292 shell shell C shell ~/.cshrc shell ~/.login ~/.logout ~/.history.cshrc shell shell /etc/passwd ~name NIS NIS+ * 0? [abc...] a-za-z0-9

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1 C shell C shell C shell C shell C shell C shell Using csh & tcsh C shell 291

2 292 shell shell C shell ~/.cshrc shell ~/.login ~/.logout ~/.history.cshrc shell shell /etc/passwd ~name NIS NIS+ * 0? [abc...] a-za-z0-9

3 C shell C shell 293 {abc,xxx,...} ~ ~name name % ls new* newnew.1 % cat ch? ch9 ch10 % vi [D-R]* D R % ls {ch,app}? ch1ch2app1app2 % mv info{,.old} mv info info.old % cd ~ tom tom C shell ; & ( ) *? [ ] ~ { } < > &! ^ ", \ ` $ space tab newline "" " "

4 294 $ ` " \! newline,,!,,, \ "" "$`,,! % echo, Single quotes "protect" double quotes, Single quotes "protect" double quotes % echo "Don, t double quotes protect single quotes too?" Don't double quotes protect single quotes too? % echo "You have `ls wc -l` files in `pwd`" You have 43 files in /home/bob % echo The value of \$x is $x The value of $x is 100 cmd & cmd1 ; cmd2 (cmd1 ; cmd2) cmd1 cmd2 cmd1 `cmd2` cmd1 && cmd2 cmd shell cmd1 cmd2 cmd1 cmd2 cmd2 cmd1 cmd1 cmd2 cmd1 cmd2

5 C shell C shell 295 cmd1 cmd2 cmd1 cmd1 cmd2 cmd1 cmd2 % nroff file > file.out & % cd; ls % (date; who; pwd) > logfile % sort file pr -3 lp % vi `grep -l ifdef *.c` grep % egrep, (yes no), `cat list` % grep XX file && lp file % grep XX file echo XX not found 0 stdin 1 stdout 2 stderr cmd > file cmd file cmd >! file noclobber cmd >> file cmd file cmd >>! file noclobber cmd < file cmd file cmd << text text text shell shell

6 296 catechoex sed text shell cmd >& file cmd >&! file file noclobber cmd >>& file cmd >>&! file cmd1 & cmd2 file file noclobber (cmd > f1) >& f2 f1 f2 cmd tee files cmd files tee % cat part1 > book % cat part2 part3 >> book % mail tim < report % cc calc.c >& error_out % cc newcalc.c >&! error_out % grep Unix ch* & pr % (find / -print > filelist) >& no_access % sed, s/^/xx /g, << "END_ARCHIVE" This is often how a shell archive is "wrapped" bundling text for distribution. You would normally run sed from a shell program, not from the command line. "END_ARCHIVE" XX This is often how a shell archive is "wrapped", XX bundling text for distribution. You would normally XX run sed from a shell program, not from the command line.

7 C shell C shell 297 shell.cshrc ({}) ${var} ${var[i]} var var i 1 i m-n -n m 1 m- n * i ${#var} ${#argv} var $0 shell ${argv[n]} ${n} ${argv[*]} n =1~9 ${argv[n]} $* $argv[*] $argv[$#argv] ${?var} var 1 0 $$ shell $?0 1 0 $<

8 298 sort $argv[3-]>tmp.$$ shell.cshrc prompt if ($?prompt) then set commands, alias commands, etc. endif $?var$$$?0 $< :r :e :h :t :gr :ge :gh :gt :q :x set aa=(/progs/num.c /book/chap.ps) echo $aa /progs/num.c /book/chap.ps echo $aa[2]:r /book/chap echo $aa[2]:h /book echo $aa[2]:t chap.ps

9 C shell C shell 299 echo $aa[2]:e ps echo $aa:r /progs/num /book/chap.ps echo $aa:gr /progs/num /book/chap echo $aa:h /progs /book/chap.ps echo $aa:gh /progs /book echo $aa:t num.c /book/chap.ps echo $aa:gt num.c chap.ps echo $aa:e c /book/chap.ps echo $aa:ge c ps % set a="[a-z]*" A="[A-Z]*" % echo "$a" "$A" [a-z]* [A-Z]* % echo $a $A at cc m4 Book Doc % echo $a:x $A [a-z]* Book Doc % set d=($a:q $A:q) % echo $d at cc m4 Book Doc % echo $d:q [a-z]* [A-Z]* % echo $d[1] +++ $d[2] at cc m4 +++ Book Doc % echo $d[1]:q [a-z]* shell set var=value set var

10 300 argvcwd status C shell argvcwdhomepath promtshellstatusterm user argv=(args) cdpath=(dirs) cwd=dir echo fignore=(chars) filec hardpaths histchars=ab history=n home=dir ignoreeof mail=(n file) nobeep noclobber noglob nonomatch notify path=(dirs) () cdpopd pushd csh -x filec Escape EOF dirs!^ HOME ~ EOF 5 n n shell vi ch* ch* No match PATH SVR4./ usr/ucb/usr/bin Solaris /usr/bin. /bin /usr/bin /usr/ucb/

11 C shell C shell 301 prompt=, str, savehist=n shell=file status=n term=id time=, n%c, user=name verbose % ~/.history shell /bin/csh 0 1 TERM n CPU CPU %c USER csh -v.csbrc # set path=( ~ ~ /bin /usr/ucb /bin /usr/bin. ) set mail=(/var/mail/tom) if ($?prompt) then set echo set filec set noclobber ignoreeof # set cdpath=(/usr/lib /var/spool/uucp) # cd # cd /usr/lib/macros set fignore=.o set history=100 savehist=25 set prompt=, tom \!%, set time=3 # filec # # MY VARIABLES set man1="/usr/man/man1" # cd $man1ls $man1 set a="[a-z]*" # vi $a set A="[A-Z]*" # grep string $A # ALIASES alias c "clear; dirs" alias h "history more" alias j jobs -l alias ls ls -sfc # ; # ls

12 302 alias del, mv \!* ~ /tmp_dir, endif # rm C shell environment variable shell C shell shell shell C shell shell mail setenv VAR value C shell HOME home PATH path TERM term term TERM USER user user USER EXINIT.exrc set ai ex vi ex LOGNAME USER

13 C shell C shell 303 MAIL C shell mail PWD cwd SHELL shell if while exit set C C * / % + - () <>& = += -= / *= /= %= / / &= ^= = AND/XOR/OR ++ --

14 304 * / % + - ~! << >> & ^ && {command} 1 0 command $status ==!= <= >= < > =~ *?[...]!~ *?[...] file

15 C shell C shell 305 -d file -e file -f file -o file -r file -w file -x file -z file n=4 x = ($n > 10 $n < 5) x = ($n >= 0 && $n < 3) x = ($n << 2) x = ($n >> 2) x = $n % 2 x = $n % 3 1 if while while ($#argv!= 0) if ($today[1] == "Fri") if ($file!~ *.[zz]) if ($argv[1] =~ chap?) if (-f $argv[1]) if (! -d $tmpdir) Fri.z.Z chap $tmpdir

16 306 C shell history histchars historysavhist! ^!!!!N N!-N N!string!?string?!?string?% string string string!$!!string string!n string N string!{s1}s2 s1 s2 ^old^new^ old new 3% vi cprogs/01.c ch002 ch03

17 C shell C shell ^00^0 vi cprogs/01.c ch02 ch03 5 nroff!* nroff cprogs/01.c ch02 ch03 6 nroff!$ nroff ch03 7!vi vi cprogs/01.c ch02 ch03 8!6 nroff ch03 9!?01 vi cprogs/01.c ch02 ch03 10!{nr}.new nroff ch03.new 11!! lp nroff ch03.new lp 12 more!?pr?% more cprogs/01.c :0 :n n ^ $ :n-m n m -m 0 m 0-m :n- :n* n n n-$ * ^-$ 1-$ # 13% cat ch01 ch02 ch03 biblio back

18 ls!13^ ls ch01 15 sort!13:* sort ch01 ch02 ch03 biblio back 16 lp!cat:3* lp ch03 biblio back 17!cat:0-3 cat ch01 ch02 ch03 18 vi!-5:4 vi biblio :p :s/old/new :gs/old/new :& new old new old :s ^ :g& :q :x :r :gr :e :ge :h :gh :t :gt

19 C shell C shell % cat ch01 ch02 ch03 # 19!17:s/ch/CH/ cat CH01 ch02 ch03 20!:g& cat CH01 CH02 CH03 21!more:p more cprogs/01.c 22 cd!$:h cd cprogs 23 vi!mo:$:t vi 01.c 24 grep stdio!$ grep stdio 01.c 25 ^stdio^include stdio^:q grep"include stdio" 01.c 26 nroff!21:t:p nroff 01.c? 27!! nroff 01.c C shell C shell bg fg jobs kill notify stop CTRL-Z

20 310 jobid %n n %s s %?s s %% % %+ %- shell C shell csh [options] [arguments] csh -n-v -x -b csh -c argv -e -f.cshrc.login csh -i shell -n -s -t -v verbose -V -v.cshrc

21 C shell C shell 311 -x echo -x -v -X -x.cshrc C shell # # shell # C shell # #!shell [option] shell shell shell 32 #!/bin/csh -f 0 alias alias [name[command]] name command command name name.cshrc.cshrc /!* /!^ /!$ name Unix \name unalias X window xterm

22 312 alias alias R, set noglob; eval `resize`; unset noglob, ls alias grep ls nroff alias ms, nroff -ms \!*, alias back, cp \!^ \!^.old, ls % \ls bg bg [jobids] jobids 4% nroff -ms report col > report.txt CTRL-Z 5% bg 5% bg % 5% bg %1 1 5% bg %nr nroff 5% % & break break while foreach end breaksw breaksw switch endsw

23 C shell C shell 313 case case pattern switch pattern cd cd [dir] dir cdpath.cshrc chdir chdir [dir] cd, continue continue while foreach default default switch dirs dirs[-l] -l ~ popd pushd echo echo [-n] string string -n Unix Bourne shell /bin/echoc shell echo echo end end foreach while

24 314 endif endif if endsw endsw switch eval eval args eval shell args shell eval shell / shell eval eval eval.login set noglob eval, tset -s xterm, unset noglob eval % set b=, $a, % set a=hello % echo $b $a % eval echo $b hello exec exec command command shell shell

25 C shell C shell 315 exit exit [(expr)] shell expr expr status exit fg fg [jobids] jobids vi CTRL-Z vi 8% % 8% fg 8% fg % 8% fg %vi foreach foreach name (wordlist) commands end name wordlist foreach end foreach C shell shell % foreach i ([A-Z]*)? mv $i $i.new? end foreach arg ($argv) # does it begin with -? if ("$arg" =~ -*) then

26 316 foreach echo "Argument is an option" else echo "Argument is a filename" endif end glob glob wordlist wordlist echo \ glob shell goto goto string string goto string foreach while hashstat hashstat path history history [option] foreach...end options -h -r n n shell history 5

27 C shell C shell 317 history history -h 5 > do_it source do_it if if if (expr) cmd if (expr) then if (expr) then if (expr) then cmds cmds1 cmds1 endif else else if (expr)then cmds2 cmds2 endif else cmds3 endif expr cmd bug expr then expr else if shift while if ($#argv == 0) then echo "No filename given. Sending to Report." set outfile = Report else set outfile = $argv[1] endif jobs jobs [-l] -l ID kill kill [options] ID ID ID /usr/bin/kill

28 318 kill 9 options -l -signal /usr/include/sys/signal.h kill -l 9 kill /usr/include/sys/signal.h SIG HUP 1 INT 2 QUIT 3 ILL 4 TRAP 5 IOT 6 IOT EMT 7 EMT FPE 8 KILL 9 BUS 10 SEGV 11 SYS 12 PIPE 13 ALRM 14 TERM 15 ( ) USR USR CLD 18 PWR 19 44% nroff -ms report > report.txt & [1] csh ID : 45% kill ID

29 C shell C shell 319 kill 45% kill % 45% kill %1 1 45% kill %nr 45% kill %?report limit limit [-h] [resource [limit]] limit resource resource -h unlimit resource cputime filesize CPU cpu datasize stacksize coredumpsize limit cputimenhn nmn mm:ss nkn nmn

30 320 login login [user -p] /bin/login user shell-p logout logout shell nice nice [n] command command shell nice n n -n n nohup nohup [command] command shell command nohup nohup notify notify [jobid] jobid onintr onintr label onintr - onintr shell Bourne shell trap 2 trap ""2 goto label CTRL-C label onintr-

31 C shell C shell 321 onintr popd onintr cleanup cleanup.. shell. cleanup: onintr - rm -f $tmpfiles exit 2 popd [+n] n 0 dirs pushed pushd pushd name pushd +n pushd name n 0 pushd dirs popd 5% dirs /home/bob /usr 6% pushd /etc /etc /etc /home/bob /usr 7% pushd +2 /usr /etc /home/bob 8% pushd /etc /usr /home/bob 9% popd /usr /home/bob rehash rehash path rehash shell path rehash path unhash

32 322 repeat repeat n command command n /usr/dict/words25 % repeat 25 cat /usr/dict/words > test_file 10 item_list % repeat 10 line > item_list report 50 % repeat 50 cat template >> report set set variable=value set variable[n]=value set variable value n value shell setenv % set list=(yes no maybe) % set list[3]=maybe % set quote="make my day" % set x=5 y=10 history=100 % set blank blank setenv [name [value]] name value name value value USER TERM PATH setenv userterm path

33 C shell C shell 323 shift shift [variable] variable name[2] name[1] $2 $1 while shift while source while ($#argv) if (-f $argv[1]) wc -l $argv[1] else echo "$argv[1] is not a regular file" endif shift end source [-h] script C shell -h source ~/.cshrc stop stop [jobids] jobids CTRL -Z suspend suspend suspend CTRL-Z su switch switch switch if-then-else string pattern1 pattern2 string

34 324 switch *?[ ] commands breaksw switch breaksw switch breakswendsw switch switch (string) switch ($argv[1]) case pattern1: case -[nn]: commands nroff $file lp breaksw breaksw case pattern2: case -[Pp]: commands pr $file lp breaksw breaksw case pattern3: case -[Mm]: commands more $file breaksw breaksw. case -[Ss]:. sort $file. breaksw default: default: commands echo "Error-no such option" exit 1 breaksw breaksw endsw endsw time time [command] command time shell umask umask [nnn] nnn unalias unalias name name alias unhash unhash C shell path rehash

35 C shell C shell 325 unlimit unlimit [resource] resource resource limit unset unset variables set unsetenv unsetenv variable setenv wait wait while while (expression) commands end while end commandsbreak continue shift set user = (alice bob carol ted) while ($argv[1]!= $user[1]) shift user... if ($#user == 0) then echo "$argv[1] is not on the list of users" exit 1 endif end

36 326 expression variable n n variable expression shell variable--

ebook35-2

ebook35-2 2 2.1 Linux login Login: < > Password: < > Linux r o o t l o g o u t 2.2 Linux X Window Linux Linux Bourne ( b s h ) C ( c s h ) Korn ( k s h ) Bourne Steven Bourne UNIX Bourne bash Bourne C Bill Joy Bourne