一种宽频带低交叉极化伞形印刷振子阵列天线的设计 陈盼曹祥玉张健徐晓飞 ( 空军工程大学电讯工程学院, 西安 ) 摘要 : 设计了一种伞形宽带印刷振子阵列天线 振子单元采用平衡馈电 balun 结构馈电, 使用 3D 电磁仿真软件 (Ansoft HFSS) 对天线性能进行了仿真计算 为改
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1 一种宽频带低交叉极化伞形印刷振子阵列天线的设计 陈盼曹祥玉张健徐晓飞 ( 空军工程大学电讯工程学院, 西安 ) 摘要 : 设计了一种伞形宽带印刷振子阵列天线 振子单元采用平衡馈电 balun 结构馈电, 使用 3D 电磁仿真软件 (Ansoft HFSS) 对天线性能进行了仿真计算 为改善天线性能, 设计了中心馈电双层振子辐射天线单元, 并组成 8 元线阵 通过优化设计, 双层振子单元相对阻抗带宽 ( VSWR 2) 为 38.8% 交叉极化电平也得到改善, 小于 -45dB, 前后比优于 16.4dB 阵列天线带宽达到 39.4%,H 面交叉极化电平小于 -48dB, 增益达到 16.2dB 天线具有良好的电性能和辐射性能, 设计思路和方法亦具有很好的可扩展性 关键词 : 伞形印刷振子, 阵列天线, 宽频带, 低交叉极化 Designing in A Sort of Wide-Band and Low Cross-Polarization Printed Dipole Array Antenna Chen Pan Cao Xiang yu Zhang Jian (The telecommunication engineering Institute, AFEU, Shann xi, Xi an, ) Abstract: In this paper, a novel wide-band and high-gain printed antenna is presented. Balanced micro-strip line balun is utilized as feed line, printed dipole is adopted as radiation element.the characteristics of the antenna are calculated by Ansoft HFSS simulation software. In order to improve the parameter, a double dipole antenna is presented, which constitute an 8-elements line array. The result show that the relative impedance bandwidth is about 38.8%( VSWR 2) for the double deck dipole antenna.across the entire antenna bandwidth the front-to-back ratio was better than 16.4dB and the cross-polarization level is better than -45dB.The bandwidth of array antenna is up to39.4%,while the cross-polarization of H-plane is less than -48dB. The simulation results also show that the gain of the array is 16.2dB. It represents a well electricity and radiation capability. The method of designing has a good expansibility. Keywords: array antenna; umbrella like printed dipole; wide-band; low cross-polarization 0 引言 当前, 随着通信技术的发展, 在移动通信基站 车载台等通信领域中, 要求天线实现信号的全方向覆盖, 要采用全向天线 而为了达到一定的覆盖范围, 要求天线同时要具有较高的增益 文献 [1] 设计了一种低交叉极化印刷振子天线阵列, 工作频带宽, 双面设计使交叉极化电平得到降低 文献 [2] 化设计, 重量轻, 体积小, 宽带性能较好, 驻波 1.2 以下相对基金项目 : 国家自然科学基金 ( ) 资助 240 带宽为 15% 本文设计了一种采用平衡微带馈电结构的宽频带高增益低交叉极化双面伞形印刷振子天线单元, 具有宽带 价格低廉和易于调谐的特点 并由此分析设计了 8 元线阵, 阵列具有宽频带工作特性 1 理论分析 宽带印刷振子的基本结构包括辐射臂和馈电电路, 这两个部分改进变形后的适当组合就组成了各种不同类型的振子类型 宽带印刷振子的辐射臂有
2 单极子 ( 如直振子 设计了一种阵列天线单元振子, 实现了一体伞形振子 栅格状振子等 ) 和双极子 ( 偶极子 ) 两种类型, 馈电电路主要有集成 balun 平行双线 渐变线等类型 随着工程的需要和研究的深入, 将会出现更多类型的宽带印刷振子结构 1.1 印刷偶极子辐射臂 印刷偶极子辐射臂, 可利用等效半径的概念, 等效为半径为 D e, 长度为 2l e 的对称振子 中心馈电带状振子的等效半径为 [7] : D e = 0.25( w + t) (1) 式中,w 为带状振子的宽度 ;t 为带线厚度 振子辐射臂长度 2l, 考虑到带状振子两个端头效应, 振子的长度应当修正 修正量为振子宽度 w 的四分之一 即 : w 2l e = 2l + (2) 4 式中, 2l 为振子实际上的几何长度 求出辐射臂的等效半径和等效长度后, 利用反应积分方程的矩量法解可以求出振子的电流分布, 从而求得振子的输入阻抗和辐射方向图 本文在上述理论分析的基础上, 采用伞形辐射臂, 改善了天线阻抗匹配, 同时扩展了工作带宽 [4-6] 1.2 平衡馈电 bulun 结构 利用简单的传输线理论, 对平衡馈电结构进行分析 同轴结构及其等效电路如图 1(a) 1(b) 所示 在平衡馈电 balun 等效电路中, 有限直径的振子输入阻抗可简单描述为一个复数 Z d, 它是一个随工作频率变化的量 则 balun 的输入阻抗 Z in 可以表示为 ' Z + jzatgθa Zin = Za (3) ' Z + jz tgθ 其中 Z ' jzd Zabtgθab = jzbctgθb + Z + jz tgθ a d ab a ab (4) 式中 Z a θ a Z b θ b Z ab 和 θ ab 分别为图 1-a 中各段传输线的特性阻抗和电长度 通过调节上述参数, 可以使其阻抗在很宽的频带内匹配 这种平衡馈电 balun 是双线对称式平衡器的改进型, 它完成了从不对称馈线 ( 同轴线 ) 到对称天线 ( 对称振子 ) 的平衡 不平衡变换 文中在上述分析的基础上对馈电结构做了优化设计, 使阻抗匹配良好 2 设计及理论分析 2.1 振子单元结构 天线单元结构共分四层, 分别为铝板偶极天线 铜板 介质板和导带, 其厚度分别为 t1 t2 t3 t4, 如图 2 所示 d1 t1 Zb θ b t3 t2 t4 Zab Z a θ ab (a) 同轴馈电 balun θ ab θ b Z b Za Zd Zab Z' (b) 同轴馈电 balun 等效电路图 1 Z d 图 2 天线结构侧视图使用基于有限元法的 3D 电磁仿真软件 (Ansoft HFSS) 对单元模型进行优化设计, 天线结构如图 3 所示 设计中, 采用介电常数为 2.65 的玻璃纤维强化聚四氟乙烯作为底板, 底板厚度为 1mm, 微带线馈电耦合导带结构尺寸如图 4 所示 导带厚度为 0.1mm, 宽 w 2 =3mm,w 3 =1.2mm,w 4 =3mm 介质板的另一面光刻上铜, 用以装配振子时, 使其与振子接触良好 振子材料为铝, 厚度为 1mm, 总长为 93mm, 宽为 71.5mm 在铝板偶极子及铜板中心上段开耦合缝, 缝隙宽为 3.4mm, 长为 53.5mm 241
3 图 3 天线单元俯视图 图 6 1.4GHz 天线交叉极化方向图 为优化天线性能, 在图 3 模型基础上, 设计双层振子模型进行优化计算 即在导带另一侧附加一层振子, 使中心导带为上下两层振子馈电, 形成带状线 balun, 从而减小天线横向交叉极化的电场分量 模型如图 7 所示 图 4 耦合导带结构图 由于带宽受多种因素的影响, 是一个多元函数, 应采用优化设计, 但考虑到单元变量较多, 且一些实际情况无法考虑在内, 本身的数学模型又比较粗糙, 设计中先固定一部分量, 求得较佳值后逐步调整固定量, 使驻波比趋于优化 得到如图 5 输入驻波比曲线 图 7 双层振子单元俯视图 侧视图 经过仿真计算及优化, 得到如图 8 输入回波损耗曲线及图 9 交叉极化方向图 图 8 双层振子输入端口驻波比曲线 图 5 天线单元输入端口驻波比曲线 分析可得, 天线单元在 1.12GHz 1.8GHz 的频段内 VSWR 2, 相对阻抗带宽为 46.6% 在 1.16GHz 1.24GHz 及 1.62GHz 1.74GHz 频段内 VSWR 1.5 图 6 显示了频率在 1.4GHz 处天线 E 面和 H 面的主极化与交叉极化方向图 在整个频带内 E 面交叉极化电平优于 -20dB,H 面则优于 -25dB, 前后比优于 16.4dB 图 9 1.4GHz 双层单元交叉极化方向图 242
4 由上图可知, 该单元具有双谐特性, 即在带宽内有两个谐振点 单层单元两个谐振点相距较远, 每个谐振点附近的驻波曲线较尖锐, 谐振点之间的频率点上驻波较大 对于双层单元, 两个谐振点相距较近, 且向低频偏移, 两个谐振区部分重合, 带宽内驻波相对较低 在 1.1GHz 1.63GHz 的频段范围内 VSWR 2, 相对阻抗带宽为 38.8%, 下降了约 8% 在 1.12GHz 1.19GHz 及 GHz 的频段范围内 VSWR 1.5 双层单元天线交叉极化与单层单元相比有较大改善, 在整个频带内交叉极化电平低于 -45dB,E 面变化尤为显著, 降低了 -25dB 以上,H 面降低 -20dB 以上 图 GHz 阵列交叉极化方向图 2.2 阵列设计及结果分析 利用上述双层平面 Balun 伞形偶极子天线单元组成 8 元偶极子线阵 图 10 所示为该阵列天线结构示意图 接地板采用金属铝板, 以便与铝板偶极子接触良好 其尺寸为 900mm 300mm 1mm, 各单元平行放置, 且均垂直于金属板, 相邻偶极子单元间距为 s = 0.5λ0, λ 0 为中心频率下自由空间波长 由仿真结果得到阵列各个端口的输入驻波比曲线, 如图 11 所示 由图可知, 在约 1.1GHz 1.64GHz 的频段范围内 VSWR 2, 相对阻抗带宽达到 39.4% 图 12 给出了在中心频率点 1.4GHz 处 H 面主极化和交叉极化方向图, 由图可知天线交叉极化电平低于 -32dB 天线仿真增益为 17.4dB, 如图 13 所示 3 结论 图 GHz 天线单元方向图 本文采用理论分析和 Ansoft HFSS 建模仿真的方法在对平面 balun 对称振子天线结构改进的基础上设计了一种伞形双层印刷振子阵列天线单元 首先等效分析了振子辐射臂和馈电 balun 的有关特性, 并在此基础上建立了仿真模型进行优化, 该单元具有单层天线的宽频带特性, 同时大大降低了天线交叉极化电平 以此单元组成 8 元线阵, 仿真结果表明, 天线阵列工作带宽达到 39.4%, 交叉极化电平低于 -32dB 图 10 阵列天线结构示意图 图 11 阵列天线输入端口驻波比曲线 243
5 参考文献 [1] 周占伟, 杨仕为, 聂在平. S 波段宽带低交叉极化印刷偶极子阵列天线的设计. 电波科学学报,Vol.23,No.2,April.2008, [2] 孙绍国, 张玉梅, 卢晓鹏. L 波段宽带超低副瓣印刷偶极子阵列天线研制. 微波学报,Vol.22,Supplement,Jun,2006 [3] 钟顺时. 微带天线理论与应用 [M]. 西安电子科技大学出版社,1991. [4] W. K. Roberts. A New Wide Band Balun[J]. Proceedings of the IRE. Dec.1957, Vol.45.pp [5] R. Bawer and J. J. Wolfe. A Printed Circuit Balun for Use with Sprial Antennas[J].IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. May.1960, MTT-8, pp [6] G.Oltman. The Compensated Balun[J]. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, March. 1966, MTT-14, pp [7] C.M.Butler. The Equivalent Radius of a Narrow Conducting Strip[J], IEEE Trans. Antennas & Propagation, July. 1982, Vol.AP-30, pp [8] E.O. Hammerstad. Equation for Microstrip Circuit Design[C], Proceedings 5th European Conference, Step.1975, pp 作者简介 : 陈盼, 男, 河北保定人, 硕士研究生 主要研究方向为宽频带天线与天线阵列设计 曹祥玉, 女, 陕西西安人, 教授, 博士生导师 主要研究领域为计算电磁学 天线与电磁兼容 新型电磁材料特性等 张健, 男, 山东烟台人, 硕士研究生 主要研究领域为智能天线波达方向估计 徐晓飞, 男, 辽宁沈阳人, 博士研究生 主要研究领域为电磁场高效数值计算 244
6 易迪拓培训 专注于微波 射频 天线设计人才的培养网址 : 如何学习天线设计 天线设计理论晦涩高深, 让许多工程师望而却步, 然而实际工程或实际工作中在设计天线时却很少用到这些高深晦涩的理论 实际上, 我们只需要懂得最基本的天线和射频基础知识, 借助于 HFSS CST 软件或者测试仪器就可以设计出工作性能良好的各类天线 易迪拓培训 ( 专注于微波射频和天线设计人才的培养, 推出了一系列天线设计培训视频课程 我们的视频培训课程, 化繁为简, 直观易学, 可以帮助您快速学习掌握天线设计的真谛, 让天线设计不再难 HFSS 天线设计培训课程套装套装包含 6 门视频课程和 1 本图书, 课程从基础讲起, 内容由浅入深, 理论介绍和实际操作讲解相结合, 全面系统的讲解了 HFSS 天线设计的全过程 是国内最全面 最专业的 HFSS 天线设计课程, 可以帮助你快速学习掌握如何使用 HFSS 软件进行天线设计, 让天线设计不再难 课程网址 : CST 天线设计视频培训课程套装套装包含 5 门视频培训课程, 由经验丰富的专家授课, 旨在帮助您从零开始, 全面系统地学习掌握 CST 微波工作室的功能应用和使用 CST 微波工作室进行天线设计实际过程和具体操作 视频课程, 边操作边讲解, 直观易学 ; 购买套装同时赠送 3 个月在线答疑, 帮您解答学习中遇到的问题, 让您学习无忧 详情浏览 : MHz NFC/RFID 线圈天线设计培训课程套装套装包含 4 门视频培训课程, 培训将 13.56MHz 线圈天线设计原理和仿真设计实践相结合, 全面系统地讲解了 13.56MHz 线圈天线的工作原理 设计方法 设计考量以及使用 HFSS 和 CST 仿真分析线圈天线的具体操作, 同时还介绍了 13.56MHz 线圈天线匹配电路的设计和调试 通过该套课程的学习, 可以帮助您快速学习掌握 13.56MHz 线圈天线及其匹配电路的原理 设计和调试 详情浏览 :
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