1?? 1902
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/logic http://www.wordiq.com/definition/logic.
3 Avicennian Logic Abu Ali Sina Balkhi Avicenna,980 1037 (Asharite school)
4 Ludwig Wittgenstein1889-1957 1. 2.
5 logical form ( ) x ( ) x S P Jan Lukasiewicz1878-1956 (Ammonius) ABC 1 2 3 4
M D A( M, D) m( x) ( d x) ( x)( mx ( ) d( x)) S P 1. 2. 6
7 1. 2. (Paul Bernays, 1888-1977 ) Emil Post 1897-1954
8
9 1.
10 2.
11 2. 1. 2. formal logic Symbolic logic Mathematical Logic
12 3. Propositional Logic Sentential Logic Propositional Calculus 1 2 3 1928 (David Hilbert, 1862-1943 ) Wilhelm
Ackermann, 1986-1962 13 Alfred Tarski, 1901-1983 George Boolos1940-1996 Stewart Shapiro1951 - x x x 4. 2 2 4 2 2 4 5.
Plato, 428/427348/347 informal logic Frans van Eemeren1946 Rob Grootendorst, 1944-2000 Pragma-dialectics 6. (philosophical logic) (philosophy of logic) Giovanni Sartor, A Formal Logic for Legal Argumentation, Ratio Juris, No.7 1 994, pp. 212 226. 14
7. Prolog Communicating Sequential ProcessesCSP Calculus of Communicating SystemsCCS π -Pi-Calculus (philosophical logic) (philosophy of logic) 2. 15
p (Jan Lukasiewicz, 1878-1956 )?? L. E. J. Brouwer, 1881-1966 Gerhard Gentzen, 1909-1945 Arend Heyting, 1898-1980 0 1 p 1. 2. 16
1. X Y 2. X Y 3. X Y X Y X Y 1. ( p p) q 2. p ( q p) 3. p ( p q) 4. p ( q q) 2+24 Paul Grice,1913-1988 p q p qp q ( p q) p q T B T B 1. T B 2. T B 17
3. T B T B T B B T T B p q( p q) 1. 2. Hilary Putnam, 1926-1968 W. V. O. Quine, 1908-2000 Garrett Birkhoff1911-1996 John von Neumann,1903-1957 Sir Michael Dummett1925 1976 2007 Guido Bacciagaluppi1965 18
19 1968 1976 2007 1. 2. Graham Priest, 1948 1. 2.
Empiricus, 160-210 ) (Sextus Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844-1900 1. 2. 3. 7. 20 4. 5. 6.
8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 21