第十章 河川水文
一 地面水流的形成機制 1.
2. (1) (2) (overland flow) (sheet flow) (rill) (rilling) (gully) (gullying) (surface runoff) (3) (variable source area) (4) (headwater)
二 水系 流域及其特徵 1. (River system) 2. 3. (divide) (1) (Topographic divide) (2) (Groundwater divide)
三 流域特性 1. ( ) (Planimeter) 2. (Mean elevation) (1) (Contour-length method) (2) (Grid method)
3. (Mean slope) (1) (2) (Horton) 4. (Length of main stream) 5. (Mean basin width) 6. (Basin perimeter) 7. (1) ( ) (2)
3. (1) (Horton) (2) (Strah190ler) (3) (Shreve) 4. ( ) (partial saturated areas) (Zero order stream) (valley head slope)
一 水位 (Water level or stage) 1. (Staff gauge) 2. (1) (2)
二 流速 (current velocity) 1. (1) (V, m/sec) (m) (sec) ( 0.85) (2) (3) 2. (1) ( ) (2)
3. Vm (1/n) (A/p) 2/3 S 1/2 (1/n) (R) 2/3 S 1/2 H R H Vm (1/n)H 2/3 S 1/2 A m 2 p m R m n H m S ( ) ( ) Vm (m/sec)
三 流量 1.Q AV Q (m 3 /sec) A (m 2 ) V (m/sec) CMS CMD CMH CMM GPS 2. (1) (Q) [ )]/[ ] (2) (Weir) (3) (4) (5)
四 各種流量的相關定義 1. (flow duration curve) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) CMSD CMD
2. (Specific discharge) (m3/sec/100km2 (m3/day/km2) (mm/day/km2) ( (m3/sec) (km2) 3. (river coefficient or coefficient of stream regime) 4. (runoff coefficient) (runoff ratio)
四 逕流與水歷線 (hydrograph)
2. (1) ( ) (2) N day 0.8 0.2 A km 2 (3) 3. ( Runoff generation) (1) (Overland flow) Hortonian
(2) ( Interflow) (Interflow) Litter flow Return flow Unsaturated through flow Saturated through flow Pipe flow interflow in bed rock (Through flow): Unsaturated through flow Saturated through flow interflow in bed rock (Subsurface storm flow) through flow Pipe flow (3) 3.
五 逕流量推估 1. (Unit hydrograph) 2. (Tank model) 3. (Rational formula) (Peak flow) Qp=(1/3.6) CIA =0.2778CIA Qp (m 3 /sec I (mm/hr) C ( ) A (km 2 )
一 臺灣河川的基本資料 1. 151 ( )21 29 79 100km 6 1000km 2 2. (1) ( ) ) (2) ( )
(divarication) ( ) ( ) ( ) (3) ( ) 3. (1) (2) (3) (4) ( )
10-1 474.74 80.86 370 400.44 75.67 350 645.21 81.86 330 3155.21 186.40 290 2025.60 116.75 270 1235.73 140.21 250 758.47 95.76 230 445.58 536.59 54.00 58.40 190 565.97 63.03 130 2725.82 158.67 030 (km 2 ) (km)
24603.33 1923.52 : - 1603.21 84.35 400 1790.46 81.15 340 1507.09 57.28 300 978.63 73.06 100 343.97 42.19 550 472.20 46.94 530 3256.86 170.90 510 350.04 65.18 450 221.69 41.34 430 1176.64 138.47 410 378.77 65.05 390
10-2 3,256 474.74 63 685 1,442 845 2,287 1:42 80.86 2,960 400.44 54 427 1,000 855 1,855 1:53 75.67 5,000 645.21 55 622 1,027 851 1,878 1:159 81.86 24,000 3,155.21 67 5,139 1,629 799 2,428 1:55(1:190) 186.40 21,000 2,025.60 61 2,585 1,276 810 2,086 1:45(1:320) 116.75 10,300 1,235.73 68 2,104 1,702 791 2,493 1:39(1:90) 140.21 13,840 758.47 69 1,334 1,760 798 2,558 1:29(1:76) 95.76 6,340 536.59 58 621 1,159 834 1,993 1:22(1:160) 58.40 5,380 445.58 1:21 54.00 11,200 565.97 64 794 1,402 801 2,203 1:28(1:190) 63.03 25,000* 2 2,725.82 73 5,905 2,166 814 2,980 1:45 158.67 8,500 978.63 75 2,361 2,412 799 3,211 1:21 73.06 (CMS) (km 2 ) (%) * 1 (mm) (mm) (mm) ( ) (km)
10-2 ( ) 16,600 1,507.09 73 3,242 2,151 798 2,949 1:25(1:285) 57.28 19,000 1,790.46 69 3,251 1,816 797 2,613 1:34 81.15 17,400 1,603.21 71 3,143 1,961 794 2,755 1:21(1:165) 84.35 3,630 343.97 74 839 2,439 867 3,306 1:51 42.19 3,510 472.20 68 800 1,694 800 2,494 1:41(1:1580) 46.94 22,000 3,256.86 73 7,188 2,207 815 3,022 1:43(1:150) 170.90 3,240 350.04 57 384 1,097 836 1,933 1:142 65.18 2,240 221.69 55 220 992 816 1,808 1:295 41.34 9,200 1,176.64 68 2,074 1,762 832 2,594 1:57(1:200) 138.47 2,560 378.77 57 434 1,144 868 2,012 1:118 65.05 (CMS) (km 2 ) (%) * 1 (mm) (mm) (mm) ( ) (km)
二 感潮河川 1. (Tidal river) 2. (Tidal reach)
2. (1) (2) (3) (4) ( ) (5) ( ) (6)