...1... 46... 49... 50... 102... 103... 104... 105... 106... 109...110...111...112...115...119... 120... 121 25... 123... 125 I
... 126... 131... 133... 134... 136... 139... 140... 143... 144 31 CD... 146... 148... 149... 152... 160... 161... 162... 164... 168... 172... 176... 180... 188 II
... 191 III
1
(geologicalformation) (strattum) 2
(C.oenas) (tapir) 3
(class) 4
(PrinciplesofGeology) (Sea-cliff) 5
(degradation) (boulders) (promontory) (Jukes) (Geikie) (Croll) (coast-action) 6
(Whitaker) (Wealdendistrict) (escarpment) 7
(lavastreams) (faults) (dislocation) (Cravenfault) 30 600 3 000 (Anglesea) 2 300 (Merionethshire) 8
12 000 (Cordillera) ( )57 154 13 190 2 240 72 584 9
1 000 83 4 10
11
12
(Chthamalinlae ) (Sicily) (Chalkperiod) (Flysch) 300 (Dr.Dawson) 13
(SirR.Murchison) 14
15
1845 16
17
30 40 60 (Mr.Hopkins) (primordialnucleus) 18
(Parime) (Humboldt) (Boue) (VonEschwege) 260 150 ( 1 100 ) (Prof.H.D.Rogers) 19
( ) 19 12.5 ( ) 20
(Trautschold) (Ammonites) (Hi1gendorf) (Planorbismultiformis) (Woodward) 21
( ) 22
(Mississippi) 23
24
(NovaScotia) 1 400 68 25
B C A A B C A A B C (D'Orbigny) 26
(Pictet) 27
(Dr.Falconer) 28
29
(NorthCape) - (Mr.Godwin-Austen) ( ) 30
31
32
(Sedgwick) 33
34
(SouthernOcean) ( 1844 46 ) (1853 57 ) ) 35
(Solenhofen) (ooliiicslates) 50 36
(valve) (M.Bosquet) (Pyrgoma) 37
38
(trilobites) (Nautilus) (Lingula) 39
(Sir.W.Thompson) 40
(M.Barrande) (Mr.Hicks) (SouthWales) (azoicrock) (Eozoon) (SirW.Logan) 41
1859 42
( ) 43
44
45
46
3 2 3 2 31 33 3 4 47
1984 5 1088 1200 1961 1500 1982 470 20 60 1/3. 1981 1984 700 4 48
10 49
6 50
(Pierre Huber) (Frederick Cuvier) 51
(caterpillar) ( ) 52
(Mozart) 53
54
(dock-plant) 55
56
(magpie) (hooded crow) 57
(Mr.St.John) (game-bird) (woodcock) (snipe) ( ) (retriever) 58
59
(LeRoy) (Glasgow) (Mr.Brent) 60
(wildrabbit) (jackal) 61
(CaptainHutton) (Gallusbakkiva) ( ) 62
63
(Iowa) (Dr.Merrell) (IlIinois) (Garruluscristatus) 64
(Mr.Ram-say) (sky-lark) 65
) (lines) ( ) (hedge-warbler) 66
(Mr.Gould) ( ) 67
(Molothrus) (starling) 68
(M.bonariensis) (thistle.) (M.pecoris) 69
(Sphegida (Tachytesnigra) 70
(Formica [Polyerges rufescens) (F.fusca) 71
(Mr.F.Smith) ( ) 72
(Surrey) (Sussex) (Hampshire) 1860 (cocci) 73
(F.flava) 74
( ) (heath) ) 75
76
( ) 77
78
(Prof.Miller) 79
2 1.41421 80
(Mr.Tegetmeier) ( ) 81
82
( ) 83
84
1/352 1/229 85
86
( ) 87
88
89
(Parusmaior) 90
(nuthatch) (Easternlslands) (Swift) ( ) 91
92
93
(M.Verlot) (Stock) 94
(castes) (Eciton) 95
(Cryptocerus) (Myrmecocystus) 96
(ocelli) (Myrmica) 97
(Anonma) (Mr.Bates) (NaturalistontlieAmazons) 98
99
100
(hornbill) 101
(Troglodytes) (Kitty-wrens) (ichneumonidx) 102
10 103
99727 20 50 24 104
3500 6 6 ( ) 105
6 150 106
63 90 90 90 90 107
22 ( ) 108
1. 2 3 4 109
20 0.01 3 600 18 25 2 5 52 2 3 500 600 1 1 10 110
4 10 4 4 20 30 40 5 111
(33 ) chakchak 3 112
87 47 4 50 113
1/3 45 25 170 30 9 114
55 44 2.5 115
6 30 78 10 116
15 4000 3% 40% 30% 80% 117
10% 55% 118
119
120
34 60 22 121
20 1979 10 22 1954 122
70 60 20 10 25 25 123
1996 25 25 124
125
11 7 3 6 6 5 5 126
127
3 6 ( 3 4 ) 6 (2 3 ) 128
( ) ( ) 129
130
131
4 300 50 132
1942 133
1860 134
3 20 80 2.5 135
136
6 137
6 138
3. 2 139
( ) 360 406 490 8 3.3 300 140
2.6 100 167 100 400 800 1000 (Miquelle etal.1999) 20 40 20 1997 1998 38 141
7 12 30 50 1999 90 4 5 7 3 5 142
10% 10 196 143
18 20 144
130 23% 90% 145
31 CD 146
CD 31 1000 (FineAnimalGorilla) rap http //www.koko.org 14 147
500 Penguin 5 148
60 149
700 1 20 70 3 150
151
8 28 ( ) 152
5 5 153
300 15 6 7 29 20 150 154
300 20 190 99 20 155
21 525 400 265 2 20 156
2 20 157
11 4000 60 158
21 10 20 200 500 4000 159
300 160
161
7 162
150 200 22 28 163
(1992 ) (1995 6 10 ) 21 10 164
1984 3 1980 165
80% 4 1981 1000 166
( ) 167
1 1 30 (1) (2) 2 168
( ) ( ) 30 14 169
460 88 ( ) 170
3 90 33 5 195 35 3 70 1500 8 9 2200 1 2 3 500 30 540 2 5 171
500 1 ( ) ( ) ( 2 172
173
2 174
3 300 200 175
1 6 7 600 800 2000 10 15 8 12 176
10 12 2 60 ( 20 1 ) 177
178
5 179
3 1 4 180
1000 18 1000 1500 2 4 0.8 181
182
3 183
6 168 20% 184
4 25 185
4 30 186
4 1794 187
1 2 188
3 5 390 189
4 190
5 1986 1987 1 191
90 19 2 192
7 193
90 80% 60 50 1.5 2 3 11 5.5 194
3 80 195
4 196
9 9 197