ebook121-1

Transcription

1 1 10, 10 O I A B C Z 26 B A D G How are you? 131 morse code A 2 6 Z How are you d o t d a s h

2 2 c o d e ( ) B r a i l l e

3 1 3 A A A 1 3 h e l l o hi there E T Q Z 10 S O S S O S B A H B A H B A H B A H M M M M M V Vi c t o r y 5 ( ) 5 6 7

4 4 S O S d i h ( d a h )

5 Y E T 4 I A N M 8

6

7 2 7 2 = 2 2 R = 2 2

8 = = = = = = = = = = 1024 binary code 2

9 C o u p v r a y Valentin Haüy( ) H a ü y A A A H a ü y Charles Barbier écriture nocturne B a r b i e r B a r b i e r 12 B a r b i e r

10 ( 2 6 )

11 3 11 you and me W a j you and me a j 6 W a b o u t : a j

12 b l e a j l o u i s b r a i l l e

13

14 4 e l e c t r i c i t y electron theory

15 H 2 O e l e c t r o n e l e c t r i c i t y η λ ε κ τ ρ ο ν( e l e k t r o n ), η λ ε κ τ ρ ο ν +

16 4 15 D C A A A A A A

17 , 1. 5

18 Count Alessandro Vo l t o ( ) André Marie Ampére( ) G e o rg Simon Ohm ( ) I = E / R I E R E 1. 5 R I

19 P P = E I

20 5 1 2 : : :

21 20 :! 25 %

22 5 21 ( ) 25 % 1. 5 D / e a r t h, g r o u n d g r o u n d g r o u n d

23 D

24 5 23 V V V 4 V

25 $ AW G AW G $

26 C a t h e r i n e Marie Antoinette General Lafayette ( 1825 ) % Louis Daguerre Mathew Brady

27 26 ( ) Valentin Haüy Wa s h i n g t o n What hath God wrought / /

28 6 27 V C D D V D,

29 28

30 6 29

31 7 c a t g a t o c h a t K a t z e K O I I I K κ α π α D i g i t f i v e f i s t = = = = = = = = = ( )

32 M C M L I I I 2 7 X 10 V 5 I V V X L C c e n t u m D M m i l l e I V V X X L

33 32 Muhammed ibn-musa a l - K h w a r i z m i a l g o r i t h m = = =

34 ( )

35

36

37

38

39 T E N E I G H T 7 T E N 7 E I G H T 8 T E N 1 0 E I G H T 9 T E N 11 E I G H T 10 T E N 1 2 E I G H T 12 T E N 1 4 E I G H T 14 T E N 1 6 E I G H T 16 T E N 2 0 E I G H T 24 T E N 3 0 E I G H T 26 T E H 3 2 E I G H T 32 T E N 4 0 E I G H T 52 T E N 6 4 E I G H T 64 T E N 1 00 E I G H T Sunset Strip T E N or 115 E I G H T 100 T E N 1 44 E I G H T 128 T E N 2 00 E I G H T 256 T E N or 400 E I G H T 100 E I G H T 2 00 E I G H T 4 00 E I G H T 100 T E N 1 0 T E N 10 T E N 100 E I G H T 1 0 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 8 T E N 8 T E N 64 T E N 100 E I G H T 2 00 E I G H T 4 00 E I G H T 64 T E N 128 T E N 256 T E N E I G H T 4 E I G H T 10 E I G H T 10 E I G H T

40 E I G H T E I G H T = 3000 E I G H T E I G H T + 20 E I G H T + 5 E I G H T E I G H T = T E N T E N T E N E I G H T = E I G H T E I G H T E I G H T E I G H T = T E N

41 40 5 E I G H T + 7 E I G H T = 14 E I G H T , E I G H T 9 T E N E I G H T 30 E I G H T T E N

42 F O U R = T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N F O U R = F O U R F O U R F O U R F O U R F O U R F O U R =

43 F O U R 878 T E N T E N 1 T W O 2 T E N 1 0 T W O 3 T E N 11 T W O 4 T E N 1 00 T W O 5 T E N 1 01 T W O 6 T E N 11 0 T W O 7 T E N 111 T W O 8 T E N T W O 9 T E N T W O 10 T E N T W O

44 T W O = T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N T E N TWO =

45 T E N

46 T E N 11 T E N 143 T E N

47

48 John Wilder Tukey 1915 binary digit b i g i t b i n i t b i t ( ) binary digit

49 b i t ( ) binary digit b i t 1 b i t 1 1 Paul Revere

50 9 49 Paul Revere ( ) Paul Revere

51 Paul Revere 0 0 = 0 1 = 1 0 = 11 = Paul Revere Paul Revere Paul Revere Paul Revere 1 Roger Ebert

52 9 51 Gene Siskel 00 = 01 = Siskel E b e r t 10 = Siskel E b e r t 11 = Siskel E b e r t S i s k e l 0 S i s k e l 1 S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t Impolite Encounter S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t = Siskel E b e r t 001 = Siskel E b e r t 010 = Siskel E b e r t 011 = Siskel E b e r t 100 = Siskel E b e r t 101 = Siskel E b e r t 110 = Siskel E b e r t 111 = Siskel E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t Leonard Maltin Movie &Video Guide Leonard Maltin

53 52 M a l t i n M a l t i n M a l t i 1 4 B O M B = BOMB 001 = 1 / = 011 = 1 / = 101 = 1 / = M a l t i n S i s k e l E b e r t S i s k e l E b e r t M a l t i n 2 2 M a l t i n = = 1 / = 1 / = 101 = 1 / = 111 = B O M B M a l t i n 000=MAJOR BOMB = B O M B = 1 / = 100 = 1 / = 110 = 1 / =

54 9 53 ATO M I C B O M B 3 Entertainment We e k l y C D C D - R O M A + F = F 0001 = D = D = D = C = C = C = B = B 1001 = B = A = A 1100 = A = = = = = = = = = =

55 = 128 l o g = ( C D ) D X A S A American standards association A S A 24 A S A A S A = = 32

56 A S A A S A U P C universal product code U P C U P C U P U P

57 56 U P C C a m p b e l l 10 U P C 4 U P C O C R optical character recognition? U P C 95

58 U P C U P C U P C U P C 1 2 U P C = = = = = = = = = = U P C U P S = = = = = = = = = = U C P C a m p b e l l 10 4 U P C U P C

59 58 U P C U P C U P C 2 U P C Campbell C a m p b e l l U P C A BCDEF GHIJK 3 A + C + E + G + I + K + B + D + F + H + J = = , = 7 U P C U P C U P U P C U P C U P C = = = = = = = = = = 9

60 = = = = = = = = = =

61 H i, t h e r e U P C 6 6 ( ) c o d e c o d e

62 10 O rg a n o n 4 ( ; ;, ) 19 Charles Dodgson Lewis Carroll ( ; ) ( S o m e dostinate persons are not philosophers) ( s o m e ) ) C o r k 1 9

63 62 The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, Being an Essay Towards a Calculus of Deductive Reasoning ( ) An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which Are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities ( 1854 ) The Laws of Thought A = 3 B = 2 A C = B+5 D = 3 C D = 3 C D = 3 B + 5 D = 3 2 A + 5 D = D = 33 A+B = B+A A B = B A A + B + C = A + B + C A B C = A B C A B + C = A B + A C

64 10 63 M F M T B W O N U + + B + W F T F T F T F T + + W + B F = W + B W + F W B F W + B W + F 1 ( ) 1 M + F = 1

65 64 T + B + W + O = 1 N + U = M 1 M = F 0 0 F M = F = F 0 F = 0 0+F = F 1+F = 1 F 1 F 0 F + 1 F = 1 F 1 F = 0 F F = F F X 2 = X

66 10 65 F + F = F P M S P M = P P M = M S P = S P = P M S P M = S S P M = S S P S S M = S S M 0 S M M 2400 M N W + T+ F N 1 - W+ B O R / A N D / 1 N O T

67 66 + O R A N D 1 - N O T M AND N AND W OR TO R F AND N AND NOT W OR B M AND N AND W OR T F AND N AND NOT W B M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B M T 1 + O R A N D A N D O R + + A N D 0 0 = = = = A N D O R

68 = = = = = 1 O R = = M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B = = = = 1 1, ( )

69 68 Roger Ebert 0 E b e r t 1 E b e r t A N D O R

70 A N D A N D A N D

71 O R O R

72 10 71 M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B A N D O R + 8 ( ) W W 1 W ( ) M T W

73 The Laws of Thought

74 11 20 logic gates Bill Gates G a t e s M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B ( 1916 ) 1938 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits 1 0 The Mathematical Theory of Communication ( b i t ) M N W + T+ F N 1 W+ B N M W + T+ N F 1 W+ B X Y X = M W + T

75 74 Y = F 1 W N X + N Y + B X Y N N X Y N X + Y+ B N M W + T+ F 1 - W+ B ( )

76 11 75 B T T O B T W 4 A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits r e l a y 6

77 76 V ( 5 6 ) V

78 11 77 V V

79 78

80 11 79 ( ) $ 2.99

81 80

82 11 81 AND gate

83 A N D

84 11 83

85 84 OR gate O R O

86 O R

87 F M F 1 M 0 W W

88 W 1 0 B N M W + T+ F 1 - W+ B ( + ) ( )

89

90 11 89 NOR gate

91 90 N O R

92 11 91 NAND gate

93 92 N A N D A N D 0 1 O R N A N D 0 1 N O R

94 Formal logic 1847 T h e Mathematical Analysis of logic A B

95

96

97 = A N D O R N A N D A B

98 12 97 A \ B A B A B Exclusive OR gate X O R 1 A 1 B 1 1 X O R

99 98 X O R 0 1 A N D A B A B A B Half Adder A B ( S) ( C O ) A B A B ( CI)

100 Full Adder A B A B

101 A B A 0 A 7 B 0 B 7

102 S 0 S 7 A B 8 0 A 0 B 0 S 0 A 7 B 7 S A 7 A 6 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A A B A 7 A 0 B 7 B 0 S 7 S A B ( 8 ) ( 8 ) A B ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 16

103

104 ???

105 ???

106 ??? ???

107 ??? ???????? / 8 A B 8

108 A 0 A 7 B 0 B 7 8 S 0 S ) / 8 /

109 108 X O R , A B

110 S U B / 0 1 B ( C I ) 1 1 C I 0 S U B C O / S U B 0 C O C O C O / / , $ 500 $ $ 499 $ 500 $ 500 $

111 $ 143 $ $ $

112

113 14 C D

114

115 c l o c k c y c l e ( )

116 H z 0 1 N O R

117 William Henry Eccles( ) F. W. J o r d a n R - S R e s e t - S e t /

118 Q Q Q Q 0 Q 1 S S e t R R e s e t Q 1 Q 0 S 1 Q Q 0 R 1 Q 0 Q S R 0 Q R - S 4 2 S R Q Q S R Q Q S R 0 S R 1 S R 1 Q Q Q R - S R S 1 R - S R - S 0 1 D a t a 0 1 Hold that bit 0 1 0

119 118 1 Q 0 Q 0 Q X R-S 1 Q 0 Q R - S

120 R - S R - S 1 0 S 0 R 1 R 0 S 1 S R Q 0 Q Q Q 0

121 120 1 D D D a t a D C l k D

122 Clk 8 8 D 0 D 7 8 Q 0 Q 7 C l k 0 1 D Q A 8 B C I 8 S C O 8 ( D ) S a v e A B 2-1

123 B 2 Q 8 B B A S e l e c t 1 B B 0 A A B 8 1 ( C O ) D C l e a r 0 1 Q 0 Q

124 ( A d d ) 0 B , Q Q D R - S

125 124 D Q Q 1 0 Q

126 Q Q 0 1 D 0 1 C l k 0 1 Q C l k D Q C l k Q 0 Q 1 D

127 126 C l k 0 1 Q D Q 0 D 0 C l k 1 C l k 0 C l k 1 D 0 Q 0 Q 1 D 1 C l k 0 1 Q 0 1 0

128 C l k 0 1 D Q Q C l k 0 1 D Q 20 2 Q 10 ( Q ) C l k

129 Q 0 Q 7 Q Q

130 P r e s e t D 0 1 Q 1 Q 0 1 Q 0 Q 1 R - S S R 1 D

131

132 I B M b i t e y i b i t I B M I B M B C D

133 ( 4 ) 2 4 ( 1 6 ) 16 h e x a d e c i m a l h e x a - 6 h e x a d e c i m a l 16 hex

134 Julius Caesar

135 A B C D E F A B C D E F B T W O 2312 F O U R 266 E I G H T 182 T E N B 6 S I X T E E N B 6 H E X B 6 h A 48 C h 9A48Ch = h + A h h h + C 1 h

136 A48Ch = A C A48Ch = A C A 10 9A48Ch = A C h A C B 6 h

137 A C 79 A C h C A F E

138 137 4 A E A B D 1 A E A B C D E F 99 h h 99 23

139 16 QED(quod erat demonstrandum / ) D 14 1

140 Q Data Out 14 Wr i t e Data In ( W ) 0 ( D I )

141

142 (Select Input) 000 D D 7 101, D S 2 = 1, S 1 = 0, S 0 = 1 S 0 S 1 S 2, 1 0 D 5 0 D D 5

143 S 0 S 1 S 2

144 S 0 - S 1 S ,

145 144 A d d r e s s R A M R A M R A M R A R A M R A M R A M 8 1 RAM 8 1 RAM 8 2

146 R A M RAM S e l e c t 8 1 RAM RAM R A M 16 1 R A M RAM = 2 RAM RAM

147 146 R A M = RAM K k i l o b y t e1 K k k h i l i o i, 1 1 k g = 1000 g, 1 k m = 1000 m 1 K = ( ) K K K K B R A M K ( 1 K B ) 1 K B R A M K 1 K 1 K R A M KB = 1024B = B B 2KB = 2048B = 2 11 B 4KB = 4096B = B 8KB = 8192B = B 16KB = B = B 32KB = B = B 64KB = B = B 128KB = B = B 256KB = B = B 512KB = B = B 1024KB = B = B B K B 1024 K 1 M m e g a b y t e m e g a s M M B 1MB = B = B B 2MB = B = B 4MB = B = B

148 MB = B = B 6MB = B = B 32MB = B = B 64MB = B = B 128MB = B = B 256MB = B = B 512MB = B = B 024MB = B = B B g i g a s 1024 M B 1 G ( g i g a b y t e ) G B 1 T ( t e r a b y t e t e r a s B,terabyte T B 1KB 1000B 1MB 1 000B,1GB B,1TB B 1 P B p e t a b y t e = 2 50 B E B ( e x a b y t e ) = 2 60 B M B 6 4 M B M B R A M B B B K M G K M 8 k b p s ) m b p s ) 56 K 5 6 K b p s, R A M K B 32 K B 1 28 K B B R A M h FFFFh. 64 K B 1980 P C 9 64 K 8 R A M

149 ( t a k e o v e r ) K 8 RAM 2-1 R A M R A M 8 64 K 8 RAM

150 K 8 RAM K 8 RAM R A M

151

152 K B R A M R A M R A M 100 R A M R A R A M RAM h R A M R A M 0000 h h h R A M 00 h

153 152 R A M R A R A M 0000 h R A M 8 00 h R A M h h R A M 00 h F F F F 0000 h 8 R A M R A M R A M R A M R A M R A M

154 R A M R A M R A M 0000 h R A M 16 R A M 8 L o a d ( A d d ) ( S t o r e ( H a l t ) 0000 h 0001 h 0002 h 0003 h 0004 h

155 h 0006 h 0007 h 0008 h 0009 h 000 A h 0000 h R A M R A M R A M R A M RAM R A M R A M R A R A M R A 16 R A M R A M 4 4

156 L o a d 10 h Store ( ) 11 h Add ( ) 2 0 h Halt ( ) F F h R A M R A M R A M R A M R A M 8 R A M 8 R A M

157 R A M RAM 8 R A M 2-1 R A M 16 C l k ( C l r ) 8 C l k C l r R A M ( W ) 2-1 ( S ) RAM RAM 2-1 S 0 R A M R A M W 1 1 L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t ( ) H a l t 10 h 11 h 20 h 21 h FFh 21 h R A M 1 C 0 2-1

158 h 2 A h 38 h R A M 56 h 56 2 A 80 h R A M 38 h C 7 h 1 C 7 h 8 0 h C 7 h + 80h + 1h 4 8 h 48 h A B h + 232Ch 16 A B h + 2Ch D 7 h 7 6 h + 23h 99h 99 D 7 h 16

159 158 D 7 h 0002 h 99 h 0005 h A B h 236 C h 2 A B h + 6Ch 11 7 h 2 9 A 17 h 1 h + 76h + 23h 9 A h Add with Carry Subtract with Borrow L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t 1 0 h 11 h 2 0 h 2 1 h Add with Carry( ) 22 h Subtract with Borrow( ) 23 h H a l t F F h

160 A 892 B C D h 6 5 A 872 F F h 7 A 892 B C D h 0000 h h h h h h B h R A M R A M 0000 h R A M R A M

161 160 R A M 7 L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t Add with Carry Subtract with Borrow H a l t 10 h 11 h 20 h 21 h 22 h 23 h F F h R A M R A M R A M 0000h 0001h 0002h 2 R A M h h h A B h 2 32 C h h h h h

162 h h 6 64KB R A M R A M 4001h 4000h 4003h 4002h 4005h 4004h 4001 h h 4005 h 4000 h h 4004 h R A M R A M RAM 16

163 / 4 TA N S TA A F L TA N S TA A F L 64KB RAM 1 K B 0000 h 0 3 F F h 64 k B R A M R A M 3 R A M R A 2-1 R A M 16 R A M R A M

164 R A M h 0011h 0012h 0013h 0000 h 0000 R A M 000 C h 3 R A M h 000Ch 0010h R A M 0020 h 0030 h 0013h 0030h 0031h 0032h

165 h 0000 h 0010 h 0020 h 0030 h C h F h h h h B h E h 11 h 0023 h 001 E h 0021 h 0020 h 0020 h 000 C h J u m p L o a d S t o r e A d d S u b t r a c t Add with Carry Subtract with Borrow 1 0 h 11 h 2 0 h 2 1 h 2 2 h 2 3 h Jump ( ) 30 h H a l t R A M R A b r a n c h g o t o 000 C h F F h 0020h 30h h 0020 h D P r e ( C l r )

166 Pre = 1 Q = 1 Clr = 1 Q = 0 A A = 1 Pre = 1 Clr = 0 A = 0 Pre = 0 Clr = 1 Q A 1 6 R A M R A M h 1

167 166 8 A 7 h 1 C h A 7 h 1 C h 28 A 7 h h h 16 A 7 h 1005h 1004h 1001h 1000h 1005h 1004h h h 16 A 7 h A 7 h 1 C h h h 28 ( ) h 0000 h 0000h 1004 h h 16 A 7 h 1 16 A 7 h 2

168 A 7 h 1 C h L o a d 10 h S t o r e 11 h A d d 20 h S u b t r a c t 21 h Add with Carry 22 h Subtract with Borrow 23 h J u m p 30 h Jump If Zero ( ) 31 h Jump If Carry ( ) 32 h Jump If Not Zero ( ) 33 h Jump If Not Carry ( ) 34 h H a l t F F h h 1003h 001Eh 1003h h

169 h h 16 A 7 h h 1 C 001 E h F F h 1 C h 1 C h 1 1 B h 0 1 B h 1003 h h 1004 h h 16 A 7 h 2 1 B h F F h 1 A h h h 16 A 7 h 1 C h 1003 h 1 F F h h K B R A M R A / C P U R A M A L U A L U A L U 1 6 P C

170 h 11 h / Add with Carry 2 3 L o a d 10 h L O D S t o r e 11 h S TO A d d 20 h A D D S u b t r a c t 21 h S U B Add with Carry 22 h A D C Subtract with Borrow 23 h S B B J u m p 30 h J M P Jump If Zero 31 h J Z Jump If Carry 32 h J C Jump If Not Zero 33 h J N Z Jump If Not Carry 34 h J N C H a l t F F h H LT 1003 h LOD A [1003h] L O D A [ 1003 ] L o a d A 1003 h E h ADD A [001Eh] 1003 h STO [1003h] A 1003 h h JNZ 0000h 0000 h

171 h 0000h LOD A [1005h] 1000h 00h A7h 1002h 00h 1Ch 1004h 00h 00h 1000h 00h A7h 00h 1Ch 00h 00h 0000h: LOD A [1005h] ADD A [1001h] STO [1005h] A LOD A [1004h] ADC A [1000h] STO [1004h] A LOD A [1003h] ADD A [001Eh] STO [1003h] A 001Eh: HLT 1000h: 00h A7h 1002h: 00h 1Ch 1004h: 00h 00h JNZ 0000h 2000 h h BEGIN LOD A [RESULT+1] ADD A [NUM1+1] STO [RESULT+1] A LOD A [RESULT] ADC A [NUM1] STO [RESULT] A LOD A [NUM2+1] ADD A [NEG1]

172 STO [NUM2+1] A JNZ BEGIN NEG1 HLT NUM1 00h A7h NUM2 00h 1Ch RESULT 00h 00h N U M 1 N U M 2 R E S U LT N U M N U M R E S U LT + 1 N E G 1 negative one H LT BEGIN LOD A [RESULT+1] NEG1 HLT ADD A [NUM1+1] STO [RESULT+1] A LOD A [RESULT] ADC A [NUM1] STO [RESULT] A LOD A [NUM2+1] ADD A [NEG1] STO [NUM2+1] A JNZ BEGIN NUM1 00h A7h NUM2 00h 1Ch RESULT 00h 00h Add low-order byte Add high-order byte Decrement second number 1 R A M 10 h ( ) 11 h A 7 h h 0 F F h 0

173 K B R A M 12

174 18 Join Napier( ) 400 Edmund Gunter William Oughtred K e u ff e l & E s s e r Smithsonian N a p i e r N a p i e r 1620 Wilhelm Schickard N a p i e r ( ) ( )

175 174 ( ) ( ) G e o rg Edvard Scheutz

176 ( ) / / ( c c o m p u t i n g - Ta b u l a t i n g - R e c o r d i n g ) C - T- R 1915 C - T- R Thomas J.Wa t s o n ( ) 1924 I B M

177 I B M ( ) Conrad Zuse Z u s e G e o rge Stibitz K K k i t c h e n 1939 Howard Aiken I B M Harvard ark I A S C C automated sequence controlled calculator 1943 Mark II A i k e n Harvard Mark II Grace Murry Hopper A i k e n b u g John Ambrose Fleming Lee de Forest

178 C o l o s s u s 1943 E n i g m a M ( ) 1937 J.Presper Eckert( ) John Mauchly( ) E N I A C electronic numerical integrator and computer E N I A C 1977 E c k e r t M a u c h l y John V. A t a n a s o ff ( ) A t a n a n s o ff E N I A C ( ) 1930 E N I A C E D VA C electronic discrete variable automatic computer 1946 Arthur W. B u r k s Herman H.Goldstine Preliminary Discussion of the logical Design of an Electronic Computing instrumert E D VA C E N I A C E D VA C

179 178 E N I A C E N I A C E N I A C 17 3 / 4 E D VA C ( 1916 ) Bell System Technical Journal A Mathematical Theory of Communication Norbert Wi e n e r ( ) 18 C y b e r n e t i c s, o r Control and Communication in the Animal and Macbine C y b e r n e t i c s c y b e r- c y b e r s p a c e William Gibson 1984 N e u r o m a n c e r c y b e r p u n k 1948 E c k e r t - M a u c h l y Remington Rand U N I VAC(universal automatic computer) 1951 U N I VA C C B S 1952 Walter Cronkite 1952 I B M G e o rge Stibitz Claude Shannon

180 U N I X C John Bardeen( ) Wa l t e r B r a t t a i n ( ) William Shockley S h o c k l e y 1956 S h o c k l e y B a r d e e n B r a t t a i n 4 N n e g a t i v e P N P N P N C o l l e c t o r ( B a s e ) ( E m i t t e r ) N P N

181 180 1 / AT T S h o c k l e y S h o c k l e y P a l o A l t o Silicon Va l l e y A 1 B 1 A A B B

182 K B R A M R A M G e o ffrey Dummer(1909 ) D u m m e r Jack Kilby Robert Noyce N o y c e S h o c k l e y F a i r c h i l d K i l b y N o y c e 6 N o y c e 10 K i l d y N o y c e I C dual inline package D I P

183 / Z e n i t h 1971 P u l s a r 1965 E I n t e l S S I small-scale integration 10 M S I L S I V L S I S L S I V L S I I C 70 T T L C M O S T T L 70 I C The TTL Data Book for Design Engineer ( T T L ) ( T T L ) T T L T T L

184 V C C V ( V C ) 7 G N D T T L 7400 V C C V 5 V 5 % V V T T L 5 V T T L V V C C T T L V 02 5 V V T T L 0. 2 V V 1 / T T L 0. 2 V V V V T T L V V 0 n s Robert Noyce T T L

185 184 N C 7474 D T T L T T L

186 H L T T L D 8 11 T T L T T L T T L T T 17 T T L 64 K B R A M 1973 T T L R A M K B R A M T T L 21 T T L 100 M H z 17 T T L 10 M H z 400 C M O S 70 C M O S National Semicondactor( ) CMOS Databook C M O S 4000 T T L C M O S C M O S T T L C M O S C M O S CMOS C M O S TTL 4 TTL T T L C M O S T T L C M O

187 I n t e l 1968 Robert Noyce Gordon Moore I n t e l I n t e l B u s i c o m I n t e l Ted Hoff Intel

188 K H z M H z K B I n t e l 64 T B R A M 256 M B I n t e l K H z 16 K B I n t e l M o t o r o l a

189 19 C P U 1971 Intel I n t e l M o t o r o l a TMS 1000 National Semiconductor PA C E I n t e l 8080 $ 360 IBM System/360 IBM System/360 $ S y s t e m / 360 I B M M H z 64 K B 6800 $ K B MHz 1977 M o t o r o l a M H z 2 MHz R A M I C 2 1 / 8

190 / I n t e l MHz I n t e l MHz A 0 A D 0 ~ D 7 10 R E S E T R A M R A M D 0 ~ D

191 K B h A 0 A H LT R A M MHz L o a d S t o r e 1 6 LOD STO A [aaaa] [aaaa] A A a a a a A h 3 A h S TA L D 3 2 S TA [aaaa],a 3 A LDA A,[aaaa] r e g i s t e r 8

192 B C D E H L F G I J K H L H H i g hl ( L o w ) H L 8 H L 16 H L M O V M o v e M O V 7 32 M O V 4 0 MOV B B 5 0 MOV D B 4 1 MOV B C 5 1 MOV D C 4 2 MOV B D 5 2 MOV D D 4 3 MOV B E 5 3 MOV D E 4 4 MOV B H 5 4 MOV D H 4 5 MOV B L 5 5 MOV D L 4 6 MOV B [ H L ] 5 6 MOV D [ H L ] 4 7 MOV B A 5 7 MOV D A 4 8 MOV C B 5 8 MOV E B 4 9 MOV C C 5 9 MOV E C 4 A MOV C D 5 A MOV E D 4 B MOV C E 5 B MOV E E 4 C MOV C H 5 C MOV E H 4 D MOV C L 5 D MOV E L 4 E MOV C [ H L ] 5 E MOV E [ H L ] 4 F MOV C A 5 F MOV E A H L MOV B [HL] L D A 16 L D A M O V B H L H L 16

193 192 LDA MOV A [aaaa] B [HL] 32 M O V H L MOV A A 60 MOV H B 70 MOV [HL] B 61 MOV H C 71 MOV [HL] C 62 MOV H D 72 MOV [HL] D 63 MOV H E 73 MOV [HL] E 64 MOV H H 74 MOV [HL] H 65 MOV H L 75 MOV [HL] L 66 MOV H [ H L ] 76 H LT 67 MOV H A 77 MOV [HL] A 68 MOV L B 78 MOV A B 69 MOV L C 79 MOV A C 6 A MOV L D 7 A MOV A D 6 B MOV L E 7 B MOV A E 6 C MOV L H 7 C MOV A H 6 D MOV L L 7 D MOV A L 6 E MOV L [ H L ] 7 E MOV A [ H L ] 6 F MOV L A 7 F MOV A A MOV [HL] [HL] M O V M O 8 01dddsss ddd 3 s s s = B 001= C 010= D 011= E 100= H 101= L 110= HL 111= A MOV L E B h

194 s s s d d d B C 16 B C D E 16 D E 0 2 S TAX [BC] A 0 A LDAX A [ B C ] 1 2 S TAX [DE] A 1 A LDAX A [ D E ] M V I 1 H L 06 MVI B x x 0 E MVI C x x 16 MVI D x x 1 E MVI E x x 26 MVI H x x 2 E MVI L x x 36 MVI [HL] x x 3 E MVI A x x MVI E 37h E 37 h A D D A D C S U B S B B 8 0 ADD A B 9 0 SUB A B 8 1 ADD A C 9 1 SUB A C 8 2 ADD A D 9 2 SUB A D 8 3 ADD A E 9 3 SUB A E 8 4 ADD A H 9 4 SUB A H 8 5 ADD A L 9 5 SUB A L 8 6 ADD A [ H L ] 9 6 SUB A [ H L ] 8 7 ADD A A 9 7 SUB A A 8 8 ADC A B 9 8 SBB A B 8 9 ADC A C 9 9 SBB A C 8 A ADC A D 9 A SBB A D 8 B ADC A E 9 B SBB A E 8 C ADC A H 9 C SBB A H 8 D ADC A L 9 D SBB A L 8 E ADC A [ H L ] 9 E SBB A [ H L ] 8 F ADC A A 9 F SBB A A

195 194 A 35 h, B 22 h, SUB A B 13 h A 35 h, H 10 h L 7 C h 107 C h 4 A h ADD A [HL] 35 h H L 4 A h 7 F h A D C S B B 8080 / B C D E 16 B C MOV A C ADD A E MOV C A MOV A B ADC A D MOV B A A D D A D C 4 M O V M O V C F Z S F P F A F P S W program status word 8 L D A S TA M O V A D D S U B A D C S B B 1 S F 1 0 Z F 1 1 P F = 1 P F = 0 P F 8080 A D D A D C S U B S B B C F = A F = 1 D A A C F 3 7 S T C C F 1 3 F C M C C F 1 7 A D D A D C S U B S B B 8080 A N D O R X O R A L U

196 A 0 AND A B B 0 OR A B A 1 AND A C B 1 OR A C A 2 AND A D B 2 OR A D A 3 AND A E B 3 OR A E A 4 AND A H B 4 OR A H A 5 AND A L B 5 OR A L A 6 AND A [ H L ] B 6 OR A [ H L ] A 7 AND A A B 7 OR A A A 8 XOR A B B 8 CMP A B A 9 XOR A C B 9 CMP A C A A XOR A D B A CMP A D A B XOR A E B B CMP A E A C XOR A H B C CMP A H A D XOR A L B D CMP A L A E XOR A [ H L ] B E CMP A [ H L ] A F XOR A A B F CMP A A A N D X O R O R MVI A 0Fh MVI B 55h AND A Bh 05 h O R 5 F h X O R 5 A h C M P S U B C M P MVI B 25h CMP A B A 25 h Z F A 25 h CF = 1 8 C 6 ADI A x x E 6 ANI A x x C E ACI A x x E E XRI A x x D 6 SUI A x x F 6 ORI A x x D E SBI A x x F E CPI A x x CPI A 25h D A A 2 F C M A C M A complement accumulator 0 1 1

197 C M A XRI A FFh D A A Decimal Adjust Accumulator 8080 D A A B C D B C B C D 8 B C D 27 h B C D h 39 B B C D 94 h MOV MOV ADD A 27 h B 94 h A B BB h B C D B C D 9 DAA 21 h CF = B C D FFh INR B 0 5 DCR B 0 C INR C 0 D DCR C 1 4 INR D 1 5 DCR D 1 C INR E 1 D DCR E 2 4 INR H 2 5 DCR H 2 C INR L 2 D DCR L 3 4 INR [HL] 3 5 DCR [HL] 3 C INR A 3 D DCR A I N R D C R C F C F 0 7 R L C 0 F R R C 1 7 R A L 1 F R A R A 7 h R L C A C F CF = 1 R R C R R C

198 CF = 1 R A L R A R R A L C F C F CF = 0 R A L CF = 1 R A R CF = R A M R A M R A M 1 s t a c k L I F O p u s h p o p A B C AB C A B C A B C PUSH A PUSH B PUSH C

199 198 POP C POP B POP A P O P A B C C D E PUSH PUSH PUSH C D E C B A POP POP POP E D C R A M P U S H 1 6 P O P 8080 PUSH C POP C 8 C 5 PUSH BC C 1 POP BC D 5 PUSH DE D 1 POP DE E 5 PUSH HL E 1 POP HL F 5 PUSH PSW F 1 POP PSW PUSH BC B C POP BC P S W 8 P S W PUSH PUSH PUSH PUSH PSW BC DE HL P O P POP POP POP POP HL DE BC PSW 8000 h PUSH BC 1 7 F F F H B 7 F F F h

200 F F E H C 7 F F E h 7 F F E h POP BC 7 F F E h C 1 7 F F F h 7 F F F h B h P U S H 2 P O P K B 0000 h P U S H 1 F F F F h 0000 h L X I load extended immediate LXI BC x x x x 11 LXI DE x x x x 2 1 LXI HL x x x x 3 1 LXI SP x x x x LXI BC 527Ah MVI B 52 MVI C 7A h L X I L X 0000 h LXI SP 0000 h INX BC 0 B DCX BC 1 3 INX DE 1 B DCX DE 2 3 INX HL 2 B DCX HL 3 3 INX SP 3 B DCX SP 16 1 H L 09 DAD HL B C 19 DAD HL D E 29 DAD HL H L 39 DAD HL S P

201 200 6 MOV ADD MOV MOV ADC MOV A L A C L A A H A B H A D A D C F 2 H L 2 h SHLD [aaaa] H L H L 2 A h LHLD HL [ a a a a ] H L L a a a a H a a a a + 1 H L P C S P E 9 h PCHL PC H L H L P C F 9 h SPHL SP H L H L S P P C H L 8080 H L S P H L S P H L H L D E E 3 h XTHL HL [ S P ] H L E B h XCHG HL D E DE H L P C H L P C P C P J u m p B r a n c h g o t o P C C F Z F Z F C F P F S F 1 0 C a l l C a l l J u m p P C P C C a l l

202 R e t u r n R e t u r n P C C a l l R e t u r n J u m p C a l l R e t u r n B C 16 H L Multiply: PUSH PSW ; PUSH BC SUB H,H SUB L,L MOV A,B CPI A,00h JZ AllDone HL 0000h A 0 MVI B,00h BC 0 Multloop: DAD HL,BC BC HL DEC A JNZ Multloop 1 0 AllDone: POP BC POP PSW RET 1 M u l t i p l y P U S H H L 0 M V I S U B 4 2 H L B A 0 0 H L 0 J Z P O P B 0 B C 16 A D A D B C H L A 1 0 J N Z B C H L B C H L 8080

203 h 1 2 h MOV B, MOV C, 25h 12h CALL Multiply C a l l P C C a l l C a l M u l t i p l y R E T C a l l 8080 C A L L R e t u r n ( ) I / O I / OI/O PortI / O A 0 A 7 I / O 8228 O U T I / O I N D 3 OUT PP D B IN PP i n t e r r u p t

204 I N T 8080 E I Enable interrupts D I Disable Interrupts F 3 F B D I E I 8080 I N T E 8080 I N T C 7 RST 0 E 7 RST 4 C F RST 1 E F RST 5 C 7 RST 2 E 7 RST 6 D F RST 3 F F RST 7 R e s t a r t C A L L R e s t a r t RST h RST h RST h RST h h 1 0 h 1 8 h 20 h 2 8 h 3 0 h 3 8 h C B h D 9 h D D h E D h F D h N O P N O P no op no operation N O P 8080 N O P Motorola

205 204 V S S V C C 5 V R E S E T R / W I R Q I / O P C 16 S P 8 8 A B B A B index register H L h B R A 2 2 h B H I 2 3 h B L S 24 h B C C 0 25 h B C S h B N E 2 7 h B E Q 28 h B V C 0 29 h B V S 1 2 A h B P L 2 B h B M I 2 C h B G E 0 2 D h B LT 0 2 E h B G T 0 2 F h B L E P F 8080 overflow flag L D A LDA

206 B h 6800 L D A LDA 7B34h A A h 6800 B 6 h I n t e l M o t o r o l a I n t e l M o t o r o l a l i t t l e - e n d i a n ( I n t e l ) big-endian (Motorola ) b i g - e n d i a n Jonathan Swift G u l l i v e r s Tr a v e l s Lilliput B l e f u s c u l i t t l e - endian b i g - e n d i a n 8080 Altair P o p u l a r E l e c t r o n i c s Altair KB RAM 8080 Intel 8085 Z i l o g Z - 80 Z i l o g Intel I n t e l 4004 Federico Faggin

207 206 Z Z - 8 Radio Shack TRS-80 Model Steven Jobs Stephen Wo z n i a k APPLE II APPLE II M O S I n t e l M B I n t e l I B M 5150 IBM PC I B M P C P IBM PC Intel inside x 86 I n t e l Intel x Intel Pentium P C I n t e l 8086 Macintosh 1984 Motorola K M a c i n t o s h Power PC, M o t o r o l a I B M A p p l e P o w e r P C R I S C R I S C P o w e r P C 32 RISC P o w e r P C 68 K A P P L E M a c i n t o s h PowerPC 68 K PowerPC 68 K P o w e r P C Cache( ) R A M C a c h e 2 1

208

209 20 ASCII Call me Ishmael Call me Ishmael Å n o 9 9 % 6 e s c a p e s h i f t s h i f t I have 27 sisters

210 ( 2 7 ) , Emile Baudot 1877 Donald Murray 1931 C C I T T (ITU) N O. 2 I TA - 2 B a u d o t M u r r a y 2 0 B a u d o t B a u d o t 30 B a u d o t h 1 F h 32 : B a u d e t B a u d e t E 01 T 11 Z 02 C a rriage Return( ) 12 D 03 O 13 B 04 S p a c e( ) 14 S 05 H 15 Y 06 N 16 F 07 M 17 X 08 Line Feed( ) 18 A 09 L 19 W 0 A R 1 A J 0 B G 1 B F i g u re Shift( ) 0 C I 1 C U 0 D P 1 D Q 0 E C 1 E K 0 F V 1 F Letter Shift( ) 00 h h 02 h 0 8 B a u d o t B a u d o t B a u d o t 1 B h

211 20 ASCII 209 ( 1 F h ) B a u d o t B a u d o t C a rriage Return 12 Who Are Yo u? ? 04 S p a c e # $ / 08 Line Feed ) A 4 1 A Bel 0 B & 1 B F i g u re Shift 0 C 8 1 C 7 0 D 0 1 D 1 0 E 1 E ( 0 F = 1 F Letter Shift I T U 05 h 0 B h 1 6 h Who Are Yo u 5 I SPENT $25 TODAY. 0C D B F B : 1 B h 1 F h 1 h I SPENT $25 TODAY. 8 03,5 $25 TODAY. B a u d o t B a u d o t

212 210 A S C I I A S C I I A S C I I , 00 h 7 F h A S C I I A S C I I A S C I I 20 s p a c e # $ % & ( ) A * 3 A : 2 B + 3 B ; 2 C, 3 C < 2 D - 3 D = 2 E. 3 E > 2 F / 3 F? 20 h A S C I I A S C I I 50 P 41 A 51 Q 42 B 52 R 43 C 53 S 44 D 54 T 45 E 55 U 46 F 56 V 47 G 57 W 48 H 58 X 49 I 59 Y 4 A J 5 A Z 4 B K 5 B [ 4 C L 5 C \ 4 D M 5 D ] 4 E N 5 E ^ 4 F O 5 F -

213 20 ASCII A S C I I A S C I I 60 ` 70 p 61 a 71 q 62 b 72 r 63 c 73 s 64 d 74 t 65 e 75 u 66 f 76 v 67 g 77 w 68 h 78 x 69 i 79 y 6 A j 7 A z 6 B k 7 B { 6 C l 7 C 6 D m 7 D } 6 E n 7 E ~ 6 F o 7 F h 95 A S C I I Hello you A S C I I C 6C 6F 2C F C A S C I I I am 12 years old D F 6C 64 2E h 3 2 h 1 2 A S C I I h 0 2 h B C D 1 2 h 0 C h A S C I I ASCII 20h 8080 HL C Capitalize: MOV A,C CPI A,00h JZ AllDone ;C=number of characters left C ;Compare with 0 0 ;If C is 0, we re finished C 0 MOV A,[HL] CPI A,61h ;Get the next character ;Check if it s less than 'a'

214 212 JC SkipIt ;If so,ignore it( ) CPI A,7Bh JNC SkipIt ;Check if its greater than 'z' ;If so,ignore it( ) SBI A,20h MOV [HL],A ;It s lowercase,so subtract 20h ;Store the character( ) SkipIt: INX HL DCR C ;Increment the text address 1 ;Decrement the counter 1 JMP Capitalize ;Go back to the top AllDone: RET 20 h ANI A,DFh A N I D F h A 3 0 A S C I I 95 A S C I I A S C I I 00 N U L 01 S O H 02 S T X 03 E T X 04 E O T 05 E N Q 06 A C K 07 B E L 08 B S 09 H T 0 A L F 0 B V T 0 C F F 0 D C R 0 E S O 0 F S I 10 D L E 11 D C D C D C D C N A K 16 S Y N 1 7 E T B

215 20 ASCII C A N 1 9 E M 1 A S U B 1 B E S C 1 C F S 4 1 D G S 3 1 E R S 2 1 F U S 1 7 F D E L A S C I I A S C I I Ta b 0 Ta 8 A B C 12 h e B a u d o t A S C I I I B M S y s t e m / 360 I B M 8 B C D E B C D I C BCDIC 6 I B M 8 0 IBM

216 214 8 E B C D I C I B M I B M E B C D I C 4 B C D 19 B C B C D 0 9 E B C D I C E B C D I C F 0 O F 1 1 F 2 2 F 3 3 F 4 4 F 5 5 F 6 6 F 7 7 F 8 8 F E B C D I C E B C D I C E B C D I C E B C D I C C 1 A D 1 J C 2 B D 2 K E 2 S C 3 C D 3 L E 3 T C 4 D D 4 M E 4 U C 5 E D 5 N E 5 V C 6 F D 6 O E 6 W C 7 G D 7 P E 7 X C 8 H D 8 Q E 8 Y C 9 I D 9 R E 9 Z E B C D I C a i j r s z E B C D I C

217 20 ASCII 215 E B C D I C E B C D I C E B C D I C 8 1 a 9 1 j 8 2 b 9 2 k A 2 s 8 3 c 9 3 l A 3 t 8 4 d 9 4 m A 4 u 8 5 e 9 5 n A 5 v 8 6 f 9 6 o A 6 w 8 7 g 9 7 p A 7 x 8 8 h 9 8 q A 8 y 8 9 i 9 9 r A 9 z E B C D I C I B M A S C I I E B C D I C 8 A S C I I 7 A S C I I A S C I I 6 A S C I I A S C I I 7 8 K M K B NEW Yo r k e r , K B ( ) 1 M B F Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby 300KB J D SalingerCatcher in the Rye 400KB Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 540KB John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath 1MB Herman Melville Moby Dick 1.3MB Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones 2.25MB Margaret MitchellGone With the Wind 2.5MB Stephen King The Stand 2.7MB Leo Tolstoy War and Peace 3.9MB Marcel Proust Remembrance of Things Post 7.7MB

218 T B A S C I I A S C I A S C I I A S C I I 7 A S C I I, A S C I I 10 A S C I I 40 h 5 B h 5 C h 5 D h 5 E h 6 0 h 7 B h 7 C h 7 D h 7 E h # $ 8 A S C I I h 7 F h A S C I I 80 h F F h 96 A S C I I 1 A 0 h F F h

219 20 ASCII 217 A 0 h A S C I I 20 h A0h WW II A D h A S C I I A S C I I S h i f t - J I S, 81 h 9 F h 2 S h i f t - J I S 6000 S h i f t - J I S A S C I I 1988 A S C I I U n i c o d e A S C I I 7 U n i c o d e 16 2 U n i c o d e 0000 h F F F F h U n i c o d e h 0 07 F h A S C I I U n i c o d e 00 A 0 h 0 0 F F h A S C I I 1 U n i c o d e U n i c o d e A S C I I A S C I I U n i c o d e 1 A S C I I The Grapes of Wr a t h 1M U n i c o d e 2 M B U n i c o d e

220 21 R A M R A M R A M 4 R A M R A M i n p u t o u t p u t R A M R A M S M I T S A l t a i r S S S ( 12 ) S S S RAM S S C P U 8080

221 Intel R S T R e s t a r t 0000 h h h h h h h h IBM PC I B M P C I B M P C P P C P I B M P C IBM PC 90 % I B M P C M a c i n t o s h M a c i n t o s h 10 % IBM PC Intel M I B M P C I S A i n d u s t r y standard architecture, / 6 3 D M A d i r e c t memory access D M A / D M A / S IBM PC R A M I B M 1984 I B M Personal Computer AT ( ) 16 I n t e l M I B M / 5 4 D M A R F I

222 I B M micro channel architecture M C A I B M I B M M A C ( I B M ) 32 E I S A Extended Industry Standard Architecture, I n t e l peripheral component interconnect P C I P C 70 A l t a i r R A M R A M R A M = 2 / MOS(metal_oxide semiconductor, ) M O S M O S T T L T T A 0 A 9 D O D I R / W / 1 R / W C S 1 R / W C S R / W C S

223 R A M 1 K B R A M S K B 32 4 K B 4 K B K B 4 4 K B 16 RAM 10 A 0 A 9 R A M A 10 A 11 4 A 12 A 15 4 K B 64 K 16 4 K B h 0 F F F h h 1 F F F h h 2 F F F h F h F F F F h 4 K B A 000 h A F F F h A 000 h A 3 F F h 1 1 K B A 400 h A 7 F F h 2 A 800 h A B F F h 3 A C 00 h A F F F h 4 4 K B D I P I C 4

224 222 1 X O R A 1 3 A 1 5 A 000 h A F F F h A 12 A 13 A 14 A N O R 1 E q u a l 2 4 C S 4

225 CS 1 CS 2 CS 3 CS 4 A 10 = 0 A 11 = R A M T T L C S S R A M R A M D R A M S R A M D R A M D R A M S R A M 2102 D R A M D R A M 1 D R A M DRAM D R A M 1975 I n t e l D R A M D R A M 4 D R A M S I M M D I M 128 M B D I M M $ 300 C RT

226 224 C RT V C R / M H z ( ) 4. 2 M H z /

227 A S C I I 2 0 h 7 F h A S C I I 00 h 1 F h 7 A S C I I Amy Lowell

228 226 R A M R A R A M R A M 1 K B 1 92 K B R A M A S C I I K B A S C I I R O M R O M R A R O M R O M 128 A S C I I 8 8 R O M 7 A S C I I 64 R O M 7 A S C I I A S C I I A S C I I 41 h A 8 8 A 1 0 A S C I I

229 A 8 R A M R A M R A M R A M 00h F F h R A M R A M 2 = IBM PC I B M C RT I B M 80 I B M C RT 1987 IBM PS/2 Macintosh II William Kennedy Laurie D i c k s o n 1 / 3 E d i s o n D i c k s o n

230 A S C I I A A S C I I 4 1 h 6 1 h s h i f t A S C I I A S C I I