Emperor penguins breed on the sea-ice in bitterly cold conditions. There are no materials to build nests from but the eggs have to be kept warm until

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1 南极动物篇 7- 帝企鹅的繁殖 The breeding cycle begins in autumn (around April) when the sea-ice reforms and gets thick enough to support the thousands of penguins. The birds return year after year to the same location. The first thing they have to do is relocate their mates or, if they haven't bred before, find one! At this time there is a lot of activity in the colony with many penguins wandering around, singing their songs and performing courtship behaviours. These include a wide range of displays ranging from head bowing to head swinging and walking around in a most impressive manner. 新一轮的繁殖大约在南极的秋天开始 ( 四月左右 ), 那时候海冰已经重新结起, 并逐渐变厚使其足以成熟成千上万只企鹅帝企鹅们每年都会回到相同的地方它们的第一件事情就是寻找曾经的配偶如果没有, 那就找一个在这时, 很多帝企鹅会在居住地游荡, 唱着小曲, 向异性表现自己, 比如摇晃头脑, 或是用让人印象深刻的方式走来走去下图 : 壮观的繁殖场面

At this time there is a lot of activity in the colony with many penguins wandering around, singing their songs and performing courtship behaviours.

2 Emperor penguins breed on the sea-ice in bitterly cold conditions. There are no materials to build nests from but the eggs have to be kept warm until they hatch. So the female who leaves the colony over winter gives the egg to her partner who carefully puts it on his feet and covers it with a skin fold. In this way the egg is kept toasty warm at about 38 C while the outside temperatures can drop well below -35 C. 帝企鹅们在异常寒冷的海冰上繁殖没有材料可以用来筑巢建窝, 直到小宝宝们被孵出妈妈们会离开去找食物, 爸爸们会把小宝宝放在脚下, 覆盖上一层皮毛这样小企鹅们就可以当外界环境 -35 度时在 38 度下成长下图 : 妈妈即将出发之时, 离小宝宝孵出还有 65 天左右

In this way the egg is kept toasty warm at about 38 C while the outside temperatures can drop well below -35 C.

3 In late May/early June, there is an exodus of penguins (mainly females) from the colony. The females track across the fast-ice and head for the sea while the males stay behind to incubate the eggs. It takes days for the eggs to hatch. The males rely entirely on the body fat that they laid down during summer to survive the long winter fast. 五月末六月初, 大批的企鹅从它们的栖息地离开 ( 多是雌性 ) 它们沿着牢固的冰面向海洋进发, 此时雄性企鹅留在栖息地孵蛋蛋企鹅蛋的孵化需要天雄性企鹅在孵蛋期间完全依靠自己在夏天积攒的脂肪生存并帮助自己度过漫漫冬日下图 : 最最寒冷的时候爸爸们团在一起抵挡速度高达 200km/h 的暴风雪

The males rely entirely on the body fat that they laid down during summer to survive the long winter fast.

4 When the females finally return to the colony in July the males have lost nearly half their body mass and look quite skinny. The females on the other hand having been out hunting all this time are big and beautiful. Males and females recognise each other by their calls and it is remarkable how quickly a female can locate her mate among thousands of penguins when she comes home. 7 月, 当雌性终于回到居住地时, 雄性们已失去了将近一半的体重, 看上去骨瘦嶙峋这一段时间出去寻找食物的雌性们都很丰满漂亮它们可以通过相互之间的叫声来识别对方, 令人震撼的是当雌性回家时她可以迅速地在成千上万的企鹅中找到它的另一半下图 : 七月中旬, 马上就要孵化了!

Males and females recognise each other by their calls and it is remarkable how quickly a female can locate her mate among thousands of penguins when she

5 The chicks are very small when they hatch weighing only about g (adult penguins weigh kg at this time of year). They only have a very thin layer of down and are not yet able to regulate their own body temperature. It takes about 50 days to develop that ability. Until then it is up to the parents to keep the chicks warm. 幼雏在刚出生的时候非常小, 通常只有 150 到 200 克 ( 成年企鹅在这个时期也只有 22 到 30 千克重, 因为孵蛋蛋消耗了很多脂肪 ) 它们的身上只有一层薄薄的绒毛, 并且完全没有自主调整体温的能力经过大约 50 天后, 幼雏们才能 get 新技能在此之前, 保证幼雏体温的任务通通交给了粑粑麻麻下图 : 此时的幼雏渐渐掌握了新技能当父母觅食时它们会抱成团取暖

Until then it is up to the parents to keep the chicks warm.

6 If parents leave the chick too early and it has not got enough energy reserves to finish the moult, it will die. If, however, they continue feeding the chick for too long, they may compromise their own ability to feed and fatten up for their moult. Adults have just about to double their body mass before the moult. When they start shedding their old feathers their plumage is no longer waterproof and they cannot go to sea and feed. 如果粑粑麻麻太早地离开幼雏, 幼雏们就得不到足够能量来完成换毛期, 只能离开这美妙的世界然而, 如果粑粑麻麻喂养幼雏太久, 那么粑粑麻麻自己褪毛的能力和能量就会减少在褪毛之前, 帝企鹅们需要让自己的体型增长到现在的两倍大 ( 储存脂肪 ) 因为当它们的旧绒毛褪去而新的羽毛还没长出来的时候, 羽毛不再防水, 也就是说它们不能靠近海边觅食下图 : 喂食中

Adults have just about to double their body mass before the moult. When they start shedding their old feathers their plumage is no longer waterproof and they cannot go to sea and feed.

7 It is not necessary for the penguins to return to the colony to grow their new plumage. While some birds do return, others travel great distances and find themselves a place where they can sit on the ice and moult. As long as they can stay out of the water it does not matter where they haul out. Replacing every single feather is energetically expensive. By the time the new plumage has grown the penguins have lost nearly half their body mass. It is January or February now and the Emperor penguins return to sea to fatten again in preparation for the next breeding season. 企鹅们不一定要回到原来的栖息地来换毛部分企鹅确实会回到栖息地去其他的会远行, 找一块冰面慢慢等自己的羽毛长成只要它们能避开水, 它们才不在乎自己在哪里褪去仅仅一根羽毛并长出新的都要耗费很大的能量 ( 就像想要升级所有技能是要花费很多钱的 ~) 等到长成的那一日, 它们已经消耗了体内储存的近一半脂肪这时已是一二月份了, 是时候重新回到海中, 让自己重新补充能量来备战下一个繁殖季节下图 : 企鹅宝宝们, 颜色比较淡的通常都是小朋友

As long as they can stay out of the water it does not matter where they haul out. Replacing every single feather is energetically expensive.

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