5 GHz U-NII (bit error rate, BER) (error vector magnitude, EVM) (adjacent channel power (RF/microwave) ratio, ACPR) EVM ( ) (gain compression) (LO feedthrough) IQ (gain imbalance) (carrier frequency offset) (phase noise) (intersymbol interference, ISI) (bit error rate, BER) ( ) 5 GHz U-NII (unlicensed-national information infrastructure band 5.150 5.350 GHz 90.12 21
5.725 5.825 GHz) (wireless LAN, WLAN) IEEE 802.11a IEEE 802.11a (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM) 54 Mbits/s OFDM (frequency selective fading channel) 5 GHz U-NII 200 MHz 8 20 MHz 100 MHz 4 20 MHz 52 48 4 0.3125 MHz (a) 1. IEEE802.11a (WLAN) 5.7 GHz U-NII 22 90.12
1 5 GHz (frequency synthesizer) RF (duplexer) (LO) (antenna switch) FR-4 1. RF (RF bandpass filter) (low noise ampliter, LNA) (mixer) (IF) (selectivity) IQ (IQ demodulator) (in- S (S parameter) S 11 phase) (quadrature) I/Q (return loss, RL) S 21 (insertion loss, (baseband) IL) IQ (IQ modulator) 5 GHz RF (power amplifier, PA) (up-/down-conversion) (vector network analyzer) S S S (SWR) 5.8 GHz murata DFCB25G8OLBHAB 50 2 (a) (c) 2. 5.8 GHz (S 11 ) (S 21 90.12 23
(a) (a) 3. Agilent N8775A (a) (calibration) (measurement) (return loss > 10 db) (insertion loss < 2 db) 200 MHz 2. (noise figure, NF) 290 K (signal-to-noise ratio, SNR) ( ) (c) 4. 5.7 GHz (noise source) (avalanche diode) +28 V TC2281 (GaAs PHEMT) V ds 3 (T h ) V I d 10 ma (T c ) 3 Agilent N8775A single stub (bypass) 5.7 GHz 4 5.7 GHz Transccm 24 90.12
5.725 5.825 GHz S 1.6 db 3. 2 3 V 0 = k 0 + k 1 v i + k 2 v i + k 3 v i f v i (t) = Acos (2π ft) V 0 (t) f, 2f, 3f, 4f,... (harmonics) GSM GMSK (channel ) GMSK (spectral efficiency) IS-54 DQPSK v i (t) = Acos (2π f 1 t) + Acos (2π f 2 t) 2 3 V = k + kv + k v + k v + 0 0 1 i 2 i 3 i 2 2 3 3 = k + k A(cosω t+ cos ω t) + k A (cosω t+ cos ω t) + k A (cosω t+ cos ω t) + 0 1 1 2 2 = k + k A 0 2 2 1 2 2 2 + ka cos( ω ω ) t+ ka cos( ω + ω ) t... 2nd - order IMD ( ω ± ω ) 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 9 3 9 3 + ka 1 + ka 3 cosω1t+ ka 1 + ka 3 cos ω2t... foundamental component ( ω1, ω2) 4 4 1 2 1 2 + ka 2 cos2ω1t+ ka 2 cos 2ω2t... 2nd harmonics ( 2ω1, 2ω2) 2 2 1 3 1 3 + ka 3 cos3ω 1t+ ka 3 cos 3ω2t... 3rd harmonics ( 3ω1, 3ω2) 4 4 3 3 3 3 + ka 3 cos( 2ω1 ω2) t+ ka 3 cos( 2ω2 ω1) t... 3rd - order IMD ( 2ω1 ω2) & ( 2ω2 ω1) 4 4 3 3 3 3 + ka 3 cos( 2ω1 + ω2) t+ ka 3 cos( 2ω2 + ω1) t... 3rd - order IMD ( 2ω1 + ω2)&( 2ω2 + ω1) 4 4 +... f 1 f 2 2f 1 2f 2 f 1 f 2 2f 1 f 2 f 1 2f 2 2f 1 2f 2 f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2 (intermodulation dstortion, IMD) (2f 1 f 2 ) (f 1 5 2f 2 ) IMD 90.12 25
5. IMD (intercept point, IP) (3rdorder intercept point, IP3 ) IP3 1 db (1-dB compression point) 1 db 7 IP3 1 db Pin (dbm) 1 db (P 1dB ) 6. 1 db (P 1dB ) (IP3) (1) Pout (dbm) (2) (3) 1 db P 1dB 2 IP3 ( 7) (4) (1) RF (power combiner) RF Signal Generator Spectrum Analyzer RF Signal Generator combiner 7. (two-tone test) IP3 26 90.12
(a) 30 28 26 Pout (dbm) 24 22 20 18 16 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Pin (dbm) 1 db (c) (d) 8. 5.7 GHz f 1 f 2 (f 1 f 2 ) RF ( (3) mf 1 + nf 2, mf 1 nf 2 Agilent ESG) (4) f 2 (2) P IP3 f 1 90.12 27
PIP3 = 1 Pf P2 f f 2 3 1 1 2 [ ] ( ) 5.7 GHz Transcom TC2281 TC2591 8 5.7 GHz 1 db 28.5 dbm OIP3 = 36.3 dbm (a) 4. (conversion loss) (isolation) (singleended) (singly balanced) (doubly balanced) (1) 9(a) LO RF (c) (2) 9 LO 9. (a) IF 50 Ω RF LO RF LO (c) RF LO IF (3) IF 9(c) RF S 11 RF RF (4) IP3 IF 50 Ω LO 10 IP3 RF 28 90.12
( RF Signal Generator CW ) (5) SSB RF IF 11 SSB LO RF Signal Generator 5.7 GHz NE32684(HJET) RF RF Signal Generator 5.725 5.825 GHz LO 5.445 5.545 GHz IF 280 MHz 12 5.7 GHz (a) 10. (tow-tone test) IP3 5.725 5.825 GHz 17 db 5.445 5.545 GHz 15 db RF Signal Generator (c) 280 MHz 10 db (d) SSB 12.5 db (e) LO-IF (f) LO-RF (g) Broad Band Noise Source BPF Mixer 9.5 db (h) RF Signal Generator LO LO 3 dbm (i) 1 db LO P 1dB 5.4 dbm (j) OIP3 6.4 dbm 11. SSB 5. (FS) (VCO) (phase- (VCO) locked loop, PLL) (frequency synthesizer, FS) detector) f 0 f r (LO) φ e ( ) 5 GHz 2.4 GHz f 0 (frequency doubler) 5 GHz (2) VCO/FS : (1) 13 2.4 GHz N( fm @ 1Hz BW) L( fm ) = (phase-locked loop, PLL) C f 0 f 0 combiner Spectrum Analyzer (divider) (phase 90.12 29
(a) (c) (d) (e) (f) 12. 5.7 GHz (a) RF LO (c) IF (d) (e) LO-IF (f) LO-RF (g) (h) LO (i) 1 db (j) ( ) 30 90.12
(g) (h) (i) (j) oip3 6.417 12. ( ) 13. 2.4 GHz 90.12 31
(a) (a) 14. 15. (a) 2.12 2.203 GHz VCO C f 0 N @ 10 khz f 0 f m 1 Hz L(f m ) 14 14 VCO (SSB) VCO (RBW) 1 khz (span) 100 khz 10 khz (4) VCO Pushing Figure RBW VCO VCO 10 khz 1 khz pushing figure 10 log (1k) = 30 db 0.2 V 1 db 1 db (5) VCO Pulling Figure (3) VCO VCO VCO VCO pulling figure stub 32 90.12
16. 5.7 GHz tuner VCO dbm 1 db 15 4 dbm (c) (d) 4 6 dbm 5.75 GHz 30 db 2.12 2.203 GHz 87 dbc/hz (e) @ 10 khz pulling figure pushing figure pulling 4.4 db (f) figure 50 Ω 75 Ω 5.75 GHz (VSWR = 1.5) pulling 4.7 db figure 1.4 MHz @ SWR = 1.5 pushing figure 0.2 V 1 5.7 GHz pushing figure 400 khz @ 0.2 V 13 2.12 2.203 GHz 2. OFDM 2.176 GHz 2176 MHz 2 MHz Motorola 64 (MC12079) 17 (MC12026) (E b /N o ) 2176 MHz = 2 MHz 64 17 (C/N) b b = N NB o 1. C 5.7 GHz N 16 E b 280 MHz 17 (a) N o 5.75 GHz R b (data rate) 34 B (Hz) C ER 90.12 33
(a) (c) (d) (e) (f) 17. 5.7 GH (a) @ f = 5.75 GHz @ f = 5.75 GHz (c) (d) (e) (f) (S i /N i ) N i (N F ) Si N i N C N N ER b b = F = F NB o N i = kbt k (k = 1.380 10 23 J K) T ( K) 34 90.12
1. 5.7 GHz OFDM 5.7 GHz Receiver RF Front-end RF Frequency (Input) 5.725 5.825 GHz IF Frequency (Output) 280 MHz DC Voltage/ Current +3 V/ 3 V / 33 ma Gain 30 db NF 4.7 db Input/output P 1dB 34 dbm / 4 dbm MHz DAB Test Receiver OFDM DAB Test S ktn R E b Receiver BER 5.7 GHz i = F b No DAB 93 dbm DAB ( T = 290 K) Eb Si( dbm) = 174 + NF( db) + 10log[ Rb( bps)] + ( db) No Eb = 144 + NF( db) + 10log[ Rb( Mbps)] + ( db) N o (digital audio broadcasting, DAB) OFDM DAB channel 1.536 MHz Philips DAB Test Encorder PDE 452 DAB Test Receiver DAB 752 5.7 GHz OFDM 18 DAB Test Encorder OFDM 5.75 GHz 192 ( 5.7 GHz ) (bit error rate, BER) 10 4 π /4-DQPSK E b /N O = 8.5 db (@BER = 10 4 ) 5.7 GHz 4.7 db (sensitivity) (DAB 1.536 MHz R b = 1.536 2 Mbps) Sensitivity S i = 114 + N F + 10 log [R b (Mbps)] + (E b /N O ) IEEE 802.11a WLAN OFDM = 114 + 4.7 + 10 log(1.536 2) + 8.5 20 MHz = 95.63 dbm 18. 5.7 GH OFDM 90.12 35
2. 5.7 GHz BER Sensitivity (measurement) Sensitivity (ideal) 10 4 93 dbm 95.63 dbm 2.6 db 2 cable loss implementation loss (a) 3. 5.7 GHz 19 17 dbm 1 db 19. 5.7 GHz (a) (c) (d) oip3 34.717 20. 5.7 GHz (a) @ = 5.75 GHz @ = 5.75 GHz (c) (d) 36 90.12
(a) 21. 5.7 GHz ACPR (a) ACPR = 31.4dBc @ main channel power = 16 dbm ACPR = 22.1 dbc @ main channel power = 19.3 dbm 280 MHz IF 5.725 5.825 GHz RF 20 ACPR 25 dbm 1 db ( ) 25.3 dbm 50 db OIP3 Philips DAB test encorder PDE 452 35 dbm 3 5.75 GHz OFDM (ACPR 21 ) 1.6 MHz 21 16 dbm 4. (ACPR) ACPR 31.4 dbc 19.3 dbm ACPR 22.1 dbc FM (sidelobe) 5. ( QPSK raised-cosine (EVM) filter GMSK Gaussian filter 22 5.7 GHz ) ( Agilent E4433B) 280 MHz 32QAM (adjacent 1.2 Msps SRRC (square root channel interference, ACI) PSK raised cosine filter: α = 0.25) 1.536 MHz ( QPSK π/4 DQPSK ) DAB OFDM 90.12 37
3. 5.75 GHz 5.75 GHz Transmitter RF Front-end IF Frequency (Input) 280 MHz RF Frequency (Output) 5.725 5.825 GHz DC Voltage / Current +8V/ 3V/540 ma Gain 50 db OIP3 34.7 db 25.3 dbm P 1dB ACPR* 31.4 dbc @ main channel power = 16 dbm 22.1 dbc @ main channel power = 19.3 dbm * With DAB OFDM signal : BW = 1.536 MHz 2.4 GHz (input SWR < 2 @ 5.7 GHz) DAB test encorder DAB test receiver 5.7 GHz OFDM HP3648C 3 GHz (frequency doubler) LO 5 6 GHz 13 db (@ input power = 14 dbm at 2.7 GHz) DAB test encorder 1 khz 15 DAB test receiver BER = 2 10 4 4 5.7 GHz (vector signal analyzer) EVM EVM 1% EVM 1.6% ( 50 dbm) 23(a) 1.23% 5 Msps EVM 3% EVM 5.4% 23 (BER) (EVM) 4.5% (ACPR) 5 GHz U-NII 6. 24 22. 5.7 GHz 38 90.12
(a) 23. 5.7 GHz 32QAM EVM ( 50 dbm) Wired Transmission Test (@ receiving power = 50 dbm) (through cable connection with adjustable attenuator to control transmission power) Modulation signal No RF modules With Tx & Rx (only ESG to VSA) modules 32QAM (symbol rate = 1.2 Msps) EVM = 1% EVM = 1.6% 32QAM (symbol rate = 5 Msps) EVM = 3% 4EVM = 5.4% Wireless Transmission Test (@ transmitting power = 23 dbm) (through 2.4 GHz dipole antennas: input SWR < 2 @5.7 GHz) Modulation signal 15 m distance (indoor) DAB OFDM (BW = 1.6 MHz) BER = 2.1 10 4 4. 5.7 GHz 90.12 39
(a) (c) 24. 5.7 GHz OFDM ( 13 db @ input power = 14 dbm at 2.7 GHz) EVM = average error magnitude 100% peak symbol magnitude (error vector magnitude, EVM) (adjacent channel power ratio, ( A-1) ACPR) (vector signal analyzer) A-2 EVM ( Agilent ESA E440 B) ACPR 40 90.12
main channel Power (dbm) adjacent channe frequency A-2. ACPR A-1. EVM 1. IEEE Standard 802.11a: High-speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band (1999). 2. Richard van Nee, IEEE VTC, 258 (1999). 3. Tri T. Ha Solid-state Microwave Amplifier Design, John Wiley & Sons (1981). 4. G. Gonzalez, Microwave Transistor Amplifiers Analysis and Design, Prentice (1984). 5. D. M. Pozar, Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems, John Wiley & Sons (2001). 6. U. L. Rohde and D. P. Newkirk, RF/Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless Applications, John Wiley & Sons (2000). 7. Agilent Technologies Application Note 57-2 (2000). 8. S.-Y. Liu and H.-R. Chuang, Applied Microwave and Wireless, 32, June (1998). 9., 5.7 GHz UNII MMIC, (2001). 90.12 41