HASM 1.3. HASM 2. HASM

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2 HASM 1.3. HASM 2. HASM

3 1.

5 1. 20

7 1. overlay

8 real-time

11 HASM

12 1. earth surface system surface surface modelling

13 x y f, HASM 8 HASM, { } ), ( j i y x Ω ( ) ( ) Γ + + Γ = Γ + + Γ = ) ( ) 0.5( 1 ) ( ) 0.5(,,, 1 1, 1,, , 1,, , 1, 1 1, 1 1,,,, 1 1, 1,, , 1,, , 1, 1 1, 1 1, n j i n j i n j i i i n j i n j i n j i j j n j i n j i n j i i i i n j i n j i i n j i n j i n j i n j i n j i j j n j i n j i n j i i i n j i n j i n j i i i i n j i n j i i n j i n j i G E N hy hy f f hx hx f f hy hy hy f f hy f f G E L hy hy f f hx hx f f hx hx hx f f hx f f 1 = i i i x x hx 1 = j j j y y hy j i f, ~ j i f, ~ ), ( j x i y ) Φ,, (, j i j i f y x 1.

14 1. HASM Kriging IDW Spline Cubic TIN N 1.

15 2. HASM Kriging IDW Spline Cubic TIN N 1.

17 1. 2. HASM Kriging

18 1. 4. HASM IDW

19 1. 5. HASM TIN

20 HASM HASM, HASM a) b) HASM : a), b) ( o, *, V4 )

21 1. HASM, 15 15π f ( 1, y) = 1 f (, y) = 2sin sin( πy) a) b) Kriging Spline IDW, a), b) ( * IDW, Kriging, Spline, TIN, o )

22 1. HASM HASM HASM HASM, IDW IDW HASM HASM IDW ( IDW, HASM 1, HASM 2, * HASM 20, o )

23 1. HASM TIN HASM ( TIN, HASM 10, HASM 20, * HASM 25, o )

24 1. ( ) HASM a) b) HASM Kriging Spline TIN, a) b) ( o HASM, * Spline, Kriging, TIN )

25 1. HASM a) b), a), b) ( * IDW, Kriging, o Spline, HASM )

26 HASM HASM5 T T n+ 1 H C H C 0 F λ = H T G Q n

27 [ ] G C : z = Z C C ~ ws z R Z = = T a T T c T T T w a c w T c T T w c w T T L S L W K L L S W L K L L K L L K L C C H H ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 0 0 ~ ~ 1.

28 1. f ( x, y) = 2sin( πx) sin( πy) h = [0 1] [0 1] N

29 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e-5

31 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e-3

32 1. HASM5 HASM

33 HASM GIS HASM, Mercator HASM x y = = a a λ ln tan π ϕ e e sin sin x ; y 1 ; ϕ ; λ ; a ; a b, e = 2 a b ; C ϕ ϕ e 2 + C

34 1. : HASM GIS HASM (GIS) HASM

35 1. HASM HASM, HASM

38 HASM HASM

39 GIS

41 2.1.

42 HASM ' N35 o 05

43 771

44 3085

45 a) b) c) d) a HASM b TIN c SPLINE d IDW

46 a b c d a HASM b TIN c SPLINE d IDW

47 HASM TIN SPLINE IDW (m) (%)

48 HASM TIN SPLINE IDW HASM

49 1 2 3

50 2.2.

51 SMPD SMPD

52 DEM NPP GDP

53 E2 E3 ( t) SMPDij = G n, p ij p ( t) ij () t p ij M ( ) ( ) ( ) a5 a4 a S 3 k NPP DEM ( Tran ) = Wij ij ij ij k = 1 d ijk a 1 a 2

54 2.2.1 WA ( ) -- Grid (1km) Dem ( )----Grid (1km) NPP ( ) -----Grid(10km) City ( )--Point Coverage Rail ( ) -----Arc Coverage Road ( )-----Arc Coverage Boundary ( )--Polygon Coverage

59 1930

60 1949

61 2000

62 2020

63 1949

64 2000

65 2020

66 NPP ( ) 2 MNPP() t ij ij () t = exp 6 demij () t 3700m 2 Tranij () t 10 ( ()) demij t 500 DEMij () t = 500m demij () t 3700m demij () t 1 dem () t 500m ij = ra Max i, j ij ( t) + roij ( t) () t + ro () t { ra } ij ij p ij () t W () t NPP () t ( ) ( DEM () t ) ( Tran () t M 1.3 = ) ij ij ij ij k = 1 () t ( S k () t ) d () t ijk 1.2 ( n t) SMPD ij = G, p ij p ( t) () t ij

67 p ij () t W () t NPP () t ( ) ( DEM () t ) ( Tran () t M 1.3 = ) ij ij ij ij k = 1 ( n t ) SMPD ij = G, p ij p () t () t ij () t ( S k () t ) d () t ijk 1.2

68 1km 6 1) 2) 3) 200 4) 5) 6)

69 1930 ( / )

70 SMPD SMPD SMPD ( / )

71 1949 ( / )

72 2000 ( / )

73 2010 I / )

74 2020 I / )

75 , 3% 0.4% 0.5% , 2% 3.1% 2.5%

76 52% 33% 16%

77 DEM 80 80m DEM ij = 80 DEM ij DEM 2000 DEM 2000 ij ij > 80 80

78 NPP 760 gc m-2 yr-1 NPP NPP = e ij ( ( NPP ij ) 6 2 )

79 1km 1km 10km 10km = = l k ijk k ij D N Ro = = l k ijk k ij D N Ra = ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij Ro Max Ro Ra Max Ra Max Ro Max Ro Ra Max Ra Tran 2. HASM

80 i, j 20km CT ij = l k = 1 ( S k D 1.2 ) ijk p ij = W ij ( ) ( ) NPP DEM Tran ) ( CT ) ij ij ( ij ij SMPDij = G2000 p ( n) ij p ij

81 a) DEM DEM b) NPP c) d) SMPD

82 2000 SMPD

83 a) b) c) 2020 ( 2050 ) ( 2020 )

84 d) e)

85 I

86 2020 II

87 2020 III

88 2020 IV

89 2.3.

90 Holdridge MAB TAP PER ( x, y, t) = TEM ( j, x, y, t) 365 j= 1 ( x, y, t) = P( j, x, y, t) ( x y, t), = j = MAB( x, y, t) TAP( x, y, t) ( j, x, y t) P ( j, x, y, t) TEM, j 0 o C 30 o C ; j MAB TAP PER

91 ( x, y, t) = ln MAB( x, y t) M, ( x, y, t) = lntap( x, y t) T, ( x, y, t) = ln PER( x, y t) P, d i 2 2 ( x y, t) = ( M ( x, y, t) M ) + ( T ( x, y, t) T ) + ( P( x, y t) P ) 2, i0 i0, i0 ( M i0, Ti 0, Pi 0 ) i dk ( x, y, t) = min{ di ( x, y, t) } ( x, y) i i

92 Mean center model x y j () t j () t = = s () t X () t I j ij ij i= 1 S j ( t) I j i= 1 s ij () t Y () t S j ij () t I j ( t) t j s () ij t j i S j () t j ( X ij ( t), Yij ( t) ) j i ( x ( ) ( )) j t, y j t j

93 735

94 Da Hingg an Moun tains Xiao Hinggan Mountains Junggar Basin Tianshan Mountains Turpan Basin Inner Mongolia Plateau Changbai Mountains Yanshan Mountains Tarim Basin Alashan Plateau Altun Mountains Kunlun Mountains Qaidam Basin Qilian Mountains Lvliang-Taihang Mountains Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Loess Plateau Qinling Mountains North China Plain Sichuan Basin Himalaya Mountains Hengduan Mountains Wuling Mountains Jiangnan Hills Wuyi Mountains Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Nanling Mountains

95 Changbai mountains Da-Xiao Hinggan mountains Hengduan mountains Temperature T = E R 2 = Temperature T = E R 2 = Temperature T = E R 2 = Elevation Elevation Elevation Loess plateau Nanling mountains Qilian mountains Temperature T = E R 2 = Temperature T = E R 2 = Temperature T = E R 2 = Elevation Qinghai-Xizang Plateau T = E R 2 = Elevation Temperature Temperature Elevation Qinling mountains T = E R 2 = Elevation Temperature Elevation Taihang and Lvliang mountains T = E R 2 = Elevation Tianshan mountains Wuling mountains Wuyi mountains Temperature T = E R 2 = Temperature T= E R 2 = Temperature T= E R 2 = Elevation Elevation Elevation Yanshan mountains Himalaya mountains Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Temperature T= E R 2 = Temperature T = E R 2 = Temperature T = E R 2 = Elevation Elevation Elevation

99 HadCM2 T1, T2, T3 T

100 HadCM3 T1, T2, T3 T

101 HadCM2 T1, T2, T3 T T4

102 HadCM3 T1, T2, T3 T

103 HadCM2 T1, T2, T3 T

104 HadCM3 T1, T2, T3 T

105 HadCM2d1 552 HadCM3A1FI % HadCM2 HadCM3

106 HadCM3 HadCM2 HadCM3 HadCM2 HLZ 21

107 2.4.

108 Odum K 50%

109 1 [0.5K K] 2 3 4?

110 : : : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) J X J X J X X X J X X X J X X J X X = = ( ) J X J X X = 0 ( ) P V X J t S X k k k δ d δ δ d δ 2 1 d 2 = = 2. HASM

111 logistic dn dt ( t) n () = rn t 1 K ( t)

112 (dn(t) /dt ) n = 0. 5K = K (n(t)/k) n

113 (n(t) /K ) 2. HASM n = 0. 5K (t)

114 (dn(t) /dt ) n = K n = K (n(t) /K )

115 2. HASM (n(t) /K ) n = K n = K (t)

116 [0.5K K], 0.289K [0.5K K]

117 [0.211K 0.788K]

118 2.5.

119

120

121 ( / )

122 ( 1km )

123 kg kg kg kg kg

124

125

126

127

128 2.6.

129 change detection process

130 CAV SAV CD t v ( x, t) ( x, y, t) λ NDVI = λ λ 1 Y = Y = RED. 1 X NIR NIR 1 Y 1+ Y v ( x, y + 2, t) 2v( x, y + 1, t) 3 y= 1 2 λ + λ NDVI 2 RED RED ( + ( v( x y + t) v( x y t) ) ) 2 1, 1,,, ( y, t) = ABS( v( x + 1, y, t) v( x, y, t) ) () = SAV ( y, t) + CAV ( y, t) + AV ( y, t) y= 1 X x= 1 ( x, y, t) λ + v( x, y, t) ( )( SAV ( y, t) ), NIR 1 2

131 Landsat

132 Landsat

133 SAV(y,1) Column number of pixel in the visualized matrix (y) 1976 NDVI SAV

134 SAV(y,2) Column number of pixel in the visualized matrix (y) 1988 NDVI SAV

135 CAV1(y,2) Column number of pixel in the visualized matrixes (y) 1988 NDVI CAV

136 CD SAV CAV

137 Multi-resolution Land Characteristics Program 2002

138 4 C = df p S ij ij () t m i= 1 n i ln = j= 1 ( ε ) ( p i () t ) i= 1 d m ln m( t ) ( ε ) HU () t = pi () t hi () t () t I j i= 1 s ( t) X ( t) ij ij x j = i= 1 S j ( t) ( ) ( ) () I j sij t Yij t y j t = i= 1 S j () t ij

139 1

140 1984

141 1991

142 1996

143 3 4 5 C t () = d( t) t C(t) d(t) C () t = HU( t) t C(t) HU(t)

144 Tischendorf Fahrig model based on dispersal success model based on search time

145 Roberts Malanson Gramer Gustafson Gardner

146 2:

147 ( / ) (%) ( / ) ( / )

148

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