W L Gates.Open Lecture The influences of the ocean on climate.scientific lecture at the 28th section of the ECWMO.WMO Bulletin. July1977168 169.

WCP 1 WCRP2 WCAP 3 WCIP4 WCDP

.. 1991

A Henderson-SellersP J Robinson. Contemporary Climatology. Longman Scientific Technical 1987

2 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2

dt = - = 0.65 / 100m 1 1 dz

250 500km 800km 60km D 300km EF1 F2 D E X

P = F 1 3 A P = Mg 1 5 A

P = W S = gh S = gh 1 6 S e f = 100 1 8 E mω q = 1 9 m + m d ω mb 1mb=1000dyn/cm2 1Pa=10dyn/cm2 1mb=100Pa 1mb=1hPa Hg 13.5951g/cm3g=980.665cm/S2 1mmHg=13.595 1g/cm3 980.665cm/S2 0.1cm=1.333 103dyn/cm2=1.333hPa mmhg hpa 1mmHg=1.33hPa=4/3hPa 1 8 1hPa=0.75mmHg=3/4mm 1 9

e q = 0.622 1 10 p = m ω 1 11 m d = 0.622 e 1 12 p - e a g/m3 g/cm3 t e

P1V1 P2V2 P3V3 PnVn = = = Λ = T T T T 1 2 3 n 8 4

PV T = 1 14 PV T P0V0 = = R * PV = RT 1 15 T 0 5 4 3 101325. 10 Pa 2. 24 10 m / mol R* = 273K 3 = 8.314 41Pam / mol K 8.31J / (mol K ) M V 1 µ V = M R T PV = M R T 1 16 µ P µ PV = M µ RT M R P = T V µ M R R V µ P = RT 1 17 R d = R * = 8. 31 = 0. 287J / gk µ 28. 97 d

P e e ρd = ρ R ϖ = dt RϖT R * µ d R * Rω = = = 1608. Rd µ µ µ ω ω d = + = P - e R T + e 1.608(P - e) = R T 1.608R T = P R T (1-0.378 e P ) d ω d ω d d e 1+ 0.378 e P P 0.378 e 2 P ρ = P e RdT( 1+ 0. 378 ) P P = R T 1+ 0.378 e d 1 20 P T = 1 + 0.378 e v T 1 21 P 1 + 0.378 e T 1 P

T = T - T = 0.378 e v 0 P

W/sr [] Watt per steradian

df = F d F = df 2 2 d λ 1 2 Fλ 1 λ 2 2 F = F d 2 3 F λ1λ 2 λ λ λ1 λ1λ 2 1 2 F = F d λ 2 4 0 λ Q Q a o Q r Q d + + = 1 Q Q o o

I I T Tb = K T e = I λt λt I λrb 2 7 I λt = I λtb 2 9 K λt IT = I Tb 2 10 K T

1981 10 1367W/m2 AHendersonsellerselal Conlemporary Climatology 1987 1370W/m2

ϕ ϕ ϕ ϕ

S 2 8b = AC S' AB = sinh

I I 0 = P (2 16)

= C m T = 2896 10 m 288

dq=c dt-rt dp P P 2 29 C dt-rt dp P P =0 (2 30) C dt =RT dp P P T dt R p dp = T T C 0 p0 P p

1n T T 0 0 T = T P P R = 1 C n P P 0 P R C P 0 R 0.287J / (gk) = C 0.286 1.005J / (g K) P (2 31) T P 0. 286 = 2 32 T P 0 0 d = - dt i i dz 2 30 dz i d RT g g T = RT i ρ = 2 33 C Pρ C P T dp dz = -g dpi = dp dz dz = -g T i d = RT g = g i C ρrt C T Ti T P P 1 d = g (234) CP

2 = 98. m / s d 1005m S K 0.98K / 100m( 0.98 / 100m) 2 2 / ( ) Ldq = C dt RT dp s p 2 37 P dt RT dp L = C P C dq s 2 38 P P

dti dz g Ti L = C T C P p dq s dz 2 39 dti g L dqs L dq s = = γ d 2 40 dz Cp CP dz CP dz dti L dq s γ m = γ d = + 2 41 dz C dz m p dqs dz 0 dqs 0 0 dz dq s dz 0 dq s 0 0 m d dz dqs m dz

R θ = 1000 C = P 1000 0. 286 T T 2 42 P P Lq θse = θ + 2 43 Cp

dq dt = Cp dt RTdP dt P dt 2 44 dt dp dt dt dt dt

T dt = t dt + T x dx + T y dy + T z dz 2 45 dt T dt = u T v T t + x + y + w T z 2 47 T u T v T w T = + + + t x y z dt dt 2 48 u T v T + x y T w z

1 v n = Vcos60 = 30 = 15km / h 2 4 V T n = 15 = 012. / h t 500 dq 2 44 dt dt 1 RT dp = ε + 2 52 dt C C P dt P P dt T u T v T T = + + + ω 2 53 dt t x y P w = dp w 0 dt

= g P Z RT 1 = P P g d RT = C P γ dr T g P T T Z RT T = = = P Z P Pg Z T P C P γ RT Pg RT Pg RT RT ( γ γ ) ( γ γ) Pg Pg d = d = d γ ( γ d γ) RT 0 ω 0 Pg d

ρ i a = ρ g 2 58 ρ i = P i = P i P i = P RT RT i Ti T a = T g 2 59

γ γ d a = g Z 2 60 T

θ 2 42 Z 1 θ 1 T R 1 = θ Z T Z C P 1 T RT = T Z CPP P Z P Z P = ρg = g P Z RT R T P g = = γ C P Z C P P P d 1 θ 1 T = + γ d θ Z T Z θ θ = ( γ γ d Z T ) θ θ 0 ( d ) 0 0 ( d ) Z Z θ 0 0 ( d ) = 0 Z θ 0 Z γ γ m a = g Z 2 61 T

se 0 0 = 0 = θ θ θ se m m se m m se m Z Z Z

de LE = 2 3 3 df R T ω de L dt = 2 3 4 E Rω T 19. 9t E = E 0e 3 5 273 + t t E = E 010 85. 3 6 273 + t

E = E 10 9.77t i 0 3 7 273 + t at E = E010 3 8 β + t s i

Ei f i = f E

W A E = e P 3 9

.. 1989

dp dz = g

= P R d T dp g P = dz R T d - dp 1 dz RdT h = Pg 8000 h (1+ t / 273)(m / hpa) 4 2 P

P2 P1 Z2 dp = ρgdz 4 3 Z1 P2 dp z2 g = P RT dz P 1 Z1 n P Z 2 2 g 1 = P RT dz Z1 1 Z2 g P = P e RT dz 2 1 4.4 Z1 P P e g ( Z Z 2 1) 2 = 1 RT n P 2 g 1 = ( P RT Z Z 2 1) 1 RT Z Z n P 1 2 1 = 1 4 5 g P2 P1 Z2 Z1 = 18400( 1 + t / 273)log 4 6 P 2 1. 2. 15 1013.25hPa 1.225kg/m33. 11km 4. =0.65/100m =0-56.5

0 0 1n P Z g g dz 1 1 P R T R n T n T z γ z γ z = = = ( ) O ( γ ) γ T T 0 0 z 0 γz Rγ Pz = P0 ( 1 ) 4 7 T 0 g 0 g Rγ

H = g Z ϕ 9.8 ϕ ϕ

P G = N N P N P P - - N n P - / Z 1 P A -(P Y Z X X)

P P P Y Z - P + Y Z = - X Y Z X X P Y Z - Y X Y P Z - X Y Z Z ϖ ϖ ϖ P + + X Y Z = - P X Y Z X i P Y j P Z k V - P - P N ϖ G ϖ G = - 1 P 4 8 ρ N 1 G G n Z = = ρ 1 ρ P n P z P - n -3 3 P = 1.3 10 g / cm - = 1hPa / G = 7 10-4 n N / kg n

S = 1 at 2 2 1 2 2 at = V t a = 2V 2 A = 2V 4 9

ϕ ϕ ϕ ϖ C ϖ 2 C r ϖ V = r ϖ C = V 2 4 10 r

ϖ dv ϖ ϖ ϖ ϖ = G + A + R + g 4 12 dt G ϖ A ϖ R ϖ g ϖ du dv dw fx =, Fy =, Fz = dt dt dt du 1 P = + 2vω sinϕ + R dt ρ x dv dt dω dt 1 P = 2uω sin ϕ + R ρ y 1 P = g + R ρ z 4 13 du 1 P = + 2vω sinϕ dt ρ x dv dt 1 P = 2uω sinϕ ρ y 1 P 0 = g ρ z 4 14

ϖ ϖ G = A ϖ ϖ G A 1 P = 2Vgω sinϕ ρ n 1 P Vg = 4 15 2ρω sinϕ n P Vg - n ϕ ϕ P n = 1hPa / = 1.293kg / m3

ϖ 1 P g Z G = = ρ n n g H = Z 9. 8 ϖ H G = 98. n 9. 8 H Vg = 2ω sinϕ n 4 16 ϖ ϖ 4 20 G A ϖ C ϖ ϖ ϖ G = A + C ϖ ϖ ϖ G A C V r P Vc = rωsin ϕ ± ( rω sin ϕ) 2 4 17 ρ n ϖ ϖ ϖ G C A ϖ ϖ ϖ GC = A V = r ± r + r P ac ω sin ϕ ( ω sin ϕ) 2 4 18 ρ n P - r n - 1 P ρ n = 0 V c = -rωsin ϕ + ( rωsinϕ) 2 r P 4 19 ρ n V ac = rωsinϕ - ( rωsinϕ) 2 + r P 4 20 ρ n c

ϖ G V V V ac g c ϖ ϖ G = C V r 2 1 P + = 0 ρ n P n ϕ

ϖ VT ϖ ϖ ϖ VT = V2 V1 ϖ ϖ ϖ V2 V1 V1 = 0 ϖ ϖ V = V 2 T ϖ g( Z2 Z1) Tm VT = ( 421) ft n m

ϖ ϖ ϖ V + V = V 1 T 2 ϖ ϖ ϖ V + V + V 1 T 2 ϖ V T

30 S 30 N 6 5

M = ωr 2 2 cos ϕ + urcosϕ ϕ

n 1 I Z = ( Φ45 Φ65 ) ϕ n 1 n 1 Φ I M = λ n 1 R cosϕ

f tga g T Vg = m T

cascade.. 19891 9.

2 a I = b I 2 0 6 1 I I = 0 2 ρ 6 2 ϕ ϕ ϕ 1981 1982 1368W/m2 1372W/m2 1370W/m2 A.Henderson-sellersP.J.Robinson.Contemporary Climatology,1987 HH Z S

dqs = I 0 2 sinh (6.4) dt ρ 6.3 6.4 dq dt s = I 0 2 (sinϕsin δ + cosϕ cosδ cosω) 6.5 ρ ϕ ϕ ϕ I 0 dqs = 2 (sin ϕ sinδ + cosϕ cosδ cos ω) dt 6 5 ρ T dt = d ω 2π T I 0 dqs = 2 (sinϕ sinδ + cosϕ cosδ cos ω) dω 6 7 2π ρ Z h AA P ZPS PZS <= cosz=sinh

T I Q = + ω 0 0 + s d 2 (sin ϕ sin δ cos ϕ cos δ cos ω ) ω 2π ρ ω0 T I 0 = ( + 8 2 0 0 π ρ ω sin ϕ sin δ cos ϕ cos δ sin ω ) 6 T π ϕ 0

MN...198028 32.

A.Henderson-Sellers and P.J.Robinson.Contemporary Climatology.198730

A.Henderson-Sallers,P.J.Robinson.Contemporayr Climatology 198732

P = ρg z P z = P = - g z x = 1 z P - 1 g VC T P 0 Cp P Qp = 1 0 VCpTdP = VTdP P g g 6 11 0 0 C n p Qp = TiVi Pi 6 12 g i= 1 LE L P0 VqdP g 6 13 0 n L LE = Viq i Pi 6 14 g i= 1 p

1991212.

A.N.StrahlerA.H.Strahler.Elements of Physical Geography1979

1 P0 QV = VqdP g 6 15 0 n 1 QV = Viq i Pi 6 16 g i= 1

. 1991217

...Vol.13No.3. 4 41

5..1990310 320

ϕ K A A D y + d + 025. 0 = 100% 6 18 0. 36ϕ + 14

+ A max Ai K = + 100% 6 18a A A K A = A max A max i max + max A max 100% 6 19b + A A i - A 30 70 max max

. 1975 1976...19799

.. 5..1990.P320 324

.CA.. 1955... 1994

T A = λ α ' ' 6 19 αz' Q C K T p = pρ α 6 20 αz αq LE = LK 6 21 αz αt' A αz' ' K' = λ 6 22 ρ' C'

αt C αz P dq 6 22 L dz K dq dz

p 1 1

A.Henderson-Sellers and P.J.Robinson.Contemporary Climatology.Longman ScientificTechnical.1987 193 194

.. 1994150.

... 1989407 417

r 6cm 10 cm 25 r 6cm 10 cm 25

.. 1988185 214

p p p p p

p p p

.. 1989186 198

1 4.7 20.5 15.8 7 26.1 23 3.1

1 1 1 2

. 1966 1968...

r5 mm

1982120

( ) ( ) O 2 3 ( R 25 E 65 K 136 J 192.5 T 225 P 280 C 345 D 395 S 435 O 500 570 Z 1000 1200 1500 2000 3000 3300 4500 6000 ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( O2 3 10% ) O2 1% ( )

1994724 10 6 9.7 7.6 6.7 4.3 2.7 180 199439

199452 53 1959 1979 30 1854 1993 Trends'93Published by CDIAC

5 1990141 146

A. C. E. B. - D. F. 8 6

1983

2 4 2 1990271 272

CH4 CO2 2.1 N2O CO2 206 CFCs CO2

1994 10 5

F G F G. 5. 1990124

n E H µ = KC 2

e RH u r u r

eu-r (hpa) RHu-r( ) e u r

.. 199455 100