44+XX44+XO D 22+XY22+XX 5 A DNA B RNA C D 6 X B X b A B 2 C 3 D 4 7 A B C D 8 49 X 5 4 A C 3 B 2 D 4 49
23 9 X A B C D 0 2 4 8 0 A 4X B 4X b B X B 2X b X B X b 2X B X b C X B 3X b D X b 3X B 4 Y A X B X B X B Y B X B X B X b Y C X B X b X b Y D X b X b X B Y 2 Y A 00% B 75% C 50% D 25% 3 A B C D 2 4 8 6 4 D D A B C X D X 5 6 2 Y A 6 B 8 C 4 D 2
24 6 A 0 B C D 2 4 8 7 X A B C D 8 X h 9 F F F 2 =3 = 2 3F 20 B b A a 2 3 2 50 a b X Ⅰ 2 AX b 2 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4
25 50 3 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4 D 22 + XX XY 2 C X X 3 A X X X b X b 4 A 5 D 6 A X B X b 7 D XY 8 C 5 X 4 4 3 9 D Y X 0 B X B X b X B X b C A B D 2 A Y 3 D 2
26 X B Y X B X b 2 2 = 4 4 X B X b X B Y 4 4 = 6 4 C A B X D X 5 B A ab b XY AaBbXY ABY 2 2 2 = 8 6 C X b Y X B Y X B X b X B X b 2 2 = 4 7 D X 8 X H X H X H X h X h X h X H Y X h Y 9 2 X 3 25% F F F 2 3 XY X X F X A X a X a Y X a X a 2 2 = 4 =25% 20 AaX B Y 2 aax B X b 3 8 A X B Y aax B X - aax b Y AaX B YaaX B X b aax b Y 2 4 = 8 2 4 2Ⅱ 3 aax B X B aax B X b Ⅱ 4 AAX B YAaX B Y 3 3 8 Ⅱ 2 Ⅱ 6 Ⅰ 2 Ⅰ 3 X B X b Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 5 Aa AaX B YⅠ 2 AaX B X b Ⅰ 3 AaX B X b Ⅰ 4 AaX B Y Ⅰ 2 AaX B X b AX b 2 2 = 4 2Ⅰ Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 3 aax B X B aax B X b 2 Ⅰ 3 Ⅰ 4 Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ 4 AAX B Y 3 AaX B Y 2 3 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4 aa 2 3 Aa Ⅰ
27 aa 3 3 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4 aax b Y Ⅱ 3 aax B X b Ⅱ 4 AaX B YaaX B X b AaX B Y AaX B Y 2 4 = 8 qqqqqq 0. 2 X 3 XO XO X Y X A +X A A+X 5 2 ZW ZZ ZW A+Z
28 A+ZA+W 52 5 XO 52 ZW ZW XY XO ZW 3 2 6 500
29 3 4 XX 20 30 2 3 4 H s bh s b bb 2 3 4 AHG H h X X H Y X h Y X H X H X H X h X h X h
30 2 6 2 W w X X W Y X w Y X W X W X W X w X w X w X 3 ZW Z D d Z D W Z d W Z D Z D Z D Z d Z d Z d 2 2 XZ YW X b YZ d W 3YW XZ 4 2 aa Aa
2 Aa aa 3 4 5 6 2 Y 2 3 X X 2 3 4 2X 2 3 4 4 YX 2 X A B 2 3 /8? 4 3
32 2 2 3 4 Aa Aa Bb bb X C X c X c Y 3 4 l 2 2 l 4 2 l 2 5 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 3 8 3 4 2 3 8 2 2 4 3 4 2 2 3 6 3 4 2 2 3 6 3 4 2 2 3 6
33 4 2 2 6 3 6+ 6+3 7 6 3 4 l 2 2 3 6 4 l 2 2 6 4 2 2 6 3 6l 6 5 6 7 65 63 5 6-5 6 6 6 53 53 A B C X D X E Y Y X X
34 A 7 2896 235 A 25% B 33% C 66 7% D 75% B b Bb Bb Bb BB 4 A 8 EFf EeFf eff 2 3 XY Y E e E e X X F f E e X F f 2 3 FX E fx E fy FY FX E FX e fx E fx e XY XO ZW
35 9 XY XX XX A = B =2 C =3 D = 0 XX XY 20 30 XX X XX X X XX D = 0 54 a b Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 2 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 3 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ 7 54 Ⅱ 3 A X B YⅡ 4 A X B X b X b Ⅱ 5 A X B X b Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ 6 A X B Y Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6
36 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6 AaX B Y AaX B X b AaX B X b AaX B Y Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4 Ⅲ 7 AAX B YAaX B Y 2 Ⅲ 8 aax B X B aax B X b Ⅱ 5 Ⅱ 6 Ⅲ 9 aax B X B aax B X b Ⅲ 0 AAX b YAaX b Y 2 2Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 Ⅲ 8 2 axb X b 2 axb X B Ⅲ 0 3 AAXb Y 2 3 AaXb Y X Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 a 2 3 Aa 2 2 3 = 3 2 3 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 2 XB X b X b Y 2 2 = 4 3 4 A 3 3 4 = 4 2 B 3 4 = 6 C 3 4 = 2 4 + 6 =5 2 2 3Ⅲ 9 aax B X B aax B X b Ⅲ 7 AAX B YAaX B Y 2 Ⅲ 7 Ⅲ 9 a 2 3 Aa 2 3 2 = 3 2 3 Ⅲ 7 Ⅲ 9 2 XB X b X B Y 2 4 = 8 7 8 A 3 7 8 =7 24 B 8 2 3 = 2
37 C 8 3 = 24 7 D 8 2 3 =7 2 7 24 + 2 + 24 =5 2-7 2 =5 2 aax B X B aax B X b AAX b YAaX b Y 2 5 2 2 3 5 2 maa+nxya m n A 3 3 B 6 2 3 C 6 2 D 3 4 2 A AaX H Y 6 B AAX H Y 8 C AaX H Y D AaX h Y 8 6 3 78 A 38+XX B 39+XX C 38+X D 39+X 4 A Y B X Y C X D Y X 5 AaB A AX B ax B B AX B ax B AY ay C AX B ax B D AX B ax B AY ay 6 X Bh Y X bh A X bh X BH B X bh X Bh C X bh X bh D X BH X bh
38 7 A B C D 8 A B C D 9 A C B D 0 A B C D 55 X 55 2 Orange Oo oy OO OY A B C D 3 A X A B B
39 A A B B A B B C A A B B D A A B B 4 56 Ⅲ 6 A 4 B 3 C D 8 6 5 A B C D 56 6 Y A B C D 2 2 7 A b B O O 8 XY X b
2 9 B b Bb X b 2 3 4 3 4 20 ZW B b B b Z 2 3 4 2 A B C 2 2 2 2 40
2 3 4 4 22 6 2~6 2 3 4 5 6 X 2 2 3 2 ~3 2 3 3 F F 2 3 =A 3 B 4 C 3 2 D 9 E 8 F 3 G 4 H 2 I 5 J 5 23 4 30000 8600 4500 700 38000 300 40000 3000 2 3 B b A a 57 Ⅱ 6
42 2 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 9 3 57 B 3Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 9 24 3 2 25 58 A a 58 2Ⅲ 0 Ⅲ Ⅲ 2 Ⅱ 5 3Ⅲ 0 Ⅳ 3 4Ⅲ 9 5Ⅲ 0 6 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ 7 Ⅳ 4 Ⅲ 7 Ⅲ 8 26 59
43 59 2 27 X Y X Y bb + D 8 4 XY 2 A A X H Y A X H aax h Y AaX H Y AaX H X h aax h Y 4 4 = 6 3 C 4 C Ⅰ XY X X 5 B X X 6 B Y X 7 C 8 D X X b X b X b X b Y X B X b 9 D 0 B CA Y D B X
44 2 C XY X O X o X o Y X O X o X o X o X O Y X o Y 3 D 4 D Ⅲ 5 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 4 Aa Ⅲ 6 3 AA 2 3 Aa Ⅲ 6 2 3 Aa aa 2 3 2 aa= 3 aa 3 2 = 6 5 A 6 D 7 I A ix b Y I B ix B X b 6 8 X B Y X b X b 2 9 X B X B X b Y 2 X B X B X B Y 3 X B X b X b Y 4 X B X b X B Y b X b X b Y Y X b 20 ZZ ZW 2Z B Z b Z b W 3 Z b Z b Z B W 4 Z B Z b Z b W 2 AA 2 AABB 3 CC 4 AABBCC 22 2 24 5 3E 3 A a F 2 AA 2Aa aa= 2 AA 2Aa AA AA 4AA 4A 2AA 2Aa 6A 2 2Aa Aa 2A 4a A a=32 4=8 23 2 3X2aaX B X B aax B X b AAX b YAaX b Y 3 3 8 6 Ⅲ 8 2 aaxb X B 2 aaxb X b Ⅲ 9 2 AAXb Y 2 AaXb Y Ⅱ 6 烄 2 AA aa 2 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 9 烅 2 Aa aa 2 2 = 4 烆 4 烄 2 XB X B X b Y 2 烅 2 XB X b X b Y 2 2 = 4 烆 2 2 = 4 2 + 4 4 +3 4 4 =3 8 4 4 = 6
45 24 2 X B Y3 X B X b X B X B 25 2 AA 3 Aa 4 00% 5 0 6 25% 7AaX B Y X 26 2 27 X + X bb X bb Y bb X bb X bb X bb Y + X bb X bb X + Y bb X bb Y + X + Y bb X bb X bb X + Y bb X bb Y + X bb X bb X bb Y + X + X bb X bb Y bb X bb X bb X bb Y + DNA 2 RNA TMV HRV
46 2 DNA mrna 5 N 4 N DNA 3 DNA RNA DNA RNA 4 5 6 7 8 9 200 DNA A AT B A T A T C A T G C= 2 3 4 = 2 3 4 D A T G C= 2 3 4 =2 4 3 DNA A=T G=C T=A C=G C DNA 2200 A B C D DNA DNA
47 DNA A 3200 A B C D C 4200 A B C D D 5200 4 A 2 B C D 4 8 6 A a B b C c D d AaBbCcDd A 2 B 2 C 2 D 2 2 2 2 2 = 6 D 6200 AaBbCc 8
48 ABc2% ABC4% Abc2% AbC4% abc2% abc4% abc2% abc4% A b C Ac B A B c A bc A B C D a B c a C b a bc a Bc ABc Abc abc abc ABC AbC abc abc Ac ac B b B 7200 X A B C D XY X W X W X W X w X w X w X W Y X w Y A B C D B 8200 X 2 X X 2 X
49 X Y X 9200 60 A a B b 2 Ⅱ 5 3 60 Ⅱ Ⅰ 2 Ⅲ 2 Ⅲ Ⅲ 5 X Ⅱ 5 Aa Aa aa 2 Aa 2 aa 2 Ⅲ 2 Ⅲ 2 AaX b Y Ⅱ aax B YⅡ 2 AaX B X b Ⅲ 2 aaxb X B 2 aaxb X b Ⅲ 5 aax B Y Ⅲ Ⅲ 5 2 2 = 4 Ⅰ 2 aax b Y 2 2 3 X aax b Y AaX b Y 4 02000 5
50 2 3 4 5 6 W w XⅠ B V D H b Ⅱ v Ⅱ d Ⅱ h Ⅲ 2 6 2 3 VvX w Y X Ⅱ Ⅲ DD ddvv vv 2 3bbHH 6BBhh 32VVX w X w 4 vvx W Y 2003 64
5 6 2 2003 DNA A m DNA 3 A 7A-m B 8A-m C 7 2A-m D 82A-m 3 2003 4 A B 40% BC20% CD0% CA20% DB0% 62 4 62 4 2003 DNA A B C D 5 2003G g Y y F F 2 3 A F F C F F 2 B F 2 F 2 D F 2 F 6 2003 Leber DNA A B C
52 D 7 2003 A B C D 8 2002 A C B D 9 2002 mrna 30 AG 2 mrnadna CT A 2 B 24 C 8 D 30 0 2002 80% DNA A 20% B 80% C 00% D 2002 n a A na B na 6 6-8 n - 3 C na-8n- D na 6-8 n - 6 2 2000 8 A 8 B 6 C 36 D 28 3 2000 AaBb CcDd A 4 B 8 C 6 D 32 4 2000 D d R r F 2 A ddrr 8 B ddrr 6 C ddrr 6 ddrr 8 D DDr 6 DdRR 8
53 5 998 DNA a b A b 0 5 B b 0 5 C a - D b 2b 2 a- 6 998 3 F 3 A B 7 C 7 D 9 8 8 6 6 7 998AaBbCcAABbCc AABBCC A B C D 8 6 32 64 8 2003 aa BB Yy Rr 9 2003HIV RNA HIV T 63 2 2 63 334 4HIVⅠⅡ Ⅰ 7 Ⅰ 4 22% 00 HIV HIV 6 SARS 5 20022 5 HIV 20 2003
54 64 2 2 DNA 50 953 DNA DNA 2 DNA 2 2003 65 2 A B O B I B 4 r 2 3 4 + - 2 3 4 - + - + 2 + - - + 3 + + - + 4 - - - - 65 A B O 3 4 2 3 2 3 4 5 5 5 200mL 5 6 5 Rh Rh
55 22 2003 AIDS HIV RNA T 2 3 C A 3 32 B A C 24 ~34 D 50% 2 CDNA =A-2m 2= 2A- m DNA 3 =2 3-2A- m=7 2A-m 3 D 4 C 5 D 6 C DNA 7 B 8 A 9 D mrnadna a b b C+T b =A+G mrna =2 A+G b =U+C mrna =30-2=8 C+T a = A+G b =8 C+T DNA =T+C b =C+T a =2+8=30 0 D DNA 80% DNA80% D mrnadna 3 6 n n 6 n 6 n - 6 = n 6 a-8 n - = na 6 6-8 n - 2 D 8 6 C 2 8= 8 7 2 =28 3 C
56 2 4 =6 4 CF 2 ddrrddrr 5 C DNA x DNA G= x 2 -a=c a x =b x= a b C=G= x 2 -a=a - 6 B 2b 2 3 3 = 2 8 F 3-8 =7 8 7 CAaBbCc AABbCc AABBCC 2 4 4 = 32 8 AABB aabb F AaBb F F 2 A B A bb aab A B A bb aab aabb F 2 aab aabb F 2 yyrr Yyr YyRr yyrr YyRR yyr YyRr YyRr 9 RNA 2 3 4 RNA 5 6 SARS DNA RNA 20 2 2 2 2 A O AB 2RI A Ri ri A ri 3 3 32 4 5RRI A I B RrI A I B 6 Rh Rh
57 D Rh 22 RNA DNA 2 DNA mrna 3 50 A DNA B C DNA D DNA 2 A B C D 3 32 P 32 A B DNA C D DNA A+C 4 DNA T+G =0 4 DNA A+C T+G A 0 40 4 B 0 40 6 C 0 6 0 D 2 5 0 5 DNA A B C D 6 DNA DNA A C B D 7 GGC AUC GUA DNA A GGCATGCTA B CCGTAGCAT
58 C CCGUAGCAU D GGCAUCGUA 8 A B DNA C RNA D 9 DNA RNA A mrna B trna C rrna D trnarrna 0 DNA 2 3 4 A 2 B 3 C 34 D 4 A B C D 3 2 A B C D 3 AaBb 4 AB 3 A AB ab B Ab ab ab C ab AB AB D AB AB AB 4 B b R r A 6 B 2 6 C 3 6 D 9 6
59 5 ddeeffddeef A B 3 C 5 D 3 4 8 8 4 6 F 6% F A 3% B 6% C 2% D 24% 7 66 A 6 B 8 C 3 D 2 3 8 66 A B C 2 4 9 67 A B C X D X D 8 20 Y y R r 67 YyRr 3 3 A yyrr B YyRR C yyrr D YyRr 2 A 6 B 8 C 36 D 72
60 22 A B C D 23 Aa aabb A Aa B AA Aaaa C aa D Aa 24 A B C D 25 47 XXY A X B XY C D Y 26 30 A B C D 27 A B C D 28 DNA C 22% A 20% A A 22% B 28% C 36% D 42% 29 4 N 5 DNA
6 A 2 2 B 2 2 C 3 4 4 D 4 3 4 30 DNA mrna mrna A G C U=32 0 2 0 8 0 38 0 mrna DNA A G C T DNA- 32 0 3 5 7 0 37 5 DNA-2 37 5 7 5 3 4 3 5 DNA-3 33 0 2 0 6 0 38 0 DNA-4 3 0 4 0 8 0 40 0 A DNA- B DNA-2 C DNA-3 D DNA-4 3 RNA A B C DNA D 32 DNA DNA DNA DNA A B 2 C 3 D 4 33 A B C DNA D 34 3000 00 DNA A 300000 C 800000 B 900000 D 200000 35 A B C D 36
62 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6 37 A B C D 38 ABO A B C D 39 3 3 A 0 B C 64 28 40 D 52 A F B C D 4 MmNnOo MMnnOo M A 4 4 B 6 6 6 C 64 32 9 D 64 64 9 6 42 4 Ab ab AB ab= 4 4 A B C D 8 20 80 00 43 00 50 A 5% B 5% C 25% D 35% 44 4 3 A 256 B 08 256 C 27 256 D 54 256
63 45 DNA 200 RNA A 400 B 200 C 6 D 20 46 A BR A B R aabbrr 50% aabbr 25% AAbbr 50% A AaBBRr B AABbRr C AaBbRr D AABBRR 47 D A C B D 48 A B B A C O D AB 49 68 Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 5 A 6 B 9 C D 27 36 50 AaBbCc 68 A 4 B 8 C 6 3 D 8 2 50 2 5 69 DNA RNA 4 3 2 6 5 RNA 3 69 4
64 5 6 970 7 5 6 8 DNA RNA 52 2000 A a B b 24% F F F 2 2 F 3 F 2 4 F 2 00 F 2 53 2002 70 2 BbX D X d 3 AaBb 4 AaBbCc ABC 2 5% AbC 5 ABcX D 54 7 HIV HIV 70 RNA
7 3 2 45 3 5 DNA 4 67 5 68 RNA 6 8 6 45 7 9 HIVRNA HIV RNA 55 9900 72A B 2 3 A B 2 65
66 72 4 5 DDNA 2 A 3 B DNA DNA 32 P 4 D A+C = T+G = T+G A+C A+C 0 4 T+G =2 5 5 B 6 C 7 B mrna mrnadna 8 B 9 A DNA mrna 0 B B 2 D 3 A 4 A BbRr BbRr bbr 4 4 = 6 5 C ddeeff DdEef D E f dde F 2 3 4 =3 8-3 8 =5 8 6 D 6% F 2% 2% 2 =24% 7 C = =3 A
67 B AaBb abbabb abb abb= 2 abb 3 8 C 2 X B Y 2 XB X b X b Y X B YX b Y X b Y 2 2 = 4 9 A X 20 A B C D YyRr 3 3 2 D 3 AAXB Y 2 3 AaXB Y 3 AA 2 XB X B 3 AA 2 XB X b 2 3 Aa 2 XB X B 2 3 Aa 2 XB X b 2 3 AaXB Y 2 3 2 AaXB X b 2 3 2 3 2 4 a 4 Xb Y= 72 axb Y 22 B 23 A 24 D 25 D Y Y X Y 26 B 27 D DNA A+T 28 C C+G = A+T C=G= C+G A+T 22% C+G = A+T 22%+22% A+T=56% A20% T 56%-20%=36% T A 29 C DNA 5 N 2 5 N DNA 4 N 4 DNA 30 B DNA 3 D RNA RNA 32 D DNA 4DNA DNA 4 DNA 33 C 34 B DNA DNA 600
68 3000 DNA 600 3000 2 =900000 35 A 36 D A a AA AA AA Aa AA a Aa Aa Aa a a a6 37 C 38 A 39 D A a Aa Aa 4 XY 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 = 52 40 B 4 C MmNnOo MmNnOo Mm Mm MM 4 M 3 4 Nn Nn nn 4 nn 4 Oo Oo Oo 2 O 3 4 MMnnOo 4 4 2 = M 32 nno 3 4 4 3 4 = 9 64 42 D AB 4+4++ = 0 AABB= 0 0 = 00 43 C50 200 00 00 00 400 400 =25% 44 B AaBbCcDd AaBbCcDd AaBbCcDd Aa Aa 3 4 4 Bb Bb 3 4 4 Cc Cc 3 4 4 Dd Dd 3 4 4 C 4 3 3 = 08 4 4 256 45 C mrna 6 trna mrna 6 46 A 47 C D X 48 D O i AB 49 D I I 2 AaX B X b AaX B Y Ⅱ 3 3 AA 2 XB X B 2 3 Aa 2 XB X B 3 AA 2 XB X b 2 3 Aa 2 XB X b Ⅱ 5 3 AA 2 XB X B 2 3 Aa 2 XB X B 3 AA 2 XB X b 2 3 Aa 2 XB X b Ⅱ Ⅱ 3 5 3 2 3 2 = 36 50 B
69 8 ABCabcABcabCAbc abcabcabc 5 2 DNA 3 4 2 5 3 ATP 6 4 7RNA DNA RNA 8 DNA 52 2 38% 38% 2% 3 44% 4 6945 Ab 2% AAbb=2% 2%= 44% 00 x = 44 00 x=6945 53 2 2 3 4 4 22 5% 0% 5ABcX D abcx d abcx d 54 RNA 2 3 4 5 6 7 55 B 22AA+XY 2DNA 3 X 3X 3 4 24 DNA5 DNA
DNA qqqqqqqqq 2 2 2 3 4
7 qqqqqqqqqqq 2 2 3 2? 3? 2 2 3 n 2 n 4
72 DNA? DNA 2 2 2 2 DNA 3 200 500~5000
73 2 DNA DNA 3 DNA 4 5 ABO I A I B i 6 幑幐 7 帯 4 5
74 烄 烄 烅 烅烆 烆 3 5kg 7kg 3 5kg A B C D + B 2 A B C D
75 A 3 A B C D C 4 A B C D A B D C 5 2 2 Aa a 2 a 3 A B
76 C D Aa a 2 a 3 2 2 D Aa a 2 a 3 6 574 573 2 3 2 2DNA 3 HH H h 4 2 3 DNA 5 2 A B C D DNA
77 DNA CTT CAT TA AT RNA GAA GUA hh H H CTT h CAT Hh DNA DNA CAT GUA 2 3hh CTT CAT Hh 4 5A 7 2 A B C D 3 2D 3
78 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 Ⅻ 80kb 20 A B C D 8 A B C D 9 A B C D 0
79 A B C D A B C D 2 3 DNA DNA 4 C A B DNA D 2 D 3 A 4 ADNA DNA DNA 5 C C 6 C C 7 A 8 D
9 B DNA 0 A A B 2 3 4 DNA CTT CAT qqqqqq 2 4 2 2 5 2 80
8 AA aa BB b b 2 4 2 5
82 DNA mrna DNA 2 6? 2 6 DNA 2 DNA 2 7 mrna DNA mrna mrna 2 7
3 DNA DNA 2 UUUUUG UG /4 3 C C C 4 D d DD D d Dd 2 DNA 2 8 A B DNA DNA C DNA D E 83
84 DNA DNA A B 2 8 DNA DNA DNA 2 9 GAATTC GA 2 9 DNA
2 DNA DNA DNA 3 2 3 DNA 2 DNA 2 32 P DNA DNA 3 DNA 2 2 3 3 DNA 2 85
2-70 2 5 3 4 5 8 A B C D A B C D 9 A B C D 86
C DNA 0 303 300 A B C D A B 303 mrna mrna 303 0 300 00 D mrna RNA RNA RNA 2 DNA 87
88 RNA DNA 2 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 DNA DNA A B C D 4 A B C D 5 226 222 20 200X γ A DNA B DNA C DNA D a ATCTG 6 b a C G TAGAC 3 A 00% B 50% C 25% D 2 5% 7 A B C D
8 prpr PrPr Prpr F 64702 7 A Pr pr B Pr pr C pr D Prpr 9 DNA TAA TAC A UAA AUU B AUU AUG C UAA UAC D AUG AUU 0 a b A B a b C D a b A B C D 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 A 23 B 456 C 46 D 25 3 A B C DNA D DNA 4 DNA A B C D 5 DNA 89
90 2 3 4 5 A 24 B 23 C 34 D 2345 6 9 20 40 A B C D 7 DNA 2 3 4 8 Ⅸ B 997 Ⅸ 9948 9982 5 Ⅸ 9960 Ⅸ B 2 3 Ⅸ 4
9 D DNA 2 A B C D 3 B 4 A DNA 5 A DNA DNA 6 B a a DNA C GGC DNA b b DNA 7 C 8 B Pr pr Prpr prpr pr Pr pr 9 B RNA DNA AU TA GC 0 B D 2 C 2 3 46 3 B TA AT B 4 D
92 RNA 5 CDNA DNA DNA 6 B 7 2 3 DNA 4 8 X 2 3DNA Ⅸ mrna Ⅸ 4 4 qqqqqqqqq 2 3 2 2 3 4 qqqqqqqqqqq 2 0
93 c 2 3 2 0 2 2 2 3 2 3 80 2 2 2 2 4 2 3
2 3 2 3 X Y 4 0 23 2 3 2 94
95 3? 2 4 2 4? 4 a b 2 3 2
2n 8 2 5 2 5 2n 8 4 A 2 42 A 2 B 2 C D 2 3 B 3 A B C D 96
97 D 4 2 3 4 5 A 35 B 245 C 23 D 34 A 5 2 A B C D C 6 AaBbCc N aabbcc
98 A N B N C N D 0 4 8 6 AaBbCc 8 ABC ABc AbC Abc abc abc abc abc 8 aabbcc D 7 2 2 3 23
99 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B 2 C D 4 2 3 4 A 234 B 233 C 234 D 324 5 32 32 8 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 8 A 3 +X B 3 +XX C 3 +Y D 3 +XY 9 DdTt A B C 4 D 2 2
200 0 A B C D A B C D 2 2 3 4 5 6 A 34 B 246 C 236 D 245 3 A AAA B ABC C AABB D AABBCC 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 2 6 2 3 4 Aa Aa Bb W 2 6
5 aaww 7 DDTT ddt 2 3 DdTt C 2 A 5 3 C A B D C 4 B 5 C 8 8 32 6 A 7 D 8 A 8 6 2 XY XX 3+X 9 A DdTt DT Dt dt dt 4 20
DDTT DDt ddtt ddt 0 A DNA A 2 C 3 B AA BB CC 4 A 5 C 6 2846 3 2 4 5 7 a F b F c 2 3 4 ddtt6 202 qqqqqq 2 2
203 3 2 7 A B C 2 7 2 4 Aaaa Aa
204 A a Aa aa= Aa aa a a Aa aa Aa AAaa Aaaa aa Aaaa aaaa A a=3 2 AAAa Aa A A AA Aa= A a AA Aa AA AAAA AAAa Aa AAAa AAaa 3 AAa Aa A a AA Aa aa= 4 A a AA 4Aa aa AA AAAA 4AAAa AAaa 4Aa 4AAAa 6AAaa 4Aaaa aa AAaa 4Aaaa aaaa Aa A a =3 Aa A a= A a=35 2 8
205? 2 8? 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2= 52 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 024 52 024 = 524288?
206 2 2 3 2 9 2 9
207 2 n+ n- 2 2n- n- n 2 2n-2 n- 3 2n+ n n+ 4 2n+2 n+ 5 2n+ + n+ 8
A 2 B 3 C 4 D AABBDD AAaa D C AAa ABCD A B Aa Cc CC DD A A a A BAA2 BB2 DD2 C D 2 3 4 9 2 A B C D 2 2 C 0 A B D E 208
P AABBDD EE ABD E F ABDE AABBDDEE 2 A B D E 34 2 8 A B D E 2n=64 2n=62 A B C D 2 963 26 2n=56 2n=70 A B C D 3 A B C D 209
20 4 A B C D 5 2 20 A C B D 2 20 6 AAaa A AAaa B aaaa C AAAa D Aaaa 7 ab A AABB B aabb C AaBb D Aabb 8 A B C D 9 A B C D 0 2 2 2 456 2 2
2 2 5 ⅠⅡ 5 2 3 4 Ⅲ 4 5 Ⅴ 3 3 6 Ⅳ 6 AAaa F F 2 F F A AAAA B AAAa C AAaa D Aaaa 2 3 F A AA aa= B AA Aa= C AA Aa aa= 2 D AA Aa aa= 4 A 2 B 3 C 4 D 6 2 A B C D 3 2 A B C D 4 2N=8 F 2N=8 F 2 2N=36 F F 2 F F 2
22 F 2 C 2 C 3 D 4 D 2 2 5 B 3 6 A AAaa AA Aa aa= 4 AAAA AAAa AA a A a a= 8 8 8 7 C ab AaBb 8 D 6 2 9 B 0 2 3 C 2D 3C 2 6 3 AA Aa aa F Aa A a AAA AAa Aaa aaa 4 2 D 3 B
23 2 4 2 F F qqqqqqqqq 2 2 3 4 5 qqqqqqqqqqq A 2
24 X X O D X 2 2 X XO 20%~25% 3%~5% 5%~20% 0 5%~% 3 2 3
25 2 2 3 8.5 3.5 2 2 3 4 3 24~29 4 烄 B 烅 烆 A B C D A
26 22 2 3 4 A 234 B 243 C 342 D 324 C 3 A B C D A A B C D 2 A B C P PP D 3 2
A B C D 4 A XY B XX C XO D XXY 5 A B C D 6 7 A B C D 8 A B C D 9 A B C D 0 A B C D A 8~22 B 20~24 C 24~29 D 29~35 2 AAXY AAXYY 2AAXXY 3AAXO 27 A 2 C 3 D2 2 4 C X XX XO 5 A 6 B 7 C 8 B 5~6 9 D
28 0 D C 2 Y YY 2 X 3 Y YY Y qqqqqq 2 3 2 3X 4X 5Y 2
2 2 X A. B. 2 A. B. 3 X 2 X 3 2 29
2 2 X γ RNA DNA 烅烄烆 2 2 3 4 A B A C 40 40 D 220
22 A C 52000 A B C D B D A C A C 6 2 22 Ⅲ 6 A 4 B 3 C D 8 6 5 3 4 5 X 3 3 A a 3 4 Aa 6 3 AA 2 3 Aa aa 2 22
222 2 3 Aa aa 3 aa 2 3 2 2 3 2 = 6 D X Y A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 5 A B C D 6 A B C 35 D 7 2 23 A B X C X D Y 2 23
223 8 2 24 2 24 A 4 B 23 C 3 D 24 9 2 25 Aa 2Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ 3 3Ⅱ 2 4Ⅲ 2 2 25 5Ⅲ 2 0 2 26 a b Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 2 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 2 26 C 3 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ 7 4Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ 7
224 2 A 3 A B D C 4 D 20 35 5 D 6 D 35 7 D 8 C X 2 X 3 X 42 9 200% 3Aa 4AAAa 5 2 Ⅰ Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ 2 Aa Ⅱ 2 Ⅱ 3 Ⅲ Ⅱ 2 Ⅱ 3 Aa Ⅲ 2 3 AA 2 3 Aa 2 3 4 2 = 2 0 aax B X b aax B X B AAX b Y AaX b Y X Ⅰ 2 Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ 5 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ 3 Ⅲ 4 Ⅲ 5 Ⅲ 6 Ⅱ 4 Ⅱ 5 AaX B X b Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 6 AaX B Y AaX B X b AaX B Y AX B AX b ax B ax b AX B AAX B X B AAX B X b AaX B X B AaX B X b ax B AaX B X B AaX B X b aax B X B aax B X b AY AAX B Y AAX b Y AaX B Y AaX b Y ay AaX B Y AaX b Y aax B Y aax b Y Ⅲ 7 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ 0 Ⅲ 7 3 AAXB Y
225 2 3 AaXB YⅢ 8 Ⅲ 9 2 aaxb X B 2 aaxb X b Ⅲ 0 3 AAXb Y 2 3 AaXb Y 2 5 2 2 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 aax B X b AAX b Y 2 3 2 = 2 2 aax B X b AaX b Y 2 2 3 2 2 + 2 2 3 2 2 = 2 2 = 6 3 aax B X B AAX b Y 4 aax B X B AaX b Y 2 2 3 2 = 6 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 2 + 6 + 6 =5 2 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0 2 2 3 2 2 = 2 3 5 Ⅲ 2 7 Ⅲ 9 3 AAXB Y 2 3 AaXB Y 2 axb X B 2 axb X b AAX B YaX B X B 2AAX B YaaX B X b 3 2 4 = 24 3 AaX B YaaX B X B 2 3 2 2 = 6 4 AaX B YaaX B X b 2 3 2 2 3 4 = 8 2 3 2 2 4 = 24 2 3 2 2 4 = 24 24 + 6 + 8 + 24 + 24 =+4+3++ = 5 4 24 2
226 2 2 3 4 5 6 200 A B C D
D 2 200 A B C D A C D 3 200 DNA A B C D DNA 227
228 DNA B 4200 X A B C D X X X A B X X X 5200 2 F F X
B b 2 F XY B X 2 27A 2 B 2 27B X B X b X b Y BbXX bbxy F X B X b X b X b X B Y X b Y BbXX bbxx BbXY bbxy X B X b X b Y BbXX bbxx BbXY bbxy A B 2 27 2 X 2X 6998 229 A B C D C A
230 B D B D 7999 A B C D F F C D 82000 DNA 2 3
23 4 2 3 RNA 2 3 DNA 4 9 XY X XX Y XY YY 0 2 28 a b c d
232 b a 2b c d 3 b c d 2 28 b a b b a b c d c d b c d b c d d 2 3d 2003 A B C D 2 2003 A B
233 C DNA DNA D 3 2003 A B C D 4 2003 2 DNA 3 DNA 4 DNA A 2 B 23 C 34 D 4 5 2003 6 DNA DNA A B C D 6 2002 2 3 4 A B 2 C 23 D 234 7 HbA B 99 GAU HbY B 99 CAU A RNA GAU CAU B RNA CUA GUA C DNA GAT CAT D DNA CTA GTA
234 8 37 5% A B C D 9 A B C D 0 A 2n=4 B 2n=2 C 2n=28 D 2n=42 BBbb F F 2 F F A Bb Bb= 2 C BB Bb bb= 4 4 B BB bb= 2 D BB Bb bb= 2 6 2 A B C D 3 2 3 4 5 6 A 253 B 4536 C 6235 D 4235 4
235 23A+X 222A+X 32A+Y 422A+Y A 3 B 23 C 4 D 24 5 2003 A AABBdd B AabbDD C aabbdd aabbdd 2 aabbdd 3 aabbdd 6 2003 R r T t 2 3 4 5 7 2002 2 29 A a B b 2 29 Ⅰ 2 Ⅲ 9 Ⅲ
236 2 Ⅲ 0 3 Ⅲ 8 Ⅲ 0000 Ⅲ 8 4 8 2 30 AA BB DD 2 30 a 2 a 3 4 A 7 4 B 2 42 C 2 84 D 42 84
237 5 RR 9 T T t F F F 2F F 2 F 2 3 F 4 F 20 HbAB 63 CAU CAC B 63 UAUUAG HbM B 63 CGU CGC HbZ B 63 2 HbM HbZ 3 B 63 DNA 2 2 DNA 3
238 4 D 2 B 3 A C D 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 D RNA RNA DNA RNA DNA 8 B aa Aa 4 AA 2 4 Aa 4 a 4 + 8 AA 4 Aa 4 + 8 a 3 8 37 5% 9 B 0 B C BB bb F Bb BBbb BB Bb bb= 4 BBbb Bb BBB BBb Bbb bbb= 5 5 4 2 A B C 3 D
239 4 C XY XY 2 44++XY 5 AB C aabbdd aabbdd 2 4 3 6 RT Rt rt rt 2 3 4 5 RRt 7 AaX b Y aax b X b AAX B YAaX B Y 2 AX B AX b ax B ax b 3 3 7 24 200 4 8 AB A B 2 AABB 3 7 4C 5 AABBDDRR 9 Tt t= 3 2 5 6 P F 3 5 4 35 TT t Tt t 2 Tt 2 t 2 Tt t t t 2 4 Tt 4 t t 2 烏烐烑 Tt t= 4 4 + 2 = 3 2 P F TT t Tt
240 F 2 TT Tt t 2 F 3 TT 烇烉烋 TT Tt t F 3 3 +2 3 3 4 = 3 + 2 =5 6 3 FTt TTt t TT Tt t t 4 TTt Tt t 4 T t =5 4 F Tt TTt t TT 4 Tt t TT TTTT 4TTTt TTt 4 Tt 4TTTt 6TTt 4T t t TTt 4T t t T t=+4++4+6+4++4 =35
24 20 GTA CAT GTG 2 HbM CAC GTA CAT ATA AT GTA GC HbZ TAT CAT GCA CG GTA TA CGT CAT GCG CG TA 3 CGC mrna mrna DNA mrna trna 3 A T GCG C AT CACCAU 2 2 3 DNA RNA 4 50 A B C D 2 A B C D 3 A B C D DNA 4 A B C D 5
242 A B C D 6 A B C D 7 A B C D 8 A B C D 9 A B C D X 0 A B C D 9 A 9 B 8 C 36 D 72 2 2 DNA 3 4 5 2 3 A 45 B 24 C 234 D 5 3 A B C D 3
243 4 A B C D 5 7 A 6 B 7 C 2 D 42 6 A B C D 7 2N=20 XY A 8+XX B 8+XY C 8+XXYY D 8+XXXY 8 A B C D 9 2 3 4 5 A 4 B 25 C 35 D 34 20 A AaBb B Aaaa C ABCD D Bbb 2 A B C D 22 A B C D 23 A C B D 24
A B C D 25 A B C D 26 2 3 4 A 2 B 3 C 23 D 24 27 X A B C D 28 A B C D 29 A B C D 30 A B C D 3 A B C D 32 A B C D 33 244
245 A B C D 34 A B C D 35 A B C D 36 A B 2 C 3 D 4 37 42 6 A 7 B 4 C 2 D 42 38 Bb A Bb B BBbb C BB bb D BB Bb bb 39 32 A B C D 40 A B C D 4 A B C D 42 A B
246 C D 43 A B C D 44 A B C D 45 2 3 AaBb 2 3 A aabb B C AaBb D 46 70 A B C D 47 A B C D 48 5- Bu T Bu
247 A+T G+C Bu A DNA B C DNA D 49 44 22 2n =22 22 2n=22 A B C D 50 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 DNA A 245 B 346 C 2346 D 34 50 5 2 32 0 5 3 2 32 3 2 24 RNA Hb s Hb A 4 Hb s Hb A Hb s Hb A 5
248 52 2 33 2 33 A 2 C 3 D 4 B 53 2 34 2 34 2 3
249 4 5 54 2 35 2 35 2 3 A B 4 55 Aa Bb 2 36 22 9 37 2 4 3 4 2
250 2 36 B 2 A DNA 3 DA B C 4 A DNA B C D DNA 5 C 6 B 7 B 8 DA B C 9 D D 0 D C 9+9 2=36 2 D 2 34 3 C
25 A B D 4 B 5 C 3 42 2 6 A 7 C 9+X9+Y 8+XXYY 8 A 9 C 20 C C 2 A 22 C 23 D 24 B 25 D DNA 26 A A 27 B 28 B 29 B B 30 A 3 D 32 A 33 B 34 A 2 35 B
252 36 D 37 C 2 38 C Bb Bb BBbb 39 B 8 32 32 8 =4 40 A 4 D 42 D 43 C 44 A 45 C AaBb 4 46 A 47 C 48 CA B D A+T G+C 49 D 50 D DNA 5 2GAU CUU 3 Hb s Hb s Hb A Hb s 8 4CTA CTT 5 52 2 2 3 3 4 3 53 2 4 4 3 5 3 4 5 54 2 3 4 55 2AaBb aabb 3 2 3 4 6
3+X DNA RNA 2 DNA 3 4 5 6 7 8 DNA 9 0 A~D A ATGGCTTTC TACCGAAAG B UACCGAAAG C AUG GCU UUC D CGUAGUGCA 2AB 3BC 4D A T DNA B C D U RNA A~D A BA
254 B RNA C B A C C RNA D A B C D B 2 A RNA 3CB 4 DNA RNA DNAmRNA mrnatrna RNA DNAmRNA trna rrna 2 A B C 3 D 3 B? 3 Y A B C D XY XY XY XX XY XY XY C C 4 4 N DNA 4 N-DNA 5 N DNA
255 5 N-DNA 4 N ⅠⅡ Ⅰ DNA 2 Ⅰ 5 N DNA DNA DNA 4 N-DNA DNA 5 N-DNA 5 N-DNA 4 N DNA DNA 5 N 4 N Ⅱ 2 DNA 4 N 4 N 5 N DNA DNA 5 N 4 N2 2 DNA 2 5
256 A 3 4 3 B 3 4 8 C 8 4 D 4 4 8 B a B A bba bbaa b a BbAa bbaa 2 3 8 bbaa bbaa 8 Bbaa BbAa bbaa BA Ba ba ba ba BbAA BbAa bbaa bbaa ba BbAa Bbaa bbaa bbaa B 2 Bb bb 2 2 Aa Aa 4 3 4 3 2 3 4 = 3 8 2 4 = 8 6 W w X 3 3 A B E A B E 2 C D G C D G
257 3 3 C F 4 DNA A B C D DNA E D E F G E G 2 W w X XY X W X W X W X - - X W Y X Y X Y F X w Y X F X w X W X w 2B B Y
258 C X C X Y C X X W X w F X w E X w X W G X W 3 CX W FX w X W X w 4 X W X w X w Y P X W X w X W Y X W X w X w Y X W X w X w X w X W Y X w Y 4 4 2X W X W X w X W 3X W X w 4 4 4 7 5 2 3 4 5 6 W w XⅠ B b Ⅱ V v Ⅱ D d Ⅱ H h Ⅲ 2 6
259 2 3 VvX w Y 5 5 Ww Bb Vv Dd Hh 5 W w ⅠX Bb Vv Dd Ⅱ Hh Ⅲ 5 Ww HhⅡ 3 Bb Vv Dd Bb Vv Dd Ⅱ VV vvdd dd 23bbHH 6BBhh 3VVX w X w vvx W Y 8 4 30000 8600 4500 700 38000 300 40000 3000 4
260 2 3 B b A a 4 Ⅱ 6 2 Ⅲ 8 4 Ⅲ 9 3Ⅲ 8Ⅲ 9 X X Y 4 4 2 5~6 3 Ⅲ 9 Ⅱ 6 Ⅲ 9 Ⅱ 5Ⅱ 5 Ⅰ X Ⅲ 8 X Ⅱ 3 Ⅱ 3 Ⅲ 8 aax B X B aax B X b 2 Ⅲ 9 AAX b YAaX b Y 2 Ⅲ 8Ⅲ 9 2 XB X b X b Y 2 2 = 4-4 =3 4 a 2 Aa 2 2 = 4
26-4 = 3 4 4 3 4 + 4 3 4 =3 8 4 4 = 6 2 2 3X2aaX B X B aax B X b AAX b YAaX b Y 3 3 8 6 9 B b Bb X b 2 3 4 3 4 Bb X XY XX XY b X b Y X b Y XY X X b Y X B X B 2 X X B Y X B X B 3 X X b Y X B X b b X b Y 4 X X B 3 Y 4 4 X B X b X B X B X b Y 2X B X B X B Y 3X B X b X b Y 4X B X b X B Y b
262 0 5 A B A B 2 5A 3 5 5B A B A B B A A B B 2 2 A 2 8 3 B Ⅱ 2 2 8 3 2 2000 DNA A DNA B DNA A+G=C+TA+C=G+T C DNA
263 D DNA 2 2000 20 DNA A 4 20 B 20 4 C 4 60 D 60 4 3 2000 8 A 8 B 6 C 36 D 28 4 2000 3 A A I A I B I A I A C I B i I A i B I B I B I A i D I B i I A I A 5 200 DNA A AT B A T A T C A T G C= 2 3 4 2 3 4 D A T G C= 2 3 4 2 4 3 6 200 AaBbCc 8 ABc2% ABC4% Abc2% AbC4% abc 2% abc4% abc2% abc4% A Ab C B Ac B C A Bc bc D AbC ab c ac b a abc 7 200 A B C D 8 200 4
264 A B C D 2 4 8 6 9 A B C D 0 A a A B C D DNA A B C D 2 A B DNA C D 3 A B C D 4 A B C DNA D 5 A B C D 6 H H O H O H O H CH3 H N C C N C C N C C N C C O CH3 H H H CH2OH H OH
265 A 8 B 2 C 6 D 24 7 RNA A B C D DNA 8 A B C D 9 AA aa A Aa Aa AAa C aa Aa Aaa B AA Aa AAa D Aa Aa Aaa 20 23 A 44 +XX C 44 +YY 2 B 44 +XY D A B C D 22 B b Bb Bb X A B C D 23 A B C D DNA 24 200 2000626 2 DNA
266 DNA A DNA B DNA C DNA D DNA 2 A B C D 25 200 2n=48 aabbaabb 800 aabb 800 2 3 4 5 800 2 800 A BDNA G C T AT CG DNA 2 C DNA 60 A G C T 60 4 60 3 D 8 2 C 2 8=28 C 2 8+8=36 4 C
267 A B O B B O I B i I A i 5 C DNA AT CG A B D C 6 B 8 ABC AbC abc abc Bb ABc Abc abc abc ac Ac Bb 7 C DNA 8 C 2 4 = 2 6 6 6 2= 8 9 D 0 B A AA A a aa a Aa AAa Aa Aaa D RNA DNA D 2 B DNA 3 C
268 4 C DNA DNA 5 A DNA DNA 6 D 3 4 RNA 2 RNA DNA 2 2=24 24 7 A RNA RNA RNA RNA RNA 8 D 9 B AaAAa AA 20 B XY A C D B 2 D 22 B X B X b X b Y X B X b X b X b X B Y X b Y 23 D DNA 24 B 2 B DNA B 2 DNA 25 ab Ab 2 3 4 5 48 AaBb
269 7 6 abab abab abab AbAb aabb AaBbAAbb aabbaabb 800 aabb AaBb AaBb AB Ab ab ab=9 3 3 3+3+ 800 6 =7 6 2 3 4 5 6 5 N 4 N A DNA B 4 N DNA 5 N 4 N C N DNA D 4 N 5 N DNA 4 NDNA C H O N P 5 N 4 N 5 N
270 5 N 4 5 N N DNA DNA DNA DNA B C D DNA DNA 2 5 N 32 P 35 S A 5 N 35 S B DNA 5 N 32 P C 5 N D 5 N 32 P 35 S DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA DNA 5 N 32 P DNA 5 N 32 P B N P S 3 HO CH 2 CH COOH 2HOOC CH 2 CH COOH NH 2 NH 2 3CH 2 COOH 4CH 3 CH COOH NH 2 NH 2 5CH 3 CH CH COOH OH NH 2
2 3 CTACCGAGT α α 20 α A 5 5=20 2 2 HOOC CH 2 CH NH 2 COOH H + + - OOC CH 2 CH NH + 3 COO - 3 CTACCGAGT RNA GAUGGCUCA HOOC CH 2 CH O C H N CH 2 O C H N CH 27 COOH NH 2 CH 2 4 238 234 92 U 90Th 238 234 92 U 90Th 2 3 8533 0-25 kg 3 786567 0-25 kg OH
272 6 64672 0-27 kg 3 4 5 6 238 92 U 234 90 Th+ 4 2He α 2 ΔE=Δmc 2 =m U -m Th -m α c 2 =3 8533 0-25 -3 786567 0-25 -6 64672 0-27 3 0 8 2 =8 7 0-3 J 3 4 X aax H X h AaX H Y 5 2 3 4 = 3 8 2 6 4 5 2 3
273 6 6 X X b Y Ⅱ 9 Ⅰ Ⅱ 9 Ⅰ X B X b X Y X B X b AAAa 2 3 698448 9878 600kg 750kg 8%~20% 0 99920 2 4
274 4 5 4 5 2 km s 2 3 A B C D 6 G Mm R+h =mr+h 2 T 2 GM=gR 2 2 3 6 T= 2 3600 4 =5400 3600km 2 62km s 2 3 4 5A B C 63 0 3 km 7 8km s 7 DNA 3 4
275 DNA DNA 3 4 DNA DNA 2 3 4 8 998 27 C 47 H 5 NO 4 A B A C 6 H 5 CH NH CO C 6 H 5 C 6 H 5 HO CH COOH B ROHR C H O A 2A 3 ROH 4 A NHCO C 6 H 5 CH NH CO C 6 H 5 +H 2 O H + C 6 H 5 CH NH 2 +C 6 H 5 COOH HO CH COOH HO CH COOH
276 C 6 H 5 CHNH 2 2 HOCHCOOH NH 2 COOH NH 2 α 3 AB C 47 H 5 NO 4 A C 6 H 5 NO 4 ROH C 3 H 38 O 4 A B C D 2 32 P 32 A DNA B C D 32 P 3 A B C D 4 32 P 35 S A 32 P B 35 S C 32 P 35 S D 5 4 NDNA a 5 N 5 N DNA b 5 N
277 DNA 4 N DNA A a+b B 3a+b C 2a+3b D a+3b 2 4 2 4 6 032 0 4 20 300 A 220 B 90900 C 8800 D 70928 7 2500 A B C D 25 50 00 200 8 60 γ γ A B C D 9 2 3 3 Fe C 2 H 0 Br 0 4 5 A 4 B 2 4 C 3 5 D 2 5 0 A X B C D A B C D 2 DNA
278 A 0-6 mm B 0-9 mm C 0-0 mm D 0-2 mm 2 DNA A B C D 3 DNA A B C D 4 A B C D 3 Cl O 3 O 2 Cl+O 3 ClO+O 2 ClO +O Cl+O 2 2Cl Cl O 3 O 3 3 A B C D 4 A B C D 4 DNA 0-8 gdna 000 0 34nm 3 4 0 5 km DNA 2 50000 300 DNA 2% DNA 3 M 3 DNA A23% T36% G2% C20% DNA 5 KSV
279 RNA A B A 40 RNA DNA 2 B RNA A 2B 3 N S C 2 A DNA P DNA 3 B 4 A DNA P S S DNA 5 B DNA 4 N a 2 5 N b 2 DNA 5 NDNA 6 a 4 N 5 2 N DNA 6+b 2 2 4 3a+b 4 6 D x 032 0 4 =20x-x- 8 x=0 mrna mrna 0 3=303 mrna DNA DNA 303 2=606 300 606-606-2 8=70928 7 D
280 槡 2500 = 50 50 50 4 = 200 8 Cγ G 0 9 B 0 B D 2 A 2D 3A 4A DNA 3 O 3 +O Cl 2O 2 2 3 D 4 C 4 0-3 g 340000 0 340000kmDNA 3 m 0 34 0-9 m =08 DNA 0 8 0-8 000 =0-3 g 2 2 25 0 9 DNA 50000 300 3 =2 25 0 9 3 DNA A 2% T CG DNA DNA DNA 5 DNA RNA 2 RNARNA 3 Na 2 SO 4 NaOH N PbNO 3 2 PbS S