both durations simulated by the tw o schemes are longer than actual duration of the thunderstorm to different degree. Whatever the land cover c

38 3 Vol. 38 No. 3 2015 6 Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences Jun. 2015. 2015. J. 38 3 299-309. doi 10. 13878 /j. cnki. dqkxxb. 20130310001. Wang Ya Miao Jun-feng Tan Zhe-min. 2015. Impact of land surface parameterizations on simulated thunderstorm process over the Ningbo area J. Trans Atmos Sci 38 3 299-309. in Chinese. 1 2 1 3 1. 210044 2. 200030 3. 210093 Noah RUC WRF 2006 6 24 Noah RUC Noah RUC 3 Noah Noah RUC Noah RUC Noah RUC 1674-7097 2015 03-0299-11 doi 10. 13878 /j. cnki. dqkxxb. 20130310001 P4 A Impact of land surface parameterizations on simulated thunderstorm process over the Ningbo area WANG Ya 1 2 MIAO Jun-feng 1 TAN Zhe-min 3 1. School of Atmospheric Sciences NUIST Nanjing 210044 China 2. Shanghai Meteorological Bureau Shanghai 200030 China 3. Key Laboratory of Mesoscale Severe Weather of Ministry of Education Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Abstract The new generation mesoscale model WRF is used to simulate a typical thunderstorm process in Ningbo area on 24 June 2006 and the impacts of land surface parameterization schemes Noah and RUC on numerical simulation of the thunderstorm process are tested. The results show that for surface thermodynamic field before the thunderstorm happened the simulated results w ith Noah scheme are more close to the observations. However with RUC scheme the simulated results do not reflect the diversity of underlying surface coverage and the impacts of city underlying surface and the difference betw een rural and urban areas is not obvious. The start and development processes simulated by Noah scheme are more reasonable and the results simulated by RUC scheme describe the key stages in the e- volution process of thunderstorm well such as three merging processes. Because the considered factors and physical process parameterizations are different the strength and center of accumulated precipitation simulated by Noah scheme are more consistent w ith the observations than those simulated by RUC scheme. The duration of thunderstorm is strongly sensitive to land surface process parameterization and 2013-03-10 2013-05-04 GYHY201006004 miaoj@ nuist. edu. cn.

300 38 both durations simulated by the tw o schemes are longer than actual duration of the thunderstorm to different degree. Whatever the land cover category in Ningbo area the sensible heat flux latent heat flux simulated by Noah scheme is greater than less than that simulated by RUC scheme during the day. Key words thunderstorm process land surface process parameterization Noah scheme RUC scheme numerical sensitivity 0 2001 Miao et al. 2008 2009 2009 WRF 2012 1995 1998 2009 2009 2002 2008 Talbot et al. 2007 2009 2013 2014 40 d 1999 2013 2004 WRF MM5 2005 WRFV2 2006 6 24 14 23 8 ~ 10 11 1 h 30 mm 2012 1. 1 Xiu and Pleim 1

3 301 08 NCEP FNL 1 1 500 850 hpa MCS2 2b 1 500 hpa MCS1 MCS12 24 N 2c MCS3 18 MCS3 MCS12 850 hpa MCS123 18 24 1 14 WRF 2 1. 2 MM5 2 2006 6 24 WRF 13 14 2a 2a MCS1 1 Noah 16 OSU Pan and 3b Xiangshan Bay Mahrt 1987 1 Fig. 1 NCEP FNL 1 1 2006 6 24 08 m s - 1 dagpm a. 500 hpa 14 b. 850 hpa 14 J kg - 1 Wind field arrows units m s - 1 and geopotential height field contours units dagpm at 08 00 BST 24 June 2006 based on NCEP FNL 1 1 reanalysis data a. 500 hpa shaded area represents the lift index at 14 00 BST units b. 850 hpa shaded area represents convective available potential energy at 14 00 BST units J kg - 1

302 38 2 Fig. 2 2006 6 24 0. 5 dbz a. 14 51 b. 16 20 c. 17 40 d. 19 16 Radar basic reflectivity images observed by Ningbo Radar on 24 June 2006 elevation angle is 0. 5 units dbz a. 14 51 BST b. 16 20 BST c. 17 40 BST d. 19 16 BST WRF V2. 0 3b 160 166 Noah Dudhia RRTM Monin-Obukhov Noah YSU Lin Miao et al. 2007 2 RUC Kain-Fritsch D3 D4 Boston University /NCEP MODIS 30 NCEP / 3c RUC Rapid Update Cycle Smirnova et al. 1997 1 2014 2013 3 2006 6 24 WRF-ARW V3. 2 Noah RUC NCEP FNL 1 1 2006 6 23 08 25 08 27 9 3 1 km 35 σ 1 h 16 h 2 km 24 spin-up 100 hpa 3 D4 D4

3 303 1 Noah RUC Table 1 Differences between Noah and RUC land surface process parameterization schemes Noah RUC 4 6 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 3 5 6 14 10 30 60 100 cm 6 2 cm 2 Richards 16 2. 5 2. 5 15 20 120 140 4 4. 2 4. 1 1. 2 3 2005 2 4 Noah RUC 1. 5 km 3 MCS 5a b 24 13 D4 RUC 4b f 2 Noah RUC MCS1 Noah 4c g RUC MCS1 MCS2 Noah Noah 18 2012 2013 3 RUC 4d g RUC 34 Noah 2 /3 20 km 18 1 h Noah 5c d 24 12 10 m RUC

304 38 3 a. b. D4 m c. D4 Fig. 3 Modeling domain settings of the simulation a. Domains 1 2 3 and 4 denoted by D1 D2 D3 and D4 b. Model terrain units m in D4 and the distribution of automatic weather stations c. land cover category in D4 2 Suresh 2007 4b f Noah 10 m s - 1 18 m s - 1 Noah RUC RUC Noah RUC RUC RUC Noah 4c g 4a e 18

3 305 4 Fig. 4 2006 6 24 D4 1. 5 km dbz 10 m m s - 1 a. Noah 13 b. Noah 15 c. Noah 18 d. Noah 20 e. RUC 13 f. RUC 15 g. RUC 18 h. RUC 20 Simulated radar reflectivity shaded areas units dbz at 1. 5 km level and wind field at 10 m units m s - 1 in D4 on 24 June 2006 a. Noah scheme at 13 00 BST b. Noah scheme at 15 00 BST c. Noah scheme at 18 00 BST d. Noah scheme at 20 00 BST e. RUC scheme at 13 00 BST f. RUC scheme at 15 00 BST g. RUC scheme at 18 00 BST h. RUC scheme at 20 00 BST Noah RUC 4. 3 7 24 12 20 6a b 7a 7b 2 c 121. 5 E 29. 4 N 1 h 100 mm 09 12 Noah RUC 50 mm Noah 5a b 13 RUC Noah Noah Noah RUC 09 12 2 0. 3 RUC m s - 1 12 18 8 Noah 15 20 5. 25 RUC mm h - 1

306 38 5 Fig. 5 Noah a c RUC b d 2006 6 24 12 2 m a b 10 m c d m s - 1 5a a b Air temperature units at 2 m and c d wind speed units m s - 1 at 10 m in Ningbo area at 12 00 BST 24 June 2006 simulated by a c Noah and b d RUC schemes The polygon area in Fig. 5a denotes the central city area of Ningbo city 6 Fig. 6 D4 a. 2 m b. 10 m m s - 1 Comparisons between the hourly site-averaged results simulated by different experiments and the observations in D4 a. air temperature at 2 m units b. wind speed at 10 m units m s - 1 2 h 4. 4 2012 Noah 5 mm h - 1 RUC 2008 3. 5 mm h - 1 30% Noah RUC

3 307 7 2006 6 24 12 20 mm a. b. Noah c. RUC Fig. 7 Accumulated precipitation from 12 00 BST to 20 00 BST 24 June 2006 shaded areas units mm a. observed results b. simulated results by Noah scheme c. simulated results by RUC scheme 5 WRF Noah RUC 2 8 D4 mm h - 1 1 Noah Fig. 8 Area-averaged rainfall intensity simulated by different experiments and the observed results in D4 u- nits mm h - 1 RUC 2 2 D4 2 Noah 9 2 Noah RUC 3 Noah RUC Noah RUC 4 Noah 5 6

308 38 9 Fig. 9 D4 2006 6 24 a W m - 2 b W m - 2 c W m - 2 d km e J kg - 1 f J kg - 1 N Noah R RUC Hourly-averaged a sensible heat flux units W m - 2 b latent heat flux units W m - 2 c net radiation units W m - 2 d boundary layer height units km e convective available potential energy units J kg - 1 and f convective inhibition energy units J kg - 1 simulated by different experiments with different land cover categories in D4 on 24 June 2006 N Noah scheme R RUC scheme the red green yellow and blue colors denote urban mixed forest croplands and water bodies respectively Noah RUC Noah RUC References tics of urban heat island in Tianjin J. Trans Atmos Sci 35 6. 2004. J. 30 9 3-8. Chen Liqiang Zhou Xiaoshan Yang 620-632. Sen. 2004. Numerical simulation and analysis of vertical environment character of a severe storm J. Meteor Mon 30 9 3-8. in Chi-. 2013. J. 36 4 417- Zhou Bing. 2009. Climate characteristic and variation tendency of thunderstorm in China J. Trans Atmos Sci 32 5 703-710. in Chinese.. 1999. Yunfei et al. 2008. A case study on triggering of thermal convective J. 19 2 142-149. He Hongrang Wei Shaoyuan Zeng Wenhua. 1999. Analysis and madeling study of severe thunderstorm behind a subtropical high over the Changjiang- Huaihe area J. Scientia Meteorologica Sinca 19 2 142-149. in Chinese.. 2012. J. 35 5 620-632. Huang Liping Miao Junfeng Liu Yuekun. 2012. Spatial and temporal variation characteris- nese. 425. Huang Liping Miao Junfeng Liu Yuekun et al. 2013. Observational analysis of influence of sea-land breeze on diurnal character- J. 32 5 703-710. Chen Sirong Zhu Weijun istics of urban heat island in Tianjin during summer J. Trans. 2009. Atmos Sci 36 4 417-425.. 2008. J. 66 2 190-202. Li Yunying Rucong Fu precipitation J. Acta Meteor Sinica 66 2 190-202. in Chi-

3 309 nese.. 1995. Ningbo J. J Trop Meteor 25 3 336-342. in Chinese. J. 21 8 44-48. Li Zhinan Kang Yuxia. 1995. An analysis of northeastern route banded storm weather J. Meteor Mon 21 8 44-48. in Chinese.. 2008. Talbot C Augustin P Leroy C et al. 2007. Impact of a sea breeze on the J. 28 3 1-7. Lu Ping Yu Rucong. 2008. Numerical analysis on the impacts of surface latent heat flux transport on Sichuan rainfall process J. Plateau and Mountain Meteorology Research 28 3 1-7. in Chinese.. 2009. WRF 2007 7 J. 33 3 557-567. Ma Hongyun Guo Pinwen Song Jie. 2009. Simulation of 2007. 7 heavy rainfall case in the Changjiang-Huaihe valley using the WRF model with different land surface schemes J. Chinese J Atmos Sci 33 3 557-567. in Chinese. 368-376. Meng Weiguang Li Jiangnan Wang Anyu et al. 2005. Effects of condensation heating and surface fluxes on the development of a south China Mesoscale Convective System MCS J. J Trop Meteor 21 4 368-376. in Chinese.. 2012. Zhaoxia et al. 2002. Earlier identification and numerical simulation J. 36 5 1063-1076. Meng Weiguang Li Haorui Zhang Yanxia et al. 2012. A modeling study of the impacts of Pearl River Delta urban environment on convective precipitation J. Chinese J Atmos Sci 36 5 1063-1076. in Chinese.. 2014.. 2014. J. 37 4 521-528. Miao Junfeng. 2014. An o- J. 37 6 804-814. Yang Wei Miao verview of numerical studies of interaction of urban heat island and Junfeng Tan Zhemin. 2014. Impact of land surface parameterizations sea breeze circulations J. Trans Atmos Sci 37 4 521-528. in Chinese. Miao J F Chen D Borne K. 2007. Evaluation and comparison of Noah and Pleim-Xiu land surface models in MM5 using G TE2001 data Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface air temperature J. J Appl Meteor Climatol 46 1587-1605. Miao J F Chen D Wyser K et al. 2008. Evaluation of MM5 mesoscale model at local scale for air quality applications over the Swedish west coast Influence of PBL and LSM parameterizations J. Meteor Atmos Phys 99 77-103. Miao J F Wyser K Chen D et al. 2009. Impacts of boundary layer turbulence and land surface process parameterizations on simulated sea breeze characteristics J. Ann Geophys 27 6 2303-2320. Pan H L Mahrt L. 1987. Interaction between soil hydrology and boundarylayer development J. Bound-Lay Meteor 38 185-202. Smirnova T G Brown J M Benjamin S G. 1997. Performance of different soil model configurations in simulating ground surface temperature and surface fluxes J. Mon Wea Rev 125 8 1870-1884.. 2009. J. 25 3 336-342. Song Jiehui Shou Shaowen Liu Xu et al. 2009. Observational studies and numerical simulation of a land and sea breezes case over eastern Suresh R. 2007. Observation of sea breeze front and its induced convection over Chennai in Southern Peninsular India using Doppler weather radar J. Pure Appl Geophys. 164 1511-1525. boundary-layer dynamics and the atmospheric stratification in a coastal area of the North Sea J. Bound-Lay Meteor 125 1 133-154.. 2013. J. 71 6 1146-1159. Wang Ya Miao Junfeng Tan Zhemin. 2013. Numerical study of the impact of differences between sea and land underlying surface on thunderstorm in Ningbo area J. Acta Meteor Sinica 71 6 1146-1159. in Chinese.. 2009.. 2005. J. 26 3 12-21. Wang Yuguo Wu Zengmao Chang Zhiqing et al. 2009. Numerical simulation of three MCS J. 21 4 dimensional structure of sea-land breeze at west coast of Liao Dong Bay J. Marine Forecasts 26 3 12-21. in Chinese.. 2002. J. 21 2 159-166. Xiao Hui Wu Yuxia Hu of hail stoms occurring in Xunyi region J. Plateau Meteorology 21 2 159-166. in Chinese. Xiu A Pleim J E. 2001. Development of a land surface model. Part I Application in a mesoscale meteorological model J. J Appl Meteor 40 192-209. on simulation of a thunderstorm over Tai Lake region J. Trans Atmos Sci 37 6 804-814. in Chinese.. 2012. WRF J. 55 1 16-28. Zeng Xinmin Wu Zhihuang Song Shuai et al. 2012. Effects of land surface schemes on the simulation of a heavy rainfall event by WRF J. Chinese Journal of Geophysics 55 1 16-28. in Chinese.. 2005. J. 41 5 746-753. Zhang Chunxi Zhu Peijun Zheng Yongguang et al. 2005. A study to the trigger mechanism and unstable conditions of spring heavy rainfall with numerical simulation J. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis 41 5 746-753. in Chinese.. 1998. J. 14 2 156-162. Zhang Minfeng Feng Xia. 1998. A study on climatic features and anomalies of the thunderstorm in China J. J Trop Meteor 14 2 156-162. in Chinese.