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1 世界卫生组织室内空气质量指南家庭燃料燃烧执行概要

2 :, WHO/FWC/IHE/ WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland Cover photos: Front, top (left to right): M. Wright/Ashden Awards; J. Lewis/Duke University; N. Bruce/WHO, bottom: N. Bruce/WHO Back: N. Bruce/WHO

3 :

5 iii i

6 ii :

7 2012 WHO iii

8 : Dr Margaret Chan Director-General World Health Organization iv

9 AQG PM 2.5 1

10 : guidelines/hhfc 2

11 400(1, 2) (3)

12 : PM (REVIHAAP 1 ) (6) (4,5) 1. 4

13 guidelines/hhfc 11 5

14 : GACCSE4All 6

15 2005 (5, 7) 2006 GRC SG1 GDG EPRG / guidelines/hhfc

16 : GRADE GRADE(8) GRADE GEPHI who.int/ indoorair/guidelines/hhfc GEPHI GRADE 8

17 EZCollab EZCollab 9

18 :

19 PM 2.5 ( ) PM 2.5 () 0.23 (mg/min) 0.80 (mg/min) CO ( ) CO () 0.16 (g/min) 0.59 (g/min) 1. 90% PM R IERT 60% PM IT 1 R1.2 60% 24 R1.360% R1.2 PM 2.5 IT-1(35µg/m3) 11

20 : 5. PM PM (4, 5) R1.1 SD* ( ) (V) m / * R1.2 PM 2.5 (ERT) (/) (10µg/m 3 ) IT-1 (35µg/m 3 )

21 R (ERT) ( / ) PM 2.5 PM2.5 IT-1 IT µg/m

22 : IER i. IARC 1 ii. iii

23 4 1. PM 2005 (4, 5) PM

24 : / 16

25 1 REVIHAAP (8) PM 2.5 /

26 : 1. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study Lancet. 2012;380(9859): doi: /s (12) Smith KR, Bruce NG, Balakrishnan K, Adair-Rohani H, Balmes J, Chafe Z, et al. Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35: doi: / annurev-publhealth Deaths from household air pollution, Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014 ( who.int/gho/data/node.main.140?lang=en, accessed 17 July 2014). 4. WHO air quality guidelines global update 2005: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 2006 ( data/ assets/pdf_file/0005/78638/e90038.pdf, accessed 17 July 2014). 5. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. Bonn: World Health Organization; 2010 ( data/assets/pdf_file/0009/128169/e94535.pdf, accessed 17 July 2014). 6. WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. Bonn: World Health Organization; 2009 ( data/assets/pdf_file/0017/43325/e92645.pdf, accessed 18 July 2014). 7. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxmand AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4): doi: /j. jclinepi Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution REVIHAAP project: final technical report. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 2013 ( environment-and-health/air-quality/publications/2013/review-of-evidence-on-health-aspectsof-air-pollution-revihaap-project-final-technical-report, accessed 18 July 2014). 18

世界卫生组织室内空气质量指南家庭燃料燃烧执行概要进入 21 世纪已经多年, 全世界大约 30 亿最贫困人口仍然依靠固体燃料 ( 木柴动物粪便木炭农作物废料和煤 ) 在低效

使用固体燃料取暖也相当普遍, 造成大量空气污染目前, 家庭燃料燃烧造成的空气污染是世界上最重要的环境健康风险在世界卫生组织特定污染物室内空气质量指南的基础上, 本指南汇集了现有的在燃料使用

安全和有效家庭能源的可及性所带来的气候方面的益处本指南的使用对象是在能源环境和其他领域工作的负责制定和实施政策, 减少家庭燃料燃烧带来的健康负面影响的政策制定者和专家

28 世界卫生组织室内空气质量指南家庭燃料燃烧执行概要进入 21 世纪已经多年, 全世界大约 30 亿最贫困人口仍然依靠固体燃料 ( 木柴动物粪便木炭农作物废料和煤 ) 在低效高污染的炉灶中燃烧来烹饪和取暖, 每年造成 400 万儿童和成人的过早死亡再加上广泛使用的煤油炉和煤油灯, 这种家庭能源燃烧模式还造成众多死亡和严重伤害, 如烫伤烧伤和中毒在较发达国家, 使用固体燃料取暖也相当普遍, 造成大量空气污染目前, 家庭燃料燃烧造成的空气污染是世界上最重要的环境健康风险在世界卫生组织特定污染物室内空气质量指南的基础上, 本指南汇集了现有的在燃料使用排放和暴露水平健康风险干预措施效果和政策考虑等多方面的最新证据, 并提供了减少这一健康负担方面的实用建议这些建议的实施还将给社会发展和环境带来其他益处, 包括提高对洁净安全和有效家庭能源的可及性所带来的气候方面的益处本指南的使用对象是在能源环境和其他领域工作的负责制定和实施政策, 减少家庭燃料燃烧带来的健康负面影响的政策制定者和专家本出版物还与世界卫生组织及其合作伙伴目前正在进行的工作相关联, 包括向建议的实施提供技术支持, 监测工作进展, 评估项目效果等世界卫生组织公共卫生环境和健康社会决定因素容许妇女和儿童健康 Avenue Appia 20 CH-1211 日内瓦 27 瑞士

2014 WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland ht

2014 WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland ht 2014 www.who.int WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland+41 22 791 3264+41 22 791 4857bookorders@who.int http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html