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5 3

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10 institutional arrangement

11 2 1 city-states

12 3 Robert Gilpin IMF ITO GATT

13 NATO WTO NAFTA

14 APEC APEC 8 APEC 9 APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC

15 6 institutional choice ASEAN 20

16 7 international regimes tailor-made John Ruggie Stephen Krasner 瑏瑡 Robert Keohane neoliberal institutionalism

17 8 neorealism 瑏瑢 rationalism cognitivism i- dentity 瑏瑣 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer Volker Rittberger approaches 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theory of International Regimes New York Cambridge U- niversity Press 1997 p. 6.

18 9 Interest-based Theories of International Regimes 1984 functional theory of international regimes 瑏瑦 瑏瑧 Arthur Stein Duncan Snidal Kenneth Oye

19 10 Lisa Martin collaboration coordination suasion assurance 瑏瑨 strategic situations situation-structural approach Power -based Theories of International Regimes 瑏瑩 Joseph Grieco positional atomistic

20 11 relative gains problem 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 power capabilities 瑐瑢 Knowledge -based Theories of International Regimes weak cognitivism strong cognitivism 瑐瑣

21 12 Alexander Wendt sociological structure 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 瑐瑦 瑐瑧 2. Theory of Alliance Formation

22 13 capability aggregation model Bruce Russett Harvey Starr 瑐瑨 瑐瑩 M. Barnett J. Levy 瑑瑠 Michael Altfeld 瑑瑡 瑑瑢 Neo-functionalism Theory of Integration 瑑瑣 Ernst Haas Leon Lindberg Joseph Nye David Mitrany spill-over

23 14 瑑瑤 瑑瑥 Economies-of-scale Theory Richard Bean 瑑瑦 optional scale

24 15 瑑瑧

25 16

26

27 WTO APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC APEC John Ruggie International Responses to Technology Concepts and Trends in International Organization Vol. 29 No. 3 Summer 1975 瑏瑡 Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes Ithaca and London Cornell University Press 1983 瑏瑢 David Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate New York Columbia University Press 1993 pp. 4 8 瑏瑣 reflective approaches Robert Keohane International Institutions Two Approaches in Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Pow-

28 19 er Essays in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1989 瑏瑤 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theory of International Regimes New York Cambridge University Press 1997 p. 1. 瑏瑥 2002 瑏瑦 Robert Keohane After Hegemony Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy New Jersey Princeton University Press 1984 瑏瑧 瑏瑨 瑏瑩 John Mearsheimer The False Promise of International Institutions in International Security Vol. 19 No 瑐瑠 Joseph Grieco Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate New York Columbia University Press 1993 pp 瑐瑡 Joseph Grieco Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate p.

29 瑐瑢 Stephen Krasner Global Comunications and National Power Life on the Pareto Frontier in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate pp 瑐瑣 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 Andreas Hasenclever Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theory of International Regimes p 瑐瑦 Ibid. p 瑐瑧 2001 瑐瑨 瑐瑩 Bruce Russett Components of an Operational Theory of International Alliance Formation in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol 瑑瑠 M. Barnet and J. Levy Domestic Sources and Alignments The Case of Egypt in International Organization Vol. 45 No. 3. Summer 1991 瑑瑡 Michael Altfeld The Decision to Ally A Theory and Test in Western Political Quarterly Vol. 37 No 瑑瑢 Arthur Stein Why Nations Cooperate Circumstance and Choice in International Relations Ithaca and London Cornell University Press 1990 p 瑑瑣

30 瑑瑤 瑑瑥 political development through interest-politics 瑑瑦 Richard Bean War and The Birth of Nation State in Journal of Economic History Vol. 33 No. 1 March 1973 p 瑑瑧 20

31 Transaction Cost Economics TCE New Institutional Economics NIE Ronald Coase

32 23 Oliver Williamson Armen Alchian Property Rights Economics Law and Economics New Economic History transaction cost 1 Douglass North

33 24 3 John Commons looking ahead 6 7 Old Institutional Economics OIE anonymous markets problems and puzzles 9

34 25 10 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 瑏瑣 tautology Stanley Fischer 瑏瑤

35 26 operationalization of transaction cost reasoning 1975 瑏瑥 1985 瑏瑦 1996 瑏瑧 瑏瑨 three -level schema 1. 1

36 Oliver Williamson Hierarchies Markets and Power in the Economy An Economic Perspective in Claude Menard eds. Transaction Cost Economics Recent Developments Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 1997 p. 8. institutional arrangement governance structure 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 internal organization 1. 1 institutional environment bracket

37 28 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 shift parameters 瑐瑦 Herbert Simon 瑐瑧

38 29 瑐瑨 1998 瑐瑩 瑑瑠 1990 瑑瑡 1996 Avinash Dixit Transaction-Cost Politics TCP 瑑瑢 Terry Moe

39 30 瑑瑣 Barry Weingast William Marshall 1988 瑑瑤 rational choice institutionalism Peter Hall Rosemary Taylor tragedy of the commons

40 31 瑑瑥 Thráinn Eggertsson 瑑瑦 瑑瑧 public choice theory 瑑瑨 瑑瑩 Mill-

41 32 er 瑒瑠 瑒瑡 瑒瑢 1977 Todd Sandler Jon Cauley 瑒瑣

42 33 瑒瑤 1987 Beth Yarbrough Robert Yarbrough 瑒瑥 瑒瑦 1992 the strategic organizational approach 瑒瑧 Jeffry Frieden 1994 瑒瑨 home country host country 瑒瑩

43 34 David Lake 1996 theories of relational contracting 瑓瑠 a general theory of security relationships 20 瑓瑡 1997 Katja Weber

44 / 瑓瑢 2000 瑓瑣 1. 2 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy A Transaction Costs Approach to International Security Cooperation in International Studies Quarterly 41 2 June 1997 p. 330.

45 36 瑓瑤 瑓瑥 fragmented nature

46 瑓瑦 瑓瑧 20 90

47 38 瑓瑨 1994 瑓瑩 1985 瑔瑠 1994 瑔瑡 瑔瑢

48 瑔瑣 1997 瑔瑤 瑔瑥 2000 瑔瑦 瑔瑧 瑔瑨

49 40 1. 瑔瑩 Karl Popper falsification 瑖瑠

50 41 Gary King Sidney Verba 瑖瑡 瑖瑢 hypothesis assumption Michael Nicholson 瑖瑣

51 42 case -study Michael Nicholson Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1992 p. 31. 瑖瑤 R. C. O. Matthews

52 43 瑖瑥 瑖瑦 瑖瑧 瑖瑨 Lijphart 瑖瑩 comparative case studies Alexander George structured focused comparison 瑘瑠

53 44 / generalisability of findings 瑘瑡 pattern matching looking across time longitudinal comparision 瑘瑢 2.

54 45 瑘瑣 1 瑘瑤 Anthony Downs 瑘瑥 Charles Merriam Harold Lasswell Quincy Wright Hans Morgenthau rational reconstruction 瑘瑦

55 46 瑘瑧 瑘瑨 Kenneth Waltz structural realism 瑘瑩

56 47 瑝瑠 cognitive psychology prospect theory social constructivism 瑝瑡 瑝瑢 goal-oriented

57 48 A B B C A C sensitive to costs 瑝瑣 2 瑝瑤 瑝瑥 bounded rationality 1 2 瑝瑦 瑝瑧

58 49 complete contract 瑝瑨 瑝瑩 Miles Kahler incomplete information 3

59 50 opportunism Niccol Machiavelli stato

60 51 1 transaction cost Thorstein Veblen Wesley Mitchell Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The Economics of Transaction Costs Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 1999 Introduction x.

61 52 7 Karl Llewellyn 1931 Karl Llewellyn What Price Contract An Essay in Perspective in Yale Law Journal 40 May 1931 pp Chester Barnard 1938 Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The E- conomics of Transaction Costs Introduction ix Oliver Williamson The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties an Introduction in Masahiko Aoki Bo Gustafsson and Oliver Williamson eds. The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties London Sage Publication 1990 p. 9 8 Ronald Coase The New Institutional Economics in Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics Vol. 140 March 1984 pp Oliver Williamson Reflections on the New Institutional Economics in Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics Vol. 141 March 1985 p Ronald Coase The Nature of the Firm in Economica Vol. 4

62 53 No. 16 November 1937 p 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 Stanley Fischer Long-Term Contracting Sticky Prices and Monetary Policy Comment in Journal of Monetary Economics Vol p 瑏瑥 Oliver Williamson Markets and Hierarchies Analysis and Antitrust Implication New York Free Press 1975 瑏瑦 Oliver Williamson The Economic Institutions of Capitalism New York Free Press 1985 瑏瑧 Oliver Williamson The Mechanisms of Governance New York Oxford University Press 1996 瑏瑨 Oliver Williamson Hierarchies Markets and Power in the Economy An Economic Perspective in Claude Menard ed. Transaction Cost Economics Recent Developments Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing Limited 1997 pp 瑏瑩 Oliver Williamson The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties an Introduction in Masahiko Aoki Bo Gustafsson and Oliver Williamson eds. The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties p. 9. 瑐瑠 R. A. D.

63 瑐瑡 L. E. D. C. 271 瑐瑢 C 瑐瑣 V. W. 329 瑐瑤 L. E. D. C. 270 瑐瑥 Oliver Williamson The New Institutional Economics Taking Stock Looking Ahead in Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 38 No 瑐瑦 Oliver Williamson Hierarchies Markets and Power in the Economy An Economic Perspective in Claude Menard ed. Transaction Cost Economics Recent Developments p. 7. 瑐瑧 瑐瑨 Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The Economics of Transaction Costs Introduction ix. 瑐瑩 瑑瑠 瑑瑡 Douglass North A Transaction Cost Theory of Politics in Journal of Theoretical Politics Vol 瑑瑢 Avinash Dixit The Making of Economic Policy A Transaction-Cost Politics Perspective Cambridge MIT Press 1996 瑑瑣 Terry Moe The New Economics of Organization in American

64 55 Journal of Political Science Vol. 28 No. 4 Nov p 瑑瑤 Barry Weingast and William Marshall The Industrial Organization of Congress or Why Legislatures Like Firms Are not Organized as Markets in Journal of Political Economy Vol. 96 No p 瑑瑥 Peter Hall and Rosemary Taylor Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms in Political Studies Vol. XLIV No. 5 Deceber 1996 pp 瑑瑦 28 瑑瑧 瑑瑨 瑑瑩 Oliver Williamson The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties an Introduction in Masahiko Aoki Bo Gustafsson and Oliver Williamson eds. The Firm as a Nexus of Treaties pp 瑒瑠 瑒瑡 110 瑒瑢 111 瑒瑣 Todd Sandler and Jon Cauley Design of Supranational Structures An Economic Perspective in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 21 No. 2 June 1977 p 瑒瑤 Ibid. p 瑒瑥 Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough Cooperation in Liberation

65 56 of International Trade After Hegemony What in International Organization Vol. 41 No. 1 Winter 1987 p. 3. 瑒瑦 Ibid. p. 4. 瑒瑧 Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough Cooperation and Governance in International Trade the Strategic Organizational Approach Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press 1992 瑒瑨 contractual monitoring and enforcement costs Jeffry Frieden International Investment and Colonial Control A New Interpretation in International Organization Vol. 48 No. 4 Autumn 1994 p. 568 瑒瑩 Jeffry Frieden International Investment and Colonial Control A New Interpretation p 瑓瑠 David Lake Anarchy Hierarchy and the Variety of International Relations in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 1 Winter 1996 p. 2. 瑓瑡 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century Princeton N. J. Princeton University Press 1999 瑓瑢 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy A Transaction Costs Approach to International Security Cooperation pp 瑓瑣 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy Transaction Costs and Institutional Choice Albany State University of New York 2000 瑓瑤 133 瑓瑥 22 瑓瑦 2003 瑓瑧 瑓瑨

66 瑓瑩 瑔瑠 1 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 174 瑔瑣 175 瑔瑤 瑔瑥 237 瑔瑦 瑔瑧 129 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 瑖瑠 瑖瑡 Gary King Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba Designing Social Inquiry Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research New Jersey Princeton U- niversity Press 1994 p 瑖瑢 Ibid. p 瑖瑣 Michael Nicholson Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1992 p. 31. 瑖瑤

67 58 瑖瑥 29 瑖瑦 瑖瑧 11 瑖瑨 Oliver Williamson and Scott Masten eds. The Economics of Transaction Costs 瑖瑩 瑘瑠 Gary King Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba Designing Social Inquiry Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research p. 45. 瑘瑡 Gary King Robert Keohane and Sidney Verba Designing Social Inquiry Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research p. 45. 瑘瑢 congruence method Jack Levy Qualitative Methods in International Relations in Frank Harvey and Michael Brecher eds. Evaluting Methodology in International Studies Ann Arbor The University of Michigan Press 2002 p. 141 瑘瑣 Alastair Iain Johnston contractual institutionalism Alastair Iain Johnston Treating International Institutions as Social Environments in International Studies Quarterly Vol p. 488 瑘瑤 瑘瑥 A. C 瑘瑦 1946

68 Miles Kahler Rationality in International Relations in International Organizations Vol. 52 No. 4 Autumn 1998 p. 920 瑘瑧 瑘瑨 瑘瑩 瑝瑠 34 瑝瑡 瑝瑢 8 瑝瑣 Joseph Grieco Realist International Theory and the Study of World Politics in Michael Doyle and G. John Ikenberry eds. New Thinking in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1997 p. 165 瑝瑤 瑝瑥

69 60 瑝瑦 3 瑝瑧 瑝瑨 9 瑝瑩 Miles Kahler Rationality in International Rations pp

70 transaction 1 Karl Deutsch analysis of transactions

71 62 inter-society contacts intergovernmental contracts 2 factor analysis 3 4 Adam Smith 5

72

73 64 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 Robert Axelrod 瑏瑣 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 international society 瑏瑦 Hedley Bull 瑏瑧

74 65 瑏瑨 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 common government sovereign statehood is an institution 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 1648

75 66 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 瑐瑦 Anthony Giddens 瑐瑧 瑐瑨 Jean Bodin Hugo Grotius

76 67 jus necessarium 瑐瑩 minimum order David Easton 瑑瑠 failed states

77

78 69 瑑瑨 瑑瑩 Hans-Henrik Holm Geoge Sorensen operational sovereignty 瑒瑠

79 70 negative sovereignty positive sovereignty 瑒瑡 瑒瑢 瑒瑣 瑒瑤

80 71 19 瑒瑥 costly effects 1941 瑒瑦

81 72 瑒瑧 瑒瑨 瑒瑩 瑓瑠

82 73 / domestic-international dichotomy private ordering 瑓瑡 瑓瑢

83 74 瑓瑣 瑓瑤 瑓瑥

84 瑓瑦 瑓瑧 瑓瑨 Dahlman

85 76 瑓瑩 Kenneth Arrow 瑔瑠 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 瑔瑣 瑔瑤 瑔瑥

86 77 瑔瑦

87 78 瑔瑧 private information asymmetric information outsider insider George Aker-

88 79 lof market for lemons 瑔瑨 瑔瑩

89 80 James Fearon 瑖瑠 瑖瑡

90 81 瑖瑢 17 Thomas Hobbes Michael Williams 瑖瑣 瑖瑤

91 82 credible commitment Charles Lipson 瑖瑥 abandonment entrapment exploitation 瑖瑦 adverse selection

92 83 瑖瑧 Glenn Snyder alliance politics 瑖瑨

93 84 瑖瑩 18 瑘瑠 1856 瑘瑡 arms control theory 瑘瑢 瑘瑣

94 85 瑘瑤 moral hazard 瑘瑥 瑘瑦 瑘瑧

95 瑘瑨 Henry Kissinger 瑘瑩 Rudolf Richter 瑝瑠 free riding public goods

96 87 collective goods X 1 X i X n X i 瑝瑡 瑝瑢 Mancur Olson logic of collective action 瑝瑣 瑝瑤

97 88 瑝瑥 the exploitation of the great by the small 瑝瑦 Richard Zeckhauser 瑝瑧 2. 1

98 89 Aaron Hoffman 瑝瑨 John Mearsheimer 瑝瑩

99 90 1. Gordon Craig

100 91 interstate contracting cost issue-area

101 92 high politics low politics 1 2 3

102 93 Economic and Monetary Union EMU homogeneity of states

103 94 pluralistic security community Suzanne Werner Douglas Lemke

104 95 autocracies transparency Bernard Finel Kristin Lord black-room deals credibility of signals Peter Cowhey 1945

105 96 audience cost 2.

106 97 interstate governance cost asset specificity

107 98 sunk cost site specificity exit cost Soviet-European gas pipeline physical asset specificity

108 99 human asset specificity learning-by-doing fashion Michael Polanyi

109 100 Richard Fuerle Tjalling Koopmans primacy uncertainty secondary uncertainty

110 Edward Karl The Twenty Years Crisis Michael Taylor Charles Kindleberger

111 102 hege- monic stability theory alliance security dilemma signals James

112 103 Morrow costly signaling exogenous shock Robert Jervis system effects

113 104 A B C A B A C B C A B A B C

114

115 communications theory Karl Deutsch Tides among Nations New York Free Press Peter Willetts Transactions Networks and Systems in A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor eds. Frameworks for International Cooperation London Pinter 1990 p Peter Willetts Transactions Networks and Systems in A. J. R. Groom and Paul Taylor eds. Frameworks for International Cooperation p R. R. A. D 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 瑏瑣

116 107 瑏瑤 Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1989 p. 7. 瑏瑥 Helen Milner The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory in David A. Baldwin ed. Neorealism and Neoliberalism The Contemporary Debate p 瑏瑦 瑏瑧 Hedley Bull and Adam Waston eds The Expansion of International Society Oxford Clarendon Press 1984 p. 1. 瑏瑨 Axelord Robert and Robert Keohane Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy Strategies and Institutions in Kenneth Oye ed. Cooperation under Anarchy Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1986 瑏瑩 136 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory p. 1. 瑐瑢 Robert Keohane Hobbess Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics Sovereignty in International Society in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War Boulder Westview Press 1995 p 瑐瑣 Joseph Strayer 1996

117 108 Joseph Strayer On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State New Jersey Princeton University Press 瑐瑤 Andreas Osiander fixation Andreas Osiander Sovereignty International Relations and Westphalian Myth in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 2 Spring 2001 瑐瑥 386 瑐瑦 Lynn Miller Global Order Values and Power in International Politics Boulder Westview Press 1990 p. 24. 瑐瑧 瑐瑨 345 瑐瑩 387 瑑瑠 瑑瑡 瑑瑢 37 瑑瑣 Jack Donnelly Realism and International Relations Cambridge

118 109 Cambridge University Press 2000 p 瑑瑤 R. A. D. 6 瑑瑥 H. R. A. D. 189 瑑瑦 97 瑑瑧 R. R. A. D. 11 瑑瑨 162 瑑瑩 163 瑒瑠 formal sovereignty Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen International Relations Theory in a World of Variation in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War p. 196

119 110 瑒瑡 Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen International Relations Theory in a World of Variation in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War p 瑒瑢 Robert Keohane Hobbess Dilemma and Institutional Change in World Politics Sovereignty in International Society in Hans-Henrik Holm and Geoge Sorensen eds. Whose World Order Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War p 瑒瑣 2002 瑒瑤 9 10 瑒瑥 瑒瑦 瑒瑧 81 瑒瑨 瑒瑩 瑓瑠 瑓瑡 34 瑓瑢 Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough International Institutions

120 111 and the New Economics of Organization in International Organization Vol. 44 No. 2 Spring 1990 p 瑓瑣 Ibid. p 瑓瑤 6 7 瑓瑥 3 4 瑓瑦 203 瑓瑧 Ronald Coase The Nature of the Firm p 瑓瑨 瑓瑩 瑔瑠 31 瑔瑡 contract contract 瑔瑢 33 瑔瑣 35 瑔瑤 203 瑔瑥 65 瑔瑦 J. Hicks A Theory of Economic History Oxford Oxford University Press 1969 p

121 112 瑔瑧 Xinyuan Dai Information Systems in Treaty Regimes in World Politics Vol. 54 July 2002 p 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 瑖瑠 James Fearon Rationalist Explanations for War in International Organization Vol. 49 No. 3 Summer 1995 p 瑖瑡 C 瑖瑢 瑖瑣 Michael Williams Hobbes and International Relations A Reconsideration in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 2 Spring 1996 p 瑖瑤 瑖瑥 Charles Lipson International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs in World Politics Vol. 37 No. 1 October 1984 p. 4. 瑖瑦 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century pp 瑖瑧 瑖瑨 Glenn Snyder The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics in World Politics Vol. 36 No p 瑖瑩 Avery Goldstein Discounting the Free Ride Alliance and Security in the Postwar World in International Organization Vol. 49 No. 1

122 113 Winter 1995 p. 47. 瑘瑠 瑘瑡 瑘瑢 Charles Glaser Realists as Optimists Cooperation as Selphelp in International Security Vol. 19 No. 3 Winter 1994 /1995 p. 80. 瑘瑣 117 瑘瑤 129 瑘瑥 moral hazard 瑘瑦 R. A. D. 405 p 瑘瑧 Glenn Snyder The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics 瑘瑨 瑘瑩 176 瑝瑠 瑝瑡 瑝瑢 32 瑝瑣 4 5 瑝瑤

123 瑝瑥 瑝瑦 Mancur Olson Increasing the Incentive for International Cooperation in International Organization 25 4 Autumn 1971 p 瑝瑧 Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser An Economic Theory of Alliance in Francis Beer ed. Alliance Latent War Communities in the Contemporary World New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc 1970 p 瑝瑨 Aaron Hoffman A Conceptualization of Trust in International Relations in European Journal of International Relations Vol. 8 No p 瑝瑩 > <

124 Harrison Wagner Economic Interdependence Bargaining Power and Political Influence in International Organization Vol. 42 No. 3 Summer 1988 Gary Libecap Matthew Evangelista William Zimmerman Matthew Evangelista Issue-area and Foreign Policy Revisited in International Organization Vol. 43 No. 1 Winter 1989 p. 147 William Zimmerman Issue Area and Foreign-policy Process A Research Note in Search of a General Theo-

125 116 ry in American Political Science Review Vol. 67 December 1973 p issue-area 73 Charles Lipson International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs p. 12. Karl Deutsch et al. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area New Jersey Princeton University Press Suzanne Werner and Douglas Lemke Opposites Do not Attract The Impact of Domestic Institutions Power Prior Commitments on Alignment Choices in International Studies Quarterly Vol p Bernard Finel and Kristin Lord The Surprising Logic of Transparency in International Studies Quarterly Vol p. 2. James Fearon Rationalist Explanations for War pp Peter Cowhey Domestic Institutions and the Credibility of International Commitments Japan and the United States in International Organization Vol. 47 No. 2 Spring 1993 p James Fearon Demestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes in American Political Science Review Vol.

126 No Lawrence Broz Political System Transparency and Monetary Commitment Regimes in International Organization Vol. 56 No. 4 Autumn 2002 p James Alt Fredrik Carlsen Per Heum and Kare Johansen Asset Specificity and Political Behavior of Firms Lobbying for Subsidies in Norway in International Organization 53 1 Winter 1999 Nikolaos Zahariadis Asset Specificity and State Subsidies in Industrialized Countries in International Studies Quarterly Vol Beth Yarbrough and Robert Yarbrough Cooperation in Liberation of International Trade After Hegemony What p

127 Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy Transaction Costs and Institutional Choice p Edward Karl The Twenty Years Crisis An Introduction to the History of International Relations New York Harper Collins Michael Taylor Community Anarchy and Liberty Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1982 p. 22. Charles Kindleberger Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy in International Studies Quarterly p Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy A Transaction Costs Approach to International Security Cooperation p p Glenn Snyder The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics Katja Weber Hierarchy Amidst Anarchy Transaction Costs and In-

128 119 stitutional Choice p. 21. James Morrow The Strategic Setting of Choices Signaling Commitment and Negotiation in International Politics in David Lake and Robert Powell eds. Strategic Choice and International Relations Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1999 p. 86. Robert Jervis Systems and Interaction Effects in Jack Snyder and Robert Jervis eds. Coping with Complexity in the International System Boulder Westview Press 1993 p. 33. Robert Jervis System Efects Complexity in Political and Social Life New Jersey Princeton University Press 1997 p

129 Susan Strange a passing fad 1 international regimes / international institutions

130 121 formal /legal institutionalism Hayward Alker

131 122 Beth Simmons /

132 123 / Donald Puchala Raymond Hopkins formal regimes informal regimes 瑏瑡 specific regimes diffuse regimes 瑏瑢 formal intergovernmental or cross-national nongovernmental organizations international regimes international convention

133 瑏瑣 multilateralism 瑏瑤 bilateralism Christian Reus-Smit

134 125 constitutional structures fundamental institutions 瑏瑥 issue-specific regimes 瑏瑦 瑏瑧

135 126 瑏瑨 Daniel Diermeier k k + 1 瑏瑩 international institutional environments international institutional arrangements k + 1 k moral purpose of the state organizing principle of sovereignty norm of procedural justice 瑐瑠

136 127 瑐瑡 degree of institutionalization dimension 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 formalization tacit agreement oral agreement executive agreements nonbinding treaties joint declarations final communiqués agreed minutes memoranda of understanding agreements pursuant to legislation 瑐瑤

137 128 international publication or registration informal agreement centralization Kenneth Abbott 瑐瑥 Barbara Koremenos centralized activities 瑐瑦 瑐瑧 free trade agreements FTAs self-enforcing formal agreement formal

138 129 international organization International Labor Organization ILO delegation make further rules 瑐瑨 Daniel Nielson Michael Tierney 瑐瑩 European Court of Justice ECJ European Court of Human Rights ECHR EU Commission 瑑瑠

139 130 supranational organization 瑑瑡

140 瑑瑢 3. 2 forum 瑑瑣 continuum

141 132 瑑瑤 institu- tions matter 瑑瑥 comparative institutional analysis cost and competence

142 瑑瑦 unspoken rule 瑑瑧

143 134 瑑瑨 瑑瑩

144 135 瑒瑠 hidden agreement 瑒瑡 瑒瑢

145 136 瑒瑣 瑒瑤 瑒瑥 1972

146 137 瑒瑦 瑒瑧 瑒瑨 瑒瑩

147 138 瑓瑠 瑓瑡 Abram Chayes Antonia Handler Chayes 瑓瑢

148 139 瑓瑣 E c p E v 1 - p E n E c E v E v E n E c > p E v p E n hostage 瑓瑤 reciprocity issue-linkage 瑓瑥

149 140 瑓瑦 瑓瑧

150 141 A X B A B Y A B 瑓瑨 瑓瑩 titfor-tat prisoners dilemma

151 142 瑔瑠 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 瑔瑣 issue 瑔瑤

152 143 瑔瑥 瑔瑦 Michael McGinnis 瑔瑧 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 tactical linkage

153 144 瑖瑠 瑖瑡 negative linkage positive linkage X S X S 瑖瑢 S X X

154 145 X R X R 瑖瑣 side payment X A B B X B X A X SQ - Cx + Bx A SQ A R SQ - Cx + R A SQ A SQ - Cx A S SQ - S = = SQ = B Cx = B X Bx = B A X R = A B S = A B Ronald Mitchell and Patricia Keilbach Situation Structure and Institutional Design Reciprocity Coercion and Exchange International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 p. 900.

155 146 瑖瑤 瑖瑥

156 147 A B A myopic self-interest 瑖瑦 B A B 瑖瑧 reputational effect

157 148 瑖瑨 瑖瑩 verification treaty-relevant behavior Nancy Gallagher

158 149 瑘瑠 瑘瑡 3. international administrative union 瑘瑢

159 150 coordination game 瑘瑣 collaboration game 瑘瑤 瑘瑥

160 151 information collection pooling joint production dispute resolution rule making and implementation 瑘瑦 International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Bonald Mitchell compliance-oriented information 瑘瑧

161 152 瑘瑨 law merchant Paul Milgrom

162 153 private judge 瑘瑩 瑝瑠 瑝瑡

163 154 World Health Organization WHO 瑝瑢 Harold Demsetz team production

164 155 瑝瑣 瑝瑤 瑝瑥 瑝瑦

165 156 Alan Schwartz 瑝瑧 incomplete contract

166 瑝瑨 Andrew Moravcsik 瑝瑩 International Court of Justice ICJ

167 158 1 binding regulations 2 binding internal policies 3 coordination standards 4 conventions 5 recommenda- tions de facto coordination equilibrium

168 159 UN Environment Program UNEP 20 90

169 Lloyd Gruber 20 70

170 161 open-ended fixed filling in escape clauses Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC

171 162

172 163 Yoram Barzel public domain

173 164 European Coal and Steel Community 1952

174 / / John Pinder

175 Westphalian model

176 167 ideal type

177 168 hierarchy

178 169 sovereignty costs

179 170

180 171 X X 3. 3 GC CC TC GC CC GC CC E 3. 3

181 GC CC GC' CC' E 4 E

182 CC CC' GC E 1 E 2 E 2 E CC CC' GC E 1 E 2 E 2 E 1 3

183 CC CC' GC E 1 E 2 E 2 E GC GC' CC E 1 E 3 E 3 E GC GC' CC E 1 E 3 E 3 E 1

184 GC GC' CC E 1 E 3 E 3 E 1 1 Susan Strange Cave hic dragones A Critic of Regime Analysis in Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes p international regimes 3 Stephan Haggard and Beth Sim-

185 176 mons Theories of International Regimes in International Organization Vol. 41 No. 3 Summer 1987 Lisa Martin and Beth Simmons Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions in International Organization Vol. 52 No. 4 Autumn Oran Young Oran Young ed. The International Political Economy and International Institutions Cheltenham E. Elgar Pub. Co Part I 5 Hayward Alker and Bruce Russett World Politics in General Assembly New Haven Yale University Press Quoted in Lisa Martin and Beth Simmons Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions p Stephan Haggard and Beth Simmons Theories of International Regimes p Lisa Martin and Beth Simmons Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions p John Ruggie International Responses to Technology Concepts and Trends p Stephen Krasner Structural Causes and Regime Consequences Regimes as Intervening Variables in Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes p Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory Boulder Westview Press 1989 p. 3. 瑏瑡 Donald Puchala and Raymond Hopkins International Regimes Lessons from Inductive Analysis in Stephen Krasner ed. International Regimes p. 65. 瑏瑢 Ibid. p. 64. 瑏瑣 Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory pp 瑏瑤

186 瑏瑥 Christian Reus-Smit The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions in International Organization Vol. 51 No. 4 Autumn 1997 p 瑏瑦 瑏瑧 208 瑏瑨 Russican doll approach 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 Christian Reus-Smit The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions p 瑐瑡 Hendrik Sprupt 14 city-leagues city-states sovereign territorial states

187 178 Hendrik Sprupt Institutional Selection in International Relations State Anarchy as Order in International Organization Vol. 48 No. 4 Autumn 1994 瑐瑢 international legalization obligation precision delegation Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne-Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 p. 401 瑐瑣 1989 commonality specificity antonomy Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory pp. 5 6 瑐瑤 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal in International Organization Vol. 45 No. 4 Autumn 1991 p 瑐瑥 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through Formal International Organizations in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 42 No p. 9. 瑐瑦 Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 p 瑐瑧

188 瑐瑨 Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne - Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p 瑐瑩 Daniel Nielson and Michael Tierney Delegation to International Organizations Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform in International Organization Vol. 57 No. 2 Spring 2003 p 瑑瑠 Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne-Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p. 416 瑑瑡 瑑瑢 瑑瑣 1 G Group 2 instant international organizations 9

189 180 3 treaty organization treaty body 瑑瑤 瑑瑥 Christian Reus-Smit The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions p 瑑瑦 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal p 瑑瑧 Ibid. p 瑑瑨 361 瑑瑩 瑒瑠 瑒瑡 瑒瑢 Raymond Garthoff Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis Wachington D. C. Brookings Institution 1989 pp Catherine Langlois and Jean-Pierre Langlois Tacit Bargaining in International Rela-

190 181 tions A Game Model and A Case Study in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 40 No 瑒瑣 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal p 瑒瑤 瑒瑥 696 瑒瑦 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal pp 瑒瑧 瑒瑨 190 瑒瑩 瑓瑠 George Downs David Rocke George Downs and David Rocke Tacit Bargaining and Arms Control in World Politics p. 325 瑓瑡 瑓瑢 Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes On Compliance in International Organization Vol. 47 No. 2 Spring 1993 p 瑓瑣

191 182 Robert Yarbrough and Beth Yarbrough Reciprocity Bilateralism and Economic Hostages Self-enforcing Agreements in International Trade in International Studies Quarterly Vol. 30 No. 1 March 1986 pp 瑓瑤 hostage hostage hostage 瑓瑥 235 瑓瑦 瑓瑧 Robert Yarbrough and Beth Yarbrough Reciprocity Bilateralism and Economic Hostages Self-enforcing Agreements in International Trade pp 瑓瑨 153 瑓瑩 Robert Keohane Reciprocity in International Relations in International Organization Vol. 40 No. 1 Winter 1986 p. 8. 瑔瑠 1996 瑔瑡 Robert Axelord and Robert Keohane Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy Strategy and Institutions in Kenneth Oye ed. Cooperation under Anarchy p 瑔瑢 Robert Keohane Reciprocity in International Relations p. 27. 瑔瑣 Joshua Goldstein and Jon Pevehouse Reciprocity Bullying and International Cooperation Time-series Analysis of the Bosnia Conflict in American Political Science Review Vol. 91 No. 3 September 1997 p 瑔瑤

192 183 瑔瑥 Michael McGinnis Issue Linkage and the Evolution of International Cooperation in Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 30 No. 1 March 1986 瑔瑦 瑔瑧 Michael McGinnis Issue Linkage and the Evolution of International Cooperation p 瑔瑨 瑔瑩 172 瑖瑠 Ernst Hass Why Collaborate Issue-linkage and International Regimes in World Politics Vol. 32 No. 3 April 1980 p 瑖瑡 瑖瑢 Ronald Mitchell and Patricia Keilbach Situation Structure and Institutional Design Reciprocity Coercion and Exchange in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 p 瑖瑣 Ronald Mitchell and Patricia Keilbach Situation Structure and Institutional Design Reciprocity Coercion and Exchange p 瑖瑤 瑖瑥 瑖瑦

193 瑖瑧 瑖瑨 Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal pp 瑖瑩 Anne Sartori The Might of the Pen A Reputational Theory of Communication in International Disputes in International Organization Vol. 56 No. 1 Winter 2002 p 瑘瑠 Nancy Gallagher The Politics of Verification Baltimore and London The Johns Hopkins University Press 1999 p 瑘瑡 Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes On Compliance p. 瑘瑢 瑘瑣 117 瑘瑤 dominant strategy

194 Arthur Stein Why Nations Cooperate Circumstance and Choice in International Relations pp 瑘瑥 瑘瑦 Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes On Compliance p. 瑘瑧 effectiveness-oriented information Ronald Mitchell Sources of Transparency Information System in International Regimes in International Studies Quarterly Vol p. 109 瑘瑨 Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions p 瑘瑩 Paul Milgrom Douglass North and Barry Weingast The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade The Law Merchant Private Judges and the Champagne Fairs in Economics and Politics Vol. 2 No pp 瑝瑠 84 瑝瑡 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through Formal International Organizations p. 13. 瑝瑢 Ibid. p. 14. 瑝瑣 59 瑝瑤 A. H. R. A. D. 63 瑝瑥 77 瑝瑦 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through For-

195 186 mal International Organizations pp 瑝瑧 瑝瑨 Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik and Anne-Marie Slaughter Legalized Dispute Resolution Interstate and Transnational in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 p 瑝瑩 Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne- Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p William Dixon transnational or subnational organizations ad hoc commissions William Dixon Third-party Techniques for Preventing Conflict Escalation and Peaceful Settlement in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 4 Autumn 1996 p Kenneth Abbott Robert Keohane Andrew Moravcsik Anne- Marie Slaughter and Duncan Snidal The Concept of Legalization p Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Why States Act through Formal International Organizations p. 15. Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions p Gayl Ness and Steven Brechin Bridging the Gap International Organizations as Organizations in International Organization Vol. 42 No. 2

196 187 Spring 1988 p. 252 Barbara Koremenos Charles Lipson and Duncan Snidal The Rational Design of International Institutions p Lloyd Gruber Ruling the World Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions New Jersey Princeton 2000 p. 62. Ibid. p. 61. University Press Charles Lipson Why Are Some International Agreements Informal pp B. Peter Rosendorff and Helen Milner The Optimal Design of International Trade Institutions Uncertainty and Escape in International Organization Vol. 55 No. 4 Autumn 2001 Lloyd Gruber Ruling the World Power Politics and the Rise of Supranational Institutions p. 73. Ibid. pp Karen Alter The European Unions Legal System and Domestic Policy Spillover or Backlash in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 p

197 188 Alec Sweet and Thomas Brunell Constructing a Supranational Constitution Dispute Resolution and Governance in the European Community in American Political Science Review Vol. 92 No. 1 March Stephen Krasner Compromising Westphalia in International Security Vol. 20 No. 3 Winter 1995 /1996 p Stephen Krasner Compromising Westphalia p hierarchy bureaucracy hierarchy David Lake Anarchy Hierarchy and the Variety of International Relations p. 14

198 189 Kenneth Abbott and Duncan Snidal Hard and Soft Law in International Governance in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 3 Summer 2000 pp Ibid. p Robert Keohane International Institutions and State Power Essays in International Relations Theory p joint production economies David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in its Century pp David Lake Anarchy Hierarchy and the Variety of International Relations p

199

200

201 entangling alliance North Atlantic Treaty NAT Armin Rappaport 1949 American Revolution of

202 Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SHAPE Atlantic Alliance formal alliance orthodox traditionalists

203 revisionism Gabriel Kolko Joyce William Williams 10 John Lewis Gaddis post-revisionism

204 195 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 瑏瑣

205 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 瑏瑦 150 incomplete explanation 瑏瑧

206 197 瑏瑨 20

207 瑏瑩 Alexis de Tocqueville 瑐瑠 Paul Kennedy 瑐瑡

208 199 瑐瑢 1.

209 200 瑐瑣 瑐瑤 瑐瑥 瑐瑦

210 瑐瑧 / 35. 6: 33. 0: : 31. 2: : 11. 5: David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in its Century Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press 1999 p

211 202 Malcolm Hoag 瑐瑨 B-29 B 瑐瑩 B-29

212

213 204 stepping stones 瑑瑠 Ernest Bevin 1945

214 205 瑑瑡 瑑瑢

215 206 瑑瑣 瑑瑤 瑑瑥 瑑瑦 瑑瑧

216 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security Westport Greenwood Press 1994 p. 1. Arthur Vandenberg Robert Taft 瑑瑨 1949 China lobby

217 208 瑑瑩 瑒瑠 瑒瑡 瑒瑢 瑒瑣 spiritual federation of the West

218 209 John Hicherson 瑒瑤 Western Union 51 瑒瑥 John Baylis 瑒瑦 5 3 1

219 210 Tom Connally 瑒瑧 time horizon 瑒瑨 1940 瑒瑩

220 211 Peter Calvocoressi 瑓瑠 瑓瑡 瑓瑢

221 212 瑓瑣 Jan Honig 瑓瑤 瑓瑥 1796 瑓瑦

222 瑓瑧 Lawrence Kaplan

223 214 瑓瑨 % % 瑓瑩 瑔瑠

224 215 William Olson 瑔瑡 1944 瑔瑢 瑔瑣

225 /3 瑔瑤

226 瑔瑥 47. 9% 31% 1948 Timothy Smith 1948 瑔瑦 瑔瑧

227 218 瑔瑨

228 George Kennan Long Telegram 瑔瑩

229 220 瑖瑠 瑖瑡 瑖瑢 瑖瑣

230 221 瑖瑤 瑖瑥 瑖瑦 瑖瑧

231 222 瑖瑨 瑖瑩 瑘瑠

232 223 瑘瑡 Robert Lovett unwritten and informal understandings 瑘瑢 creating some form of union

233 224 Theodore Achiles Charles Bohlen unilateral guarantee 瑘瑣 1 20 瑘瑤

234 瑘瑥 瑘瑦 瑘瑧 James Reston 瑘瑨 Lucius Clay Forrestal 瑘瑩

235 226 瑝瑠 3 11 Halvard Lange 3 11 瑝瑡

236 227 Don Cook 1948 瑝瑢 瑝瑣 瑝瑤 瑝瑥 1 13 collective defense agreement 2

237 瑝瑦 1920 瑝瑧

238 瑝瑨 瑝瑩 treaty alliance collective arrangements

239 Hume Wrong

240

241 van Kleffens North Atlantic Pact Oliver Franks

242 two-pillar concept North Atlantic guarantee 9 2

243 North Atlantic Treaty

244 235 1 commitment clause

245

246 237

247

248

249 consulting member participation as appropriate 4. 1

250 / Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years Lexington Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky 1984 p

251

252 perception /

253

254 245 Great Debate

255 S. F Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security Westport Greenwood Press 1994 p. vi. 3 associate informal collaborator Lawrence Kaplan The Long Entanglement NATOs First Fifty Years Westport Praeger 1999 p. 1 4 J Armin Rappaport The American Revolution of 1949 in NATO Letter Quoted in Lawrence Kaplan The Long Entanglement NATOs First Fifty Years p Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and

256 247 European Security p 瑏瑡 瑏瑢 Robert McCalla NATOS Persistence after the Cold War in International Organization Vol. 50 No. 3 Summer 1996 p 瑏瑣 142 瑏瑤 207 瑏瑥 瑏瑦 204 瑏瑧 David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century p 瑏瑨 Mancur Olson and Richard Zeckhauser An Economic Theory of Alliance in Francis Beer ed. Alliance Latent War Communities in the Contemporary World New York Holt Rinehart and Winston Inc 1970 John R. Oneal The Theory of Collective Action and Burden Sharing in NATO In International Organization Vol. 44 No. 3 Summer 1990 Alan Tonelson The Economics of NATO in Ted Galen Carpenter ed. NATO at 40 Confronting a Changing World Washington D. C. Cato Institute

257 Todd Sander and Keith Hartley The Political Economy of NATO Past Present and into the 21 st Century Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1999 瑏瑩 瑐瑠 瑐瑡 瑐瑢 瑐瑣 瑐瑤 Hastings Ismay NATO The First Five Years Utrecht Bosch 1954 p 瑐瑥 W. F. G. P 瑐瑦 瑐瑧 瑐瑨 Malcolm Hoag What Interdependence for NATO in World Politics Vol. 12 No p 瑐瑩

258 瑑瑠 瑑瑡 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO New York Arbor House /William Morrow 1989 pp 瑑瑢 瑑瑣 C. M. Woodhouse Attitudes of NATO Countries Toward the United States in World Politics Vol. 10 No p 瑑瑤 Celeste Wallander Institutional Assets and Adaptability NATO After the Cold War in International Organization Vol. 54 No. 4 Autumn 2000 p 瑑瑥 John Duffield International Regimes and Alliance Behavior Explaining NATO Conventional Force Levels in International Organization Vol. 46 No. 4 Autumn 1992 p 瑑瑦 111 瑑瑧 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security p. 1. 瑑瑨 Lynn Hinds and Theodore Windt The Cold War as Rhetoric The Beginnings New York Praeger 1991 p 瑑瑩 瑒瑠 瑒瑡 83 瑒瑢

259 250 瑒瑣 瑒瑤 John Baylis Britain The Brussels Pact and the Continent Commitment in International Affairs Vol. 60 No. 4 Autumn 1984 p 瑒瑥 瑒瑦 John Baylis Britain The Brussels Pact and the Continent Commitment p 瑒瑧 瑒瑨 瑒瑩 瑓瑠 瑓瑡 Emil Kirchner and James Sperling eds. The Federal Republic of Germany and NATO 40 Years After New York St. Press 1992 p. 4 Martins

260 251 瑓瑢 瑓瑣 瑓瑤 Jan Honig NATO An Institution under Threat New York Institute for East-West Security Studies 1991 p. 20. 瑓瑥 瑓瑦 1796 S. F 瑓瑧 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years Lexington Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky 1984 p. 30. 瑓瑨 Ibid. p. 30. 瑓瑩 Ibid. p. 31. 瑔瑠 Lynn Hinds and Theodore Windt The Cold War as Rhetoric The Beginnings p 瑔瑡 瑔瑢 1958 瑔瑣 % % % % % 1986

261 瑔瑤 瑔瑥 E. Timothy Smith The United States Italy and NATO New York St. Martins Press 1991 p. 55. 瑔瑦 Ibid. p. 36. 瑔瑧 1948 瑔瑨 E. Timothy Smith The United States Italy and NATO p. 91. 瑔瑩 瑖瑠 瑖瑡 60 瑖瑢 瑖瑣 瑖瑤 Lawrence Kaplan NATO and the United States The Enduring Alliance Boston Twayne Publishers 1988 p. 16. 瑖瑥 瑖瑦 瑖瑧 瑖瑨 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 49. 瑖瑩 Ibid. p. 50.

262 253 p 瑘瑠 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑘瑡 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 51. p 瑘瑢 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑘瑣 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO p p 瑘瑤 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑘瑥 Lawrence Kaplan NATO and the United States The Enduring Alliance p. 20. 瑘瑦 瑘瑧 瑘瑨 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 61. p 瑘瑩 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑝瑠 p 瑝瑡 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑝瑢 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 62. p 瑝瑣 419 瑝瑤 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑝瑥

263 p p 瑝瑦 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑝瑧 289 瑝瑨 Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO 瑝瑩 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p. 77. p p Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO Ibid. p Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO p Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO David Lake Entangling Relations American Foreign Policy in Its Century p p Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO p Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO

264 255 Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p p Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO p Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO pp

265 256 Todd Sander and Keith Hartley The Political Economy of NATO Past Present and into the 21 st Century p Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security p. 4. Lawrence Kaplan NATO and the United States The Enduring Alliance p Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security p Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p

266 257 Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security p. 13. Lawrence Kaplan The United States and NATO The Formative Years p Ronald Powaski The Entangling Alliance The United States and European Security p. 17. Don Cook Forging the Alliance NATO p. 250.

267 H Great Depression

268 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

269 International Trade Organization ITO General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT Protocol of Provisional Application PPA PPA 1949

270 William Diebold Organization for Trade Cooperation OTC 9

271 birth defects 10 瑏瑡

272 The Uruguay Round World Trade Organization WTO WTO WTO H. John H. Jackson non-binding 瑏瑢 grandfather rights

273 264 single package 瑏瑣 Renato Ruggiero 瑏瑤 瑏瑥 1947 dispute settlement procedure DSP / panels block Standing Appellate Body SAB

274 265 瑏瑦 瑏瑧 Giovanni Maggi Ⅹ A A A 瑏瑨

275 266 G. R. Shell G. R. Shell Trade Legalism and International Relations Theory An Analysis of the World Trade Organization in Robert Howse ed. The World Trading System Critical Perspective on the World Economy Vol. Ⅱ London and New York Routledge 1998 p. 374.