1. 无需讨论原文信息的真实性和准确性 2. 无需同意或反对原文的观点 3. 无需开放性的发表个人看法质疑收敛 1. 贮备逻辑知识 2. 熟读题目 3. 积累闪光句式 4. 列出每道题

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1 GRE Revised General Test Analytical Writing 强化班笔记李延隆新浪博客 : 新浪微博 : 私人邮箱微信号 :liyanlong76 QQ: 新概念英语三四册写作专项提高班 : GRE 写作新班必读 : 新 GRE 作文精讲课堂 : 新概念英语精品视频课堂 : 一对一辅导 : 对于要去美国读研究生的人外国人来说, 应该先考 GRE, 后考 TOEFL deductive argument:valid; invalid inductive argument:strong; weak Analyze an Argument Task 1

html 新 GRE 作文精讲课堂 : http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4e25a8240100y2ul.html 新概念英语精品视频课堂 : http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4e25a8240100sgsj.html 一对一辅导 : http://blog.

2 1. 无需讨论原文信息的真实性和准确性 2. 无需同意或反对原文的观点 3. 无需开放性的发表个人看法质疑收敛 1. 贮备逻辑知识 2. 熟读题目 3. 积累闪光句式 4. 列出每道题的提纲 5. 形成各部分的论证模板 6. 全文练习 10 到 20 篇文章 Argument 备考步骤如何分析 Argument 题目 1. Argument 的题目结构 Evidence (support) Conclusion 2. 审题 : 分清论据结论 ; 看清推理关系 3. 结论前的标志词 : 1 therefore, thus, so, hence, consequently... 2 clearly... 3 should, must... 4 to do sth; in order to do sth 论据的种类 1 事实 facts 2 统计 survey; statistics 3 例子 examples 4 类比 analogies 5 对比 comparisons 2

Argument 的题目结构 Evidence (support) Conclusion 2. 审题 : 分清论据结论 ; 看清推理关系 3.

3 6 假设 assumptions 写作的目的 : 评价或质疑, 并非批判或驳斥 1. 题目的出处 1 注意专有名词 ( 头衔, 公司名 ) 2 注意说话人的身份 2. 题目正文 3. 写作要求 Argument 题目的文字结构明显假设 stated assumption 暗含假设 unstated assumption 1. 排除他因 2. 无因既无果建立因果关系的两种常用方法 : 质疑因果关系的方法 : 列举他因 1. 逻辑 : 切中要害 2. 语言 : 言简意赅 1 词汇 : 多变, 正规书面语 2 句式 : 多变, 适度复杂 Argument 的写作原则 1. 读题审题写开头段 2. 写每个正文段段首句 Argument 写作步骤 3

写作要求 Argument 题目的文字结构明显假设 stated assumption 暗含假设 unstated assumption 1. 排除他因 2.

4 3. 逐一展开正文段 4. 写结尾段 5. 检查如何写开头段 1 复述结论 (C) 2 简要复述论据和假设 (E) 3 对题目做让步 (C ) 4 指出题目存在缺陷 (F) C 和 F 必备,F 位于段末且照应写作要求 1. evidence 52 道 2. assumption 50 道 3. question 62 道 4. explanation 10 道 he/she s/he (s)he 1. 论据问题 (Flaws in evidence) (1) 调查类问题 (Problems about survey / statistics / study) survey, poll, statistics, study, research, report, census... 调查的三个步骤 4

5 1. 分子群体 2. 确定比例 3. 随机取样 A. 选择性样本 (Selective sample) e.g. 137 ( ) 读题时注意 1. 论据结论各自的讨论对象 2. 所有的限定成分 3. 绝对化词汇 : all, any, every, only, most, best The arguer does not / fails to provide any evidence to prove that... We are not informed of whether... Information is not given concerning / regarding / respecting / with regard to / in regard to / as regards / in respect of / with respect to... be representative of... constitute a representative sample of... be typical of / typify / stand for / represent / characterize... 正文段结构 1 topic sentence 段首句 2 illustration 展开解释 3 paragraphic conclusion 段落总结向写作要求靠拢 B. 调查本身是否有意义.(Do the statistics make any difference?) The author treats a lack of proof that something is the case as constituting sufficient proof that it is not the case. 5

.. Information is not given concerning / regarding / respecting / with regard to / in regard to / as regards / in respect of / with respect to... be representative of.

6 e.g. 54 (165) The... treats a lack of proof that... as constituting sufficient proof that... C. 样本的数量 (Quantity of the sample) e.g. 126 ( ) The result of the survey lacks credibility because the sample is too limited. The mere sample of two graduates is too limited to constitute convincing evidence. The arguer fails to establish causal relationship between... and... The arguer fails to establish causal relationship between taking the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course and the accomplishments of the two graduates. can be attributed / ascribed to... The arguer unfairly assumes that the accomplishments of the two graduates can be attributed / ascribed to taking the Easy Read Speed-Reading course. Howard: You re not going with us. Sheldon: Why not? Raj: You re the guy we re trying to get away from. Sheldon: Oh. Well, in that case, I don t need my jacket. And for the record, the correct syntax is I m the guy from whom you re trying to get away. D. 调查所问的问题是否恰当 (What question was asked in the survey?) loaded question 6

.. The arguer fails to establish causal relationship between taking the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course and the accomplishments of the two graduates. can be attributed / ascribed to.

7 e.g. 55 E. 调查的进行机构 (Who conducted the survey?) e.g. 81 F. 调查的时效性 (When was the survey conducted?) general group subjects respondents G. 回应者是否诚实 (Are the respondents forthright?) anonymous / confidential e.g. 22 ( ) H. 回应者是否有代表性 (Are the respondents representative?) e.g. 43 绝对总量和相对比例的混淆 (2) 数据信息类问题 (Problems about data / information) e.g. 25 ( ) 39 (174) base amount 41 ( ) A. 模糊数据 (Vague data) 7

回应者是否有代表性 (Are the respondents representative?) e.g.

8 e.g. 73 B. 信息不完整 (Incomplete information) We are not informed of the quality of the instruction and whether it is suitable for students of different ages and abilities. We need more information with regard to the general employment condition of the school s graduates. The arguer fails to inform us of the tuition charged by the school and the affordability of students parents. 2. 推理过程问题 (Flaws in the reasoning line) e.g. 77 (169) (1) 错误类比 (False analogy) (2) 横向比较纵向比较混淆 (Confusing comparison and variation) e.g. 48 Despite the decline, Clearview s housing costs might be still higher than the national average. Non-neighboring towns may enjoy even lower taxes. Even if property prices and taxes in Clearview are indeed relatively low, economy might not be the major concern for wealthier retirees. commodity price food transportation 8

The arguer fails to inform us of the tuition charged by the school and the affordability of students parents. 2. 推理过程问题 (Flaws in the reasoning line) e.g. 77 (169) (1) 错误类比 (False analogy) (2) 横向比较纵向比较混淆 (Confusing comparison and variation) e.

9 A does not necessarily indicate B The number of physicians does not necessarily indicate the quality of health care. per capita number Even though the number of physicians in Clearview is far greater than the national average, the per capita number might be comparatively low. (3) 不完整比较和选择性比较 / 单方面信息 (Incomplete comparison and selective comparison / Ex parte information) e.g. 170 unfair, unfairly It is unfair to draw the conclusion, based simply on two sections of roads, that Appian does a better work than Good Intentions. Maybe the traffic on Route 101 is much busier than on Route 40. weather, climate geological factors maintenance (4) 草率推广 (Hasty generalization) e.g. 75 A. 无关概念 (Unrelated concepts) A does not necessarily indicate B The number of dairy farms does not necessarily indicate the supply of 9

(3) 不完整比较和选择性比较 / 单方面信息 (Incomplete comparison and selective comparison / Ex parte information) e.g.

10 milk. e.g. 109 ( ) Although the overall music sales are in decline, there is still a possibility that the sales of rock-and-roll music are actually increasing while the sales of other types of music, for some reason, are plummeting. A is not a good indication of B Even if the sales of rock-and-roll music do decrease as the author assumes, it is not a good indication of people s unwillingness to listen to rock and roll music on the radio. e.g. 63 B. 差异范围 (Changing scopes) C. 从过去推将来 (Inferring a future condition from a past condition) P F / P C / C F / C P e.g. 77 (169) (5) 未能全面衡量正负得失 (Failing to weigh the advantages and disadvantages thoroughly) e.g (58 94) profit = revenue cost (6) 非此即彼, 极端选择 10

types of music, for some reason, are plummeting.

11 (False dilemma / either-or fallacy) e.g. 15 ( ) 3. 结论中的漏洞 (Flaws in the conclusion) (1) 对策的充分性和必要性 (Necessity and sufficiency of the solution) 质疑方法 : 必要性 : 没它也行, 列举其他充分条件充分性 : 光它不够, 列举其他必要条件 e.g. 42 市场上有两种牡蛎 :GC 牡蛎和 AC 牡蛎, 自从 GC 牡蛎发现了细菌后, 消费者愿意花 2 倍的钱购买 AC 牡蛎但是现在科学家发明了一种杀菌系统一旦消费者了解到 GC 牡蛎安全性提高了, 他们就会愿意花和 AC 牡蛎一样的价钱来购买 GC 牡蛎注意 : 第五种写作要求不能从必要性角度质疑 : Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation. (2) 未考虑结论的可行性 (Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion) e.g. 44 定义攻击法 (critique on term-definition) 1. CCC 未必影响环境和动物 ( 两个信息不完整, 一个数据模糊性 ) CCC 未必污染, ( 段内让步 ) 用于采矿比例未知, 和动物栖息地关系 11

42 市场上有两种牡蛎 :GC 牡蛎和 AC 牡蛎, 自从 GC 牡蛎发现了细菌后, 消费者愿意花 2 倍的钱购买 AC 牡蛎但是现在科学家发明了一种杀菌系统一旦消费者了解到 GC 牡蛎安全性提高了, 他们就会愿意花和 AC 牡蛎一样的价钱来购买

12 未知 2. 即便有影响, 结论的三个可行性问题 3. 即使结论可行, 结论的两个充分性必要性 (7) 因果关系错 (cause-effect fallacies) e.g. 46 A. 直接无因果 (Non-causal relationship) B. 同时性混淆为因果性 (Confusing concurrence with causality) e.g. 36 ( ) controlled study, controlled experiment counterparts C. 时间先后混淆为因果性 (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) e.g. 71 e.g. 40 D. 因果倒置 (Confusing the cause and the effect) 1. 结合例题把每个缺陷加深印象 2. 每类缺陷整理好论证思路 3. 每道题列提纲正文段的展开 12

concurrence with causality) e.g. 36 (163 166) controlled study, controlled experiment counterparts C.

13 1. 常用论证方式 ( 见讲义 34 页 ) 1) 基本论证方式 A. 例证法 B. 假设法 C. 推测法 D. 让步法 2) 特殊论证方式 A. 定义攻击法一种治疗失眠 (insomnia) 的偏方 : 薰衣草花香的枕头, 现在被证明是有效的在一次调查中,30 名失眠患者每晚都睡在带薰衣草花香的枕头上, 结果他们睡的更沉了更长了, 但醒来之后更累了一种理论认为婴儿期过度的卫生手段 (excessive hygiene) 会增加儿童成年后患过敏的几率, 一项研究已证实了这一点 : 婴儿的父母如果经常打扫房间和经常给婴儿洗澡, 他们成年后确实更容易过敏近一个月, 有三名员工反映他们在食堂的经历是难以忍受的 (unbearable) 所以我们应该停止 G 公司给我们食堂提供饭菜 B. 反证法在 Monroe 建立爵士乐俱乐部将会是非常盈利的产业原因之一是当前最近的爵士俱乐部也在 65 英里以外 ; 因此, 我们筹建的俱乐部 C Note 将会占有全部的本地市场五年前, 我厂停止了羊毛衫的生产, 而现在我们应该重新开始生产, 因为五年来我们的主要竞争对手已陆续不再生产羊毛衫了, 所以消费者将有很迫切的需求我们大型连锁商店应该在 S 市建立一家分店, 因为那里地产税很低, 有很多闲置土地, 而且有很多居民没有工作, 所以我们招工也会很容易 C. 无据攻击法一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄 Palea 的临近地区发现过, 因而被认为是 Palea 地区独有的然而最近, 考古学家在一个与 Palea 13

生手段 (excessive hygiene) 会增加儿童成年后患过敏的几率, 一项研究已证实了这一点 : 婴儿的父母如果经常打扫房间和经常给婴儿洗澡, 他们成年后确实更容易过敏近一个月, 有三名员工反映他们在食堂的经历是难以忍受的

14 隔着一条叫做 Brim 河的村庄 Lithos 发现了一个这样的 Palea 篮子 Brim 河很深很宽, 所以古代 Palea 人只能坐船穿过它, 但没有证据表明 Palea 人拥有船只这表明那种所谓的 Palea 篮子并不是那里所独有的 2. 句式的使用 1) 范文 ( 官方范文, 北美范文书 ) 2) 字典 ( 朗文电子字典, 灵格斯词霸 )( 见博客 ) 3) GRE 阅读真题 ( 见公邮 ) 4) 新概念英语三四册新概念英语精品视频课堂 ( 见博客 ) 3. 模板的构造 1) 直接构造 2) 间接构造 4. 正文段数量和分量 1) 三到四个正文段 2) 每个正文段 3~8 句 (5~6 句适中 ) 5. 正文段的衔接 6. 正文段的排序论据之间关系 : 并列 ; 递进并列 : 按重要性递减排序 ; 如重要性无法判断, 按出现次序排序递进 : 按逻辑链次序排序 73: 14

句式的使用 1) 范文 ( 官方范文, 北美范文书 ) 2) 字典 ( 朗文电子字典, 灵格斯词霸 )( 见博客 ) 3) GRE 阅读真题 ( 见公邮 ) 4) 新概念英语三四册新概念英语精品视频

15 Sample: 44: 15

16 36: 2. 1(A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys) provides clues as to 2(the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation). The study showed that (in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings). 3(Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence)). The 16

The study showed that (in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to

17 study also found that 4(during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring). 6. Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, 1 (according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining). Since 2(these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt), we can conclude that 3(the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea). 17

Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the

18 74. The president of Grove College has recommended that 1(the college abandon its century-old tradition of all-female education and begin admitting men). Pointing to 2(other all-female colleges that experienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation), the president argues that 3 (coeducation would lead to a significant increase in applications and enrollment). However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. Arguing that 4(all-female education is essential to the very identity of the college), the director cites 5(annual surveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school's all-female status was the primary reason they selected Grove). The director also points to 6(a survey of Grove alumnae in which a majority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female). 18

applications and enrollment). However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan.

19 如何写结尾段 1. 对题目让步 (C) 2. 重申题目中存在缺陷 (R) 3. 建议 (S) 4. 解释 (E) R 必备, C 在 R 前,S 在 R 后且照应写作要求 1. CCC 未必影响环境和动物 ( 两个信息不完整, 一个数据模糊性 ) CCC 未必污染, ( 段内让步 ) 用于采矿比例未知, 和动物栖息地关系未知 2. 即便有影响, 结论的三个可行性问题 3. 即使结论可行, 结论的两个充分性必要性 E C C F C R E S 祝大家考试顺利, 申请成功! 19

20 20

2. 熟读题目 3. 积累核心句式 4. 列出每道题的提纲 5. 构造各部分的论证模板 6. 全文练习 10 到 20 篇文章如何分析 Argument 题目 1. Argument 题目的文字结构 1) 题目的出

2. 熟读题目 3. 积累核心句式 4. 列出每道题的提纲 5. 构造各部分的论证模板 6. 全文练习 10 到 20 篇文章如何分析 Argument 题目 1. Argument 题目的文字结构 1) 题目的出 GRE Revised General Test Analytical Writing 精讲精练班笔记李延隆新浪博客 :http://blog.sina.com.cn/liyanlong76 新浪微博 :http://weibo.com/liyanlong76 私人邮箱 :liyanlong@xdf.cn 微信号 :liyanlong76 QQ: 676244491

1. 无 需 讨 论 原 文 信 息 的 真 实 性 和 准 确 性 2. 无 需 同 意 或 反 对 原 文 的 观 点 3. 无 需 开 放 性 的 发 表 个 人 看 法 质 疑 收 敛 1. 贮 备 逻 辑 知 识 2. 熟 读 题 目 3. 积 累 闪 光 句 式 4. 列 出 每 道 题

1. 无需讨论原文信息的真实性和准确性 2. 无需同意或反对原文的观点 3. 无需开放性的发表个人看法质疑收敛 1. 贮备逻辑知识 2. 熟读题目 3. 积累闪光句式 4. 列出每道题