4-1 FITL (Optical taps) 4-1 (reconfigurable) 0.125mm
4-2 ( ) ( ferrule) (sleeve) (adapter) 4-1-1 4-1 - 1 (ferrule)
4-3 SC ST FC (SFF) LC MU E- 2000 MT-RJ VF-45 4-1 - 1 (Physical Contact PC) (ferrule ) 20mm 40mm " " (plug) " " (adaptor) (sleeve) (Insertion Loss) (Return Loss) 1. (Intrinsic Loss) (Extrinsic Loss)
4-4 4-1 - 2 D L/D S S/D D D Cladding Core Core1 Cladding Core2 4-1-2 PC 0.1dB 1dB 0.5dB 2. db PC 30-40dB ultra PC 40-50dB ( CATV) 50dB APC(Angled Physical Contact) 8 10 55-70dB
4-5 1000 C (Mechanical Splice) (Fusion Splice) (patch cord)
4-6 4-1- 3 4-1- 1 4-1 - 3 4-1 - 1 SMA Amphenol Corp. EC/RACE Radiall S.A. BICONIC Bell Lab. HMS- 10 Diamnond ST Bell Lab. VFO/DF Radiall S.A. FC/PC NTT FDDI IBM D4 NEC SC DUPLEX NTT SC NTT ESCON IBM 1. BICONIC Biconic Bell Laboratories 1976 1979 Biconic (truncated conical)
4-7 (sleeve) 2 (taper) (coupling adaptor) Biconic 1dB 2. ST ST AT&T Bell Laboratories 1985 ST BNC (physical contact) 3. FC PC FC (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corp. NTT) (Face Contact FC) FC FC PC 4. SC SC ( square subscriber connector) NTT 1986 SC SC ANSI TIA EIA-568 5. FDDI FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 1984
4-8 MIC(Media Interface Connector) FSD((Fixed Shroud Duplex) FDDI FDDI FDDI IEEE 802.8 IBM (Enterprise Systems Connection architecture ESCON) FDDI Ethernet Token Ring ESCON FDDI SC 1. (quick-connect fiber-optic connector) 2-5 Austin 3M Telecom System Division Harrisburg AMP Inc. Union Automatic Tool and Connector Co. Montreal Nordex CTD Hickory Siecor Cop. ST SC
4-9 10-30 AMP LightCrim AMP AMP LightCrimp 3M CrimpLok Nordx CDT Siecor (cleave) 1-2 Automatic Tool Automatic Tool 0.35dB 0.6dB 10% 2. (furrules)
4-10 Diamond SA (tungsten carbide zirconia ceramic) copper-nickel 130 m E poxy copper-nickel 2 m Epoxy 0.25 m CCD 1. 2. 3. 4.
4-11 4-1 - 2 4-1 - 2 Type Average annual growth rate (%) $Million % $Million % $Million % 2004-2009 ST simplex FC simplex SC simplex SFF simplex SFF LC SFF MU SFF E-2000 Other SFF Adapter In-series Between-series Multichannel/multifiber MT-based Escon FDDI SFF duplex MT-RJ VF-45 Other SFF duplex Other multichannel/multifiber Milspec Other types Mechanical splices Total consumption* *Rounded to nearest whole number Source: ElectroniCast Corp./ 1999 7 55%($396.26M) 39%($281.33M) 5%($38.88M) 1999 50%($367.7M) 24% 18% 4% 2% 1999 53%($196.09M) 42%($152.73M) 5%($18.84M) NEC SC SC
4-12 MT MAC-II MU MT Furukawa Sumitomo Fijikura MT US Conec 4-1-4 SFF ST FC SC SFF 4-1 - 4 (%) 60 % 50 1999 2004 2009 40 30 20 10 0 ST simplex FC simplex SC simplex SFF simplex Multichamnel SFF duplex ElectroniCast FTTH
4-13 OPAL OPAL 30%~50% OEM ODM
4-14 4-1 - 3 VF-45 3M VF-45 VF-45 Lucent LC AMP MT-RJ NTT MU ( 4-1- 3) VF-45 LC LC Lucent 4-1 - 3 Hitachi IBM Microelectronics Kyocera Methode Lucent s LC Molex MRV Communications Senko and Sumitomo Electric Lightwave 3M s VF- 45 Cisco Davicom Semiconductor Infineon Microcosm Corning Siemens and MicroSwitch AMP s MT- RJ HP Fujikura Siecor Molex and U.S. Conec Ferrule 2 ferrule 2 ferrule 120 150 25 ferrule 95 Adament TOTO Kyocera
4-15 70 Ferrule 2 blank Ferrule Ferrule Ferrule sleeve 1 sleeve 2 ferrule sleeve ferrule 2 Ferrule ferrule ferrule 2 3 Ferrule transceiver Ferrule 2.5
4-16 Lucent NTT small form factor 1.25 Prime Potek Ferrules 30 2000 50 2001 100 (Ferrule) APC PC 3 7 APC ( ) CATV PC APC
4-17 4-2 (1 2) ( 90%) 1 16 1 2 (Coupler) (Splitter) 4-2-1 (Splitter) (WDM) (WIC) 4-2 - 1 P1 A C P3 P2 B D P4 4-2 - 1 (1 2) (N N) (1 N) (Wavelength Independent Couple WIC) (Wavelenght Division Multiplexer WDM) (Micro-Optics) (Fused Biconical Taper) (Planar Lightwave Circuit)
4-18 4-2- 1 4-2 - 1 (Configuration) 1. 1(2) 2 2. 4 4 8 8...N N 3. 1 4 1 8...1 N 1. 2. (characterestics) 3. (WIN) 4. (WDM) 1. 2. 1. (Micro-Optics) 2. (Fused Biconical Taper) 3. (Planar Wave guide Circuit) 32 32 32 35nm (WDM)
4-19 4-2-1 2 2 1. (Coupling Ratio) A P1 P3 P4 C C. R. = P4 P3 + P 4 100% D 1-CR 1310nm 1550nm 2. (Directivity) D = 10 log P P 2 1 db (a) (b) (c) Fresnel 3. (Excess Loss)
4-20 E.L. = 10 P3+ P log P1 4 db 4. (Insertion Loss) C A I. L. = 10 log P P 3 1 db 5. (Polarization Sensitivity) (Fusing) (Bulk-Optics) (Wave Guide) 1. (GRIN lens) GRIN 1dB (Interference Filter) 2. 4-2-2
4-21 4-2 - 2 4-2-3 4-2 - 3 ---- ( 360 ) ( )
4-22 4-2-4 A 50 PC 4-2 - 4 ------ (Epoxy) 4-2- 5
4-23 4-2 - 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7. 6. 8. (N N) (1 N) 1 2 WIC WDM 3. (Photolithography (1) ( SiCl4 GeCl4 POCl BCl3 ) ( GeO2 P 2O5 B2 O3)
4-24 (1000-1350 ) ~1400 P 2O5 B2O3 (Reactive Ion Etching) 4 4-2- 6 4-2 - 6
4-25 (2) V (V-Groove) UV V 7-8 4-2- 7 4-2 - 7 (Fused Biconical Taper) (Planar Wave guide Circuit) Bellcore
4-26 1. ( 1) (Vibration Test) 10 55Hz 1.52mm (2) (Flex Test) 0.5kg ( 3) (Impact Test) 1.8m 8 2. (1) (Temperature Cycling) - 40 70 14 (2) (Humidity Resistance) 90% 14 5% (3) (Thermal Aging) 85 2 14 50% (4) (Water Immersion) 43 7 0.05dB 50dB 4-2 - 2 ElectroniCast 1999 2000 470 20% 1057 (CAGR) 1999~2003 25%
4-27 4-2 - 8 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Electroni Cast 9% 20% 4-2 - 3 1~2 JDS-Uniphase E -Tek 5 11 15 Lightel Wavesplitter
4-28 1480nm 11 2000.7 2~3 6 2000 12 1999 2 12~20 25 60
4-29 4-3 1842 (Faraday Rotator) 45 45 4-3 - 1 4-3 - 1 (PD) (PI) Free space In-line Single stage Two stage (1) (Collimator) GRIN (2)
4-30 (Faraday Rotator) ( 4-3- 1) (Polarizer) ( 4-3-2) (Birefrigent crystal) 4-3 - 2 (backward light) O-ray E-ray e- ray o-ray e -ray o-ray e -ray o-ray GRIN 4-3 - 2
4-31 WDM WDM WDM 10 4-3 - 3 70% SMM 2000 58 1999 4-3 - 3 1999 18% 21% 21% 21% Kyocera Tokyn 19% Fuji Chimera 2000 2 WDM 1999
4-32 4-3 - 4 NEC Kyocera 15% 5% 21% 59% Fuji Chimera 2000 IDA 99 58% In-line NEC (EDFA)
4-33 4-4 4-4-1 SC 100mW 4-4 - 1 SC NTT 4-4 - 1
4-34 db 10 db ( 4-4- 2) 4-4 - 2 4-4 - 2 WDM WDM (Metro- network) 4-4 - 3 Gbps CATV
4-35 in-line adaptor type 50dB 0.5dB 55dB
4-36 4-5 WDM ( cross connect) (route) Lithium Niobate(LiNb 3 ) 32 32 WDM 8 352 1 µs 2.5Gbps 80Gbps ATM (Thermo-optic switches) NTT 4-5 - 1 (modulation) (deflection) 1. (opto-mechanical switches)
4-37 (deflect) insertion loss 0.8dB 10 (ms) 2. (electro-optic switches) ( ) (modulate) (deflect) 1550nm insertion loss 0.3dB 0.5 (ms) 3. (acoustic-optic switches) Bragg Deflection 4. (magneto-optic switches) (modulate) (deflect) 5. (opto-optic switches) SDH SDH
4-38 (FXC) ( 4-5- 1A) (WSXC) ( 4-5- 1B) (WIXC) ( 4-5- 1C) 4-5 - 1 λ1 λ2 λ1 λ2 λ1 λ2 λ1 λ2 λ1 λ2 λ3 λ2 (A) (B) (C) ( 4-5-1A) FXC ( ) FXC ( 4-5-1B) ( ) FXC ( ) WSXC ( 4-5-1C) ( ) WSXC WIXC
4-39 1. O E O (SOA) (1).O E O O E O 3R( ) (2). (3). SOA SOA (XGM) (XPM) (FWM) SOA SOA SOA SOA (5~8)dB 2. XGM XPM FWM FWM SOA (5~8)dB SOA EDFA XGM (5~10)dB XPM 10dB FWM
4-40 XGM XPM FWM FWM XGM XPM ( ) 4-5 - 2 ( ) (1 800) 1999 1 8 18.7% 5800 16%( 4-5-2) WDM Internet
4-41 4-5 - 2 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 4-5 - 3 Seko Instrument Picon Fiberoptics JDS-Uniphase Fujikura
4-42 4-5 - 3 JDS-Uniphase 20% Picon Fiberoptics 24% Seko Instrunert 39% 16% % 4-5 - 4 JDS-Uniphase 15% 16% 7 Picon Fiberoptics 18% Seko Instrunert 22% 5% ( 4-5-1) MEMS (OFC 2000.3) Xros(Sunnyvale
4-43 California) Cronos(Research triangle Park North Carolina) Optical Micro-Machines(OMM;San Diego) Cronos JDS Uniphase $7 5 Xros Nortel Networks $33 OMM Alcatel Networks 2D 3D 4000 4000 IPO 4-5 - 1 Technology O E O MEMS Liquid Crystal InkJet Other Selected Numerous ADC Corning Agilent Dicon component Corning Chorum JDS manufacturers Cronos SpectraSwit Uniphase backing this Lucent ch Nanovation technology Nanovation Optical OMM Switch Corp Onix Microsystems Texas Instrument Selected BrightLink Astorte Siemens Alcatel equipment Ciena Lucent venders Cisco Nortel Xros backing this Lucent technology (Tellium) Sycamore CIR P IDA
4-44 4-6 4-6 - 1 EDFA 1. (DCF Dispersion-Compensating Fiber) 2. (CFG Chirped fiber grating) 3. (Spectral Inversion) (Attenuation) (Bending Loss) (CO Central Office) (Bandwidth) (WDM) (OPC Optical Phase Conjugator) (FWM Four Wave Mixing) (Routing)
4-45 D( )= L* ( 4-6- 1) 4-6 - 1 WDM (Dispersion Compensation) τ 4-6 - 2 100 Km 17 ps/nm/km 17km -100 ps/nm/km
4-46 4-6 - 3 (Chirp Grating) Circulator 4-6 - 4 (Optical Phase Conjugator) OPC 4-6 - 2 4-6-5 Pr-doped 1310nm FRM
4-47 4-6 - 5 F R M E r-fiber W D M P u m p Input O u tput C irculator Bellcore (Optical Circulator) (Faraday Rotator) YIG(yttrium garnet) BIG(bismuth - substituted iron garnet) 1310nm 1550nm YIG YIG (Optical Circulator)
4-48 4-6 - 3 Isolator Circulator Mux Demux Module OADM 10 4-6 - 4 Interleaver (50GHz ) ( ) (Interleaving technology) ( 4-6- 6) 4-6 - 6 100GHz 50GHz 50GHz 100GHz 100GHz 1 2 50GHz 1 2 1 4 DWDM
4-49 (fused-fiber interferometers) (liquid crystals) (birefringent crystals) Mach-Zehnder 3db 2 ITU
4-50 4-7 2000 1 2001 1 4 2003 2 4-7 - 1 1999 ~2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 92 119 29% 142 175 204 2000 ( )
4-51 (1) (2) (3) (4) 2000 25 1999 21% 44% 20% 36% 43 22% 50% 4-7 - 2 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 GAGR 799 1057 1270 1523 1764 22% 375 470 586 732 915 25% 336 401 475 565 671 19% 398 482 583 705 853 21% 1908 2410 2914 3525 4203 22% ElectroniCast
4-52 4-7 - 1 4500 3600 2700 1800 900 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 ElectroniCast JDSU E -TEK JDSU
4-53 JDS- Uniphase ( ) AFC Technologies 1999.8 $4 Ramar Corporation 1999.10 $6 EPITAXX 1999.11 $5 7 Sifam Ltd 1999.12 $9 8 Integrieret Optik 2000.1 $1 3 Optical Coating Labs Inc. 2000.2 $30 Cronos Microsystems 2000.5 $7 5 E-TEK Dynamics 2000.6 $16 JDSU JDS-Uniphase 1999 AFC Technologies 2000 E - TEK
4-54 4-7 - 2 250 200 150 100 50 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 4-7 - 4 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 CAGR 188 2000 31 68% 39%
4-55 4-7 - 3 2000 Fast Ethernet FTTB 22% 10 2003 17 DWDM
4-56 4-7 - 4 DWDM 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 107.5 172.1 206.6 23.4 246.5 30.1 39.4 53.1 69.8 87.8 81.7 93.8 117.8 146.6 177 Electronicast Bragg WDM Bragg Bragg 2002 8 7 Bragg Ciena 3M Lucent Melles Griot Bragg Photonics(QPS) Bragg
4-57 4-7 - 5 Bragg 10% 5% EDFA 15% EDFA 10% Brag WDMs 60% IGI Consuiling DWDM WDM (16 32) WDM DWDM WDM DWDM WDM DWDM LAN 15 60
4-58 4-7 - 6 ( 4-7-6) 2000 31 ( Patchcord Coupler Isolator Connector ) 4% 10% Lucent JDS-Uniphase AMP E-Tek 3M Seiko OEM
4-59 (DWDM) DWDM (VCSEL) Gigabit Ethernet WDM DWDM (DWDM)
4-60 (DWDM) (FTTH) Telecom Datacom (IEEE1394) Gigabit Ethernet IRDA SC ST FC ST SC FC
4-61 (Ferrule) SEIKO AMP MOLEX AMP Lucent MOLEX (Small-form-factor) LC MT-RJ VF-45 WDM DWDM 3 Lucent Alcatel Nortel Corning Lucent
4-62