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1 用于 BTS 天线无源互调电平 (PIM) 精准测量的暗室介绍 PIM 介绍 : 无源互调 (Passive Inter-Modulation, PIM) 是由天线发射系统中各种无源器件的非线性特性引起的 在大功率 多信道系统中, 由于其大功率特性, 使传统的无源线性器件产生较强的非线性效应, 这些无源器件的非线性会产生相对于工作频率的更高次谐波, 这些谐波与工作频率混合会产生一组新的频率, 其最终结果就是在空中产生一组无用的频谱 ( 三阶互调产物, 五阶互调产物, 七阶互调产物 ), 如果这些互调产物落在发射或接收波段区间, 并且这些互调产物的功率超过系统中有用信号的最小幅度, 就会影响正常的通信 所有无源器件由于非线性特性都会产生互调失真, 其产生的原因很多, 如机械接触的不可靠 虚焊和表面氧化等 在 GSM900 通信系统与 3G 通信系统中, 随着发射功率的增加, 由发射频段产生的三阶互调产物会落入到他们各自的接收频段 通过以下数学计算可以来验证这个现象 1-2G GSM 上行 / 下行 [890,915]/[935,960] fpim3=[910,985] fpim5=[885,1010] fpim7=[860,1035] 2-3G WCDMA / CDMA2000 / TD-SCDMA 上行 / 下行 [1920,2060]/[2110,2170] fpim3=[2050,2230] fpim5=[1990,2290] fpim7=[1930,2350] 从上述计算结果可知,GSM900 与 3G 通信系统中,fPIM3/ fpim5/ fpim7 均落入到上行的接收频段 如果在发射频段产生一个 -110dBm 的无源互调信号, 也就是干扰信号, 这可能会给系统带来影响, 因为这个数值已经大于系统中有用信号的最小幅度

2 因此当输入功率较小时, 由于器件的非线性程度较弱, 可以忽略其非线性而近似为线性器件 但当输入功率很大时, 与接收信号相比, 非线性因素所造成的影响比较大, 就不能被忽略了 随着移动通信网络的发展, 运营商面临数据业务增长过快带来了各种挑战, 这些挑战催生了有源基站天线的大量运用, 促使了移动通信系统向更低能耗 更高功率 更宽频带和更高的接收机灵敏度的趋势发展, 无源互调对移动通信的影响已经成为不可回避的重要问题 有源基站天线参考图片 天线无源互调电平测量系统与测量方法天线 PIM 测量系统应具有以下特点 : (1) 大功率信号源 :PIM 的测量是大功率测量问题, 一般需要以高于工作功率电平 2~4 倍的功率进行测量, 微波功率高达上百瓦甚至几千瓦 (2) 高灵敏度接收机由于 PIM 的功率电平一般都非常低, 对测量系统的灵敏度要求很高 (3) 低 PIM 组件 :PIM 测试系统的组成部件本身必须是高性能 低 PIM 的 专用的合成器 定向耦合器 滤波器等产生的 PIM 电平必须控制在被测件 PIM 电平的 -6dB 以下, 连匹配负载都要采用不产生 PIM 的特殊负载, 以保证整个测试系统能够正常工作 (4) PIMP(Passive Inter Modulation Product, 无源互调产物 ) 与环境温度有关, 并随着时间发生变化, 因此需要进行长时间的温度循环试验 (5) 此外,PIM 测量系统与频率和带宽的相关性很强, 测量系统难以通用, 一般需要根据测试目的进行专门的制作 同时, 不仅要测量无源部件的 PIM 产物, 还要能够对天线和整星进行测量 因此, 如何设计一个低 PIM 的测量系统是进行 PIM 测量首先必须解决的问题

3 天线接收 ( 反射 )PIM 测试布置如下图所示 PIM 测试的准确性会受到测试系统外部或内部很多因素的影响 影响天线产品的 PIM 测试结果的因素包括以下几个方面 : a) 暴露在 AUT 辐射场中的导电材料 ; b)aut 的安装附件出现松动 损坏或腐蚀 ; c) 暴露在来自 AUT 辐射的射频场中的松动或腐蚀的附件 ; d) 测试系统外部的无线电射频信号 ; e) 性能很差的同轴接口电缆 ; f) 接口连接处存在肮脏 污染 磨损 ; g) 接口连接不当 ; h) 射频接口连接屏蔽不善 ; i) 来自于测试设备的未经过滤的有源互调 如果条件允许, 天线 PIM 电平测量可在室外完成 在进行这种测试时, 必须满足政府规章中允许的射频辐射电平要求, 另外, 来自于 AUT 的射频能量辐射, 可能在周围物体上产生 PIM, 并反射到天线中, 导致天线 PIM 测试结果存在误差, 同时来自于外部的射频辐射也可能会干扰测试质量, 因此为准确测量天线 PIM 电平, 测试应当在一个低 PIM 测试环境的电波暗室里进行, 这样可减少或消除很多影响因素

4 天线无源互调接收 ( 反射 ) 电平暗室测量数学模型 三阶 PIM 接收电平 其中 σ 代表连接件的 PIM 电平与输入信号的比值 (dbc) ω3 代表 PIM3 的频率 (MHz) 从上述模型中可知, 为准确测量天线 PIM 电平, 暗室建造的关键是吸波海绵的选择以及暗室壳体的材料和施工方法, 以期降低数学模型中的第一项 深圳常宁电子在近一年的时间内, 已成功完成一支持星载大口径金属网状展开天线的 PIM7, PIM13 电平精准测量的大型暗室工程 (35m x 25m x 30m) 以及为数不少的支持无源基站天线与天线 +RRU 的有源基站天线 PIM3 电平精准测量的小型暗室工程 ( 如 Commscope Andrew etc.), 在天线 PIM 电平精准测量暗室工程制造领域已经占据一席之地

5 用于 BTS 天线无源互调电平 (PIM) 精准测量的暗室主要技术指标 Changning s PIM Chamber Technical Specifications 异性外观, 幕墙色彩工业设计,6m(Length) x 5m(max Width) x 4.6m(max Height), 焊接工艺 满足无源基站天线与有源基站天线 PIM3 电平测量所需的环境 暗室工作频率范围 : 400MHz 18GHz 暗室屏蔽效能 400MHz 18GHz 暗室残留 PIM 电平 < -165dBc PIM3@2x43.5dBm ( 测试频段 700MHz~6GHz) 优质国产 700MM+500MM 吸波海绵, 高阻燃性能, 连续照射承受功率容量 1kw/m² 全手工打造木制天线测试架与测试平台 关于 PIM 暗室更多或定制化的咨询, 请直接联系 Tiger YOU [ 東熹 ] 以获得更快更优质的 支持服务

6 易迪拓培训 专注于微波 射频 天线设计人才的培养网址 : 射频和天线设计培训课程推荐 易迪拓培训 ( 由数名来自于研发第一线的资深工程师发起成立, 致力并专注于微波 射频 天线设计研发人才的培养 ; 我们于 2006 年整合合并微波 EDA 网 ( 现已发展成为国内最大的微波射频和天线设计人才培养基地, 成功推出多套微波射频以及天线设计经典培训课程和 ADS HFSS 等专业软件使用培训课程, 广受客户好评 ; 并先后与人民邮电出版社 电子工业出版社合作出版了多本专业图书, 帮助数万名工程师提升了专业技术能力 客户遍布中兴通讯 研通高频 埃威航电 国人通信等多家国内知名公司, 以及台湾工业技术研究院 永业科技 全一电子等多家台湾地区企业 易迪拓培训课程列表 : 射频工程师养成培训课程套装该套装精选了射频专业基础培训课程 射频仿真设计培训课程和射频电路测量培训课程三个类别共 30 门视频培训课程和 3 本图书教材 ; 旨在引领学员全面学习一个射频工程师需要熟悉 理解和掌握的专业知识和研发设计能力 通过套装的学习, 能够让学员完全达到和胜任一个合格的射频工程师的要求 课程网址 : ADS 学习培训课程套装该套装是迄今国内最全面 最权威的 ADS 培训教程, 共包含 10 门 ADS 学习培训课程 课程是由具有多年 ADS 使用经验的微波射频与通信系统设计领域资深专家讲解, 并多结合设计实例, 由浅入深 详细而又全面地讲解了 ADS 在微波射频电路设计 通信系统设计和电磁仿真设计方面的内容 能让您在最短的时间内学会使用 ADS, 迅速提升个人技术能力, 把 ADS 真正应用到实际研发工作中去, 成为 ADS 设计专家... 课程网址 : HFSS 学习培训课程套装该套课程套装包含了本站全部 HFSS 培训课程, 是迄今国内最全面 最专业的 HFSS 培训教程套装, 可以帮助您从零开始, 全面深入学习 HFSS 的各项功能和在多个方面的工程应用 购买套装, 更可超值赠送 3 个月免费学习答疑, 随时解答您学习过程中遇到的棘手问题, 让您的 HFSS 学习更加轻松顺畅 课程网址 : `

7 易迪拓培训 专注于微波 射频 天线设计人才的培养网址 : CST 学习培训课程套装该培训套装由易迪拓培训联合微波 EDA 网共同推出, 是最全面 系统 专业的 CST 微波工作室培训课程套装, 所有课程都由经验丰富的专家授课, 视频教学, 可以帮助您从零开始, 全面系统地学习 CST 微波工作的各项功能及其在微波射频 天线设计等领域的设计应用 且购买该套装, 还可超值赠送 3 个月免费学习答疑 课程网址 : HFSS 天线设计培训课程套装套装包含 6 门视频课程和 1 本图书, 课程从基础讲起, 内容由浅入深, 理论介绍和实际操作讲解相结合, 全面系统的讲解了 HFSS 天线设计的全过程 是国内最全面 最专业的 HFSS 天线设计课程, 可以帮助您快速学习掌握如何使用 HFSS 设计天线, 让天线设计不再难 课程网址 : MHz NFC/RFID 线圈天线设计培训课程套装套装包含 4 门视频培训课程, 培训将 13.56MHz 线圈天线设计原理和仿真设计实践相结合, 全面系统地讲解了 13.56MHz 线圈天线的工作原理 设计方法 设计考量以及使用 HFSS 和 CST 仿真分析线圈天线的具体操作, 同时还介绍了 13.56MHz 线圈天线匹配电路的设计和调试 通过该套课程的学习, 可以帮助您快速学习掌握 13.56MHz 线圈天线及其匹配电路的原理 设计和调试 详情浏览 : 我们的课程优势 : 成立于 2004 年,10 多年丰富的行业经验, 一直致力并专注于微波射频和天线设计工程师的培养, 更了解该行业对人才的要求 经验丰富的一线资深工程师讲授, 结合实际工程案例, 直观 实用 易学 联系我们 : 易迪拓培训官网 : 微波 EDA 网 : 官方淘宝店 : 专注于微波 射频 天线设计人才的培养易迪拓培训官方网址 : 淘宝网店 :

易迪拓培训 专注于微波 射频 天线设计人才的培养网址 :http://www.edatop.com 射频和天线设计培训课程推荐 易迪拓培训 (www.edatop.com) 由数名来自于研发第一线的资深工程师发起成立, 致力并专注于微波 射频 天线设计研发人才的培养 ; 我们于 2006 年整合合并微波 EDA 网 (www.mweda.com), 现已发展成为国内最大的微波射频和天线设计人才培养基地,

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