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8086/8088 CIP /. 2004.8 ISBN 7-03-014239-X.... TP313 CIP 2004 086019 16 100717 http://www.sciencep.com * 2004 8 2004 8 1 5 500 787 1092 1/16 16 1/2 391 000

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ii 1 2 CAI CAI 3 To the teacher To the student L.G.Alexander 4

iii 18 1 PC 2 Debug 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 DOS 17 18 BIOS 1 2 3 4 8 13 14 5 6 7 9 10 12 15 16 17 11 18 CAI E-mail zzn@zwu.edu.cn

1...1 1.1...1 1.2 PC...4...10 2 Debug CPU...12 2.1...12 2.2...14 2.3...15...19 3...20 3.1...20 3.2...23 3.3 DEBUG EXE...25...27 4...29 4.1...29 4.2...32...36 5...37 5.1 3 MASM...37 5.2 Jxx...39 5.3...43 5.4...45...54 6...55 6.1 DOS/BIOS...55 6.2...56 6.3 ASCII...59 6.4...61 6.5...63...71

vi 7...73 7.1...73 7.2 INT 10H...74 7.3 COLOR...76 7.4 INT 10H INT 21H...78 7.5...79 7.6 PC...80...83 8...84 8.1 MOVS...84 8.2 LODS STOS...85 8.3 CMPS SCAS...86 8.4...87...90 9...91 9.1...91 9.2...94 9.3...95 9.4...97 9.5...97...102 10...103 10.1 ASCII...103 10.2 ASCII...105 10.3 BCD...108 10.4...109...123 11...124 11.1...124 11.2...127 11.3...128...132 12...134 12.1 MONO VGA...134 12.2...137 12.3...139 12.4 Bresenhem...139...143

vii 13...145 13.1...145 13.2...146 13.3...148...151 14...153 14.1...153 14.2...154 14.3...157 14.4 XLAT...158...160 15...162 15.1...162 15.2...165 15.3...167 15.4...167 15.5...168 15.6...171 15.7...171...175 16...176 16.1...176 16.2 DOS...178 16.3...179 16.4...180 16.5 FAT...182 16.6...185 16.7...186 16.8...187 16.9...189 16.10...192...202 17...203 17.1...203 17.2...206 17.3...207 17.4...210...215

viii 18 BIOS...217 18.1 BIOS...217 18.2...221...224...225 1...225 2 DOS...226 3 BIOS...230 4 MASM 50...233 5 8086/8088...235...255

1 CPU RAM MASM [1] [2] MASM [3] 1.1 ( [4]) 0 1 2 2 2 1 10 2 4 2 2 100 2 11111111 2 = 2 7 + 2 6 + 2 5 + 2 4 + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2 1 + 2 0 = 255 1111111111111111 2 = 2 15 + 2 14 + + 2 1 + 2 0 = 65535 ( [5]) Bit Byte Bit 1 0 1 8 Bit Byte

2 8 Bit Byte Bit 1.1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 * * * * * * * * 1.1 1 Byte Bit Byte 2 Byte 16 Bit Word Bit 0 15 Byte Byte K 1K=1024 Byte K M 1M =1K K= 102 1024 Byte 640K 64 1024 Byte 1 40M 4 102 1024 Byte Byte 8 Bit Byte 0 255 256 256 256 256 ASCII ( [6]) ASCII A Z 65 90 0 9 48 57( [7]) 0 + 0 = 0 0 + 1 = 1 1 + 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 10 Byte 00111100 60 + 00110101 +53 01110001 113 11111111 255 + 00000001 + 1 1 00000000 0 Byte ( [8]) 0 1

1 3 00111100 + 00110101 = 01110001 11111111 + 00000001 = 0000000000000000 0 00000001 111111111 +1=0 11111111 =0 +1 = 1 1 Byte 0 255 256 127 1 0 128 1 n 2 Byte 256 256 256 1 2 Byte 0 1 11111111+00000001=0 1+1=01 10000001 00001010 +10 00001010 +11110110=00000000 10 11110110 M N M N 0 0 = 0 0 1 = 0 1 0 = 0 1 1 = 1 10 1 15 27 100 2 15 27 100 3[9] Byte 4 A 0 ASCII 5 0 + 0 = 48+48= 96 0 Byte Byte 0 255 256 Byte 128 +127 N=N +1 0 1 1 05 +5 +1 00000101 +1 11111010+1

4 11111011 0 = + 0 +1=11111111+1=0 4 [10] 0000=0 0001=1 0010=2 1001=9 1010= 10 10 16 1010 = A = 10 10 1011 = B = 11 10 1100 = C = 12 10 1101 = D = 13 10 1110 = E = 14 10 1111 = F = 15 10 B9 = 10111001 B = 1011 9 =1001 B9 = B 16 1 + 9 16 0 = 11 16 + 9 1 = 176 + 9 = 185 1 AA EE 2 255 150 3 [11] B Binary D Decimal H Hexadecimal Q D 20H=00100000B=32D=32 1.2 PC PC CPU PC [12] PC PC XT AT [13]

1 5 CPU ROM RAM CPU [14] CPU ROM [15] RAM [16] RAM CPU [17] 1 PC 2 ROM RAM 3 CPU 8088 [18] CPU EU BIU 1 2 8088 8088 BIU EU BIU EU BIU 1.2 8088 CPU

6 8088 14 1 4 AX BX CX DX 4 8088 16 16 0 65535 32768 +32767 [19] 8 1.3 AX BX CX DX AH BH CH DH AL BL CL DL 1.3 4 4 2 2 SI DI SI source index DI destination index 3 2 SP BP 2 [20] 4 IP 5 FLAGS CPU 16 bit 8088 16 9 bit 1.1 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 O D I T S Z A P C O 1 D S 1 0 I Z 0 1 0 0 T A C P FLAGS 6 4 SS CS DS ES CPU 8088 14 9 EU 5 4 IP BIU 4 RAM 8088 1M=1K K=1024 1024 byte 0 1 2 1M-1[21]

1 7 CPU 1 1M 1M=1K K=2 10 2 10 =2 20 20 2 8088 8088 16 16 8088 1M 16 32 8086 4 8088 16+4=20 1M 4 SS CS DS ES 2 8088 16 2 16 = 2 6 2 10 = 64K 1M 2 SS CS DS ES 2 32 2 32 = 2 2 2 10 2 10 2 10 = 4096M 8088 12 4 16+4=20 1M CPU 1 8088 2M 1 1024 1024 2 64K 640K 2 DS BX DS 1 [22] RAM ROM ROM RAM DOS RAM 64K

8 Byte 1 Byte 1 PC 3B4AH 4AH 3BH PC 1 2 3 5A 5A5A 5A 5A5A 5 Byte [1] Assembler ASM Macro Assembler MASM [23] [2] [3] 20 60 C [4] 60 [5] N n n 1 2 = λ n λ n 1 λ1λ 0 = λ n 2 i = 0 i = 0 1 [24] [6] ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASCII [25] [7] 9 57 9 =57 57 ASCII [8] CPU C

1 9 Byte [26] [9] [10] [11] 1 16 16 0 16 42166 6 16 2635 11 16 164 4 1610 10 0 A4B6 2 N 16 M 42166 40960 A 16 3 A000 1206 1024 4 16 2 400 182 176 B 16 1 B0 6 6 16 0 6 A000 400 B0 6 A4B6 [12] 20 80 PC PC 20 90 IBM PC XT AT PII PIII AT [13] AT 80286 80386 80486 [14] CPU Central Processing Unit CPU PU PU CPU [15] ROM Read Only Memory ROM ROM ROM [16] RAM Random Access Memory RAM

10 RAM RAM [17] [18] 8088 8086 16 8088 8086 8 8086 16 8088 8086 [19] 16 bit 2 15 + 2 14 + + 2 1 + 2 0 = 65535 15 [20] 3 [21] 0 1 [22] [23] Macro [24] 1.1 2 = 2 0 + 2-1 =1 +0.5 = 1.5 0.1 9 10 [25] ASCII 256 Unicode 1 Word 65536 [26] Byte Word Word DW Double Word 32 CPU 1 8 100 200 79 255 127 111 2 10101010 01010101 10000001 11110000 10011001 3-50 -92 107-128 127

1 11 4 84 112 100 150 200 254 5 4E 1B7 1FC 100 200 80 6 CPU ROM RAM 7 8088 CPU 8 8088 CPU 16 20 9 00101110 01001101 01101101 01001101 01110111 01011110 11001101 10101101 01100001 01111000 10110010 11011011

2 Debug CPU Debug CPU Debug Debug CPU Debug Debug CPU [1] 2.1 CPU [2] XT AT [3] VGA [4] DOS C C> DOS Debug.exe Debug.com DOS [5] DOS 2.0 C> debug [6] [7]

2 Debug CPU 13 R [8] CPU 14 AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=0000 DX=0000 SP=FFEE BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=**** [9] ES=**** SS=**** CS=**** IP=0100 NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC [10] 13 16 Debug 14 Flags 9 8 NV UP EI PLNZNA PO NC Flags 9 T Debug Debug T 1 Debug 4 CS DS SS [11] ES [12] -e cs 100 B8 23 01 -r CPU **** 0100 B82301 MOV AX 0123 B82301 MOV AX 0123 0123 AX T T AX=0123 BX=0000 CX=0000 DX=0000 DS=**** IP=0103 CPU AX 0000 0123 H IP 0100 0103 MOV AX 0123 3 IP CPU IP IP [13] Debug DOS Q Debug B8 23 01 0123 AX MOV AX 0123 05 25 00 0025 AX ADD AX 0025 8B D8 AX BX MOV BX AX 03 D8 AX BX ADD BX AX

14 8B CB BX CX MOV CX BX 2B C8 CX AX CX SUB CX AX 2B C0 AX AX SUB AX AX C3 RET 0100 [14] -e cs 100 B8 23 01 05 25 00... -e CS 100 B8 23 01 -e CS 103 05 25 00 -e CS CS 103 r t [15] q Debug Debug 1 c0 co 2 3 CPU Debug CPU CPU 2.2 CS 0100 H IP -e cs 100 A1 00 00 03 06 02 00 A3 04 00 3 ASCII IAH DS

2 Debug CPU 15 0 -e ds 00 23 01 25 00 00 00 -e ds 06 2A 2A 2A A1 00 00 0 byte MOV AX [0000] AX 03 06 02 00 0002 AX ADD AX [0002] A3 04 00 AX 0004 MOV [0004] AX MOV AX 0000 MOV AX 0000 0000 0123[16] T d ds 00 u 100 1 DS 256Byte 2 IP 0 3 CS DS 4 CS DS IP B0 23 MOV AL 23 Byte 2 Byte [17] 2.3 ROM 80286 PC 1M RAM ROM ROM ROM 1M 40K ROM 1M ROM FFFFE [18] AT FC D DS 0 ROM ROM ROM

16 VGA VGA EGA B8000 H 730K Debug -e B800 0000 01 01 02 02 03 03 04 04 [19] [1] CPU Debug [2] Microsoft Masm 5.0 [3] PC PC [20] [4] VGA VGA [5] C \dos DOS autoexec.bat path path=c:\dos [21] [6] Enter [7] Debug.com Debuy.exe [21] [8] r register debug r CPU debug r debug [9] DS=2121 H 21210h = 132.5K DOS [10] Flags OV DN DI NG ZF AF PE CF DOS SP DS ES SS CS DOS [11]

2 Debug CPU 17 [12] 4 [13] 1.2 CPU IP CS IP CS IP [14] Debug CS 0100 0100 H [15] DOS ret g Debug ret q Debug [16] MOV [0004] AX A3 04 00 01 23 23 01 DS [17] 80386 CPU 1 2 byte 80386 CPU byte [18] ROM ROM ROM [19] B800 0000 B800 0100 Debug mode 80 Debug [22] [20] PC PC [21] DOS [22] PC Debug Debug Debug

18 D D Dump D D 2121 100 DS E E Edit E DS 00 01 02 03 04... E CS 103 R R RegisterR R AX AX R Flags -R F T T Trace T CS IP U U Unassembled U CS 100 100 A A Assemble Debug -A 100 G G Go G 100 120 CS 100 CS 120 P P Pace T CALL T P P P n n 1 Q Q Quit Debug - Q F Fill G Go A Assemble Debug L Load W Write N Name DOS

2 Debug CPU 19 1 2 IP 3? 4 Debug IP SP 9 5 Debug CPU 6 CS DS SS 7 T IP 8 0200H CPU 0200H

3 3.1 1 CPU DOS... STACKSG SEGMENT STACK 'STACK' [1] DB 12 DUP ('STACKSEG') [2] STACKSG ENDS [3]... [4] DATASG SEGMENT 'DATA' [5] DATASG ENDS... CODESG SEGMENT 'CODE' [6] BEGIN PROC FAR [7] ASSUME SS:STACKSG DS:DATASG CS:CODESG ES:NOTHING [8] PUSH DS [9] SUB AX,AX PUSH AX

3 21 MOV AX DATASG MOV DS AX [10] NOP [11] RET [12] BEGIN ENDP [13]. CODESG ENDS END BEGIN [14] DOS 2.0 ASSUMESS MOV AX,DATASG MOV DS,AX NOP MOV AH,4CH INT 2IH 1 2 1 init.asm C>masm init Warning Errors 0 Severe Errors: 0 [15] 0 init.obj obj exe C>link init init.exe 2 [1] [6] [7] [8] [10] [14] [3] [4] [12] [13] [2] [5] [9] 2